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Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-device"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-device-monitoring.html" title="Network Device Monitoring">Network Device Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-agent"><a href="/network-monitoring/agent-based-monitoring.html" title="Agent Based Monitoring">Agent Based Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-avail"><a href="/network-monitoring/availability-monitoring.html" title="Network Availability Monitoring">Network Availability Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-netuptime"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-uptime-monitoring.html" title="Network Uptime Monitoring">Network Uptime Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-packetloss"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-packet-loss-monitoring.html" title="Packet Loss Monitoring">Packet Loss Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-nam"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-activity-monitoring.html" title="Network Activity Monitoring">Network Activity Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-inter"><a href="/network-monitoring/interface-monitoring.html" title="Network Interface Monitoring">Network Interface Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-test"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-testing-tools.html" title="Network Testing Tools">Network Testing Tools</a></li> <li id="tree-ass"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-assessment-tools.html" title="Network Assessment Tools">Network Assessment Tools</a></li> <li id="tree-lanmgmt"><a href="/network-monitoring/lan-management.html" title="LAN Management">LAN Management</a></li> <li id="tree-hard"><a href="/network-monitoring/hardware-monitoring.html" title="Hardware Monitor">Hardware Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-disk"><a href="/network-monitoring/disk-space-monitor.html" title="Disk Space Monitor">Disk Space Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-hard-drive"><a href="/network-monitoring/hard-drive-monitor.html" title="Hard Drive Monitor">Hard Drive Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-cpu"><a href="/network-monitoring/cpu-monitoring.html" title="CPU Monitor">CPU Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-uptime"><a href="/network-monitoring/uptime-monitoring.html" title="Uptime Monitoring">Uptime Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-adap"><a href="/network-monitoring/adaptive-thresholds.html" title="Adaptive Thresholds"> Adaptive Thresholding</a></li> <li id="tree-forcst"><a href="/network-monitoring/forecasting-performance-trends.html" title="Forecasting performance trends"> Forecasting Performance Trends</a></li> <li id="tree-cpumon"><a href="/network-monitoring/cpu-usage-monitor.html" title="CPU Usage Monitor">CPU Usage Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-cputemp"><a href="/network-monitoring/cpu-temperature-monitor.html" title="CPU Temperature Monitor">CPU Temperature Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-cpumd"><a href="/network-monitoring/cpu-memory-disk.html" title="CPU Memory Disk Monitor">CPU Memory Disk Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-mm"><a href="/network-monitoring/memory-monitoring.html" title="Memory Monitoring">Memory Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-router"><a href="/network-monitoring/router-monitoring.html" title="Router Monitoring">Router Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-switch"><a href="/network-monitoring/switch-monitoring.html" title="Switch Monitoring">Switch Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-sms"><a href="/network-monitoring/switch-management-software.html" title="Switch Management Software">Switch Management Software</a></li> <li id="tree-ethernet"><a href="/network-monitoring/ethernet-monitoring.html" title="Ethernet monitoring">Ethernet Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-url"><a href="/network-monitoring/url-monitoring.html" title="URL monitoring">URL Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-lan"><a href="/network-monitoring/lan-monitoring.html" title="LAN monitoring">LAN Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-ip-sla"><a href="/network-monitoring/ip-sla-monitoring.html" title="IP SLA Monitor"> IP SLA Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-cwm"><a href="/network-monitoring/configure-wan-monitoring.html" title="WAN Monitoring">WAN Monitoring </a></li> <li id="tree-wan"><a href="/network-monitoring/wan-management.html" title="WAN RTT Monitoring">WAN RTT Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-voip"><a