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<span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career_and_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_and_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early career and partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Black_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Black_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Role in Black September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Black_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascent_to_Chief_of_Army_Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascent_to_Chief_of_Army_Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ascent to Chief of Army Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascent_to_Chief_of_Army_Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military coup</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_coup-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military coup subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-coup_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-coup_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-coup unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-coup_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977_military_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977_military_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1977 military coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977_military_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_(1977–1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_(1977–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dictatorship (1977–1988)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dictatorship_(1977–1988)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dictatorship (1977–1988) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_(1977–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postponement_of_elections_and_call_for_accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postponement_of_elections_and_call_for_accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Postponement of elections and call for accountability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postponement_of_elections_and_call_for_accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_doctrine_of_necessity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_doctrine_of_necessity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The doctrine of necessity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_doctrine_of_necessity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Zulfikar Ali Bhutto trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_martial_law_administrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_martial_law_administrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Appointment of martial law administrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_martial_law_administrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martial_law_judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law_judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Martial law judges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law_judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_law_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Martial law governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assumption_of_the_post_of_President_of_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assumption_of_the_post_of_President_of_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assumption_of_the_post_of_President_of_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_structural_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structural_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Political structural changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_structural_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Majlis-e-Shoora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Majlis-e-Shoora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Majlis-e-Shoora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>1984 referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985_parliamentary_elections_and_constitutional_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985_parliamentary_elections_and_constitutional_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>1985 parliamentary elections and constitutional amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985_parliamentary_elections_and_constitutional_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.4</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_sponsorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_sponsorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>United States sponsorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_sponsorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet–Afghan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet–Afghan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Soviet–Afghan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet–Afghan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Iran–Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_atomic_bomb_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_atomic_bomb_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Consolidation of atomic bomb program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_atomic_bomb_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Nuclear diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_proliferation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_proliferation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Nuclear proliferation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_proliferation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_legacy_of_the_Soviet-Afghan_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_legacy_of_the_Soviet-Afghan_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.4</span> <span>The legacy of the Soviet-Afghan war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_legacy_of_the_Soviet-Afghan_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamization_of_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamization_of_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Islamization of Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamization_of_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hudood_Ordinance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hudood_Ordinance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.1</span> <span>Hudood Ordinance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hudood_Ordinance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.2</span> <span>Islamic Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blasphemy_ordinances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blasphemy_ordinances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.3</span> <span>Blasphemy ordinances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blasphemy_ordinances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrassa_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrassa_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.4</span> <span>Madrassa expansions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrassa_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.5</span> <span>Cultural policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare_of_the_people_with_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_of_the_people_with_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.6</span> <span>Welfare of the people with disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare_of_the_people_with_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal_of_the_Junejo_government_and_call_for_new_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_of_the_Junejo_government_and_call_for_new_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_of_the_Junejo_government_and_call_for_new_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ziaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ziaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ziaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>In Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Outside Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Portrayals in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zia-ul-Haq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضياء الحق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد ضياء الحق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="ज़िया-उल-हक़ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ज़िया-उल-हक़" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_Ziya%C3%BClhaqq" title="Məhəmməd Ziyaülhaqq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Ziyaülhaqq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95" title="মুহাম্মদ জিয়া-উল-হক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ জিয়া-উল-হক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%97%D1%8B%D1%8F-%D2%AF%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Мөхәммәт Зыя-үл-Хаҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөхәммәт Зыя-үл-Хаҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%97%D1%96%D1%8F-%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мухамад Зія-уль-Хак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мухамад Зія-уль-Хак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%97%D1%96%D1%8F-%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мугамад Зія-уль-Гак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мугамад