CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dumuzid - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7b31c897-575f-40b0-aa34-f50ebb4d5b49","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dumuzid","wgTitle":"Dumuzid","wgCurRevisionId":1252617996,"wgRevisionId":1252617996,"wgArticleId":15398943,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Syriac-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Pages with numeric Bible version references","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia","Articles containing Sumerian-language text","Articles containing Akkadian-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Phoenician-language text", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Pages with Greek IPA","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Commons category link is locally defined","Antediluvian Sumerian kings","Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh","Deities in the Hebrew Bible","Fertility gods","Inanna","Levantine mythology","Life-death-rebirth gods","Mesopotamian gods","Pastoral gods","Phoenician mythology","Sumerian kings","Underworld gods","Killed deities","Adonis"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dumuzid","wgRelevantArticleId":15398943,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Tammuz_(mythology)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Dumuzid","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q549619","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready" ,"ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg/1200px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1497"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg/800px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="998"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg/640px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dumuzid - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dumuzid rootpage-Dumuzid skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dumuzid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dumuzid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dumuzid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dumuzid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God_of_milk_and_shepherds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_of_milk_and_shepherds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 God of milk and shepherds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_of_milk_and_shepherds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant-growing_deity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant-growing_deity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Plant-growing deity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant-growing_deity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_date_palms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_date_palms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Association with date palms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_date_palms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_with_other_near_east_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_with_other_near_east_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Exchange with other near east religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_with_other_near_east_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_sacred_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_sacred_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Role in sacred marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_sacred_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Mythology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sumerian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Inanna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Inanna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Marriage to Inanna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Inanna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2.1 Main narrative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Other versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akkadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Akkadian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 In the Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_into_the_Christian_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_into_the_Christian_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Survival into the Christian Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_into_the_Christian_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_dying-and-rising_god" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_dying-and-rising_god"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 As a dying-and-rising god </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_dying-and-rising_god-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Literary references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dumuzid</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="تموز (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تموز (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%99_(%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%97%DC%90)" title="ܬܡܘܙ (ܐܠܗܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܡܘܙ (ܐܠܗܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99mmuz" title="Təmmuz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təmmuz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Думузі (бог) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Думузі (бог)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Думузи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Думузи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Ντουμούζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντουμούζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz" title="Tammuz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tammuz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamuzi" title="Tamuzi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamuzi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz_(jainkoa)" title="Tammuz (jainkoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tammuz (jainkoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="تموز (اسطوره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تموز (اسطوره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%90%EB%AC%B4%EC%A6%88" title="탐무즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탐무즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Թամմուզ (դիցաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամմուզ (դիցաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Tammuz (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tammuz (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96_(%D7%90%D7%9C)" title="תמוז (אל) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמוז (אל)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="დუმუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დუმუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C3%BBz" title="Temûz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Temûz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thammuz" title="Thammuz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thammuz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C5%ABzas" title="Tamūzas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamūzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz" title="Tammuz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tammuz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="タンムーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンムーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz" title="Tammuz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tammuz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi_(b%C3%B3g)" title="Dumuzi (bóg) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dumuzi (bóg)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamuz" title="Tamuz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tamuz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Таммуз (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таммуз (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi_(boh)" title="Dumuzi (boh) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dumuzi (boh)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz" title="Tammuz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tammuz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dumuzi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dumuzid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz" title="Tammuz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tammuz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Тамуз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамуз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dumuzid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B9" title="塔木兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔木兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q549619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dumuzid" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dumuzid" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dumuzid" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&oldid=1252617996" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dumuzid&id=1252617996&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDumuzid">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDumuzid">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dumuzid&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dumuzi" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dumuzid" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q549619" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammuz_(mythology)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz (mythology)</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sumerian god</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Fisherman" title="Dumuzid the Fisherman">Dumuzid the Fisherman</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Dumuzid</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="5366" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> and Dumuzid<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELung2014-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> (for half the year); <a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a> (for the other half)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duttur" title="Duttur">Duttur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a> (sister), Amashilama (not usually, but in some texts said to be his sister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (later known as Ishtar)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">East Semitic</th><td class="infobox-data">Tammuz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Levantine</th><td class="infobox-data">Tammuz/<a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/40px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/60px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/80px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="630" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of cuneiform script.</div></div> </div> Dumuzid or Dumuzi or Tammuz (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒌉𒍣, romanized: Dumuzid; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: Duʾūzu, Dûzu; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: תַּמּוּז, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Tammūz),<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> known to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> as Dumuzid the Shepherd (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒌉𒍣𒉺𒇻, romanized: Dumuzid sipad)<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a> as <a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: 𐤀𐤃𐤍; <a href="/wiki/Proto-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Hebrew">Proto-Hebrew</a>: 𐤀𐤃𐤍), is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">ancient Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Levantine_mythology" title="Category:Levantine mythology">Levantine deity</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a>, who was also the first and primary consort of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>). In Sumerian mythology, Dumuzid's sister was <a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a>, the goddess of agriculture, fertility, and dream interpretation. In the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>, Dumuzid is listed as an <a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">antediluvian</a> king of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a> and also an early king of the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Inanna#Descent_into_the_underworld" title="Inanna">Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</a>, Inanna perceives that Dumuzid has failed to properly mourn her death and, when she returns from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamian Underworld">Underworld</a>, allows the <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons to drag him down to the Underworld as her replacement. Inanna later regrets this decision and decrees that Dumuzid will spend half of the year in the Underworld, but the other half of the year with her, while his sister Geshtinanna stays in the Underworld in his place, thus resulting in the cycle of the seasons. In the Sumerian poem Inanna Prefers the Farmer, Dumuzid competes against the farmer <a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a> for Inanna's hand in marriage. <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> references Tammuz in Tablet VI of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> as the love of Ishtar's youth, who was turned into an <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">allalu bird</a> with a broken wing. Dumuzid was associated with fertility and vegetation and the hot, dry summers of Mesopotamia were believed to be caused by Dumuzid's yearly death. During the <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Babylonian_calendar)" title="Tammuz (Babylonian calendar)">month in midsummer bearing his name</a>, people all across Mesopotamia would engage in public, ritual mourning for him. The cult of Dumuzid later spread to the Levant and to Greece, where he became known under the <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> name <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>. The cult of Ishtar and Tammuz continued to thrive until the eleventh century AD and survived in parts of Mesopotamia as late as the eighteenth century. Tammuz is mentioned by name in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (e.g., Ezek. 8:14–15) and possibly alluded to in other passages from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. In late nineteenth and early twentieth century <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">scholarship of religion</a>, Tammuz was widely seen as a prime example of the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">dying-and-rising god</a>, but the discovery of the full Sumerian text of Inanna's Descent in the mid-twentieth century appeared to disprove the previous scholarly assumption that the narrative ended with Dumuzid's resurrection and instead revealed that it ended with Dumuzid's death. However, the rescue of Dumuzid from the underworld was later found in the text Return of Dumuzid, translated in 1963. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg/440px-Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg/660px-Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg/880px-Ama_usumgal_Dumuzi_et_quatre_quadrup%C3%A8des.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4398" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>A bull man fighting four quadrupeds. Inscription "Ama-Ushumgal" (𒀭𒂼𒃲𒁔 dama-ušumgal), namesake of the mythical king or shepherd Dumuzi. <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic II">Early Dynastic II</a>, circa 2600 BC. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museums of Art and History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg/220px-Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg/330px-Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg/440px-Mythe_du_dieu_dumuzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2852" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Mesopotamian clay tablet dating to the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite Period</a> (c. 2000-1600 BC), containing a lamentation over the death of Dumuzid, currently held in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_of_milk_and_shepherds">God of milk and shepherds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: God of milk and shepherds">edit</a>]</div> The Assyriologists <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Black (assyriologist)">Jeremy Black</a> and Anthony Green describe the early history of Dumuzid's cult as "complex and bewildering".