href="/network-monitoring/voip-monitor.html" title="VoIP Monitor">VoIP Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-nlm"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-latency-monitoring.html" title="Network Latency Monitoring">Network Latency Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-spm"><a href="/network-monitoring/system-performance-monitoring.html" title="System Performance Monitoring">System Performance Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-lbs"><a href="/network-monitoring/load-balancer-monitoring.html" title="Load balancer Monitoring">Load balancer Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-vpn"><a href="/network-monitoring/vpn-monitoring.html" title="VPN Monitor">VPN Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-wmi"><a href="/network-monitoring/wmi-monitoring.html" title="WMI monitoring">WMI monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-wpm"><a href="/network-monitoring/windows-process-monitor.html" title="Windows Process Monitor">Windows Process Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-wnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/wireless-network-monitoring.html" title="Wireless Network Monitor">Wireless Network Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-wm"><a href="/network-monitoring/wireless-monitoring.html" title="Wireless Monitoring">Wireless Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-wifi"><a href="/network-monitoring/wifi-monitor.html" title="WiFi Monitor">WiFi Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-wifianal"><a href="/network-monitoring/wifi-analyzer.html" title="Wi-Fi analyzer">Wi-Fi Analyzer</a></li> <li id="tree-wlc"><a href="/network-monitoring/wlc-monitoring.html" title="WLC Monitoring">WLC Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-ups"><a href="/network-monitoring/ups-monitoring.html" title="UPS monitoring">UPS monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-pri"><a href="/network-monitoring/printer-monitoring.html" title="Printer Monitoring">Printer Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-np"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-printer-management.html" title="Network Printer Management">Network Printer Management</a></li> <li id="tree-hpnp"><a href="/network-monitoring/hp-network-printer-monitoring.html" title="HP Printer Monitoring Software">HP Printer Monitoring Software</a></li> <li id="tree-canon"><a href="/network-monitoring/canon-monitoring-software.html" title="Canon Printer Monitoring Software">Canon Printer Monitoring Software</a></li> <li id="tree-ndd"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-device-discovery.html" title="Network Device Discovery">Network Device Discovery</a></li> <li id="tree-cisco"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-monitoring.html" title="Cisco Monitoring">Cisco Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-cisco-meraki"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-meraki-monitoring.html" title="Cisco Meraki Monitoring">Cisco Meraki Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-cisco-aci"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-aci-monitoring.html" title="Cisco ACI monitoring">Cisco ACI monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-cisco-ucs"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-ucs-monitoring.html" title="Cisco UCS Monitoring">Cisco UCS Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-cisco-port"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-port-monitor.html" title="Cisco Port Monitor">Cisco Port Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-cisco-switch"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-switch-stack-monitoring.html" title="Cisco Switch Monitoring">Cisco Switch Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-ibm"><a href="/network-monitoring/ibm-monitoring.html" title="IBM Monitoring">IBM monitoring</a></li> <li id="syslog"><a href="/network-monitoring/syslog-monitoring.html" title="Syslog Monitoring">Syslog Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-ipmi"><a href="/network-monitoring/ipmi-monitoring.html" title="Syslog Monitoring">IPMI Monitoring</a></li> <li id="snmp-mo"><a href="/network-monitoring/snmp-monitoring.html" title="SNMP Monitoring">SNMP Monitoring Software</a></li> <li id="snmp"><a href="/network-monitoring/snmp-trap-monitor.html" title="SNMP Trap Processing">SNMP Trap Monitoring</a></li> <li id="3com"><a href="/network-monitoring/3com-switch-port-monitoring.html" title="3Com Switch Port Monitoring">3Com Switch Port Monitoring</a></li> <li id="fortigate"><a href="/network-monitoring/fortigate-firewall-performance-monitoring.html" title="Fortigate