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class="post-type-content"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <img src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq2.jpg" alt="Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq2.jpg" class="post-lightbox" data-rel="lightcase:post_gallery_12073"></a> </div> </div> <div class="post-copyrights"> Text bol pôvodne publikovaný na HistoryWeb.sk 16. septembra 2020. </div> <div class="post-item-single-container"> <div class="post-single-meta"> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/pravek/">Pravek</a></div> </div> <a class="post-title"> <h1> Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“ <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="12073"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h1> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date post-auhor-date-full"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-dusan-valent/"> <img alt='' src='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13.jpg' srcset='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-28 photo post-author-image' height='28' width='28' decoding='async'/> </a> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-dusan-valent/" class="post-author">Mgr. Dušan Valent</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/pravek/kto-obyval-europu-pred-keltmi-pribeh-naroda-ktory-rimanom-vzdoroval-najdlhsie/" class="post-date"> 16. septembra 2020 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 9 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="12073"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content post-single-content"> <p><em>Aký bol „záhadný národ, proti ktorému Rimania bojovali najdlhšie“? Je možné, že predstavuje relikt európskych „národov“ doby bronzovej?</em></p> <figure style="width: 150px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/1qq39.jpg" title="Rekonštrukcia vzhľadu luzitánskych bojovníkov na konci 2. storočia (Zdroj: Osprey)." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1265361594" data-slb-internal="0"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Rekonštrukcia vzhľadu luzitánskych bojovníkov na konci 2. storočia (Zdroj: Osprey)." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/1qq39.jpg" alt="1qq39 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="150" height="768"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Rekonštrukcia vzhľadu luzitánskych bojovníkov na konci 2. storočia (Zdroj: Osprey)</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Baltskými jazykmi sa dnes hovorí na maličkom území Litvy a Lotyšska. No rozšírenie typicky baltských riečnych názvov naznačuje, že areál starých Baltov bol mnohonásobne väčší. Pred <a href="https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/co-hovori-genetika-o-povode-slovanov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">expanziou Slovanov</a> sa rozprestieral medzi dolným tokom Visly na západe, dnešným územím Moskvy na východe, horným tokom Volgy na severe a Kyjevom na juhu.</p> <p>Podobne dopadli Kelti. Pred 2300 rokmi osídľovali prakticky „polovicu Európy“. O tisícročie neskôr sa keltskými jazykmi hovorilo v hŕstke okrajových regiónov (dnešné Bretónsko, Wales, Írsko, Cornwall).</p> <p>Čo však bolo predtým? Tak ako neskoršie etnické, resp. etnojazykové expanzie vytlačili Keltov, aj samotní Kelti zrejme vytlačili a pohltili iné etniká. História na ne zabudla. Podľa niektorých archeológov a historických jazykovedcov s jednou výnimkou.</p> <h2><strong>Etnikum, proti ktorému Rimania bojovali najdlhšie</strong></h2> <p>Rozširujúca sa Rímska ríša narazila v priebehu 2. storočia pred n. l. na území Pyrenejského polostrova na nečakane urputný odpor. V pestrej spleti miestnych kmeňov a etnických skupín upútali rímskych historikov predovšetkým Luzitánci obývajúci severozápadný okraj polostrova.</p> <p>Proti Rimanom bojovali už po boku Kartágincov v druhej púnskej vojne (218–201 pred n. l.). V 2. storočí pred n. l. proti nim podnikali nájazdy a opakovane sa búrili. V roku 155 pred n. l. dokonca porazili vojská dvoch prétorov. V roku 150 pred n. l. sa preto Rimania pokúsili o úskok. Najskôr s rebelujúcimi domorodcami uzavreli mier a keď Luzitánci zložili zbrane, zmasakrovali tisíce bojaschopných mužov a ďalšie tisíce ľudí predali do otroctva.