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">ETCSL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm">2.1.1</a>), Dumuzid was the fifth <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">antediluvian</a> king of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a> Dumuzid was also listed as an early king of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a> where he was said to have come from the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuara</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a> and to have been the consort of the goddess Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a> As Dumuzid sipad ("Dumuzid the Shepherd"), Dumuzid was believed to be the provider of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874-7">[5]</a> which was a rare, seasonal commodity in ancient Sumer due to the fact that it could not easily be stored without <a href="/wiki/Food_spoilage" title="Food spoilage">spoiling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200884-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant-growing_deity">Plant-growing deity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plant-growing deity">edit</a>]</div> In addition to being the god of shepherds, Dumuzid was also an agricultural deity associated with the growth of plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88-10">[8]</a> Ancient Near Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84-11">[9]</a> but, during the summer months, when the land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87-12">[10]</a> During the month of Dumuzid, which fell in the middle of summer, people all across Sumer would mourn over his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84-14">[12]</a> This seems to have been the primary aspect of his cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a> In Lagash, the month of Dumuzid was the sixth month of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a> This month and the holiday associated with it was later transmitted from the Sumerians to Babylonians and other <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> peoples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a> with its name transcribed into those languages as Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a> A ritual associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> equates Dumuzid with the snake-god <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ištaran</a>, who in that ritual, is described as having died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201786-15">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_date_palms">Association with date palms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Association with date palms">edit</a>]</div> Dumuzid was also identified with the god Ama-ušumgal-ana (𒀭𒂼𒃲𒁔𒀭𒈾 dama-ušumgal-an-na),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a> who was originally a local god worshipped in the city of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272–73-16">[14]</a> In some texts, Ama-ušumgal-ana is described as a heroic warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a> As Ama-ušumgal-ana, Dumuzid is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> and its fruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873–74-17">[15]</a> This aspect of Dumuzid's cult was always joyful in character<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874-7">[5]</a> and had no associations with the darker stories involving his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874-7">[5]</a> To ancient Mesopotamian peoples, the date palm represented stability,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874-7">[5]</a> because it was one of the few crops that could be harvested all year, even during the dry season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874-7">[5]</a> In some Sumerian poems, Dumuzid is referred to as "my Damu", which means "my son".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873,_89-19">[17]</a> This name is usually applied to him in his role as the personification of the power that causes the sap to rise in trees and plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873-20">[18]</a> Damu is the name most closely associated with Dumuzid's return in autumn after the dry season has ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200889-21">[19]</a> This aspect of his cult emphasized the fear and exhaustion of the community after surviving the devastating summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200889-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_with_other_near_east_religions">Exchange with other near east religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exchange with other near east religions">edit</a>]</div> Dumuzid had virtually no power outside of his distinct realm of responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–76-22">[20]</a> Very few prayers addressed to him are extant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200875–76-23">[21]</a> and, of those that are, almost all of them are simply requests for him to provide more milk, more grain, more cattle, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200875–76-23">[21]</a> The sole exception to this rule is a single Assyrian inscription in which a man requests Tammuz that, when he descends to the Underworld, he should take with him a troublesome ghost who has been haunting him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200876-24">[22]</a> The cult of Tammuz was particularly associated with women, who were the ones responsible for mourning his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-9">[7]</a> The custom of planting miniature gardens with fast-growing plants such as <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, which would then be placed out in the hot sun to sprout before withering in the heat, was a well-attested custom in ancient Greece associated with the festival of <a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, the Greek version of Tammuz;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetienne1977-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> some scholars have argued based on references in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> that this custom may have been a continuation of an earlier oriental practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> The same women who mourned the death of Tammuz also prepared cakes for his consort Ishtar, the Queen of Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117-28">[26]</a> These cakes would be baked in ashes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117-28">[26]</a> and several clay cake molds discovered at <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari, Syria</a> reveal that they were also at least sometimes shaped like naked women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_sacred_marriage">Role in sacred marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in sacred marriage">edit</a>]</div> According to the scholar <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Samuel Noah Kramer</a>, towards the end of the third millennium BC, kings of Uruk may have established their legitimacy by taking on the role of Dumuzid as part of a "<a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">sacred marriage</a>" ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-29">[27]</a> This ritual lasted for one night on the tenth day of the <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196-30">[28]</a> the Sumerian new year festival,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196-30">[28]</a> which was celebrated annually at the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">spring equinox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-29">[27]</a> As part of the ritual, it was thought that the king would engage in ritualized sexual intercourse with the high priestess of Inanna, who took on the role of the goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196-30">[28]</a> In the late twentieth century, the historicity of the sacred marriage ritual was treated by scholars as more-or-less an established fact,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128-31">[29]</a> but in recent years, largely due to the writings of Pirjo Lapinkivi, some scholars have rejected the notion of an actual sex ritual, instead seeing "sacred marriage" as a symbolic rather than a physical union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mythology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumerian">Sumerian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sumerian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_to_Inanna">Marriage to Inanna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage to Inanna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur,_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="5283" /></a><figcaption>Original Sumerian tablet of the Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzid</figcaption></figure> The poem "Inanna Prefers the Farmer" (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr40833.htm">4.0.8.3.3</a>) begins with a rather playful conversation between Inanna and her brother <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>, who incrementally reveals to her that it is time for her to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198330–49-33">[31]</a> Dumuzid comes to court her, along with a farmer named <a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-32">[30]</a> At first, Inanna prefers the farmer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-32">[30]</a> but Utu and Dumuzid gradually persuade her that Dumuzid is the better choice for a husband, arguing that, for every gift the farmer can give to her, the shepherd can give her something even better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103-34">[32]</a> In the end, Inanna marries Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103-34">[32]</a> The shepherd and the farmer reconcile their differences, offering each other gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101–103-35">[33]</a> Samuel Noah Kramer compares the myth to the Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> because both accounts center around a farmer and a shepherd competing for divine favor and, in both stories, the deity in question ultimately chooses the shepherd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-32">[30]</a> A vast number of erotic love poems celebrating the consummation of Inanna and Dumuzid have survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983150–155-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick201364–79,_90–96-37">[35]</a> Two excerpts from a representative example are translated below: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/-_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg/290px--_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/-_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg/435px--_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/-_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg/580px--_Clay_plaque_2000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption>Erotic <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> votive plaque dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830 BC — c. 1531). Representations of this type were once interpreted as evidence for a "sacred marriage" ritual in which the king would take on the role of Dumuzid and engage in sexual intercourse with the priestess of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992157–158-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017127–128-39">[37]</a> This interpretation is now generally seen as a misinterpretation of Sumerian literary texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128-31">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Transliterated Sumerian text (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.4.08.16#">4.08.16</a>)</td> <td>English translation by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Samuel Noah Kramer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diane_Wolkstein" title="Diane Wolkstein">Diane Wolkstein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div lang="gmh" style="font-style:italic;" class="poem"> gal4-la jar-ra? ne-en GAG X [...] si-gin7 jicmar gal-e /kece2\ [...] ma2 an-na ne-en ec2 la2 [...] ud-sakar gibil-gin7 hi-li /gur3\-[ru-ju10] kislah ne-en edin-na cub?-[...] a-cag4? uzmucen ne-en uzmucen dur2-[ra]-/ju10\ a-cag4 an-na ne-en a ma-ra-ju10 ma-a gal4-la-ju10 du6 du8-du8-a a ma-«a»-ra ki-sikil-jen a-ba-a ur11-ru-a-bi gal4-la-ju10 ki duru5 a ma-ra ga-ca-an-jen gud a-ba-a bi2-ib2-gub-be2 ... ga sig7-a-ma-ab mu-ud-na-ju10 ga sig7-/a\-[ma-ab] mu-ud-na-ju10 me-e ga de3-e-da-/na8\-[na8] am ddumu-zid ga sig7-a-ma-/ab\ mu-ud-na-ju10 me-e ga de3-/e-da\-[na8-na8] ga ud5-da-ke4 amac [...] nin car2-ra dugcakir kug-ja2 sug4-[...] ddumu-zid ga am-si-har-ra-/an\-[na ...] </div> </td> <td><div lang="gmh" style="font-style:italic;" class="poem"> My vulva, the horn, The Boat of Heaven, Is full of eagerness like the young moon. My untilled land lies fallow. As for me, Inanna, Who will plow my vulva? Who will plow my high field? Who will plow my wet ground? As for me, the young woman, Who will plow my vulva? Who will station the ox there? Who will plow my vulva?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198337-40">[38]</a> ... Make your milk sweet and thick, my bridegroom. My shepherd, I will drink your fresh milk. Wild bull, Dumuzi, make your milk sweet and thick. I will drink your fresh milk. Let the milk of the goat flow in my sheepfold. Fill my holy churn with honey cheese. Lord Dumuzi, I will drink your fresh milk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198339-41">[39]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death">Death</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Main_narrative">Main narrative</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Main narrative">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/290px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/435px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/580px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing Dumuzid being tortured in the Underworld by the <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons</figcaption></figure> Towards the end of the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Inanna#Descent_into_the_underworld" title="Inanna">Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</a> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr141.htm">1.4.1</a>), Dumuzid's wife Inanna escapes from the Underworld,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194–95-42">[40]</a> but is pursued by a horde of <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a> demons, who insist that someone else must take her place in the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194–95-42">[40]</a> They first come upon Inanna's sukkal Ninshubur and attempt to take her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69-44">[42]</a> but Inanna stops them, insisting that Ninshubur is her loyal servant and that she had rightfully mourned for her while she was in the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69-44">[42]</a> They next come upon Shara, Inanna's beautician, who is still in mourning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195–96-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198369–70-46">[44]</a> The demons attempt to take him, but Inanna insists that they may not, because he had also mourned for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370-48">[46]</a> The third person they come upon is Lulal, who is also in mourning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71-49">[47]</a> The demons try to take him, but Inanna stops them once again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71-49">[47]</a> Finally, they come upon Dumuzid, who is lavishly clothed and resting beneath a tree, or sitting on Inanna's throne, entertained by slave-girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371-50">[48]</a> Inanna, displeased, decrees that the demons shall take him, using language which echoes the speech Ereshkigal gave while condemning her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371-50">[48]</a> The demons then drag Dumuzid down to the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371-50">[48]</a> The Sumerian poem The Dream of Dumuzid (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr143.htm">1.4.3</a>) begins with Dumuzid telling Geshtinanna about a frightening dream he has