Performance Monitoring">Fortigate Performance Monitoring</a></li> <li id="juniper"><a href="/network-monitoring/juniper-network-monitoring.html" title="Juniper Network Monitoring">Juniper Network Monitoring</a></li> <li id="noc"><a href="/network-monitoring/noc-monitoring.html" title="NOC Monitoring">NOC Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-npt"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-performance-test.html" title="Network Performance Test">Network Performance Test</a></li> <li id="nlm"><a href="/network-monitoring/opmanager-galaxy.html" title="Network Link Monitoring">Network Link Monitoring</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-spm"><span>Server & Virtualization</span> <ul> <li id="tree-shm"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-monitoring.html" title="Server Monitoring">Server Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-sum"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-uptime-monitoring.html" title="Server Uptime Monitoring">Server Uptime Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-wservm"><a href="/network-monitoring/windows-server-monitoring.html" title="Windows Server Monitoring">Windows Server Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-serverhm"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-health-monitor.html" title="Server Monitoring">Server Health Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-swlogmgmt"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-log-management-software.html" title="Server Log Management">Server Log Management</a></li> <li id="tree-system"><a href="/network-monitoring/systems-management.html" title="Systems Management">Systems Management</a></li> <li id="tree-hyperv-tools"><a href="/network-monitoring/hyper-v-management-tools.html" title="Hyper-V Management Tools">Hyper-V Management Tools</a></li> <li id="tree-linux"><a href="/network-monitoring/linux-server-monitoring.html" title="Linux Server Monitoring">Linux Server Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-virt"><a href="/network-monitoring/vmware-monitoring.html" title="VMware Monitoring">VMware Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-esx"><a href="/network-monitoring/vmware-esx-host-monitoring.html" title="ESX Host Monitoring">ESX Host Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-sv"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-virtualization.html" title="Server Virtualization">Server Virtualization</a></li> <li id="tree-vmm"><a href="/network-monitoring/virtual-machine-monitoring.html" title="Virtual Machine (VM) Monitoring">Virtual Machine (VM) Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-vnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/virtual-network-management.html" title="Virtual Network Management">Virtual Network Management</a></li> <li id="tree-vmexi"><a href="/network-monitoring/vmware-esxi-monitoring-tools.html" title="VMware ESXi Monitoring Tool">VMware ESXi Monitoring Tool</a></li> <li id="tree-vsphere"><a href="/network-monitoring/vsphere-performance-monitoring.html" title="vSphere performance monitoring">vSphere performance monitoring</a></li> <li id="hy-moni"><a href="/network-monitoring/hyperv-monitoring.html" title="Hyper-V Monitoring">Hyper-V Monitoring</a></li> <li id="hy-pmoni"><a href="/network-monitoring/hyper-v-performance-monitoring.html" title="Hyper-V Performance Monitoring">Hyper-V Performance Monitoring</a></li> <li id="citix"><a href="/network-monitoring/citrix-xenserver-monitoring.html" title="Citrix XenServer Monitoring">Citrix XenServer Monitoring</a></li> <li id="citix-mon"><a href="/network-monitoring/citrix-monitoring.html" title="Citrix Monitoring">Citrix Monitoring</a></li> <li id="nutanix"><a href="/network-monitoring/nutanix-monitoring.html" title="Nutanix monitoring">Nutanix monitoring</a></li> <li id="hyper"><a href="/network-monitoring/hyperconverged-infrastructure.html" title="Hyperconverged Infrastructure Monitoring">Hyperconverged Infrastructure Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-vmd"><a href="/network-monitoring/virtualization-monitoring-dashboard.html" title="Virtualization Monitoring Dashboard">Virtualization Monitoring Dashboard</a></li> <li id="tree-osm"><a href="/network-monitoring/operating-system-monitoring.html" title="Operating System (OS) Monitoring">Operating System (OS) Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-winnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/windows-network-monitor.html" title="Windows Network Monitor">Windows Network Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-mnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/microsoft-network-monitoring.html" title="Microsoft Network