</p> <p><strong>Odveta na seba nenechala dlho čakať.</strong> Viriathus, jeden z Luzitáncov, ktorý masaker prežili, začal s bojovou družinou systematicky napádať rímske sily. Porazil niekoľko rímskych vojsk a zakrátko priťahoval stúpencov nielen z radov Luzitáncov, ale aj iných kmeňov Pyrenejského polostrova. Ako „luzitánskeho kráľa“ ho dokonca uznal rímsky senát. Krátko nato dali Rimania Viriatha zavraždiť.</p> <figure style="width: 200px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/3qq14.jpg" title="Iberský polostrov pred príchodom Kartágincov." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1465922313" data-slb-internal="0"><img decoding="async" style="float: left;margin: 15px" title="Iberský polostrov pred príchodom Kartágincov." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/3qq14.jpg" alt="3qq14 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="200" height="768"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Iberský polostrov pred príchodom Kartágincov</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Výboje Luzitáncov pokračovali aj po Viriathovej smrti v roku 138 pred n. l. Definitívne ich umlčal až Octavius Augustus v závere 1. storočia pred n. l.</p> <p>Osud Luzitáncov, podľa Strabóna <em>„národa, proti ktorému Rimania bojovali najdlhšie“</em>, sa tým spečatil. V priebehu dvoch storočí sa úplne asimilovali. Stratili svoju identitu aj jazyk. Niektoré ľudové tradície luzitánskeho pôvodu však na španielskom a portugalskom vidieku pretrvali až do 20. storočia.</p> <h2><strong>Vymretá vetva </strong></h2> <p>Luzitánci sa často označujú za keltský, presnejšie keltoiberský kmeň. V skutočnosti Keltmi takmer určite neboli. Prezrádza to ich jazyk. A ako sa čoskoro presvedčíme, luzitánčina je zároveň cenným zdrojom informácií o prehistórii a pôvode tohto pozoruhodného ľudu.</p> <p>Nanešťastie je luzitánčina známa len útržkovito. Dokladá ju päť dlhších a niekoľko kratších nápisov z centrálneho Portugalska a niektorých oblastí severozápadného Španielska. Pochádzajú zrejme z 1. storočia n. l. Ďalším dokladom luzitánčiny je množstvo osobných mien a miestnych názvov. Naznačujú, že Luzitánci pôvodne osídľovali prakticky celú oblasť neskoršej rímskej provincie Luzitánia a azda časť Galície.</p> <div class="histo-display_v-obsahu histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-1148406235" data-histo-trackid="21127" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="5846102904" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><p>Luzitánčine chýbajú typické inovácie keltčiny, väčšina historických jazykovedcov ju preto považuje <strong>za samostatnú vetvu indoeurópskych jazykov</strong>. Okrem iného si zachovala starobylé indoeurópske <em>p</em> v pozíciách, kde ho keltské jazyky stratili: môžeme porovnať staroírske <em>orkom</em> (prasa) a luzitánske <em>*porkos</em>-. Lingvisti zároveň upozorňujú, že luzitánčina síce vykazuje podobnosti s keltčinou, no prinajmenšom rovnako významné sú podobnosti s italickými jazykmi (skupina, do ktorej patrí latinčina, vymreté jazyky, ako umbrijčina, a románske jazyky).</p> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/5qq7.jpg" title="Romantická predstava smrti Viriatha (Maľba: J. de Madrazo)." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1892960821" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Romantická predstava smrti Viriatha (Maľba: J. de Madrazo)." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/5qq7.jpg" alt="5qq7 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="250" height="682"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Romantická predstava smrti Viriatha (Maľba: J. de Madrazo)</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Do blízkosti Keltov a Italikov radia Luzitáncov nielen jazykové, ale aj náboženské paralely. Napríklad luzitánska bohyňa Iccona predstavuje jazykový ekvivalent populárnej galskej Epony („konská bohyňa“), kým luzitánsky Lacubo (dat. pl.) je ekvivalentom galského Luga (Lugus). S Italikmi spája Luzitáncov okrem iného bohyňa Trebo-pala, ekvivalent starolatinskej bohyne pastierov a stád Pales, alebo luzitánska bohyňa Munis/Munidia porovnateľná s epitetom „Moneta“ bohyne Juno. Jeden z najposvätnejších a najtradičnejších rituálov rímskeho náboženstva – suouetaurília, obeta prasaťa (sus), ovce (ovis) a býka (taurus), nachádza paralelu v luzitánskej obeti porcom-oilam-taurom.