experienced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–78-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[c]</a> Then the galla demons arrive to drag Dumuzid down into the Underworld as Inanna's replacement. Dumuzid flees and hides. The galla demons brutally torture Geshtinanna in an attempt to force her to tell them where Dumuzid is hiding. Geshtinanna, however, refuses to tell them where her brother has gone. The galla go to Dumuzid's unnamed "friend", who betrays Dumuzid, telling the galla exactly where Dumuzid is hiding. The galla capture Dumuzid, but <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>, the god of the Sun, who is also Inanna's brother, rescues Dumuzid by transforming him into a <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84-54">[51]</a> Eventually, the galla recapture Dumuzid and drag him down into the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinney201886-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198383–84-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieu_mort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dieu_mort.jpg/220px-Dieu_mort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dieu_mort.jpg/330px-Dieu_mort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dieu_mort.jpg/440px-Dieu_mort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta plaque dating to the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000-1600 BC) showing a dead god (probably Dumuzid) resting in his coffin</figcaption></figure> In the Sumerian poem The Return of Dumuzid, which begins where The Dream of Dumuzid ends, Geshtinanna laments continually for days and nights over Dumuzid's death, joined by Inanna, who has apparently experienced a change of heart, and <a href="/wiki/Sirtir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirtir">Sirtur</a>, Dumuzid's mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–87-56">[53]</a> The three goddesses mourn continually until a <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">fly</a> reveals to Inanna the location of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198387–89-57">[54]</a> Together, Inanna and Geshtinanna go to the place where the fly has told them they will find Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198388–89-58">[55]</a> They find him there and Inanna decrees that, from that point onwards, Dumuzid will spend half of the year with her sister <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a> in the Underworld and the other half of the year in Heaven with her, while Geshtinanna takes his place in the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196631-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–89-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_versions">Other versions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other versions">edit</a>]</div> Other texts describe different and contradictory accounts of Dumuzid's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200977–78-62">[59]</a> The text of the poem Inanna and Bilulu (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr144.htm">1.4.4</a>), discovered at Nippur, is badly mutilated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> and scholars have interpreted it in a number of different ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> The beginning of the poem is mostly destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> but seems to be a lament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> The intelligible part of the poem describes Inanna pining after her husband Dumuzid, who is in the steppe watching his flocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> Inanna sets out to find him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> After this, a large portion of the text is missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> When the story resumes, Inanna is told that Dumuzid has been murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> Inanna discovers that the old bandit woman <a href="/wiki/Bilulu" title="Bilulu">Bilulu</a> and her son Girgire are responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017166-64">[61]</a> She travels along the road to Edenlila and stops at an inn, where she finds the two murderers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> Inanna stands on top of a stool<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> and transforms Bilulu into "the waterskin that men carry in the desert",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017166-64">[61]</a> forcing her to pour the funerary <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libations</a> for Dumuzid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">[60]</a> Dumuzid and Geshtinanna begins with demons encouraging Inanna to conquer the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200977-66">[63]</a> Instead, she hands Dumuzid over to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200977-66">[63]</a> They put Dumuzid's feet, hands, and neck in the <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200977–78-62">[59]</a> and torture him using hot pokers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> They strip him naked, do "evil" to him, and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">cover his face with his own garment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> Finally, Dumuzid prays to Utu for help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> Utu transforms Dumuzid into a creature that is part eagle and part snake, allowing him to escape back to Geshtinanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> In the text known as The Most Bitter Cry, Dumuzid is chased by the "seven evil deputies of the netherworld"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> and, as he is running, he falls into a river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> Near an apple tree on the other bank, he is dragged into the Underworld,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> where everything simultaneously "exists" and "does not exist", perhaps indicating that they exist in insubstantial or immaterial forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg/330px-Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg/495px-Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg/660px-Le_dieu_de_l_ete_et_dumuzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Akkadian cylinder seal impression from <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2340 - 2150 BC) showing a mythological scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-68">[65]</a> The figure in the center appears to be a god, perhaps Gilgamesh, who is bending the trunk of a tree into a curve as he chops it down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-68">[65]</a> Underneath the tree, a god ascending from the Underworld, possibly Dumuzid, hands a mace-like object to a goddess,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-68">[65]</a> possibly Inanna or one of Dumuzid's female relatives.</figcaption></figure> A collection of lamentations for Dumuzid entitled In the Desert by the Early Grass describes Damu, the "dead anointed one", being dragged down to the Underworld by demons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> who blindfold him, tie him up, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">forbid him from sleeping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> Damu's mother tries to follow him into the Underworld,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> but Damu is now a disembodied spirit, "lying in" the winds, "in the lightnings and in tornadoes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> Damu's mother is also unable to eat the food or drink the water in the Underworld, because it is "bad".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> Damu travels along the road of the Underworld and encounters various spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> He meets the ghost of a small child, who tells him that it is lost;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">[64]</a> the ghost of a singer agrees to accompany the child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978–79-69">[66]</a> Damu asks the spirits to send a message to his mother, but they cannot because they are dead and the living cannot hear the dead's voices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> Damu, however, manages to tell his mother to dig up his blood and chop it into pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> Damu's mother gives the congealed blood to Damu's sister Amashilama, who is a leech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> Amashilama mixes the congealed blood into a brew of beer, which Damu must drink in order to be restored to life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> Damu, however, realizes that he is dead and declares that he is not in the "grass which shall grow for his mother again", nor in the "waters which will rise".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> Damu's mother blesses him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> and Amashilama dies to join him in the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> She tells him that "the day that dawns for you will also dawn for me; the day you see, I shall also see",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> referring to the fact that day in the world above is night in the Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akkadian">Akkadian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Akkadian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracias-garrulus-162.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coracias-garrulus-162.png/220px-Coracias-garrulus-162.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coracias-garrulus-162.png/330px-Coracias-garrulus-162.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coracias-garrulus-162.png/440px-Coracias-garrulus-162.png 2x" data-file-width="4621" data-file-height="2864" /></a><figcaption>In the Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Tammuz is described as a "colorful allalu bird",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198978-71">[68]</a> possibly a <a href="/wiki/European_roller" title="European roller">European roller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandars197286-73">[70]</a></figcaption></figure> In the myth of Adapa, Dumuzid and <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a> are the two doorkeepers of <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, the god of the heavens,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989187-75">[72]</a> who speak out in favor of <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>, the priest of <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a>, as he stands trial before Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989187-75">[72]</a> In Tablet VI of the standard <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Ishtar (Inanna) attempts to seduce the hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146-76">[73]</a> but he rebuffs her, reminding her that she had struck Tammuz (Dumuzid), "the lover of [her] youth", decreeing that he should "keep weeping year after year".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146-76">[73]</a> Gilgamesh describes Tammuz as a colorful allalu bird (possibly a <a href="/wiki/European_roller" title="European roller">European</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandars197286-73">[70]</a> whose wing has been broken and now spends all his time "in the woods crying 'My wing!'" (Tablet VI, section ii, lines 11–15).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198978–79-77">[74]</a> Gilgamesh may be referring to an alternative account of Dumuzid's death, different from the ones recorded in extant texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146-76">[73]</a> Anton Moortgat has interpreted Dumuzid as the antithesis of Gilgamesh:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810-78">[75]</a> Gilgamesh refuses Ishtar's demand for him to become her lover, seeks immortality, and fails to find it;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810-78">[75]</a> Dumuzid, by contrast, accepts Ishtar's offer and, as a result of her love, is able to spend half the year in Heaven, even though he is condemned to the Underworld for the other half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810-78">[75]</a> Mehmet-Ali Ataç further argues that the "Tammuz model" of immortality was far more prevalent in the ancient Near East than the "Gilgamesh model".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810-78">[75]</a> In a chart of antediluvian generations in Babylonian and Biblical traditions, <a href="/wiki/William_Wolfgang_Hallo" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wolfgang Hallo">William Wolfgang Hallo</a> associates Dumuzid with the composite half-man, half-fish counselor or culture hero (<a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a>) An-Enlilda,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] and suggests an equivalence between Dumuzid and <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Sethite</a> Genealogy given in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> chapter 5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalloSimpson197132-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_worship">Later worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later worship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the Bible">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg/220px-126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg/330px-126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg/440px-126.The_Prophet_Ezekiel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2895" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#8:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 8:14</a>, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, shown here in this illustration from 1866 by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, witnesses women mourning the death of Tammuz outside the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005114–115-82">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> The cult of Ishtar and Tammuz may have been introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">King Manasseh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193-83">[80]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> contains numerous allusions to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193–195-84">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_8:14" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezekiel 8:14">Ezekiel 8:14</a> mentions Tammuz by name:<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005114–115-82">[79]</a> "Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the Lord's house which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz. Then said he unto to me, 'Hast thou seen this, O son of man? turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater <a href="/wiki/Abomination_(Bible)" title="Abomination (Bible)">abominations</a> than these."