Monitoring">Microsoft Network Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-whatnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/linux-network-monitor.html" title="Linux Network Monitor">Linux Network Monitor</a></li> <li id="tree-dell"><a href="/network-monitoring/dell-server-monitoring.html" title="Dell Server Monitoring">Dell Server Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-hp"><a href="/network-monitoring/hp-server-monitoring.html" title="HP Server Monitoring">HP Server Monitoring</a></li> <li id="lg-moni"><a href="/network-monitoring/eventlog-monitoring.html" title="Event Log Monitoring">Event Log Monitoring</a></li> <li id="lg-exch"><a href="/network-monitoring/exchange-monitoring.html" title="Exchange Monitoring">Exchange Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-file"><a href="/network-monitoring/file-folder-monitor.html" title="File/ Folder Monitoring">File/ Folder Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-ftp"><a href="/network-monitoring/ftp-monitoring.html" title="FTP Monitoring">FTP Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-wsm"><a href="/network-monitoring/windows-service-monitoring.html" title="Windows Service Monitoring">Windows Service Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-svcmn"><a href="/network-monitoring/service-monitoring.html" title="Service Monitoring">Service Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-process"><a href="/network-monitoring/process-monitoring.html" title="Process Monitoring">Process Monitoring</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-nvi"><span>Network Visualization</span> <ul> <li id="tree-map"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-mapping.html" title="Network Mapping">Network Mapping</a></li> <li id="tree-plan"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-planning.html" title="Network Planning">Network Planning</a></li> <li id="tree-path"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-path-analysis.html" title="Network Path Analysis">Network Path Analysis</a></li> <li id="tree-diag"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-diagram-software.html" title="Network Diagram Software ">Network Diagram Software </a></li> <li id="tree-gpm"><a href="/network-monitoring/grouping-network-elements.html " title="Grouping Network Elements">Grouping Network Elements</a></li> <li id="tree-nt-map"><a href="/network-monitoring/custom-network-map.html" title="Custom Network Maps">Custom Network Maps</a></li> <li id="dash"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-management-console.html" title="Network Monitoring Dashboards">Network Monitoring Dashboards</a></li> <li id="tree-ndtool"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-discovery-tool.html" title="Network Discovery Tool">Network Discovery Tool</a></li> <li id="tree-nty"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/network-topology.html" title="Network Topology">Network Topology</a></li> <li id="tree-nts"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-topology-software.html" title="Network Topology Software">Network Topology Software</a></li> <li id="tree-nvd"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/what-is-network-visualization.html" title="Network Visualization Definition">Network Visualization Definition</a></li> <li id="tree-nv"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-visualization.html" title="Network Visualization">Network Visualization </a></li> <li id="tree-ntp"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-topology-mapper.html" title="Network Topology Mapper">Network Topology Mapper</a></li> <li id="tree-trt"><a href="/network-monitoring/traceroute-tool.html" title="Traceroute Tool">Traceroute Tool</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-nfm"><span>Network Fault Management</span> <ul> <li id="adv-nfm"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-fault-management.html" title="Network Fault Management">Network Fault Management</a></li> <li id="adv-alt"><a href="/network-monitoring/fault-monitoring.html" title="Network Fault Monitoring">Network Fault Monitoring</a></li> <li id="adv-mon-ale"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-monitoring-alerts.html" title="Network Monitoring Alerts">Network Monitoring Alerts</a></li> <li id="adv-rca"><a href="/network-monitoring/root-cause-analysis.html" title="Root Cause Analysis for Network Faults">Root Cause Analysis for Network Faults</a></li> <li id="adv-netauto"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-automation.html" title="Network Automation">Network Automation</a></li> <li id="trob-net-issue"><a href="/network-monitoring/troubleshooting-network-issues.html" title="Troubleshooting