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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precolonial_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precolonial_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Precolonial cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precolonial_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_World_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_World_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Old World introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_World_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_the_19th_century:_mass_commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_the_19th_century:_mass_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Since the 19th century: mass commercialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_the_19th_century:_mass_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phytochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Houseplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houseplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Houseplant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houseplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage_and_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Storage and transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_and_environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_and_environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ethical and environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_and_environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illegal_drug_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_drug_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Illegal drug trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_drug_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_into_protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_into_protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Expansion into protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_into_protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pineapple</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pynappel" title="Pynappel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pynappel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B5" title="አናናስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አናናስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABn%C3%A6ppel" title="Pīnæppel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pīnæppel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="أناناس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أناناس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikokominan" title="Cikokominan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Cikokominan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anana" title="Anana – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Anana" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achupalla" title="Achupalla – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Achupalla" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsl_ananas" title="Əsl ananas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsl ananas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="اصل آناناس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اصل آناناس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8" title="আনারস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আনারস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng-l%C3%A2i" title="Ông-lâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ông-lâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanas" title="Nanas – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Nanas" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinya" title="Pinya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pinya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Обикновен ананас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновен ананас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan%C3%A0s" title="Ananàs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ananàs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananasovn%C3%ADk_chocholat%C3%BD" title="Ananasovník chocholatý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ananasovník chocholatý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinanazi" title="Chinanazi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chinanazi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinafal" title="Pinafal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pinafal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alafi%C9%9B" title="Alafiɛ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Alafiɛ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_ananas" title="Almindelig ananas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig ananas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosh_%C5%82ikan%C3%AD" title="Hosh łikaní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hosh łikaní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananass" title="Ananass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ananass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανανάς ο εύκομος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανανάς ο εύκομος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananaso" title="Ananaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ananaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anana" title="Anana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آناناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آناناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onima" title="Onima – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Onima" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anann" title="Anann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annane" title="Annane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Annane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan%C3%A1s" title="Ananás – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ananás" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آناناس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آناناس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C" title="파인애플 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파인애플" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Փշավոր արքայախնձոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փշավոր արքայախնձոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="अनानास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनानास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanas" title="Nanas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nanas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="אננס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אננס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanas" title="Nanas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nanas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C9%94t%C9%94" title="Adɔtɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Adɔtɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅನಾನಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನಾನಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinya" title="Pinya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pinya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanasi" title="Nanasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nanasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannanna" title="Zannanna – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zannanna" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BDa%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Анaнас – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анaнас" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananass" title="Ananass – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ananass" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgomasis_ananasas" title="Valgomasis ananasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgomasis ananasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6na" title="Göna – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Göna" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan%C3%A1si" title="Ananási – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ananási" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termesztett_anan%C3%A1sz" title="Termesztett ananász – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termesztett ananász" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanas" title="Lanas – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Lanas" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Aнанас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Aнанас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananasy" title="Mananasy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mananasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="കൈതച്ചക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൈതച്ചക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8" title="अननस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अननस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="اناناس (نوع من النباتات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اناناس (نوع من النباتات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanas" title="Nanas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nanas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯀꯤꯍꯣꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯤꯍꯣꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naneh" title="Naneh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Naneh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2ng-l%C3%AC" title="Uòng-lì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uòng-lì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacaxi" title="Abacaxi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Abacaxi" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Хан боргоцой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хан боргоцой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="နာနတ်သီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာနတ်သီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainaviu" title="Vainaviu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vainaviu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="भुइँकटहर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भुइँकटहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB" title="パイナップル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイナップル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_(slach)" title="Ananas (slach) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ananas (slach)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanlig_ananas" title="Vanlig ananas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vanlig ananas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਅਨਾਨਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨਾਨਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talacay" title="Talacay – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Talacay" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="انناس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انناس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_jadalny" title="Ananas jadalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ananas jadalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan%C3%A1s" title="Ananás – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ananás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painapo" title="Painapo – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Painapo" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirimaway" title="Chirimaway – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chirimaway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/padingan" title="padingan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="padingan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="अनानसफलरसः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अनानसफलरसः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%A4na" title="Zanäna – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Zanäna" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeneapole" title="Phaeneapole – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Phaeneapole" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="අන්නාසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්නාසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pineapple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan%C3%A1s_pestovan%C3%BD" title="Ananás pestovaný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ananás pestovaný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cananis" title="Cananis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cananis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ئەنەناس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنەناس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganas" title="Ganas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ganas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinya" title="Pinya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="அன்னாசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அன்னாசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8" title="అనాస – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అనాస" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94" title="สับปะรด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สับปะรด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fain%C4%81" title="Fainā – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fainā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪರೆಂಗಿ ಪೆಲಕ್ಕಾಯಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪರೆಂಗಿ ಪೆಲಕ್ಕಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ananas" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ананас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ананас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%A9a" title="Dứa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dứa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" title="Ananas comosus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ananas comosus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%90%9D" title="菠萝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菠萝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1" title="אנאנאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנאנאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pineapple" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%98%BF" title="菠蘿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菠蘿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananasos" title="Ananasos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ananasos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E6%A2%A8" title="凤梨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凤梨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honas" title="Honas – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Honas" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintingabai" title="Tintingabai – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tintingabai" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanas" title="Nanas – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Nanas" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanas" title="Nanas – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Nanas" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anana" title="Anana – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pineapple_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pineapple (disambiguation)">Pineapple (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Red Pineapple" redirects here. For the apple cultivar, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Pineapple_(apple)" title="Red Pineapple (apple)">Red Pineapple (apple)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Pineapple </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="738" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A pineapple on its parent plant </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ananas" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas"><i>Ananas</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. comosus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Ananas comosus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Merr." class="mw-redirect" title="Merr.">Merr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Ananas acostae</i> <small>C. Commelijn</small></li> <li><i>Ananas ananas</i> <small>(L.) H.Karst. ex Voss</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Ananas argentata</i> <small>J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas aurata</i> <small>J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas bracteatus</i> <small>Baker</small></li> <li><i>Ananas coccineus</i> <small>Descourt.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas debilis</i> <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas lyman-smithii</i> <small>Camargo</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Ananas maxima</i> <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas monstrosus</i> <small>(Carrière) L.B.Sm.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas ovatus</i> <small>Mill.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas pancheanus</i> <small>André</small></li> <li><i>Ananas penangensis</i> <small>Baker</small></li> <li><i>Ananas porteanus</i> <small>Veitch ex K.Koch</small></li> <li><i>Ananas pyramidalis</i> <small>Mill.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas sativa</i> <small>Lindl.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas sativus</i> <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas serotinus</i> <small>Mill.