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195-80">[77]</a> Ezekiel's testimony is the only direct mention of Tammuz in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002182-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115-87">[84]</a> but the cult of Tammuz may also be alluded to in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#17:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 17:10–11</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002182-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115-87">[84]</a> <blockquote>Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the rock of thy strength, therefore shalt thou plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: In the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish: but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></blockquote> This passage may be describing the miniature gardens that women would plant in honor of Tammuz during his festival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#1:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 1:29–30</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#65:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 65:3</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#66:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 66:17</a> all denounce sacrifices made "in the gardens", which may also be connected to the cult of Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> Another possible allusion to Tammuz occurs in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#11:37" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 11:37</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002182-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115-87">[84]</a> "Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all." The subject of this passage is <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> and some scholars have interpreted the reference to the "one desired by women" in this passage as an indication that Antiochus may have persecuted the cult of Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> There is no external evidence to support this reading, however,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> and it is much more probable that this epithet is merely a jibe at Antiochus's notorious cruelty towards all the women who fell in love with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">[25]</a> The Hebrew Bible also contains references to Tammuz's consort Inanna-Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193-83">[80]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#7:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">Jeremiah 7:18</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#44:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">Jeremiah 44:15–19</a> mention "the Queen of Heaven", who is probably a syncretism of Inanna-Ishtar and the West Semitic goddess <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002182-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116–117-90">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> bears strong similarities to the Sumerian love poems involving Inanna and Dumuzid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194-91">[88]</a> particularly in its usage of natural symbolism to represent the lovers' physicality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194-91">[88]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon#6:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">Song of Songs 6:10</a> ("Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners?") is almost certainly a reference to Inanna-Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaringCashford1991-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg/290px-Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg/435px-Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg/580px-Women_Adonia_Louvre_CA1679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of an Attic red-figure wedding vase (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430-420 BC), showing women climbing ladders up to the roofs of their houses carrying "gardens of Adonis"</figcaption></figure> The myth of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> and Dumuzid later became the basis for the Greek myth of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199757-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi195167-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> name Ἄδωνις (Adōnis, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Greek pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ádɔːnis]</a>) is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> word ʼadōn, meaning "lord".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985176–177-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> The earliest known Greek reference to Adonis comes from a fragment of a poem by the <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, dating to the seventh century BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531-96">[93]</a> in which a chorus of young girls asks Aphrodite what they can do to mourn Adonis's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531-96">[93]</a> Aphrodite replies that they must beat their breasts and tear their tunics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531-96">[93]</a> Later recensions of the Adonis legend reveal that he was believed to have been slain by a wild boar during a hunting trip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi195176-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201096-98">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_Dea_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dea Syria">De Dea Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951279-99">[96]</a> each year during the festival of Adonis, the Adonis River located in what is now <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_River" title="Abraham River">Abraham River</a>) ran red with blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi195176-97">[94]</a> In Greece, the myth of Adonis was associated with the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a>, which was celebrated by Greek women every year in midsummer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtallah1966-100">[97]</a> The festival, which was evidently already celebrated in Lesbos by Sappho's time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> seems to have first become popular in Athens in the mid-fifth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> At the start of the festival, the women would plant a "garden of Adonis",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> a small garden planted inside a small basket or a shallow piece of broken pottery containing a variety of quick-growing plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, or even quick-sprouting grains such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetienne1977-26">[24]</a> The women would then climb ladders to the roofs of their houses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> where they would place the gardens out under the heat of the summer sun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> The plants would sprout in the sunlight,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">[23]</a> but wither quickly in the heat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097–98-101">[98]</a> Then the women would mourn and lament loudly over the death of Adonis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201098-102">[99]</a> tearing their clothes and beating their breasts in a public display of grief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201098-102">[99]</a> The third century BC poet <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_of_Chalcis" title="Euphorion of Chalcis">Euphorion of Chalcis</a> remarked in his <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinth</a> that "Only <a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a> washed the wounds of Adonis".<a href="#cite_note-103">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_into_the_Christian_Era">Survival into the Christian Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Survival into the Christian Era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BethlehemInsideCN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BethlehemInsideCN.jpg/220px-BethlehemInsideCN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BethlehemInsideCN.jpg/330px-BethlehemInsideCN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BethlehemInsideCN.jpg/440px-BethlehemInsideCN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, the site had temporarily been "overshadowed by a grove of Tammuz".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> records in a letter dated to the year 395 AD that "Bethlehem... belonging now to us... was overshadowed by a grove of Tammuz, that is to say, Adonis, and in the cave where once the infant Christ cried, the lover of Venus was lamented."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a> This same cave later became the site of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a> The church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, however, does not mention pagans having ever worshipped in the cave,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a> nor do any other early Christian writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a> Peter Welten has argued that the cave was never dedicated to Tammuz<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a> and that Jerome misinterpreted Christian mourning over the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> as a pagan ritual over Tammuz's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">[100]</a> Joan E. Taylor has countered this contention by arguing that Jerome, as an educated man, could not have been so naïve as to mistake Christian mourning over the Massacre of the Innocents as a pagan ritual for Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97-105">[101]</a> During the sixth century AD, some <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> in the Middle East borrowed elements from poems of Ishtar mourning over the death of Tammuz into their own retellings of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> mourning over the death of her son <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016210–212-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaringCashford1991-92">[89]</a> The Syrian writers <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanos_the_Melodist" title="Romanos the Melodist">Romanos the Melodist</a> both wrote laments in which the Virgin Mary describes her compassion for her son at the foot of the cross in deeply personal terms closely resembling Ishtar's laments over the death of Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016212-107">[103]</a> Tammuz is the month of July in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabic">Iraqi Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Arabic_names_of_calendar_months" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic names of calendar months">Arabic names of calendar months</a>), as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish calendar">Jewish calendar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECragg1991260-108">[104]</a> and references to Tammuz appear in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a> from the 9th to 11th centuries AD.<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> In what purports to be a translation of <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean Agriculture">an ancient Nabataean text</a> by Qūthāmā the Babylonian, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Wahshiyya</a> (c. 9th-10th century AD), adds information on his own efforts to ascertain the identity of Tammuz, and his discovery of the full details of the legend of Tammuz in another Nabataean book: "How he summoned the king to worship the seven (planets) and the twelve (signs) and how the king put him to death several times in a cruel manner Tammuz coming to life again after each time, until at last he died; and behold! it was identical to the legend of <a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. George</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Azevedo2005308–309-110">[106]</a> Ibn Wahshiyya also adds that Tammuz lived in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> before the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> and belonged to an ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> tribe called Ganbân.<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> On rituals related to Tammuz in his time, he adds that the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> and Babylonia still lamented the loss of Tammuz every July, but that the origin of the worship had been lost.<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> Ibn Wahshiyya's version of the Tammuz myth is also cited by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> In the tenth century AD, the Arab traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Al-Nadim</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">Kitab al-Fehrest</a> that "All the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabaeans</a> of our time, those of Babylonia as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, lament and weep to this day over Tammuz at a festival which they, more particularly the women, hold in the month of the same name."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-81">[78]</a> Drawing from a work on <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> calendar feast days, Al-Nadim describes a Tâ'ûz festival that took place in the middle of the month of Tammuz.<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> Women bewailed the death of Tammuz at the hands of his master who was said to have "ground his bones in a mill and scattered them to the wind."<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> Consequently, women would forgo the eating of ground foods during the festival time.<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> The same festival is mentioned in the eleventh century by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Athir" title="Ibn Athir">Ibn Athir</a>, who recounts that it still took place every year at the appointed time along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-Fullerp200-109">[105]</a> Tammuz is still the name for the month of July in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Iraqi Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_dying-and-rising_god">As a dying-and-rising god</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: As a dying-and-rising god">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg/220px-JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Sir James George Frazer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> who is most directly responsible for promoting the concept of a "dying and rising god" archetype<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-114">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_god" title="Dying-and-rising god">Dying-and-rising god</a></div> The late nineteenth-century Scottish <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Sir James George Frazer</a> wrote extensively about Tammuz in his monumental study of comparative religion <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a> (the first edition of which was published in 1890)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004375-115">[111]</a> as well as in later works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149–150-116">[112]</a> Frazer claimed that Tammuz was just one example of the archetype of a "<a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">dying-and-rising god</a>" found throughout all cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142-117">[113]</a> Frazer and others also saw Tammuz's Greek equivalent Adonis as a "dying-and-rising god".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142-117">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> discusses Adonis, whom he associates with Tammuz, in his Selecta in Ezechielem ( “Comments on Ezekiel”), noting that "they say that for a long time certain rites of initiation are conducted: first, that they weep for him, since he has died; second, that they rejoice for him because he has risen from the dead (apo nekrôn anastanti)."<a href="#cite_note-118">[e]</a> Tammuz's categorization as a "dying-and-rising god" was based on the abbreviated Akkadian redaction of Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, which was missing the ending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-120">[115]</a> Since numerous lamentations over the death of Dumuzid had already been translated, scholars filled in the missing ending by assuming that the reason for Ishtar's descent was because she was going to resurrect Dumuzid and that the text could therefore be assumed to end with Tammuz's resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-119">[114]</a> Then, in the middle of the twentieth century, the complete, unabridged, original Sumerian text of Inanna's Descent was finally translated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-120">[115]</a> revealing that, instead of ending with Dumuzid's resurrection as had long been assumed, the text actually ended with Dumuzid's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-120">[115]</a> The rescue of Dumuzid from the underworld was later found in the text Return of Dumuzid, translated in 1963. Biblical scholars Paul Eddy and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Greg Boyd</a> argued in 2007 that this text does not describe a triumph over death because Dumuzid must be replaced in the underworld by his sister, thus reinforcing the "inalterable power of the realm of the dead".