Network Issues">Troubleshooting Network Issues</a></li> <li id="it-work"><a href="/network-monitoring/it-workflow-automation.html" title="IT Workflow Automation">IT Workflow Automation</a></li> <li id="net-tro"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-troubleshooting-tools.html" title="Network Troubleshooting Tools">Network Troubleshooting Tools</a></li> <li id="mgmt-dsh"><a href="/network-monitoring/align-it-to-business.html" title="Service Level Management Dashboards">Service Level<br> Management Dashboards</a></li> <li id="ibn"><a href="/network-monitoring/intent-based-networking.html" title="What is Intent based Networking (IBN)?">Intent based Networking (IBN)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-dcm"><span>Data Center Management</span> <ul> <li id="tree-dcmo"><a href="/network-monitoring/data-center-monitoring.html" title="Data Center Monitoring">Data Center Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-dcm"><a href="/network-monitoring/datacenter-management.html" title="Data Center Management">Data Center Management</a></li> <li id="tree-dcn"><a href="/network-monitoring/data-center-networking.html" title="Data Center Networking">Data Center Networking</a></li> <li id="tree-dcflr"><a href="/network-monitoring/datacenter-visual-modeling.html" title="3D Datacenter Floor">3D Datacenter Floor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-nsm"><span>Storage Management</span> <ul> <li id="sto-san-mgnt"><a href="/network-monitoring/san-monitoring.html" title="SAN Monitoring">SAN Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-storage"><a href="/network-monitoring/storage-monitoring.html" title="Storage Monitoring">Storage Monitoring</a></li> <li id="sto-ra-mgnt"><a href="/network-monitoring/storage-raid-management.html" title="Storage Raid Management">Storage Raid Management</a></li> <li id="ta-lib-mgnt"><a href="/network-monitoring/tape-library-management.html" title="Tape Library Management">Tape Library Management</a></li> <li id="sto-md"><a href="/network-monitoring/storage-monitoring-dashboard.html" title="Storage Monitoring Dashboard">Storage Monitoring Dashboard</a></li> <li id="sto-cap-plan"><a href="/network-monitoring/storage-capacity-forecasting-planning.html" title="Storage Capacity Forecasting">Storage Capacity Forecasting</a></li> <li id="fa-sw-mgnt"><a href="/network-monitoring/san-switch-management.html" title="Fabric Switch Management">Fabric Switch Management</a></li> <li id="fa-sw-netapp"><a href="/network-monitoring/netapp-monitoring.html" title="NetApp Monitoring">NetApp Monitoring</a></li> <li id="fa-nsm-dellstorage"><a href="/network-monitoring/dell-storage-monitoring.html" title="Dell EMC Storage Monitoring">Dell EMC Storage Monitoring</a></li> <li id="fa-nsm-ibmstorage"><a href="/network-monitoring/ibm-storage-monitoring.html" title="IBM 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href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/storage-pools-and-luns.html" title="Storage Pools and Luns">Storage Pools and Luns</a></li> <li id="tree-bmh"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/bare-metal-hypervisor.html" title="Bare Metal Hypervisor">Bare Metal Hypervisor</a></li> <li id="tree-adc"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/application-delivery-controller.html" title="Application Delivery Controller">Application Delivery Controller</a></li> <li id="tree-nmm"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/network-monitoring-metrics.html" title="Network Monitoring Metrics">Network Monitoring Metrics</a></li> <li id="tree-sla"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/sla-monitoring.html" title="SLA Monitoring">SLA Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-da"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/disk-array.html" title="Disk Array">Disk Array</a></li> <li id="tree-nmc"><a href="/network-monitoring/challenges-of-network-monitoring.html" title="Challenges of Network Monitoring"> Challenges of Network Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-wns"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-software.html" title="Network Software"> Network Software </a></li> <li id="tree-nm"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-monitor.html" title="Network Monitor"> Network Monitor </a></li> <li id="tree-whatsnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-management.html" title="Network Management">Network Management Software</a></li> <li id="tree-cnm"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-management-challenges.html" title="Network Management Challenges">Network Management Challenges</a></li> <li id="tree-nms"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-management-system.html" title="Network