</small></li> <li><i>Ananas viridis</i> <small>Mill.</small></li> <li><i>Ananassa ananas</i> <small>(L.) H.Karst.</small></li> <li><i>Ananassa debilis</i> <small>Lindl.</small></li> <li><i>Ananassa monstrosa</i> <small>Carrière</small></li> <li><i>Ananassa porteana</i> <small>(Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière</small></li> <li><i>Ananassa sativa</i> <small>(Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia ananas</i> <small>L.</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia ananas</i> <small>Willd.</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia communis</i> <small>Lam.</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia comosa</i> <small>L.</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia edulis</i> <small>Salisb.</small> nom. illeg.</li> <li><i>Bromelia mai-pouri</i> <small>Perrier</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia pigna</i> <small>Perrier</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia rubra</i> <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia violacea</i> <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Bromelia viridis</i> <small>(Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Distiacanthus communis</i> <small>(Lam.) Rojas Acosta</small></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>pineapple</b><sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><b>Ananas comosus</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_vegetation" title="Tropical vegetation">tropical plant</a> with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pineapple is indigenous to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a> made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. </p><p>Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_fruit" title="Multiple fruit">multiple fruit</a>. The plant normally propagates from the <a href="/wiki/Offset_(botany)" title="Offset (botany)">offset</a> produced at the top of the fruit<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PWG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-PWG_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg/220px-PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg/330px-PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg/440px-PineApple_-_Ananas_comosus_-_starting_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pineapple in the starting stage</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg/220px-Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg/330px-Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg/440px-Ananas_bracteatus_Striatus_0zz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pineapple <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg/220px-Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg/330px-Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg/440px-Flowering_Pineapple_Sept_4_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A young pineapple in flower</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg/220px-Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg/330px-Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg/440px-Ananas_comosus-pineapple_flowers_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pineapple flowers close-up</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The pineapple is a <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_fruit" title="Multiple fruit">multiple fruit</a>. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.<sup id="cite_ref-PWG_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>30 to 100 cm (1 to <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> ft) long, surrounding a thick <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. </p><p>In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain wild pineapples are <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">foraged</a> and pollinated at night by <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where pineapples were cultivated and <a href="/wiki/Cannery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannery">canned</a> industrially throughout the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-hortsci_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hortsci-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> importation of hummingbirds was prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ovaries develop into <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berries</a>, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlocking <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helices</a>, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being a <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_number#Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci number">Fibonacci number</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pineapple carries out <a href="/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism" title="Crassulacean acid metabolism">CAM photosynthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid <a href="/wiki/Malate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malate">malate</a>, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <p>The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor variety <i>bracteatus</i>, have been sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Varieties</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_bracteatus,_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation,_Oahu,_Hawaii,_USA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg/120px-Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg/180px-Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg/240px-Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Ananas comosus</i> var. <i>bracteatus</i> <small>(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small></td> <td>Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ananas_01.JPG/120px-Ananas_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ananas_01.JPG/180px-Ananas_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ananas_01.JPG/240px-Ananas_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="2338" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Ananas comosus</i> var. <i>comosus</i> <small>(Linnaeus) Merrill</small></td> <td>Brazil and Paraguay; naturalized in parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, northern South America, and various islands in the Pacific </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curu%C3%A1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Curu%C3%A1_%28cropped%29.JPG/120px-Curu%C3%A1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Curu%C3%A1_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Curu%C3%A1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Curu%C3%A1_%28cropped%29.JPG/240px-Curu%C3%A1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Ananas comosus</i> var. <i>erectifolius</i> <small>(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small></td> <td>Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, French Guiana </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg/120px-Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg/180px-Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg/240px-Ananas_nanus_20060514-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Ananas comosus</i> var. <i>microstachys</i> <small>(Mez) L.B.Sm.</small></td> <td>from Costa Rica to Paraguay </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Ananas comosus</i> var. <i>parguazensis</i> <small>(Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small></td> <td>Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thevet" title="André Thevet">André Thevet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Found_World,_or_Antarctike" title="The New Found World, or Antarctike">The New Found World, or Antarctike</a></i> where he refers to a <span title="Tupi languages collective text"><i lang="tup">Hoyriri</i></span>, a fruit cultivated and eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá people</a>, living near modern <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and now believed to be a pineapple.