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-119">[114]</a> However, other scholars have cited this as an example of a god who was previously dead and risen again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrente2012-122">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literary references">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Paradise_Lost_6.jpg/290px-Paradise_Lost_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Paradise_Lost_6.jpg/435px-Paradise_Lost_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Paradise_Lost_6.jpg/580px-Paradise_Lost_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Tammuz appears as one of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>'s demons in Book I of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525–26-123">[118]</a> shown here in this engraving from 1866 by Gustave Doré</figcaption></figure> The references to the cult of Tammuz preserved in the Bible and in Greco-Roman literature brought the story to the attention of western European writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525-124">[119]</a> The story was popular in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early Modern England</a> and appeared in a variety of works, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>'s History of the World (1614), <a href="/wiki/George_Sandys" title="George Sandys">George Sandys</a>'s Dictionarium Relation of a Journey (1615), and Charles Stephanus's Dictionarium Historicam (1553).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525-124">[119]</a> These have all been suggested as sources for Tammuz's most famous appearance in English literature as a demon in Book I of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, lines 446–457:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525–26-123">[118]</a> <blockquote> THAMMUZ came next behind, Whose annual wound in LEBANON allur'd The SYRIAN Damsels to lament his fate In amorous dittyes all a Summers day, While smooth ADONIS from his native Rock Ran purple to the Sea, suppos'd with blood Of THAMMUZ yearly wounded: the Love-tale Infected SION'S daughters with like heat, Whose wanton passions in the sacred Porch EZEKIEL saw, when by the Vision led His eye survey'd the dark Idolatries Of alienated JUDAH. </blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Charmides_(poem)" title="Charmides (poem)">Charmides</a>"</li></ul> <blockquote> And then each pigeon spread its milky van, The bright car soared into the dawning sky And like a cloud the aerial caravan Passed over the Ægean silently, Till the faint air was troubled with the song From the wan mouths that call on bleeding Thammuz all night long </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninḫursaĝ</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> born to <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Namma</a> </td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ninkikurga born to <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Namma</a> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a> born to <a href="/wiki/Urash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urash">Uraš</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ḫaya</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ninsar</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ninkurra</td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a> maybe daughter of <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> maybe son of Enki</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a> maybe born to <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninḫursaĝ</a> </td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Baba</a> born to <a href="/wiki/Urash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urash">Uraš</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> possibly also the daughter of Enki, of Enlil, or of An</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dumuzid</a> maybe son of Enki</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ninkigal</a> married Nergal</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Meškiaĝĝašer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsumun</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgāmeš</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Urnungal</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sumer" title="History of Sumer">History of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_of_Inanna_into_the_Underworld" title="Descent of Inanna into the Underworld">Descent of Inanna into the Underworld</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Derived from the Sumerian words meaning "faithful son".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005169-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܬܡܘܙ; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تمّوز Tammūz </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Dumuzid's Dream is attested in seventy-five known sources, fifty-five of which come from <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, nine from <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, three probably from the region around <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, one each from <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaduppum" title="Shaduppum">Shaduppum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinney201886-52">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Remarked upon in passing by <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a>, Biblioteca 190 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm">on-line translation</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> cf. J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca, 13:800 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELung2014-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELung2014_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLung2014">Lung 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005169-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005169_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.2.1.1&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc&lineid=c211.15#c211.15">"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"</a>. etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908180119/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.2.1.1&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc&lineid=c211.15#c211.15">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2017-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dc.2.1.1%26display%3DCrit%26charenc%3Dgcirc%26lineid%3Dc211.15%23c211.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_6-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200884-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200884_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2006">Ackerman 2006</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 83–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_13-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 74–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201786-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201786_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2017">Simons 2017</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272–73-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272–73_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873–74-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873–74_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, pp. 57, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873,_89-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873,_89_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 73, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200873_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200889-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200889_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200889_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–76-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–76_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 74–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200875–76-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200875–76_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200875–76_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200876-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200876_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097_25-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFCyrino2010">Cyrino 2010</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetienne1977-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDetienne1977_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDetienne1977_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDetienne1977">Detienne 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem19999_27-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999">van der Toorn, Becking & Willem 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006115–117_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2006">Ackerman 2006</a>, pp. 115–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1970-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1970_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1970_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1970_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1970_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1970_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1970">Kramer 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998196_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017128_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_32-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198330–49-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198330–49_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 30–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961102–103_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101–103-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101–103_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp. 101–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983150–155-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983150–155_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 150–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick201364–79,_90–96-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick201364–79,_90–96_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick2013">Leick 2013</a>, pp. 64–79, 90–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992157–158-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992157–158_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017127–128-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017127–128_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198337-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198337_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198339-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198339_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196194–95-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196194–95_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196194–95_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196195_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196195_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198368–69_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196195–96-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196195–96_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198369–70-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198369–70_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196196-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196196_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196196_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196196_47-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198370–71_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–78-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–78_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 74–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETinney201886-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinney201886_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinney201886_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTinney2018">Tinney 2018</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 74–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198383–84-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198383–84_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–87-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–87_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 85–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198387–89-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198387–89_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 87–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198388–89-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198388–89_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196631-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196631_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1966">Kramer 1966</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase199418_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–89-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198385–89_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 85–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200977–78-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200977–78_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200977–78_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShushan2009">Shushan 2009</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199889-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199889_63-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick1998">Leick 1998</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017166-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017166_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017166_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200977-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200977_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200977_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShushan2009">Shushan 2009</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978_67-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFShushan2009">Shushan 2009</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200978–79-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200978–79_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShushan2009">Shushan 2009</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShushan200979-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShushan200979_70-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFShushan2009">Shushan 2009</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198978-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198978_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989129,_n._56_72-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, pp. 129, n. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandars197286-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandars197286_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandars197286_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandars1972">Sandars 1972</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCall1990">McCall 1990</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989187-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989187_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989187_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017146_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198978–79-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198978–79_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201810_78-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtaç2018">Ataç 2018</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalloSimpson197132-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalloSimpson197132_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalloSimpson1971">Hallo & Simpson 1971</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017195_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2016211_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarner2016">Warner 2016</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005114–115-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005114–115_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005114–115_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddlemas2005">Middlemas 2005</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193–195-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017193–195_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, pp. 193–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#8:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 8:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002182-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002182_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002182_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002182_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002182_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlemas2005115_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddlemas2005">Middlemas 2005</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#17:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 17:10–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitenberger200710_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreitenberger2007">Breitenberger 2007</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116–117-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116–117_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2006">Ackerman 2006</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017194_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaringCashford1991-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaringCashford1991_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaringCashford1991_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaringCashford1991">Baring & Cashford 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199757-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest199757_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi195167-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi195167_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985176–177-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985176–177_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert 1985</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997530–531_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, pp. 530–531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi195176-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi195176_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi195176_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201096-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201096_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCyrino2010">Cyrino 2010</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951279-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951279_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtallah1966-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtallah1966_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtallah1966">Atallah 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201097–98-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201097–98_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCyrino2010">Cyrino 2010</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino201098-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201098_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino201098_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCyrino2010">Cyrino 2010</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396_104-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1993">Taylor 1993</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199396–97_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1993">Taylor 1993</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016210–212-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2016210–212_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarner2016">Warner 2016</a>, pp. 210–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2016212-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2016212_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarner2016">Warner 2016</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECragg1991260-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECragg1991260_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCragg1991">Cragg 1991</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fullerp200-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fullerp200_109-6">g</a> Fuller, 1864, pp. 200-201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Azevedo2005308–309-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Azevedo2005308–309_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Azevedo2005">de Azevedo 2005</a>, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2018" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx9xDwAAQBAJ">God versus Gods: Judasim in the Age of Idolatry</a>. Mosaica Press. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946351463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1946351463"><bdi>978-1946351463</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27322748M">27322748M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+versus+Gods%3A+Judasim+in+the+Age+of+Idolatry&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Mosaica+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27322748M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1946351463&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDx9xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012222–223_112-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149_113-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarstad1984">Barstad 1984</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007142–143_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004375-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004375_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMettinger2004">Mettinger 2004</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149–150-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarstad1984149–150_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarstad1984">Barstad 1984</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007140–142_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 140–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007144_119-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMettinger2004379_120-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMettinger2004">Mettinger 2004</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrente2012-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrente2012_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorrente2012">Corrente 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525–26-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525–26_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525–26_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiltonKastan2005">Milton & Kastan 2005</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiltonKastan200525_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiltonKastan2005">Milton & Kastan 2005</a>, p. 25. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2006" class="citation cs2">Ackerman, Susan (2006) [1989], Day, Peggy Lynne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38aX_-PqViIC&q=mourning+over+the+death+of+Tammuz&pg=PA116">Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel</a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2393-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-2393-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215938/https://books.google.com/books?id=38aX_-PqViIC&q=mourning+over+the+death+of+Tammuz&pg=PA116">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Difference+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2393-7&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38aX_-PqViIC%26q%3Dmourning%2Bover%2Bthe%2Bdeath%2Bof%2BTammuz%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtaç2018" class="citation cs2">Ataç, Mehmet-Ali (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onRJDwAAQBAJ&q=Tammuz+epic+of+gilgamesh&pg=PA10">Art and Immortality in the Ancient Near East</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15495-7"><bdi>978-1-107-15495-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215936/https://books.google.com/books?id=onRJDwAAQBAJ&q=Tammuz+epic+of+gilgamesh&pg=PA10">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Immortality+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15495-7&rft.aulast=Ata%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Mehmet-Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonRJDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTammuz%2Bepic%2Bof%2Bgilgamesh%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtallah1966" class="citation cs2">Atallah, W. (1966), Adonis dans la littérature et l'art grecs, Paris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adonis+dans+la+litt%C3%A9rature+et+l%27art+grecs&rft.pub=Paris&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Atallah&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaringCashford1991" class="citation cs2">Baring, Anne; Cashford, Jules (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XedISRtcZYC&q=Inanna+Durga&pg=PT338">The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image</a>, London, England: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140192926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140192926"><bdi>978-0140192926</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220015/https://books.google.com/books?id=0XedISRtcZYC&q=Inanna+Durga&pg=PT338">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Goddess%3A+Evolution+of+an+Image&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0140192926&rft.aulast=Baring&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Cashford%2C+Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XedISRtcZYC%26q%3DInanna%2BDurga%26pg%3DPT338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarstad1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150">The Religious Polemics of Amos: Studies in the Preaching of Am 2, 7B-8; 4,1-13; 5,1-27; 6,4-7; 8,14</a>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004070172" title="Special:BookSources/9789004070172"><bdi>9789004070172</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ3AAAAIAAJ&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA150">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Polemics+of+Amos%3A+Studies+in+the+Preaching+of+Am+2%2C+7B-8%3B+4%2C1-13%3B+5%2C1-27%3B+6%2C4-7%3B+8%2C14&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789004070172&rft.aulast=Barstad&rft.aufirst=Hans+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJQ3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAdonis%2Bdying%2Band%2Brising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</a>, The British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010626/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-17, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitenberger2007" class="citation cs2">Breitenberger, Barbara (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFePRxm1jAC&q=Cyprus&pg=PA10">Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology</a>, New York City, New York and London, England, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96823-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96823-2"><bdi>978-0-415-96823-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215942/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFePRxm1jAC&q=Cyprus&pg=PA10">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite+and+Eros%3A+The+Development+of+Greek+Erotic+Mythology&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96823-2&rft.aulast=Breitenberger&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSFePRxm1jAC%26q%3DCyprus%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrente2012" class="citation cs2">Corrente, Paola (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=95410">Dioniso y los Dying gods: paralelos metodológicos</a>, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327185737/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=95410">archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-27, retrieved 2019-10-14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dioniso+y+los+Dying+gods%3A+paralelos+metodol%C3%B3gicos&rft.pub=Universidad+Complutense+de+Madrid&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Corrente&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Ftesis%3Fcodigo%3D95410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCragg1991" class="citation cs2">Cragg, Kenneth (1991), The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221829" title="Special:BookSources/9780664221829"><bdi>9780664221829</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Christian%3A+A+History+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780664221829&rft.aulast=Cragg&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2010" class="citation cs2">Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino">Aphrodite</a>, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77523-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215937/https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.series=Gods+and+Heroes+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77523-6&rft.aulast=Cyrino&rft.aufirst=Monica+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gyVn5GjXPkC%26q%3DAphrodite%2BMonica%2BS.%2BCyrino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar">Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283589-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215949/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+the+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283589-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ERp_y_w1nIC%26q%3DIshtar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Azevedo2005" class="citation cs2">de Azevedo, Mateus Soares (2005), Ye Shall Know the Truth: Christianity and the Perennial Philosophy., United States: World Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0941532693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0941532693"><bdi>978-0941532693</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ye+Shall+Know+the+Truth%3A+Christianity+and+the+Perennial+Philosophy.&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0941532693&rft.aulast=de+Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Mateus+Soares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetienne1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Detienne" title="Marcel Detienne">Detienne, Marcel</a> (1977) [1972], Les jardins d'Adonis, translated by Lloyd, Janet, Hertfordshire, England: Harvester Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+jardins+d%27Adonis&rft.place=Hertfordshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Detienne&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation cs2">Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143">The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</a>, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031144"><bdi>978-0801031144</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215937/https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC&q=Adonis+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA143">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0801031144&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rhodes&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU26_85NmwPUC%26q%3DAdonis%2Bdying%2Band%2Brising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart D. (2012), Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth, New York City, new York: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220644-2"><bdi>978-0-06-220644-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+new+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-220644-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation cs2">Hallo, William W.; Simpson, William Kelly (1971), The Ancient Near East: A History, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+William+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Jacobsen" title="Thorkild Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Thorkild</a> (2008) [1970], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nldKAwAAQBAJ&q=Did+Tammuz+influence+the+passion+narrative+of+Jesus">"Toward the Image of Tammuz"</a>, in Moran, William L. (ed.), Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, pp. 73–103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-952-1"><bdi>978-1-55635-952-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215947/https://books.google.com/books?id=nldKAwAAQBAJ&q=Did+Tammuz+influence+the+passion+narrative+of+Jesus">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toward+the+Image+of+Tammuz&rft.btitle=Toward+the+Image+of+Tammuz+and+Other+Essays+on+Mesopotamian+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=73-103&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55635-952-1&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Thorkild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnldKAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDid%2BTammuz%2Binfluence%2Bthe%2Bpassion%2Bnarrative%2Bof%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerényi1951" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich">The Gods of the Greeks</a>, London, England: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27048-6"><bdi>978-0-500-27048-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Greeks&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27048-6&rft.aulast=Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofgreeks00kerrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Kramer, Samuel Noah</a> (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/">Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1047-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1047-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808160325/https://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/">archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-08, retrieved 2018-02-08</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Mythology%3A+A+Study+of+Spiritual+and+Literary+Achievement+in+the+Third+Millennium+B.C.