Зія-уль-Гак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мухаммад Зия Ул Хак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мухаммад Зия Ул Хак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%96%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BB-%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BA" title="Μουχάμαντ Ζία-Ουλ-Χακ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουχάμαντ Ζία-Ουλ-Χακ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Hak" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Hak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Hak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia_Ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضیاءالحق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد ضیاءالحق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B8%ED%95%98%ED%81%AC" title="무함마드 지아울하크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무함마드 지아울하크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia%27ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="मुहम्मद ज़िया-उल-हक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहम्मद ज़िया-उल-हक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מוחמד זיא אל-חאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד זיא אל-חאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მუჰამედ ზია-ულ ჰაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუჰამედ ზია-ულ ჰაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D2%AF%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Мұхаммед Зия-үл-Хақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхаммед Зия-үл-Хақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ziaul_Hakk" title="Mohammad Ziaul Hakk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mohammad Ziaul Hakk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D" title="സിയ ഉൾ ഹഖ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിയ ഉൾ ഹഖ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95" title="मोहम्मद झिया उल-हक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोहम्मद झिया उल-हक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضياء الحق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد ضياء الحق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضیاءالحق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="محمد ضیاءالحق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95" title="मोहम्मद जिया उल हक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोहम्मद जिया उल हक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%8F%E3%82%AF" title="ムハンマド・ジア＝ウル＝ハク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・ジア＝ウル＝ハク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia_ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia ul-Haq – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muhammad Zia ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ziyoul-Haq" title="Muhammad Ziyoul-Haq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Ziyoul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86-%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਜ਼ਿਆ-ਉਲ-ਹੱਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਜ਼ਿਆ-ਉਲ-ਹੱਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضیاء الحق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد ضیاء الحق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضیا الحق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد ضیا الحق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia_ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia ul-Haq – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Zia ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Зия-уль-Хак, Мухаммед – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зия-уль-Хак, Мухаммед" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F-%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E-%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ-ᱩᱞ-ᱦᱚᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ-ᱩᱞ-ᱦᱚᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضیا الحق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد ضیا الحق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Mohamed Zia-ul-Haq – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mohamed Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia_ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia ul-Haq – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammad Zia ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Zia_ul-Haq" title="Mohammad Zia ul-Haq – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohammad Zia ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="சியா-உல்-ஹக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியா-உல்-ஹக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%97%D1%8B%D1%8F%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мөхәммәт Зыяүлхак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мөхәммәт Зыяүлхак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="โมฮัมหมัด เซีย อุล ฮัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมฮัมหมัด เซีย อุล ฮัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D2%B3%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Муҳаммад Зиёулҳақ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаммад Зиёулҳақ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ziy%C3%A2%C3%BClhak" title="Muhammed Ziyâülhak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Ziyâülhak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%97%D1%96%D1%8F-%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мохаммад Зія-уль-Хак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мохаммад Зія-уль-Хак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" title="محمد ضیاء الحق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد ضیاء الحق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B" title="穆罕默德·齐亚·哈克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆罕默德·齐亚·哈克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ziya_ul_Haq" title="Muhammad Ziya ul Haq – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Muhammad Ziya ul Haq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B" title="穆罕默德·齐亚·哈克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德·齐亚·哈克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200499#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Pakistan from 1978 to 1988</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zia-ul-Haq (disambiguation)">Zia-ul-Haq (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Zia-ul-Haq</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ur"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد ضیاء الحق</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/220px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/330px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/440px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official military portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 September 1978 – 17 August 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Junejo">Muhammad Junejo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 March 1976 – 17 August 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></li><li><i>Himself</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Junejo">Muhammad Junejo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator#Pakistan" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 July 1977 – 24 March 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> <i>(as Prime Minister)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Junejo">Muhammad Junejo</a> <i>(as Prime Minister)</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-08-12</span>)</span>12 August 1924<br /><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1988<span style="display:none">(1988-08-17)</span> (aged 64)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Aircraft crash</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shafiq_Zia" title="Shafiq Zia">Shafiq Jahan</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ijaz-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq">Ijaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi" title="St. Stephen's College, Delhi">St. Stephen's College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> The Ringmaster</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Master of Illusion</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guides_Cavalry" title="Guides Cavalry">Guides Cavalry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armoured_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armoured Corps">Armoured Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Strike Corps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#006600;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/75px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/113px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/150px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#006600;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Early_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Policies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudud_Ordinances" title="Hudud Ordinances">Hudud Ordinances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Economy">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">Military coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_massacre_at_Multan_Colony_Textile_Mills" title="1978 massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills">1978 massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum" title="1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum">1984 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985 parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan">Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Tenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_XX" title="Ordinance XX">Ordinance XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojhri_Camp_disaster" title="Ojhri Camp disaster">Ojhri Camp disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat_Council" title="Zakat Council">Zakat Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Death</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi-ur-Rehman_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi-ur-Rehman Commission">Shafi-ur-Rehman Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes" title="A Case of Exploding Mangoes">A Case of Exploding Mangoes</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> </p> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq"><b>Gallery</b>: Picture, Sound, Video</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_sidebar" title="Template:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_sidebar" title="Template talk:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a Pakistani military officer who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Pakistan" title="List of presidents of Pakistan">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president of Pakistan</a> from 1978 until <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">his death</a> in 1988. He <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">rose to prominence</a> after leading a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> on 5 July 1977, which <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1977 Pakistani military coup">overthrew</a> the democratically elected government of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>. Zia subsequently imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, suspended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">constitution</a>, and served as <a href="/wiki/Chief_martial_law_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief martial law administrator">chief martial law administrator</a> before assuming the presidency. Zia served as the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)">chief of the Army Staff</a> from 1976 to 1988, a position he later leveraged to execute a coup in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-o164_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o164-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the second coup in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">history of coups</a>; the first <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1958 Pakistani military coup">occurred</a> in 1958 under <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-q316_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q316-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zia was born in <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a> and trained at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>. In 1943, he was commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, Zia joined the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and was stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="Frontier Force Regiment">Frontier Force Regiment</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a>, he played a prominent role in defending the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordanian Armed Forces</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a>. In 1976, Zia was elevated to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a> and was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a>, by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>. In July 1977, Zia organized <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_military_coup" title="1977 Pakistani military coup">Operation Fair Play</a>, during which he overthrew Bhutto and declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Zia remained <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> leader for over a year, assuming the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">presidency</a> in September 1978. He directed <a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization in Pakistan</a>, escalated the country's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb project</a> and instituted <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, which significantly improved <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan's economy</a>. In 1979, following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>, Zia adopted an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a> stance and aided the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan mujahidin">Afghan mujahidin</a>. He bolstered ties with <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">United States</a> and emphasized Pakistan's role in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>. Zia held <a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">non-partisan elections</a> in 1985 and appointed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Junejo">Muhammad Junejo</a> prime minister, though he accumulated more presidential powers through the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>. He dismissed Junejo's government on charges of <a href="/wiki/Periods_of_stagflation_in_Pakistan" title="Periods of stagflation in Pakistan">economic stagflation</a> and announced <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> in November 1988. In August 1988, while travelling from <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Zia died in an aircraft crash near the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej River</a>. He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a> in Islamabad. </p><p>Zia dominated <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan's politics</a> for over a decade and his <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> is credited with stopping an expected <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Pakistan–Soviet Union relations">Soviet invasion of Pakistan</a>. He is praised by <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">desecularization</a> efforts and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>. Zia's detractors criticize his <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">press censorship</a>, his purported <a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">religious intolerance</a> and his weakening of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">democracy in Pakistan</a>. His overall policy has been called <a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a>. Zia is also cited for promoting the political career of <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, who was thrice elected prime minister. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born on 12 August 1924 in <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHymanGhayurKaushik198919_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHymanGhayurKaushik198919-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Muhammad Akbar Ali, worked in the <a href="/wiki/Army_Headquarters,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Headquarters, India">Army General Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHymanGhayurKaushik198919_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHymanGhayurKaushik198919-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali was noted for his religiosity which earned him the Muslim clerical title <a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">molvi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005119_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005119-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arain</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed1980105_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1980105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an early age, Zia and his six siblings were taught the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain201658_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain201658-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After completing his initial education in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>, Zia attended Delhi's prestigious <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi" title="St. Stephen's College, Delhi">St. Stephen's College</a>, an Anglican missionary school, for his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> degree in History, from which he graduated with distinction in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Rediff_Special_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rediff_Special-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>, graduating in May 1945 among the last group of officers to be commissioned before the independence of India.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_(1929).