Management System">Network Management System</a></li> <li id="tree-npm"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-performance-management.html" title="Network Performance Management">Network Performance Management</a></li> <li id="tree-nim"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-incident-management.html" title="Network Incident Management">Network Incident Management</a></li> <li id="tree-net-admin"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-administration.html" title="Network Administration">Network Administration</a></li> <li id="tree-cim"><a href="/network-monitoring/cisco-management.html" title="Cisco Management"> Cisco Management</a></li> <li id="nt-tool"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-monitoring-tools.html" title="Network Monitoring Tools">Network Monitoring Tools</a></li> <li id="graph"><a href="/network-monitoring/real-time-network-monitoring.html" title="What is Real-time Network Monitoring?">Real-time Network Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-sm"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-management.html" title="What is Server Management?">Server Management</a></li> <li id="spm"><a href="/network-monitoring/server-performance-management.html" title="What is Server Performance Management?">Server Performance Management</a></li> <li id="tree-wsnmp"><a href="/network-monitoring/what-is-snmp.html" title="What is SNMP?">SNMP</a></li> <li id="tree-vsm"><a href="/network-monitoring/virtual-server-management.html" title="What is Virtual Server Management?">Virtual Server Management</a></li> <li id="tree-anm"><a href="/network-monitoring/agentless-network-monitoring.html" title="What is Agentless Network Monitoring?">Agentless Network Monitoring</a></li> <li id="tree-wnsn"><a href="/network-monitoring/wireless-network-solutions.html" title="Wireless network solutions">Wireless network solutions</a></li> <li id="tree-dsmc"><a href="/network-monitoring/disk-space-monitoring-challenges.html" title="Disk Space Monitoring Challenges">Disk Space Monitoring Challenges</a></li> <li id="tree-wsmc"><a href="/network-monitoring/windows-service-monitoring-challenges.html" title="Windows Service Monitoring Challenges">Windows Service Monitoring Challenges</a></li> <li id="tree-netmap"><a href="/network-monitoring/what-is-network-map.html" title="Network Map">Network Map</a></li> <li id="tree-wiv"><a href="/network-monitoring/what-is-virtualization.html" title="What Is Virtualization?">Virtualization</a></li> <li id="tree-wiv-best"><a href="/network-monitoring/virtualization-best-practices.html" title="Virtualization Best Practices"> Virtualization Best Practices </a></li> <li id="tree-vc"><a href="/network-monitoring/virtualization-challenges.html" title="Virtualization Challenges"> Virtualization Challenges </a></li> <li id="tree-hvc"><a href="/network-monitoring/hyper-V-performance-monitoring-challenges.html" title="Hyper-V Performance Monitoring Challenges"> Hyper-V Performance Monitoring Challenges </a></li> <li id="tree-wifimanbest"><a href="/network-monitoring/wifi-network-management-best-practices.html" title="Wi-Fi Network Management">Wi-Fi Management Best Practices</a></li> <li id="tree-networkprotocols"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-protocols.html" title="Network protocols"> Network protocols </a></li> <li id="tree-nr"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/network-routing.html" title="Network Routing"> Network Routing</a></li> <li id="tree-layer2protocols"><a href="/network-monitoring/layer-2-protocols.html" title="Layer 2 Protocols"> Layer 2 Protocols </a></li> <li id="tree-trouple-nl"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/troubleshooting-network-latency.html" title="Troubleshooting Network Latency"> Troubleshooting Network Latency</a></li> <li id="tree-virtusprawl"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/how-to-prevent-vm-sprawl.html" title="Virtualization Sprawl"> Virtualization Sprawl </a></li> <li id="tree-netdiabasics"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/guide-to-network-diagram.html" title="Basics of Network Diagrams"> Basics of Network Diagrams </a></li> <li id="tree-netdia"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/network-diagrams.html" title="Network Diagrams"> Network Diagrams </a></li> <li id="tree-netmc"><a href="/network-monitoring/network-mapping-challenges.html" title="Network Mapping Challenges"> Network Mapping Challenges </a></li> <li id="tree-network-opti"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/network-optimization.html" title="Network Optimization"> Network Optimization </a></li> <li