%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1047-7&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fane%2Fsum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1966" class="citation cs2">Kramer, Samuel Noah (October 1966), "Dumuzi's Annual Resurrection: An Important Correction to "Inanna's Descent"", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 183 (183): 31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356459">10.2307/1356459</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356459">1356459</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163544444">163544444</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Dumuzi%27s+Annual+Resurrection%3A+An+Important+Correction+to+%22Inanna%27s+Descent%22&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=183&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1966-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163544444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356459&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1970" class="citation cs2">Kramer, Samuel Noah (28 April 1970), The Sacred Marriage Rite, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253350350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253350350"><bdi>978-0253350350</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Marriage+Rite&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1970-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0253350350&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick1998" class="citation cs2">Leick, Gwendolyn (1998) [1991], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEZD-9L5ogC&q=Anunnaki&pg=PA8">A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology</a>, New York City, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19811-0"><bdi>978-0-415-19811-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215939/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEZD-9L5ogC&q=Anunnaki&pg=PA8">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Mythology&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19811-0&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeEZD-9L5ogC%26q%3DAnunnaki%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick2013" class="citation cs2">Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature</a>, New York City, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92074-7"><bdi>978-1-134-92074-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210620/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-21, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Eroticism+in+Mesopotamian+Literature&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92074-7&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKoWblE4pd0C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLung2014" class="citation cs2">Lung, Tang (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2636/">"Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi"</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215939/https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2636/marriage-of-inanna-and-dumuzi/">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2021-04-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Marriage+of+Inanna+and+Dumuzi&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lung&rft.aufirst=Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fimage%2F2636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall1990" class="citation cs2">McCall, Henrietta (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjyCCwZg5LAC&q=Anu+myths&pg=PA65">Mesopotamian Myths</a>, The Legendary Past, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75130-9"><bdi>978-0-292-75130-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215939/https://books.google.com/books?id=pjyCCwZg5LAC&q=Anu+myths&pg=PA65">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Myths&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.series=The+Legendary+Past&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75130-9&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Henrietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjyCCwZg5LAC%26q%3DAnu%2Bmyths%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMettinger2004" class="citation cs2">Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375">"The "Dying and Rising God": A Survey of Research from Frazer to the Present Day"</a>, in Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (eds.), David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-092-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-092-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215950/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC&q=Tammuz+dying-and-rising+god&pg=PA375">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Dying+and+Rising+God%22%3A+A+Survey+of+Research+from+Frazer+to+the+Present+Day&rft.btitle=David+and+Zion%3A+Biblical+Studies+in+Honor+of+J.J.M.+Roberts&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-092-7&rft.aulast=Mettinger&rft.aufirst=Tryggve+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlkb0cSBGlIC%26q%3DTammuz%2Bdying-and-rising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlemas2005" class="citation cs2">Middlemas, Jill (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrMUDAAAQBAJ&q=Tammuz+Isaiah+17%3A10-11+Daniel+11%3A37&pg=PA115">The Troubles of Templeless Judah</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199283866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199283866"><bdi>978-0199283866</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220003/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrMUDAAAQBAJ&q=Tammuz+Isaiah+17%3A10-11+Daniel+11%3A37&pg=PA115">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles+of+Templeless+Judah&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199283866&rft.aulast=Middlemas&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrMUDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DTammuz%2BIsaiah%2B17%253A10-11%2BDaniel%2B11%253A37%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiltonKastan2005" class="citation cs2">Milton, John; Kastan, David Scott (2005), Paradise Lost (Kastan Edition), Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-733-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-733-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost+%28Kastan+Edition%29&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-733-2&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kastan%2C+David+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2005" class="citation cs2">Mitchell, Stephen (2005) [2004], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhglAwAAQBAJ&q=Dumuzid+faithful+son&pg=PT169">Gilgamesh: A New English Version by Stephen Mitchell</a>, London, England: Profile Books, Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743261692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743261692"><bdi>978-0743261692</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215940/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhglAwAAQBAJ&q=Dumuzid+faithful+son&pg=PT169">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh%3A+A+New+English+Version+by+Stephen+Mitchell&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Profile+Books%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743261692&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhglAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDumuzid%2Bfaithful%2Bson%26pg%3DPT169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation cs2">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme">Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>, Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313294976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313294976"><bdi>978-0313294976</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0313294976&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenglase1994" class="citation cs2">Penglase, Charles (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4mFAgAAQBAJ&q=Ninurta&pg=PA42">Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod</a>, New York City, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15706-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15706-3"><bdi>978-0-415-15706-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215952/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4mFAgAAQBAJ&q=Ninurta&pg=PA42">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Myths+and+Mesopotamia%3A+Parallels+and+Influence+in+the+Homeric+Hymns+and+Hesiod&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15706-3&rft.aulast=Penglase&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4mFAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DNinurta%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryke2017" class="citation cs2">Pryke, Louise M. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94">Ishtar</a>, New York and London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138--86073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138--86073-5"><bdi>978-1-138--86073-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220005/https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&q=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishtar&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138--86073-5&rft.aulast=Pryke&rft.aufirst=Louise+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfggqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNinshubur%2Bgender%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandars1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Sandars" title="Nancy Sandars">Sandars, Nancy K.</a> (1972) [1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh00anon">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140441000" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140441000"><bdi>978-0140441000</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0140441000&rft.aulast=Sandars&rft.aufirst=Nancy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicofgilgamesh00anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShushan2009" class="citation cs2">Shushan, Gregory (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6CvAwAAQBAJ&q=mourning+for+the+death+of+Dumuzid&pg=PA77">Conceptions of the Afterlife in Early Civilizations: Universalism, Constructivism, and near Death Experience</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4073-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-4073-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215941/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6CvAwAAQBAJ&q=mourning+for+the+death+of+Dumuzid&pg=PA77">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+the+Afterlife+in+Early+Civilizations%3A+Universalism%2C+Constructivism%2C+and+near+Death+Experience&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4073-0&rft.aulast=Shushan&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6CvAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmourning%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdeath%2Bof%2BDumuzid%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2017" class="citation cs2">Simons, Frank (2017), Hazenbos, Joost; Mittermayer; Novák, Mirko; Suter, Claudia E. (eds.), "A New Join to the Hurro-Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)", Altorientalische Forschungen, 44 (1), Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter: 82–100, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Faofo-2017-0009">10.1515/aofo-2017-0009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0232-8461">0232-8461</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164771112">164771112</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altorientalische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=A+New+Join+to+the+Hurro-Akkadian+Version+of+the+Weidner+God+List+from+Emar+%28Msk+74.108a+%2B+Msk+74.158k%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-100&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164771112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0232-8461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Faofo-2017-0009&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Z._Smith" title="Jonathan Z. Smith">Smith, Jonathan Z.</a> (1987), "Dying and Rising Gods", in Eliade, Mircea (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. IV, London, England: Macmillan, pp. 521–527, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029097007" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029097007"><bdi>978-0029097007</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dying+and+Rising+Gods&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=521-527&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0029097007&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&q=Tammuz&pg=PA28">The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</a> (2nd ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802839725" title="Special:BookSources/9780802839725"><bdi>9780802839725</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215941/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&q=Tammuz&pg=PA28">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780802839725&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26q%3DTammuz%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Joan E. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWAXbCNxH6YC&q=Church+of+the+nativity+Tammuz&pg=PA96">Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5"><bdi>978-0-19-814785-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220533/https://books.google.com/books?id=KWAXbCNxH6YC&q=Church+of+the+nativity+Tammuz&pg=PA96">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places%3A+The+Myth+of+Jewish-Christian+Origins&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814785-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWAXbCNxH6YC%26q%3DChurch%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bnativity%2BTammuz%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinney2018" class="citation cs2">Tinney, Steve (April 2018), Woods, Christopher; Richardson, Seth; Osborne, James; El Shamsy, Ahmed (eds.), ""Dumuzi's Dream" Revisited", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 77 (1), Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 85–89, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F696146">10.1086/696146</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165931671">165931671</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Dumuzi%27s+Dream%22+Revisited&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-89&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165931671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F696146&rft.aulast=Tinney&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999" class="citation cs2">van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Willem, Pieter (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Tammuz+dying+and+rising+god&pg=PA8">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a> (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdman%27s+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=Willem%2C+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DTammuz%2Bdying%2Band%2Brising%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2016" class="citation cs2">Warner, Marina (2016) [1976], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DATDAAAQBAJ&q=Inanna+Virgin+Mary&pg=PA210">Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-963994-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-963994-6"><bdi>978-0-19-963994-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220551/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DATDAAAQBAJ&q=Inanna+Virgin+Mary&pg=PA210">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2020-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone+of+All+Her+Sex%3A+The+Myth+and+Cult+of+the+Virgin+Mary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-963994-6&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DATDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DInanna%2BVirgin%2BMary%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/M._L._West" class="mw-redirect" title="M. L. West">West, M. L.