</p> <p><em>„</em>J<em>azyk a náboženstvo Luzitáncov, ale aj ich spoločenskú štruktúru charakterizujú archaické prvky, ktoré ich situujú medzi Keltov na jednej a Italikov na druhej strane,“</em> konštatuje španielsky historik a archeológ Martín Almagro-Gorbea.</p> <h2><strong>Rieky vypovedajú o praveku</strong></h2> <p>Popredná historická jazykovedkyňa Blanca Maria Prósper vyzdvihla skutočnosť, že luzitánčina okrem keltských a italických jazykov pripomína taktiež „jazyk“ prastarých riečnych názvov Európy, od ktorého ju niekedy len ťažko odlíšiť.</p> <p>Čo máme na mysli „jazykom“ prastarých riečnych názvov Európy? Ide o sieť riečnych názvov, ktoré pochádzajú z ranej fázy vývoja indoeurópskych jazykov. Nasledovala po rozpade praindoeurópčiny, ale predchádzala vzniku dnešných indoeurópskych vetiev, ako sú keltské, germánske a slovanské jazyky.</p> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/616.png" title="Priebeh Viriathovej kampane." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1493366218" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: left;margin: 15px" title="Priebeh Viriathovej kampane." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/616.png" alt="616 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="250" height="724"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Priebeh Viriathovej kampane</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Existenciu tejto jazykovej vrstvy objavil v 50. rokoch minulého storočia nemecký jazykovedec Hans Krahe. Všimol si spoločné črty v štruktúre riečnych názvov mnohých oblastí európskeho kontinentu. Obdobné slovné korene a prípony podľa neho naznačujú, že šíriaci sa <a href="https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/vyvrazdil-neolitickych-europanov-najnasilnejsi-lud-vsetkych-cias" target="_blank" rel="noopener">raní Indoeurópania</a> pomenovávali miestne toky podobným spôsobom. Na Kraheho prácu neskôr nadviazali ďalší bádatelia a areál tejto tzv. starej európskej hydronýmie výrazne rozšírili. Zároveň kriticky prehodnotili jej povahu – na rozdiel od Kraheho éry sa dnes stará európska hydronýmia nepovažuje za úplne jednotnú, ale za zrejme rozdelenú na rané dialekty.</p> <p>Výskum najstarších riečnych názvov priniesol viacero prekvapivých poznatkov. V prvom rade demonštroval, že šírenie Indoeurópanov zasiahlo aj regióny, ktoré neskôr, počas historických čias, obývali neindoeurópske národy ako Iberi, Baskovia a Etruskovia. To spochybňuje, že ide o zvyšky pôvodného, predindoeurópskeho obyvateľstva, obývajúce to isté územie od hlbokého praveku.</p><div class="histo-obsah histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-1695001254" data-histo-trackid="21180" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="6364977653" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>Zároveň viacerí archeológovia a jazykovedci upozornili, že areál starej európskej hydronýmie sa pozoruhodne zhoduje s areálom kultúr, ktoré sa spájajú so šírením indoeurópskych jazykov z pravlasti v pontsko-kaspickej stepi začiatkom 3. tisícročia pred n. l. Časť týchto komunít archeológovia klasifikujú ako kultúru so šnúrovou keramikou (sever strednej Európy a severovýchodná Európa), časť ako kultúru zvoncovitých pohárov (západná Európa). Nositeľov obidvoch kultúr spája pomerne vysoké zastúpenie <strong>„stepnej DNA“</strong> a ideológia v pozadí pohrebných zvyklostí, ktoré ich odlišovali od pôvodného obyvateľstva Európy (vyslúžila im spoločný názov „komplex pohrebných rituálov individuálnych hrobov neskorého neolitu a staršej doby bronzovej“ – „Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Single Grave Burial Ritual Complex“, SGBR).</p> <p>Ako do tohto všetkého zapadajú starovekí Luzitánci?</p> <h2><strong>Relikt „národov“ doby bronzovej?</strong></h2> <p><em>„Dlhý proces etnogenézy Luzitáncov, zdá sa, začína v kultúre zvoncovitých pohárov a pokračuje počas doby bronzovej,“</em> hovorí španielsky archeológ Martín Almagro-Gorbea. <em>„Absencia výraznejších zmien počas doby bronzovej alebo akéhokoľvek masívnejšieho sťahovania populácie až do rímskych čias potvrdzuje charakteristickú kontinuitu vývoja v tomto regióne na ďalekom západe Európy.