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_%281929%29.jpg/261px-Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_%281929%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_%281929%29.jpg/392px-Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_%281929%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_%281929%29.jpg/522px-Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq_with_his_father_%281929%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq with his father in 1929</figcaption></figure><p>On 10 August 1950, he married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Shafiq_Zia" title="Shafiq Zia">Shafiq Jahan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArif1995118_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArif1995118-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begum Shafiq Zia died on 6 January 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia is survived by his sons, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ijaz-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq">Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq</a>, (born 1953),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his daughters, Zain<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born 1972),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a special needs child, Rubina Saleem, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Quratulain Zia who currently lives in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His cousin Mian Abdul Waheed has served as diplomat, being Pakistan’s ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, also playing a major role in the country becoming a nuclear power, while post-retirement he turned to active politics, long been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML-N</a> before ending up in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_and_partition">Early career and partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career and partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zia was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> on 12 May 1943 after graduating from the <a href="/wiki/Mhow#The_Infantry_School" title="Mhow">Mhow Officer Training School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArif1995118_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArif1995118-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posted to the <a href="/wiki/13th_Lancers" title="13th Lancers">13th Lancers</a>, a cavalry unit accoutered with tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArif1995118_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArif1995118-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, in May 1945, Zia participated in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain201658_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain201658-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, Captain Zia was the escort officer for the last train of refugees to leave <a href="/wiki/Babina,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Babina, Uttar Pradesh">Babina</a>, an armored corps training center in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, a difficult journey that took seven days, during which the passengers were under constant fire as <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal violence in India">communal violence</a><sup id="cite_ref-csmonitor.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broke out in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csmonitor.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1950, Zia joined the <a href="/wiki/Guides_Cavalry" title="Guides Cavalry">Guides Cavalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArif1995121_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArif1995121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was trained in the United States from 1962–1964 at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. After that, he returned to take over as Directing Staff (DS) at <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manto2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manto2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a>, Zia is said to have been the Assistant <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">Quartermaster</a> of the 101st Infantry Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a young soldier, Zia preferred prayers when "drinking, gambling, dancing and music were the way officers spent their free time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005119_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005119-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Black_September">Role in Black September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in Black September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brigadier Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970 as the head of a Pakistani training mission to Jordan. Zia-ul-Haq became involved on the Jordanian side of the military conflict against <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian insurgents</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a>. Zia had been stationed in Amman for three years prior to Black September. During the events, according to CIA official <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_(diplomat)" title="Jack O'Connell (diplomat)">Jack O'Connell</a>, Zia was dispatched north by <a href="/wiki/King_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hussein">King Hussein</a> to assess Syria's military capabilities. The Pakistani commander reported back to Hussein, recommending the deployment of a RJAF squadron to the region. Zia-ul-Haq then went on to plan the Jordanian offensive against the Palestinians and commanded an armoured division against them. O'Connell also reported that Zia personally led Jordanian troops during battles. </p><p>According to the biography provided by Major-General <a href="/wiki/A._O._Mitha" class="mw-redirect" title="A. O. Mitha">A. O. Mitha</a>, it was the Army Chief of General Staff, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Gul_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gul Hasan">Gul Hasan</a>'s lobbying at the Army GHQ which also saved then Brigadier Zia-ul-Haq from being terminated. Brigadier Zia had been recommended to be court-martialled by Major-General Nawazish in his submission to President <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the Palestinians, as part of actions during Black September in which thousands were killed. It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia after which Army Chief General Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascent_to_Chief_of_Army_Staff">Ascent to Chief of Army Staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ascent to Chief of Army Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was then promoted as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (Pakistan)">Lieutenant General</a> and was appointed commander of the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)"><i>II Strike Corps</i></a> at Multan in 1975. On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved then-three star rank general <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to four-star rank.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a>, the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shariff">Muhammad Shariff</a>, Akbar Khan, <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ahmad_Khan" title="Aftab Ahmad Khan">Aftab Ahmed</a>, Azmat Baksh Awan, <a href="/wiki/Agha_Ibrahim_Akram" title="Agha Ibrahim Akram">Ibrahim Akram</a>, Abdul Majeed Malik, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a>, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior lieutenant-generals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the senior most at that time, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>, a constitutional post akin to President <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistani academic <a href="/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Husain Haqqani</a> argues that Bhutto chose Zia<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ahead of many senior officers for ethnic and caste reasons, thinking that an <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arain</a> would not make an alliance with the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Rajput</a> military officers in order to overthrow him, and this is also the reason why he let Zia push for more Islam in the armed forces. Thus Bhutto let him change the army's motto to <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">fi sabilillah</a></i></span> and let him offer books of <a href="/wiki/Mawdudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawdudi">Mawdudi</a> to his officers as prizes during various competitions, despite the strong ideological antagonism between Bhutto and the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_coup">Military coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-coup_unrest">Pre-coup unrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-coup unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a> began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed; the democratic socialist's alliance who had previously allied with Bhutto began to diminish as time progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouster_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially targeting leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Wali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Wali Khan">Vali Khan</a> and his opposition <a href="/wiki/National_Awami_Party" title="National Awami Party">National Awami Party</a> (NAP), also a socialist party. Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> became increasingly fierce, starting with the Federal government's decision to oust the NAP provincial government in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan Province</a> for alleged secessionist activities<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Sherpao" title="Hayat Sherpao">Hayat Sherpao</a>, in a bomb blast in the frontier town of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. </p><p>Dissidence also increased within the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP), and the murder of leading dissident <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Raza_Khan_Kasuri" title="Ahmad Raza Khan Kasuri">Ahmed Raza Kasuri</a>'s father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. PPP leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khar" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khar">Ghulam Mustafa Khar</a> openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)">North-West Frontier Province</a> (NWFP now <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>) and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing human rights and killing large numbers of civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-USCS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 January 1977, a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Alliance" title="Pakistan National Alliance">Pakistan National Alliance</a> (PNA).<sup id="cite_ref-USCS2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCS2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto called <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_election" title="1977 Pakistani general election">fresh elections</a>, and PNA participated fully in those elections. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. On 11 March, the alliance called a nationwide strike followed by vicious demonstrations demanding fresh elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 200 people were killed in the encounters between protestors and security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was a high voter turnout in the national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA viewed Bhutto's government as illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016111_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016111-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon, all the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouster_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 April 1977, Bhutto imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia planned the Coup d'état carefully, as he knew Bhutto had integral intelligence in the Pakistan Armed Forces, and many officers, including <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a> Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Khan" title="Zulfiqar Ali Khan">Zulfiqar Ali Khan</a> and Major-General <a href="/wiki/Tajammul_Hussain_Malik" title="Tajammul Hussain Malik">Tajammul Hussain Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">GOC</a> of 23rd Mountain Division, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Naseerullah_Babar" title="Naseerullah Babar">Naseerullah Babar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">DG</a> of Directorate-General for the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence</a> (DGMI) and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral">Vice-Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Mohammad Ahsan</a>, were loyal to Bhutto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977_military_coup">1977 military coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1977 military coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">Operation Fair Play</a></div> <p>The coup (codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">Operation Fair Play</a>") transpired in the small hours of 5 July 1977. Before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops of the Military Police under the order of Zia.<sup id="cite_ref-USCS_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto tried to call Zia but all telephone lines were disconnected. When Zia spoke to him later, he reportedly told Bhutto that he was sorry that he had been forced to perform such an "unpleasant task".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia and his military government portrayed the coup as a "spontaneous response to a difficult situation", but his response was a complete contradiction. Soon after the coup, Zia told the British journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Behr_(journalist)" title="Edward Behr (journalist)">Edward Behr</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I [Zia] am the only man who took this decision [<i>Fair Play</i>] and I did so on 1700 Hrs on 4[th] July after hearing the press statement which indicated that the talks between Mr. Bhutto and the opposition had broken down. Had an agreement been reached between them, I would certainly never had done what I did.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>General Zia-ul-Haq, <small>statement given to <i>Newsweek</i></small>, <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, Zia's <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Khalid Mahmud Arif</a> contradicted Zia's statement when Arif noted that the coup had already been planned, and the senior leadership of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> had solid information. Therefore, Arif met with Bhutto on an emergency basis, stressing and urging Bhutto to "rush negotiations with the opposition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By Arif's and independent expert's accounts, the talks had not broken down even though the coup was very much in the offing. Zia further argued that <i>Fair Play</i> against Bhutto had been necessitated by the prospect of a civil war that Bhutto had been planning, by distributing weapons to his supporters. However, Arif strongly rejected Zia's remarks on Bhutto, and citing no evidence that weapons were found or recovered at any of the party's election offices, the military junta did not prosecute Bhutto on the charge of planning civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After deposing Prime Minister Bhutto on 5 July 1977, Zia-ul-Haq declared martial law, and appointed himself Chief Martial Law Administrator, which he remained until becoming president on 16 September 1978. </p><p>Immediately, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Shariff</a> announced his and the navy's strong support for Zia and his military government. But the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Khan" title="Zulfiqar Ali Khan">Zulfikar Ali Khan</a> remained unsupportive, but the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shariff">Muhammad Shariff</a> remained neutral, while he silently expressed his support to Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1978, Zia pressured President <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a> to appoint General <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shamim" title="Anwar Shamim">Anwar Shamim</a> as Chief of Air Staff; and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karamat_Rahman_Niazi" title="Karamat Rahman Niazi">Karamat Rahman Niazi</a> as Chief of Naval Staff in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Zia's recommendation, President Illahi appointed Admiral Mohammad Shariff as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, hence making the Admiral the highest-ranking officer and principal military adviser overlooking all of the inter-services, including the Chiefs of Staff of the respected forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the Chiefs of Army, Navy, and the Air Force, including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff validated the coup as constitutional and legal under the war-torn circumstances, pledging their support to Zia as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dictatorship_(1977–1988)"><span id="Dictatorship_.281977.E2.80.931988.29"></span>Dictatorship (1977–1988)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dictatorship (1977–1988)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postponement_of_elections_and_call_for_accountability">Postponement of elections and call for accountability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Postponement of elections and call for accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, Zia shortly appeared on national television, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">PTV</a> promising to hold new and neutral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">elections</a> within the next 90 days<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>My sole aim is to organize free and fair elections which would be held in October this year. Soon after the polls, power will be transferred to the elected representatives of the people. I give a solemn assurance that I will not deviate from this schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-256-promise_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-256-promise-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>He also stated that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a> had not been abrogated, but temporarily suspended. Zia did not trust the civilian institutions and legislators to ensure the country's integrity and sovereignty<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> therefore, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Muslim_League-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On television, Zia strongly defended his decision for postponing the elections and demanded that "scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past".<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Muslim_League-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the PNA adopted its policy of "<a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retribution</a> first, elections later".<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Muslim_League-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia's policy severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malicious.