id="tree-sl"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/switching-loops.html" title="Switching Loops"> Switching Loops </a></li> <li id="tree-roufla"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/route-flapping.html" title="Route Flapping"> Route Flapping </a></li> <li id="tree-vxlan"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/vxlan-vs-vlan.html" title="VXLAN"> VXLAN </a></li> <li id="tree-vlan"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/troubleshoot-vlans.html" title="Troubleshooting VLANs"> Troubleshooting VLANs</a></li> <li id="tree-sdwan"><a href="/network-monitoring/tech-topics/sd-wan.html" title="SD-WAN"> SD-WAN </a></li> <li id="tree-bnwm"><a href="/network-monitoring/best-network-monitor.html" title="Best Network Monitor"> Best Network Monitor </a></li> <li id="tree-bfnms"><a href="/network-monitoring/best-free-network-monitoring-software.html" title="Best Free Network Monitoring Software"> Best Free Network Monitoring Software </a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-alter"><span>OpManager Alternatives</span> <ul> <li id="tree-alter"><a href="/network-monitoring/alternative-to-solarwinds-npm.html" title="Solarwinds Alternative">Solarwinds Alternative</a></li> <li id="tree-alter1"><a href="/network-monitoring/alternative-to-prtg.html" title="PRTG Alternative">PRTG Alternative</a></li> <li id="tree-alter2"><a href="/network-monitoring/alternative-to-zabbix.html" title="Zabbix Alternative">Zabbix Alternative</a></li> <li id="tree-alter3"><a href="/network-monitoring/alternative-to-whatsupgold.html" title="Whatsup Gold Alternative">Whatsup Gold Alternative</a></li> <li id="tree-alter4"><a href="/network-monitoring/alternative-to-nagios-xi.html" title="Nagios XI Alternative">Nagios XI Alternative</a></li> <li id="tree-alter5"><a href="/network-monitoring/alternative-to-spiceworks.html" title="Spiceworks Alternative">Spiceworks Alternative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="fea-access"><span>Network Access Control</span> <ul> <li id="tree-role-access"><a href="/network-monitoring/role-based-access-control.html" title="Customizable Role-based Access Control"> Customizable Role-based Access Control </a> </li> <li id="tree-role-saml"><a href="/network-monitoring/SAML-authentication.html" title="SAML Authentication"> SAML Authentication </a> </li> </ul> </ul> <div id="itom-related-products"></div> <div id="itom-lhs-img"></div> </div> <div class="rhs-cont"> <h1>Layer 2 protocols</h1> <p>Layer 2 protocols or network L2 protocols are a list of communication protocols used by Layer 2 devices (such as network interface cards (NIC), switches, multiport bridges, etc.) to transfer data in a wide area network, or between one node to another in a local area network.</p> <h2>OSI model Layer 2 protocols</h2> <p>To understand Layer 2 network protocols, we must learn about the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and Layer 2 first. Touted as the data link layer, Layer 2 is the second of the seven-level OSI model that is responsible for error-free data transmission between devices in the same network.</p> <p>OSI is a standard model for network protocols and distributed applications that separates the workings of a network into seven different layers based on its functionality. Each layer performs a different set of functions and is independent from the other layers.</p> <p><img src="/network-monitoring/images/layer-2-protocols.png" alt="Layer 2 Protocols - ManageEngine OpManager" title="Network Layer 2 Protocols" /></p> <h3>Breaking down the data link layer</h3> <p>The primary function of a data link layer is to process raw transmissions from the physical layer, and transform it into an error free transmission in the network layer. This is accomplished by having the sender (a Layer 1 device) break the input data into encoded data frames, transmit the frames sequentially, and process and decode the acknowledgment frames obtained from the receiver (a Layer 3 device).</p> <p>The smallest unit bit of a Layer 2 protocol is called an Ethernet frame, or simply frames, and is different from bits since frames can be used to detect any in-transit data corruption.</p> <p>Depending on how a frame is transferred, it can be categorized as:</p> <ul> <li>Unicast - between two individual nodes</li> <li>Multicast - one node to multiple nodes</li> <li>Broadcast - transmitting nodes across the network</li> </ul> <p>The data link layer is divided into two sub layers:</p> <ul> <li>LLC: <ul style="list-style-type: circle;"> <li>The logical link control (LLC) sub layer of the data link layer manages communications between devices by controlling frame synchronization, flow control, and error checking.