</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis">The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</a>, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, p. 57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815221-7"><bdi>978-0-19-815221-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220530/https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09, retrieved 2018-02-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Face+of+Helicon%3A+West+Asiatic+Elements+in+Greek+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815221-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIp0RYIjazQC%26q%3DAdonis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation cs2">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dumuzid" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dumuzi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dumuzi">Dumuzi</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.4*#">ETCSL: Texts and translations of Dumuzid myths</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517150822/http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/catalogue/catalogue1.htm#inana-dumuzi">alternate site</a>)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/En-men-gal-ana" title="En-men-gal-ana">En-men-gal-ana</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> 5th <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sumer">King of Sumer</a> legendary </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/En-sipad-zid-ana" title="En-sipad-zid-ana">En-sipad-zid-ana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Larak_(Sumer)" title="Larak (Sumer)">Larak</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_in_the_Sumerian_King_List" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sumerian_King_List" title="Template:Sumerian King List"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sumerian_King_List" title="Template talk:Sumerian King List"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian_King_List" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian King List"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_in_the_Sumerian_King_List" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim">Alulim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalngar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En-men-lu-ana" title="En-men-lu-ana">En-men-lu-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-men-gal-ana" title="En-men-gal-ana">En-men-gal-ana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dumuzid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Larak_(Sumer)" title="Larak (Sumer)">Larak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En-sipad-zid-ana" title="En-sipad-zid-ana">En-sipad-zid-ana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En-men-dur-ana" title="En-men-dur-ana">En-men-dur-ana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubara-Tutu" title="Ubara-Tutu">Ubara-Tutu</a></li> <li>Then the flood swept over.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">First dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshkiangasher" title="Meshkiangasher">Meshkiangasher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">First dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Fisherman" title="Dumuzid the Fisherman">Dumuzid the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udul-kalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">La-ba'shum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">En-nun-tarah-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh-he" title="Mesh-he">Mesh-he</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melem-ana" title="Melem-ana">Melem-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="First dynasty of Ur">First dynasty of Ur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">[...]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/...Lu" title="...Lu">[...]-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur-Ishshak" title="Kur-Ishshak">Kul[...]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Second dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susuda" title="Susuda">Susuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadasig" title="Dadasig">Dadasig</a></li> <li>Mamagal</li> <li>Kalbum</li> <li>Tuge</li> <li>Men-nuna</li> <li>Lugalngu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadanish (page does not exist)">Hadanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Second dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Enshakushanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a></li> <li>Argandea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Second dynasty of Ur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanni</li> <li>Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-Anne-Mundu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Dynasty of Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anbu</li> <li>Anba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazi_(king)" title="Bazi (king)">Bazi</a></li> <li>Zizi</li> <li>Limer</li> <li>Sharrum-iter</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Third dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba" title="Kubaba">Kubaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Dynasty of Akshak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unzi</li> <li>Undalulu</li> <li>Urur</li> <li>Puzur-Nirah</li> <li>Ushi-Il</li> <li>Shu-Suen of Akshak</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Fourth dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a></li> <li>Zimudar</li> <li>Usi-watar</li> <li>Eshtar-muti</li> <li>Ishme-Shamash</li> <li>Nanniya</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Third dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugal-zage-si</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Dynasty of Akkad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a></li> <li>Then who was king? Who was not king?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Fourth dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-ningin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a></li> <li>Kuda</li> <li>Puzur-ili</li> <li>Ur-Utu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkishush" title="Inkishush">Inkishush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarlagab" title="Sarlagab">Sarlagab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulme" title="Shulme">Shulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elulmesh" title="Elulmesh">Elulmesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inimabakesh" title="Inimabakesh">Inimabakesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igeshaush" title="Igeshaush">Igeshaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlagab" title="Yarlagab">Yarlagab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibate" title="Ibate">Ibate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarla" title="Yarla">Yarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurum" title="Kurum">Kurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apilkin" title="Apilkin">Apilkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irarum" title="Irarum">Irarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibranum" title="Ibranum">Ibranum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hablum" title="Hablum">Hablum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen_(Gutian_king)" title="Puzur-Suen (Gutian king)">Puzur-Suen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlaganda" title="Yarlaganda">Yarlaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Fifth dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipit-Ishtar" title="Lipit-Ishtar">Lipit-Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%ABr-S%C3%AEn" class="mw-redirect" title="Būr-Sîn">Būr-Sîn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-M%C4%81gir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sîn-Māgir">Sîn-Māgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist"> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-125">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-130">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-130">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-130">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-131">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_130-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADumuzid" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sumerian_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#AFC9BF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sumerian_mythology" title="Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sumerian_mythology" title="Template talk:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sumerian_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primordial beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/200px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/300px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/400px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid the Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimua" title="Azimua">Azimua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitu_(god)" title="Bitu (god)">Bitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C5%A1bi%C5%A1ag" title="Hušbišag">Hushbishag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninimma" title="Ninimma">Ninimma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimintabba" title="Nimintabba">Nimintabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherida">Sherida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugur_(god)" title="Ugur (god)">Ugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demons, spirits, and monsters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Gallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Huwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortal heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549619#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/15563352">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173642407">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBHKVb3W9YVrjXhvBFfWP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11866638X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008003017">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549779505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11866638X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078024196">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&oldid=1252617996">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&oldid=1252617996</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antediluvian_Sumerian_kings" title="Category:Antediluvian Sumerian kings">Antediluvian Sumerian kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Category:Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh">Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deities_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Deities in the Hebrew Bible">Deities in the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fertility_gods" title="Category:Fertility gods">Fertility gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inanna" title="Category:Inanna">Inanna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Levantine_mythology" title="Category:Levantine mythology">Levantine mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life-death-rebirth_gods" title="Category:Life-death-rebirth gods">Life-death-rebirth gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_gods" title="Category:Mesopotamian gods">Mesopotamian gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pastoral_gods" title="Category:Pastoral gods">Pastoral gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenician_mythology" title="Category:Phoenician mythology">Phoenician mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sumerian_kings" title="Category:Sumerian kings">Sumerian kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Underworld_gods" title="Category:Underworld gods">Underworld gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Killed_deities" title="Category:Killed deities">Killed deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adonis" title="Category:Adonis">Adonis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Syriac-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Syriac-language text">Articles containing Syriac-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_numeric_Bible_version_references" title="Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references">Pages with numeric Bible version references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_having_different_image_on_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia">Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sumerian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sumerian-language text">Articles containing Sumerian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Akkadian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Akkadian-language text">Articles containing Akkadian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Phoenician-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Phoenician-language text">Articles containing Phoenician-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Pages with Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 05:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumuzid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-kgb24","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.995","walltime":"2.304","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23483,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":409850,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23087,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":269644,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1776.830 1 -total"," 35.84% 636.729 265 Template:Sfn"," 10.56% 187.709 44 Template:Citation"," 9.13% 162.242 4 Template:Reflist"," 9.07% 161.103 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 7.10% 126.205 7 Template:Langx"," 6.43% 114.281 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.81% 103.291 279 Template:Main_other"," 5.00% 88.853 1 Template:Sumerian_King_List"," 5.00% 88.789 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.093","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24369859,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtallah1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtaç2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaringCashford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarstad1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreitenberger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrente2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCragg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetienne1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddyBoyd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalloSimpson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerényi1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLung2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCall1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMettinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlemas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiltonKastan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenglase1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandars1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShushan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Azevedo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 11,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuneiform\"] = 4,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dumuzid\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Early Rulers of Mesopotamia\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"End\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-el\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 265,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sumerian Gods Genealogy\"] = 1,\n [\"Sumerian King List\"] = 1,\n [\"Sumerian mythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Why\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","37.9"],["?","160","13.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.2"],["(for generator)","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","20","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","20","1.7"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","220","19.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-lg789","timestamp":"20241130014545","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dumuzid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dumuzid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q549619","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q549619","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-01-24T17:09:10Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T05:10:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_%C3%A9poux.jpg","headline":"Sumerian god"}</script> </body> </html>