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another motive was that Zia widely suspected that once out of power the size of the Pakistan Peoples Party rallies would swell and better performance in elections was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This led to request for postponement of elections by the right-wing Islamists as well as left-wing socialists, formerly allied with Bhutto, which displaced Bhutto in the first place. Zia dispatched an intelligence unit, known as <i>ISI's</i> Political Wing, sending Brigadier-General Taffazul Hussain Siddiqiui, to Bhutto's native Province, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, to assess whether people would accept martial law. The <i>Political Wing</i> also contacted the several right-wing Islamists and conservatives, promising an election, with PNA power-sharing the government with Zia. Zia successfully divided and separated the secular forces from right-wing Islamists and conservatives, and later purged each member of the secular front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been members of parliament were charged with <a href="/wiki/Malpractice" title="Malpractice">malpractice</a> and disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Muslim_League-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Muslim_League-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is reported by senior officers that when Zia met federal secretaries for the first time as leader of the country after martial law, he said that "He does not possess the charisma of Bhutto, personality of <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a> or the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>" thereby implying how can he be marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_doctrine_of_necessity">The doctrine of necessity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The doctrine of necessity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Bhutto" title="Nusrat Bhutto">Nusrat Bhutto</a>, the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against Zia's <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military regime</a>, challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> ruled, in what would later be known as the <i>Doctrine of Necessity</i> (not to be confused with the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">doctrine of necessity</a>) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">necessity</a>. The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. When Bhutto appeared personally to argue his appeal in the supreme court, he almost affirmed his concurrence with the judges present for not letting off a judgement without imposing some conditions on ruling military government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto_trial">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former elected Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> was arrested during the coup but released shortly afterwards. Upon his release, Bhutto travelled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. On 3 September 1977, he was arrested again by the Army on charges of authorising the murder of a political opponent in March 1974. The trial proceedings began 24 October 1977 and lasted five months. On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was declared guilty of murder and was sentenced to death. </p><p>In the words of <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">Aftab Kazie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roedad_Khan" title="Roedad Khan">Roedad Khan</a>, Zia hated Bhutto and had used inappropriate language and insults to describe Bhutto and his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress,_United_States-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite many <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">clemency</a> appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to <a href="/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation of sentence">commute</a> Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals and upheld the death sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress,_United_States-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 April 1979, Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death sentence</a> as passed by the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress,_United_States-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wynbrandt-216-1st_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynbrandt-216-1st-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ouster_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military dictator was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress,_United_States-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto's trial was highly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress,_United_States-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_of_martial_law_administrators">Appointment of martial law administrators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Appointment of martial law administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martial_law_judges">Martial law judges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Martial law judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a></div> <p>The <i>Ad hoc</i> appointments of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan">senior justices</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> of Pakistan was one of the earliest and major steps were taken out by the military government under General Zia-ul-Haq.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia had recognised the fact that since, Bhutto had good equations with the governments of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">China</a>, and all the important <a href="/wiki/Western-European_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-European countries">western countries</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of America">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, it was a formidable array of sovereigns, presidents and prime ministers and the PPP can be forgiven for making a massive political miscalculations.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After calling for martial law, Zia pressured President <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Illahi</a> to appoint Justice <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Anwarul_Haq" title="Sheikh Anwarul Haq">Sheikh Anwarul Haq</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice of Pakistan</a> on 23 September 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately, chief justice <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yaqub_Ali" title="Muhammad Yaqub Ali">Yaqub Ali</a> was forcefully removed from the office after the latter agreed to re-hear the petition filed at the supreme court by the peoples party's chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Bhutto" title="Nusrat Bhutto">Nusrat Bhutto</a> on 20 September 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Justice Yaqub Ali's removal, Bhutto objected to the inclusion of the new Chief Justice, Sheikh Anwar-ul-Haq, as a chief justice of the Bench on the grounds that by accepting the office of acting president during the absence of Zia-ul-Haq from the country, he had compromised his impartial status.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto also stated that the Chief Justice in his public statements had been critical of his government in the recent past.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The objection was over-ruled by the Chief Justice Anwarul Haq, and the case of Bhutto was again heard by the Chief Justice Anwar-ul-Haq as the bench's lead judge, and presided the whole case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto while forcing the martial law throughout Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly, after Zia's return, another judge <a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Mushtaq_Hussain" title="Maulvi Mushtaq Hussain">Mushtak Ahmad</a> also gained Zia and Anwar-ul-Haq's support and elevated as the <i>ad hoc</i> Chief Justice of <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a>; he was too part of the bench who retained the death sentence of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto even though Bhutto was not declared guilty of the murder of the political opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, when Zia departed for <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Justice Anwarul Haq served as interim president of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martial_law_governors">Martial law governors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Martial law governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg/200px-General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg/300px-General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg/400px-General_Shamim_Alam_Khan_receiving_the_Hilal-i-Imtiaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Zia presenting the <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">Hilal-i-Imtiaz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shamim_Alam_Khan" title="Shamim Alam Khan">Shamim Alam Khan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Zia regime largely made use of installing high-profile military generals to carte blanche provincial administration under martial law. Zia's Guides Cavalry comrade Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazhle Haque</a> was appointed Martial Law Administrator