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupi</a> word <span title="Tupi languages collective text"><i lang="tup">nanas</i></span>, meaning 'excellent fruit'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientific <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ananas comosus</i></span>, where <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">comosus</i></span> 'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit as <i>Ananas</i>, but the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> first record of the word <i>pineapple</i> itself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg/220px-Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg/330px-Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg/440px-Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Pineapple fruit, whole and in longitudinal section</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonial_cultivation">Precolonial cultivation</h3></div> <p>The wild plant originates from the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná</a>–<a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay River</a> drainages between southern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> on 4 November 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Spanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Spanish (page does not exist)">Red Spanish</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a_Espa%C3%B1ola_Roja" class="extiw" title="es:Piña Española Roja">es</a>]</span>' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and it was grown to produce <i><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">piña</a></i> fibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-pfmf_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfmf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called it <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">piña de Indes</i></span>, meaning "pine of the Indians". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr's <i><a href="/wiki/Decades_of_the_New_World" title="Decades of the New World">Decades of the New World</a></i> (1516) and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a>'s <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo</i></span> (1524–1525), and the first known illustration was in <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Oviedo's</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Historia General de Las Indias</i></span> (1535).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_World_introduction">Old World introduction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_gardeners_dictionary_Wellcome_L0049859_frontispiece_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3161" data-file-height="4495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> presented with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopiae</a></i></span> including pineapples by allegories of Nature, Industry, and Science, with an <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">orangery</a> in the background (<a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispiece</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardeners_Dictionary" title="The Gardeners Dictionary">The Gardeners Dictionary</a></i>, 1764)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,<sup id="cite_ref-Cumo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not successfully cultivated in Europe until <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_de_la_Court_van_der_Voort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter de la Court van der Voort (page does not exist)">Pieter de la Court</a> (1664–1739) developed <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> horticulture near Leiden.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the first pineapple was grown at <a href="/wiki/Dorney_Court" title="Dorney Court">Dorney Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorney" title="Dorney">Dorney</a> in Buckinghamshire, and a huge "pineapple stove" to heat the plants was built at the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden" title="Chelsea Physic Garden">Chelsea Physic Garden</a> in 1723.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheller_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheller-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden of Versailles">Versailles</a> in 1733. In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> imported de la Court's method into <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> in the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse at <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Empress Anna</a>'s new Moscow palace.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_fructu_ovato,_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus,_foliis_Aloes._(Pineapple)_(NYPL_b14444147-1125000).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ananas_fructu_ovato%2C_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus%2C_foliis_Aloes._%28Pineapple%29_%28NYPL_b14444147-1125000%29.jpg/220px-Ananas_fructu_ovato%2C_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus%2C_foliis_Aloes._%28Pineapple%29_%28NYPL_b14444147-1125000%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ananas_fructu_ovato%2C_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus%2C_foliis_Aloes._%28Pineapple%29_%28NYPL_b14444147-1125000%29.jpg/330px-Ananas_fructu_ovato%2C_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus%2C_foliis_Aloes._%28Pineapple%29_%28NYPL_b14444147-1125000%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ananas_fructu_ovato%2C_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus%2C_foliis_Aloes._%28Pineapple%29_%28NYPL_b14444147-1125000%29.jpg/440px-Ananas_fructu_ovato%2C_carne_albida_-_Carduus_Brasilianus%2C_foliis_Aloes._%28Pineapple%29_%28NYPL_b14444147-1125000%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="4906" /></a><figcaption>1772 illustration of an <i>Ananas comosus</i> pineapple which was given the early scientific name of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cardus brasilianus folius aloes</i></span> by Banhius in 1623<sup id="cite_ref-Bromeliad_Society_Chicago_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromeliad_Society_Chicago-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called "pineries", <a href="/wiki/Pineapple_mania" title="Pineapple mania">pineapple became a symbol of wealth</a>. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauman200587_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauman200587-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauman200587_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauman200587-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore</a>, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dunmore_Pineapple" title="Dunmore Pineapple">Dunmore Pineapple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality.<sup id="cite_ref-Curl_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_19th_century:_mass_commercialization">Since the 19th century: mass commercialization</h3></div> <p>Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was "Smooth Cayenne", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread via <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to Australia and Africa. The "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the "Smooth Cayenne") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. </p><p>The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-MatthewsWigsten2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthewsWigsten2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is known as the <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">hala kahiki</i></span> ("foreign <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">hala</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was <a href="/wiki/James_Dole" title="James Dole">James Dole</a>, who moved to Hawaii in 1899<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into the <a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole Food Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faculty.ucc.edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faculty.ucc.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dole and <a href="/wiki/Del_Monte_Foods" title="Del Monte Foods">Del Monte</a> began growing pineapples on the island of <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and the <a href="/wiki/Maui_Pineapple_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui Pineapple Company">Maui Pineapple Company</a> began cultivation on <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Drummond_Dole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Drummond_Dole.jpg/220px-James_Drummond_Dole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Drummond_Dole.jpg/330px-James_Drummond_Dole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Drummond_Dole.jpg/440px-James_Drummond_Dole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6072" data-file-height="8344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Dole" title="James Dole">James Drummond Dole</a> (1877–1958) was the early promoter of the pineapple industry in Hawaii. He founded the company now known as the Dole Food Company.