</li> </ul> </li> <li>MAC: <ul style="list-style-type: circle;"> <li>The media access control (MAC) sub layer of the data link layer manages protocol access to the physical network medium. MAC manages how a computer on your network gains access to data and permission in order to transmit it.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Network Layer 2 protocols</h3> <p>Depending upon their requirements, certain protocols are chosen over others. Example: Cisco switches prefer its own communication protocol. Here is a list of commonly used L2 protocols:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>LLDP (Link layer discovery protocol)</td> <td>LLDP is vendor neutral, and is commonly used as a component in network management and network monitoring applications.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol)</td> <td>CDP is a Cisco proprietary protocol that support the IEEE 802.1ab version of LLDP, and is primarily used to share information between directly connected Cisco devices.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>IP route</td> <td>This command contains information from the IP routing table that can be used to forward a packet through the best path towards its destination.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FDB (Forwarding database)</td> <td>FDB stores MAC addresses of the discovered devices and their respective ports. This protocol is preferred for discovering switches.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)</td> <td>ARP maps dynamic IP (Layer 3) with MAC addresses (Layer 2). ARP translates 32-bit addresses to 48-bit and vice versa, and is preferred by IPv4 devices.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multi-link trunking Protocol (MLT)</td> <td>MLT provides high-speed, fault tolerant connection between servers, switches and routers by grouping all ethernet links into a single logical ethernet link.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CAN (Controller area network)</td> <td>CAN facilitates communication between the applications of microcontrollers and their devices without relying on a host computer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)</td> <td>PPP allows you to establish communication between two routers without the help of a host.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Some of the other data link layer 2 protocols are as follows:</p> <ul style="list-style: square"> <li>ARCnet</li> <li>Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)</li> <li>Econet</li> <li>Ethernet</li> <li>Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching (EAPS)</li> <li>Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)</li> <li>Frame relay</li> <li>High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)</li> <li>IEEE 802.2 (provides LLC functions to IEEE 802 MAC layers)</li> <li>IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN</li> <li>LattisNet</li> <li>Link Access Procedures, D channel (LAPD)</li> <li>LocalTalk</li> <li>Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)</li> <li>Nortel Discovery Protocol (NDP)</li> <li>Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) (obsolete)</li> <li>Spanning tree protocol</li> <li>StarLan</li> <li>Token ring</li> <li>Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD)</li> </ul> <h3>New to network monitoring?</h3> <p>ManageEngine OpManager provides a comprehensive list of out-of-the-box features that greatly aid in simplifying your network management process. OpManager's real-time alert-based fault management system ensures your network is performing at peak efficiency, so your end users do not experience any network backlashes.</p> <p>"New to OpManager? Download a <a href="/network-monitoring/download.html">30-day free trial</a>, or <a href="/network-monitoring/demo-form.html">schedule a live demo</a> with our product expert to see how OpManager can optimize your network monitoring experience."</p> </div> </div> </section> <section> <div class="sec-pTB bg-l-grey" id="VideosAndLogos"> <div class="container" style="max-width:1400px"> <div id="video_zone"> </div> <div id="customer-logo" data-custlogo="opm"></div> </div> </div> </section> <section> <div class="clearfix sec-pTB opmRelPrd mbH"> <div class="fea-nav container"> <div class="fea-nav-link clearfix"><span data-nav="allFeaDiv2">Related Products</span></div> <div class="fea-nav-list"> <div id="allFeaDiv2" class="fea-list-cont clearfix"> <ul> <li class="relOpm">» <a title="Network Monitoring - ManageEngine" href="https://www.manageengine.com/network-monitoring/?relPrd">Network Monitoring</a></li> <li class="relNfa">» <a title="Bandwidth Monitoring & Traffic Analysis - ManageEngine" 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