“</em></p> <figure style="width: 150px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2qq38.jpg" title="Sochy luzitánskych bojovníkov a Národnom archeologickom múzeu v Lisabone. " data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1229784427" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Sochy luzitánskych bojovníkov a Národnom archeologickom múzeu v Lisabone." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2qq38.jpg" alt="2qq38 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="150" height="768"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Sochy luzitánskych bojovníkov a Národnom archeologickom múzeu v Lisabone</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Súhlasí aj poľský filológ Krzysztof Witczak, jeden z popredných odborníkov na jazyk a náboženstvo Luzitáncov. <em>„Nositelia kultúry zvoncovitých pohárov mohli hovoriť jazykom, z ktorého neskôr vznikla luzitánčina,“</em> konštatuje. <em>„Nálezy tejto kultúry v starovekej Luzitánii sú časté, takže táto hypotéza pôsobí správne.“</em></p> <p>Jazyk Luzitáncov naznačuje, že ich vývoj takmer bezprostredne nadväzoval na tieto prvé indoeurópskej kultúry západnej Európy.</p> <p>Ako sme spomenuli, luzitánčina pôsobí archaicky a ako jediný známy indoeurópsky jazyk pripomína <strong>najstaršie indoeurópske riečne názvy</strong>. To však nie je všetko. Blanca Maria Prósper pri analýze luzitánskych miestnych názvov upozornila, že toto etnikum <em>„možno spojiť s archeologickými sídliskami z doby bronzovej“</em>. Vzhľadom na túto skutočnosť, ako aj na podobnosť so starou európskou hydronýmiou, označuje luzitánčinu za <em>„jazyk z doby bronzovej“</em>.</p> <p>Umiestnenie Luzitáncov na západnej periférii Európy zodpovedá „okrajovému útočisku“, podobnému, v akom sa neskôr ocitli pôvodne široko rozšírení Kelti alebo Balti. Mohli by sme teda očakávať, že pred keltskou expanziou obývali západ Európy Luzitáncom príbuzné etniká – čo podporuje skutočnosť, že prakticky v celom tomto priestore sa šírili „stepné gény“ nesené komunitami kultúry zvoncovitých pohárov.</p> <h2><strong>Italokeltský západ Európy</strong></h2> <p>Na záver si ešte pripomeňme jazykové a náboženské podobnosti Luzitáncov s Keltmi a Italikmi. Podľa niektorých bádateľov oprávňujú hovoriť o „italokeltskej“ povahe Luzitáncov.</p> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/79.png" title="Rímska provincia Luzitánia." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="884150447" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: left;margin: 15px" title="Rímska provincia Luzitánia." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/79.png" alt="79 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="250" height="548"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Rímska provincia Luzitánia</em></figcaption></figure> <p>O „italokeltskej“ vetve Indoeurópanov sa uvažuje už vyše sto rokov. Podľa niektorých jazykovedcov jej existenciu dokladajú výrazné podobnosti medzi keltskými a italickými jazykmi. Italokeltskú skupinu považujú títo bádatelia za obdobu <a href="https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/kto-boli-pravi-arijci-a-odkial-sa-vzali" target="_blank" rel="noopener">indoiránskej</a> a baltoslovanskej. Iní jazykovedci podobnosti medzi keltčinou a italičtinou vysvetľujú dlhým a intenzívnym kontaktom. Pre Luzitáncov z tejto diskusie vyplýva, že podobnosti s Italikmi a Keltmi získali buď spoločným susedstvom niekedy v hlbokom praveku, alebo zdedili z italokeltských čias.</p> <p>Luzitánci sú jediné v staroveku známe etnikum, o ktorom máme dosť informácií na to, aby sme ho mohli považovať za pôvodné západoeurópske obyvateľstvo, obývajúce túto oblasť pred expanziou Keltov. A zároveň sú, nerátajúc Keltov a Italikov, jediné ďalšie „italokeltské“ etnikum (či už pojem „italokeltský“ odráža spoločný pôvod, alebo len dávne susedstvo). Niektorí bádatelia však uvažujú, že samostatnými členmi italokeltskej skupiny mohli byť niektoré ďalšie západoeurópske kmene spájané s Keltmi, ktorých jazyk nepoznáme, takže<strong> ich keltská identita zostáva v skutočnosti neistá</strong>. Časť vedcov uvažuje napríklad o kmeňoch Pyrenejského polostrova, ako boli Kantabrovia, Asturovia, Gallaikovia, Koniovia, alebo o Liguroch severozápadu Apeninského polostrova.