of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province">Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province</a>. Lieutenant-General Fazle Haque was considered a strong vocal General and a strong man. General Haque was the commander of the <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XI Corps (Pakistan)">XI Corps</a>, and commanding-general officer of the Army elements responsible for fighting a secret war against Soviet Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The second appointment was of Lieutenant-General S.M. Abbasi who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Martial Law Administrator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Province">Sindh Province</a>; his tenure too saw civil disorder amid student riots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By contrast, third martial law administrator appointment of Lieutenant-General Ghulam Jilani Khan to the Punjab Province made much headway in beautifying Lahore extending infrastructure, and muting political opposition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ascent of <a href="/wiki/Navaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Navaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan">Chief Minister of Punjab</a> was largely due to General Jilani's sponsorship. Perhaps most crucially, final and fourth martial law administrator appointment was then-Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a>. Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to the post of <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law_Administrator_of_Balochistan" title="Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan">Martial Law Administrator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan Province">Balochistan Province</a> saw the disbanding of the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan conflict">Baloch insurgency</a>, the containment of Afghan mujahidin, as well as the construction of nuclear test sites in the <a href="/wiki/Chagai_District" title="Chagai District">Chagai District</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zia's tenure saw the influx of heroin, sophisticated weaponry, and countless refugees in from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Law and order deterioration was worse after he appointed Mr. Junejo as Prime minister in 1985.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The government did not locate evidence of Zia having a relationship in the heroin trade, but has been considered.<sup id="cite_ref-St._Martin's_Griffin_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._Martin's_Griffin-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zia benefited from the extremely capable martial law administrators who previously had worked with the military governments of former president <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_Ayub_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the notable officers that had worked with him were General <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Khalid Arief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a>, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Shariff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were noted by Western governments as highly capable and had wide experience from the military government of the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East-Pakistan</a> and remained General Zia' confidential members.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Admiral Sharif and General Arif handled the matters efficiently if the matters were out of control by Zia. In 1979, Zia influenced the Navy's Promotion Board several times after he succeeded first in the appointment of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karamat_Rahman_Niazi" title="Karamat Rahman Niazi">Karamat Rahman Niazi</a> as Chief of Naval Staff in 1979, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Kamal_Khan" title="Tariq Kamal Khan">Tarik Kamal Khan</a>, also chief of naval staff, in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his request, then-President Fazal Illahi approved the appointment of General <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shamim" title="Anwar Shamim">Anwar Shamim</a> as Chief of Air Staff and following President's resignation, Zia appointed Shamim as the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the matters of serious national security, General Zia had taken the chief of air staff and chief of naval staff in confidence after he discussed the matters with the respected chiefs of Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia's appointment in inter-services were highly crucial for his military government and pre-emptive measure to ensure the continuous loyalty of Navy and Air Force to himself and his new military government.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assumption_of_the_post_of_President_of_Pakistan">Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, president <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a> was persuaded to continue in office as a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_1997_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_1997-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing his term, and despite Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Chaudhry resigned, and Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_structural_changes">Political structural changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political structural changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_Majlis-e-Shoora">Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></div> <p>Although ostensibly only holding office until free elections could be held, General Zia, like the previous military governments, disapproved of the lack of discipline and orderliness that often accompanies multiparty "<a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>." He preferred a "presidential" form of government<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-260-1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a system of decision making by technical experts, or "<a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a>". His first replacement for the parliament or National Assembly was a <i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>, or "consultative council." After banning all political parties in 1979 he disbanded <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> and at the end of 1981 set up the majlis, which was to act as a sort of board of advisors to the President and assist with the process of Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 350 members of the <i>Shoora</i> were to be nominated by the President and possessed only the power to consult with him,<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-260-1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in reality served only to endorse decisions already taken by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-260-1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most members of the <i>Shoora</i> were intellectuals, <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a>, journalists, economists, and professionals in different fields. </p><p>Zia's parliament and his military government reflect the idea of "military-bureaucratic technocracy" (MBT) where professionals, engineers, and high-profile military officers were initially part of his military government. His antipathy for the politicians led the promotion of bureaucratic-technocracy which was seen a strong weapon of countering the politicians and their political strongholds. Senior statesman and technocrats were included physicist-turned diplomat <a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahi" title="Agha Shahi">Agha Shahi</a>, jurist <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sharifuddin_Pirzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Perzada</a>, corporate leader <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, economist <a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a>, and senior statesman <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">Aftab Kazie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roedad_Khan" title="Roedad Khan">Roedad Khan</a>, and chemist-turned diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> were a few of the leading technocratic figures in his military government.