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips,_Bukidnon,_Philippines_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines_03.jpg/220px-Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines_03.jpg/330px-Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines_03.jpg/440px-Del_Monte_Pineapple_field_at_Camp_Philips%2C_Bukidnon%2C_Philippines_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Del_Monte_Foods" title="Del Monte Foods">Del Monte</a> pineapple fields in <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodes_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2013, only the <a href="/wiki/Dole_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Plantation">Dole Plantation</a> on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodes_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone. </p><p>In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne" was introduced in the early 1900s by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">US Bureau of Agriculture</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a>. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> in the 1920s; in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-pfmf_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfmf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-go_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. </p><p>The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Pineapple, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">209 kJ (50 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">13.12 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9.85 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.12 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.54 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.079 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.032 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.213 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.112 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 18 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 5.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">53%</div> 47.8 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">40%</div> 0.927 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 109 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.12 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">86.00 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169124/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and contains negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, and is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (40% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Daily Value</a>, DV) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (53% DV), but otherwise contains no <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant amounts (table). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg/220px-Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg/330px-Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg/440px-Hollowed_Pineapple_Core_Removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A hollowed-out pineapple with its core left intact, ready for filling, <i>e.g.</i>, with other fruits.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h3></div> <p>Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, among which are <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syringic_acid" title="Syringic acid">syringic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferulic_acid" title="Ferulic acid">ferulic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinapic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinapic acid">sinapic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coumaric_acid" title="Coumaric acid">coumaric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbutin" title="Arbutin">arbutin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bromelain" title="Bromelain">bromelain</a> is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic">proteolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-mlp_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlp-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulation">anticoagulation</a> therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-mlp_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlp-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat <a href="/wiki/Marinade" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinade">marinade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenderizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenderizer">tenderizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jfst_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfst-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>-based desserts or <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a>. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extraction</a> can yield sufficient quantities for <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">domestic</a> and industrial processing.<sup id="cite_ref-jfst_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfst-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are known.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves of the commonly grown "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varieties include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>"Hilo" is a compact, 1.0- to 1.5-kg (2– to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips.</li> <li>"Kona sugarloaf", at 2.5 to 3.0 kg (5–6 lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit.</li> <li>"Natal queen", at 1.0 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa.</li> <li>"Pernambuco" ("eleuthera") weighs 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America.</li> <li>"Red Spanish", at 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America and the Philippines. It was the original pineapple cultivar in the Philippines grown for their leaf fibers (<i><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">piña</a></i>) in the traditional Philippine textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-pfmf_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfmf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-go_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Smooth cayenne", a 2.5- to 3.0-kg (5- to 6-lb), pale yellow– to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by <a href="/wiki/Amerind_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerind peoples">Amerind peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomew_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomew-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the ancestors of cultivars "73-50" (also called "MD-1" and "CO-2") and "73–114" (also called "MD-2").<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomew_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomew-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD-2.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomew_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomew-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of Del Monte's MD-2 caused Dole to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">obtain & grow</a> its own MD-2 pineapples, leading to <a href="/wiki/Del_Monte_Fresh_Produce_Co._v._Dole_Food_Co." title="Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co.">Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co.</a>.</li> <li>Some <i>Ananas</i> species are grown as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a> for color, novel fruit size, and other <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> qualities.</li></ul> <p>In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and <a href="/wiki/Maui_Land_and_Pineapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui Land and Pineapple">Maui Land and Pineapple</a>. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomew_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomew-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakala</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azores-Day4-16_(33766683744).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Growing pineapples in a greenhouse"><img alt="Growing pineapples in a greenhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Azores-Day4-16_%2833766683744%29.jpg/120px-Azores-Day4-16_%2833766683744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Azores-Day4-16_%2833766683744%29.jpg/180px-Azores-Day4-16_%2833766683744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Azores-Day4-16_%2833766683744%29.jpg/240px-Azores-Day4-16_%2833766683744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Growing pineapples in a greenhouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_bracteatus,_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation,_Oahu,_Hawaii,_USA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red pineapple (Ananas bracteatus)"><img alt="Red pineapple (Ananas bracteatus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg/120px-Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg/180px-Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg/240px-Ananas_bracteatus%2C_Dole_Pineapple_Plantation%2C_Oahu%2C_Hawaii%2C_USA2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_pineapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Red pineapple">Red pineapple</a> (<i>Ananas bracteatus</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolejf2103.