</p> <p>Krzysztof Witczak považuje za najhorúcejšieho kandidáta Belgov. <em>„</em>M<em>edzi miestnymi názvami Luzitánie a provincie Gallia Belgica, ktorú obývalo bližšie neurčené indoeurópske etnikum Belgovia, nachádzame množstvo lexikálnych a fonologických podobností,“</em> upozorňuje poľský výskumník. Witczakovu hypotézu podporuje poznámka Gaia Iulia Caesara, ktorý v Zápiskoch o vojne v Galii uvádza, že Belgovia hovoria odlišným jazykom než Galovia.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <h2><strong>Vysvetlenie záhady?</strong></h2> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq2.jpg" title="Jeden z nápisov v luzitánčine." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1409775082" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Jeden z nápisov v luzitánčine." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq2.jpg" alt="8qq2 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" width="250" height="512"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Jeden z nápisov v luzitánčine</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Luzitánci, Belgovia a azda ďalší môžu predstavovať malú vzorku pôvodne širokej palety italokeltských „národov“ obývajúcich západ Európy od doby bronzovej do doby železnej. Vtedy jeden z nich začal na úkor ostatných expandovať niekde z okolia Álp. Väčšinu svojich príbuzných postupne pohltil za vzniku v staroveku známej „keltskej Európy“.</p> <p>Možno niektorým čitateľom bude argumentácia tohto článku pripadať ako príliš hypotetická. Faktom je, že scenár „italokeltského západu Európy“ vysvetľuje jednu pozoruhodnú jazykovednú záhadu.</p> <p>Keď expandujúce jazyky v niektorej oblasti nahradia tie domáce, obvykle prevezmú väčší či menší počet miestnych výrazov (hovoríme o jazykovom substráte). Obzvlášť hlboko poznačili vplyvy pôvodnejších miestnych jazykov gréčtinu, rumunčinu, germánske a ugrofínske jazyky.</p> <p>V prípade keltských, ba a dokonca ani italických (latinčina) jazykov sa však nepodarilo spoľahlivo identifikovať žiaden významnejší predkeltský, resp. predrímsky substrát. To je presne tá situácia, ktorú by sme očakávali, pokiaľ by sa keltské a staré italické jazyky šírili v areáloch, ktoré osídľovali predovšetkým ľudia hovoriaci príbuznými, čiže italokeltskými jazykmi.</p> <p><strong>Literatúra</strong></p> <ul> <li>Almagro-Gorbea, M.: De la Historia a la Paleoetnología de los Lusitanos From History to Paleoethnology of the Lusitanians. Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 24. Oeiras 2018, 437–470.</li> <li>Blažek, V.: Lusitanian Language. Sborník Prací Filozofické fakulty Brněnské univerzity. Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis, N 11, 2006, 5–18.</li> <li>García Alonso, J. L.: The place names of ancient Hispania and its linguistic layers. Studia Celtica XXXV, 2001, 213–244.</li> <li>Prósper, B. M.: The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula. Transactions of the Philological Society 97(2), 1999, 151–184.</li> <li>Prósper, B. M./Villar, F.: Nueva inscripción lusitana procedente de Portalegre. EMERITA, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica (EM) LXXVII(1), 2009, 1–32.</li> <li>Schmid, W. P.: Was Gewassernamen in Europa besagen. Akademie-Journal 2, 2001, 42–45.</li> <li>Mallory, J. P./Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford 2006.</li> <li>Witczak, K. T.: On the Indo-European origin of two Lusitanian theonyms (laebo and reve). EMERITA LXVII(1), 1999, 65–73.</li> <li>Witczak, K. T.: The Language and the Religion of the Ancient Lusitanians. Lódz 2005.</li> </ul> <p>Obrazová príloha: Osprey, J. de Madrazo, wikipedia.org</p>   <div class="molongui-clearfix"></div><div id="mab-7279095203" class="m-a-box " data-box-layout="slim" data-box-position="below" data-multiauthor="false" data-author-id="66" data-author-type="user" data-author-archived=""><div class="m-a-box-container"><div class="m-a-box-tab m-a-box-content m-a-box-profile" data-profile-layout="layout-1" data-author-ref="user-66" itemscope itemid="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-dusan-valent/" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="m-a-box-content-top"></div><div class="m-a-box-content-middle"><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-avatar" data-source="local"><a class="m-a-box-avatar-url" href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-dusan-valent/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-150x150 size-150x150" alt="Dusan Valent13 - Kto obýval Európu pred Keltmi? Príbeh „národa, ktorý Rimanom vzdoroval najdlhšie“" itemprop="image" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-70x70.jpg 70w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-80x80.jpg 80w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-220x220.jpg 220w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-300x300.jpg 300w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Dusan_Valent13-100x100.jpg 100w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px"></a></div><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-data"><div class="m-a-box-name m-a-box-title"><h5 itemprop="name"><a class="m-a-box-name-url " href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-dusan-valent/" itemprop="url"> Mgr. Dušan Valent</a></h5></div><div class="m-a-box-bio" itemprop="description"><p>Vyštudoval geológiu a paleontológiu na Prírodovedeckej fakulte UK v Bratislave. Venuje sa vedeckej publicistike a popularizačným prednáškam pre deti a mládež. Je autorom popularizačného projektu Ľudia, mýty & dejiny a vedeckým redaktorom portálu Zive.sk.</p></div></div></div><div class="m-a-box-content-bottom"></div></div></div></div><div class="histo-amp_random histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; " id="histo-2108330048" data-histo-trackid="21178" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="4732275943" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {var advads_content_p = jQuery("#histo-2108330048").parent().children("p:not(table p):not(blockquote p):not(div.wp-caption p)").filter(function(){return jQuery.trim(this.innerHTML)!==""});var advads_content_random_p = advads_content_p.eq( Math.round(Math.random() * ( advads_content_p.length - 1) ) );if( advads_content_random_p.length ) { advads.move("#histo-2108330048", advads_content_random_p, { method: "insertAfter" }); }});</script> </div> <div class="sh-page-links"></div> <div class="post-tags-container"> <div class="post-tags"> <a class="post-tags-item post-tags-item-title"> Tagy </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/doba-bronzova/" class="post-tags-item"> #doba bronzová </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/indoeuropania/" class="post-tags-item"> #Indoeurópania </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/jazykoveda/" class="post-tags-item"> #jazykoveda </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/kelti/" class="post-tags-item"> #Kelti </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/kultura-zvoncovitych-poharov/" class="post-tags-item"> #kultúra zvoncovitých pohárov </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/mytologia/" class="post-tags-item"> #mytológia </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/pyrenejsky-polostrov/" class="post-tags-item"> #Pyrenejský polostrov </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/rimska-risa/" class="post-tags-item"> #Rímska ríša </a> </div> <div class="sh-clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-related-title post-slide-arrows-container"> <h2 class="post-single-title"> Mohlo by sa vám páčiť </h2> </div> <div class="post-related"> <div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-11663" class="post-item post-11663 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-pravek tag-pravek tag-stonehenge"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Stonhenge-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/pravek/slavny-stonehenge-postavili-ako-prejav-ucty-k-mrtvym/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/pravek/">Pravek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/pravek/slavny-stonehenge-postavili-ako-prejav-ucty-k-mrtvym/" class="post-title"> <h4> Slávny Stonehenge postavili ako prejav úcty k mŕtvym <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="11663"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-dusan-valent/" class="post-author">Mgr. 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