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tropical Gold"><img alt="Tropical Gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dolejf2103.JPG/120px-Dolejf2103.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dolejf2103.JPG/180px-Dolejf2103.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dolejf2103.JPG/240px-Dolejf2103.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tropical Gold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victoria"><img alt="Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg/120px-Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg/180px-Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg/240px-Ananas_comosus_Victoria_P1190459.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victoria</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>Pineapple production – 2022<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;">Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>29.4</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">List of countries by pineapple production</a></div> <p>In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, each producing about 3 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <p>The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_pizza" title="Hawaiian pizza">Hawaiian pizza</a>, or as a grilled ring on a <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a>. Traditional dishes that use pineapple include <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Hamonado" title="Hamonado">hamonado</a></i></span>, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Afritada" title="Afritada">afritada</a></i></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th"><a href="/wiki/Kaeng_som" title="Kaeng som">kaeng som pla</a></i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_haystack" title="Hawaiian haystack">Hawaiian haystack</a>. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a> such as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a_colada" title="Piña colada">piña colada</a></i></span> and in the drink <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">tepache</a></i></span>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, a traditional jelly-like dessert called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Nata_de_pi%C3%B1a" title="Nata de piña">nata de piña</a></i></span> has also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Komagataeibacter_xylinus" title="Komagataeibacter xylinus">Komagataeibacter xylinus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vergara_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vergara-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in both <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Honduras">Honduran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a>, where it is produced locally.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexico</a>, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese cuisine</a>, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> consumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> was the largest importer of pineapple juice in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> are the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 were <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is low compared to their populations.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></div> <p>The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditional <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">piña</a></i></span> fibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted from <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">abacá</a></i></span>. These were woven into lustrous lace-like <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nipis (page does not exist)">nipis</a></i></span> fabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">calado</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sombrado</i></span>. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditional <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a></i></span>, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">baro't saya</a></i></span>, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Traje_de_mestiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Traje de mestiza">traje de mestiza</a></i></span> clothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women's <a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">kerchiefs</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">pañuelo</i></span>). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and is only starting to be revived.<sup id="cite_ref-pfmf_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfmf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-go_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1895 painting of a Filipina in traditional traje de mestiza dress"><img alt="1895 painting of a Filipina in traditional traje de mestiza dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/208px-Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/313px-Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/417px-Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1895 painting of a Filipina in traditional <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Traje_de_mestiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Traje de mestiza">traje de mestiza</a></i></span> dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barong_Up_Close.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calado embroidery on a barong tagalog"><img alt="Calado embroidery on a barong tagalog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barong_Up_Close.jpg/240px-Barong_Up_Close.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barong_Up_Close.jpg/360px-Barong_Up_Close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barong_Up_Close.jpg/480px-Barong_Up_Close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Calado</i></span> embroidery on a <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a></i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handkerchief_(Philippines),_19th_century_(CH_18386747).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century handkerchief in the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum"><img alt="19th century handkerchief in the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Handkerchief_%28Philippines%29%2C_19th_century_%28CH_18386747%29.jpg/174px-Handkerchief_%28Philippines%29%2C_19th_century_%28CH_18386747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Handkerchief_%28Philippines%29%2C_19th_century_%28CH_18386747%29.jpg/262px-Handkerchief_%28Philippines%29%2C_19th_century_%28CH_18386747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Handkerchief_%28Philippines%29%2C_19th_century_%28CH_18386747%29.jpg/349px-Handkerchief_%28Philippines%29%2C_19th_century_%28CH_18386747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th century <a href="/wiki/Handkerchief" title="Handkerchief">handkerchief</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frock coat, 1840–1849, Philippines, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Long sleeved jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg/147px-Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg/220px-Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg/293px-Frock_coat_MET_63.25_front_CP4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frock coat, 1840–1849, Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houseplant">Houseplant</h3></div> <p>The variety <i>A. comosus</i> 'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <p>In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_and_transport">Storage and transport</h3></div> <p>Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, <a href="/wiki/Ethephon" title="Ethephon">Ethephon</a>, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_as_a_plant_hormone#ethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene as a plant hormone">ethylene</a>, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is a <a href="/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" title="Climacteric (botany)">non-climacteric fruit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_and_environmental_concerns">Ethical and environmental concerns</h3></div> <p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">modern fruit production</a>, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, often <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan">Nicaraguan</a>. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called "<a href="/wiki/Banana_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana republics">banana republics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illegal_drug_trade">Illegal drug trade</h4></div> <p>Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover for <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">narcotrafficking</a>, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_into_protected_areas">Expansion into protected areas</h4></div> <p>In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Maquenque_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge">Maquenque</a>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Border_Corridor_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Border Corridor Wildlife Refuge">Corredor Fronterizo</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Barra_del_Colorado_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge">Barra del Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1o_Negro_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge">Caño Negro</a> wildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pineapple_diseases" title="List of pineapple diseases">List of pineapple diseases</a></div> <p>Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by <a href="/wiki/Mealybug" title="Mealybug">mealybugs</a><sup id="cite_ref-aps_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aps-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_1987_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other diseases include citrus <a href="/wiki/Phanerochaete_salmonicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanerochaete salmonicolor">pink disease</a>, bacterial heart rot, <a href="/wiki/Anthracnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracnose">anthracnose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aps_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aps-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.<sup id="cite_ref-foodmarketexchange1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodmarketexchange1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Acetobacter_aceti" title="Acetobacter aceti">Acetobacter aceti</a></i>, <i>Gluconobacter oxydans</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pantoea" title="Pantoea">Pantoea</a> citrea</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Tatumella ptyseos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, <a href="/wiki/Thrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrip">thrips</a>, mites, mealybugs, ants, and <a href="/wiki/Symphylid" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphylid">symphylids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foodmarketexchange1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodmarketexchange1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi" title="Phytophthora cinnamomi">Phytophthora cinnamomi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_parasitica" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytophthora parasitica">P. parasitica</a></i>, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all <a href="/wiki/Suckers_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suckers (botany)">suckers</a> that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pineapple" title="Big Pineapple">Big Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_cutter" title="Pineapple cutter">Pineapple cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_cake" title="Pineapple cake">Pineapple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_tart" title="Pineapple tart">Pineapple tart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhakulam_pineapple" title="Vazhakulam pineapple">Vazhakulam pineapple</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723191205/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219669">"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"</a>. 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"Tropical and Subtropical Fruit". <i>Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0122266706" title="Special:BookSources/0122266706">0122266706</a>. Charles J Arntzen. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380–382.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pineapples" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pineapples">Pineapples</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html">Pineapple Fruit Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050516080055/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—information on pineapples from <a href="/wiki/California_Rare_Fruit_Growers" class="mw-redirect" title="California Rare Fruit Growers">California Rare Fruit Growers</a></li> <li><a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pineapples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pineapples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ananas comosus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ananas_macrodontes" title="Ananas macrodontes">Ananas macrodontes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pineapples"><img alt="Pineapples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg/50px-Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg/75px-Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg/100px-Ananas~May_2008-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2723" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ananas" title="Ananas">Ananas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azucarron_pineapple" title="Azucarron pineapple">Azucarron pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pineapple" title="Big Pineapple">Big Pineapple</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Del_Monte_Fresh_Produce_Co._v._Dole_Food_Co." title="Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co.">Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole Food Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pineapple_diseases" title="List of pineapple diseases">List of pineapple diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_Pineapple_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui Pineapple Company">Maui Pineapple Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_cake" title="Pineapple cake">Pineapple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_cutter" title="Pineapple cutter">Pineapple cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_Lumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineapple Lumps">Pineapple Lumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_pit" title="Pineapple pit">Pineapple pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Pineapple production in Ivory Coast">Pineapple production in Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_tart" title="Pineapple tart">Pineapple tart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pineapples" title="Category:Pineapples">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pineapple_production" title="Category:Pineapple production">Production</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ananas_comosus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ananas comosus">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x16px&#124;Seal_of_Tripura_State_of_Tripura" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tripura" title="Template:Tripura"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tripura" title="Template talk:Tripura"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tripura" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tripura"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x16px&#124;Seal_of_Tripura_State_of_Tripura" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tripura.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Tripura"><img alt="Seal of Tripura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_Tripura.svg/16px-Seal_of_Tripura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_Tripura.svg/25px-Seal_of_Tripura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_Tripura.svg/33px-Seal_of_Tripura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="713" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phayre%27s_leaf_monkey" title="Phayre's leaf monkey">Phayre's leaf monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Green_imperial_pigeon" title="Green imperial pigeon">Green imperial pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Indian rose chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aquilaria_malaccensis" title="Aquilaria malaccensis">Agarwood</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pineapple</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ompok_bimaculatus" title="Ompok bimaculatus">Butter catfish (Pabda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tripura" title="Category:Tripura">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tripura" title="History of Tripura">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twipra_Kingdom" title="Twipra Kingdom">Twipra Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_(princely_state)" title="Tripura (princely state)">Tripura (princely state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikya_dynasty" title="Manikya dynasty">Manikya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tripuri_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tripuri Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tripura" title="Politics of Tripura">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tripura" title="Tourism in Tripura">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tripura" title="Education in Tripura">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Tripura" title="Healthcare in Tripura">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betlingchhip" title="Betlingchhip">Highest point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tripura" title="Government of Tripura">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tripura Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Tribal_Areas_Autonomous_District_Council" title="Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council">Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tripura" title="List of governors of Tripura">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tripura" title="List of chief ministers of Tripura">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Tripura" title="Political parties in Tripura">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Police" title="Tripura Police">Tripura Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tripura" title="List of districts of Tripura">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhalai_district" title="Dhalai district">Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomati_district" title="Gomati district">Gomati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowai_district" title="Khowai district">Khowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tripura_district" title="North Tripura district">North Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahijala_district" title="Sipahijala district">Sipahijala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tripura_district" title="South Tripura district">South Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakoti_district" title="Unakoti district">Unakoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Tripura_district" title="West Tripura district">West Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarpur,_Tripura" title="Amarpur, Tripura">Amarpur, Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhalai">Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowai" title="Khowai">Khowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teliamura" title="Teliamura">Teliamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakoti" title="Unakoti">Unakoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tripura" title="Education in Tripura">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Government_Medical_College" title="Agartala Government Medical College">Agartala Government Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Bir_Bikram_University" title="Maharaja Bir Bikram University">Maharaja Bir Bikram University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Agartala" title="National Institute of Technology Agartala">National Institute of Technology Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_University" title="Tripura University">Tripura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Medical_College_%26_Dr._B.R._Ambedkar_Memorial_Teaching_Hospital" title="Tripura Medical College & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital">Tripura Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Tripura" title="Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_in_Tripura" title="Category:Schools in Tripura">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_culture" title="Tripuri culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Tripura" title="Dances of Tripura">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_dress" title="Tripuri dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tripura" title="Languages of Tripura">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_literature" title="Kokborok literature">Kokborok literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tripura" title="Music of Tripura">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instruments_of_Tripura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musical instruments of Tripura (page does not exist)">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri calendar (Tring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ananas comosus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1493">Q1493</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ananas_comosus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ananas comosus">Ananas comosus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/178839">178839</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/88163">88163</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=419143">419143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/66LDM">66LDM</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=402">402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1126520">1126520</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ANHCO">ANHCO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027371">200027371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Ananas%20comosus">Ananas comosus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027371">200027371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5288819">5288819</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3074">3074</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/122965">122965</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/12322-2">12322-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10207532">10207532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42335">42335</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278162">278162</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151910/">2.151910</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4615">4615</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f029c41f-e4cd-432a-bfbe-1a8662b1b670">f029c41f-e4cd-432a-bfbe-1a8662b1b670</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/421250/">421250</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=627039">627039</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ananas+comosus">Ananas comosus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219669">kew-219669</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ANCO30">ANCO30</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A12322-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12322-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/4300877">4300877</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000339432">wfo-0000339432</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bromelia comosa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38553549" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q38553549">Q38553549</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/178840">178840</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/201217">201217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5X35Y">5X35Y</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=7748">7748</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/36845-2">36845-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11068760">11068760</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=509741">509741</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A36845-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36845-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/4300879">4300879</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000341835">wfo-0000341835</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="/wiki/Category:Pineapples" title="Category:Pineapples">Pineapples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ananas" title="Category:Ananas">Ananas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_the_Americas" title="Category:Crops originating from the Americas">Crops originating from the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fruits_originating_in_South_America" title="Category:Fruits originating in South America">Fruits originating in South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_fruits" title="Category:Edible fruits">Edible fruits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hawaiian_cuisine" title="Category:Hawaiian cuisine">Hawaiian cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicinal_plants" title="Category:Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_agriculture" title="Category:Tropical agriculture">Tropical agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_fruit" title="Category:Tropical fruit">Tropical 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