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1984_referendum">1984 referendum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1984 referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Bhutto's execution, momentum to hold elections began to mount both internationally and within Pakistan. But before handing over power to elected representatives, Zia-ul-Haq attempted to secure his position as the head of state. A <a href="/wiki/1984_Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum" title="1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum">referendum</a> was held on 19 December 1984 with the option being to elect or reject the General as the future President, the wording of the referendum making a vote against Zia appear to be a vote against Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-260-1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to official figures 97.8% of votes were cast in favour of Zia, however only 20% of the electorate participated in the referendum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1985_parliamentary_elections_and_constitutional_amendments">1985 parliamentary elections and constitutional amendments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1985 parliamentary elections and constitutional amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985 Pakistani general election</a></div> <p>After holding the <a href="/wiki/1984_Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum" title="1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum">1984 referendum</a>, Zia succumbed to international pressure and gave permission to <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">election commission</a> to hold <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan elections">national wide</a> <a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> but without political parties in February 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Pakistan_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Pakistan-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani political parties">major opposing political parties</a> decided to <a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">boycott</a> the elections but election results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other. Critics complained that ethnic and sectarian mobilisation filled the void left by banning political parties (or making elections "non-partisan"), to the detriment of national integration.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-284-party-less_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-284-party-less-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General worked to give himself the power to dismiss the Prime Minister dissolve the National Assembly, appoint provincial governors and the chief of the armed forces. His prime minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejo" title="Muhammad Khan Junejo">Muhammad Khan Junejo</a> was known as an unassuming and soft-spoken Sindhi.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before handing over the power to the new government and lifting the martial law, Zia got the new legislature to retroactively accept all of Zia's actions of the past eight years, including his coup of 1977. He also managed to get several amendments passed, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment</a>, which granted "<i><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve power</a></i>s" to the president to dissolve the Parliament. However, this amendment considerably reduced the power he'd previously granted himself to dissolve the legislature, at least on paper. The text of the amendment permitted Zia to dissolve the Parliament only if the government had been toppled by a vote of no confidence and it was obvious that no one could form a government or the government could not function in a constitutional manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Pakistan_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Pakistan-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan#Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Market corporatization in Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Pakistan#Fifth_Five-Year_Plans_(1978-1983)" title="Five-Year Plans of Pakistan">Fifth Five-Year Plans of Pakistan</a></div> <p>In general Zia gave economic development and policy a fairly low priority (aside from Islamization) and delegating its management to technocrats such as Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Aftab Qazi and Vaseem Jaffrey. <sup id="cite_ref-talbot-247_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-247-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%—the highest in the world at that time—thanks in large part to remittances from the overseas workers, rather than government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-247_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-247-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first year of Zia's government coincided with a dramatic rise in remittances, which totalled $3.2 billion/year for most of the 1980s, accounted for 10 percent of Pakistans's GDP; 45 percent of its current account receipts, and 40 percent of total foreign exchange earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohiuddin-110_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohiuddin-110-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time General Zia had initiated the coup against Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Bhutto</a>, the economic cycle process of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalization in Pakistan">nationalisation</a> program was completed. The socialist orientation and nationalisation program was slowly reversed; the idea of <a href="/wiki/Corporatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatisation">corporatisation</a> was heavily favoured by President Zia-ul-Haq to direct the authoritarianism in the nationalised industries. One of his well-known and earliest initiatives were aimed to <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Economy">Islamize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan economy">national economy</a> which featured the Interest-free <a href="/wiki/Interest-free_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest-free economy">economic cycle</a>. No actions towards privatising the industries were ordered by President Zia; only three steel mill industries were returned to its previous owners.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)">finance ministry</a> had begun studying the process of engaging the gradual privatisation and economic liberalisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_sponsorship">United States sponsorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States sponsorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg/261px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg/392px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg/522px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Patrick_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="William Patrick Clark">Bill Clark</a> meeting with President Zia-ul-Haq, 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States, notably the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan administration">Ronald Reagan administration</a>, was an ardent supporter of Zia's military regime and a close ally of Pakistan's conservative-leaning ruling military establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reagan administration declared Zia's regime as the "front line" ally of the United States in the fight against the threat of Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American legislators and senior officials most notable were <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)" title="Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)">Charlie Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Herring" title="Joanne Herring">Joanne Herring</a>, and the civilian intelligence officers <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pillsbury" title="Michael Pillsbury">Michael Pillsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gust_Avrakotos" title="Gust Avrakotos">Gust Avrakotos</a>, and senior US military officials General <a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John William Vessey, Jr.">John William Vessey</a>, and General Herbert M. Wassom, had been long associated with the Zia military regime where they had made frequent trips to Pakistan advising on expanding the idea of establishment in the political circle of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nominally, the <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">American conservatism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> influenced Zia to adopt his idea of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conservatism">Islamic conservatism</a> as the primary line of his military government, forcefully enforcing the Islamic and other religious practices in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The socialist orientation had greatly alarmed the capitalist forces in Pakistan and alarmed the United States who feared the loss of Pakistan as an ally in the cold war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of Pakistan's political scientists and historians widely suspected that the riots and coup against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was orchestrated with help of the US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> because United States growing fear of Bhutto's socialist policies which were seen as sympathetic towards the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and had built a bridge that allowed Soviet Union to be involved in Pakistan, and had access through Pakistan's warm water port; something that the United States was unable to gain access since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party._75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party.-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">US Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> widely suspected the United States' involvement in bringing down the Bhutto's government, and publicly accused the United States' Government after attending the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party._75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party.-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the United States refused any involvement in Bhutto's fall, and argued that it was Bhutto who had alienated himself over the five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While witnessing the dramatic fall of Bhutto, one US diplomat in <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Islamabad" title="Embassy of the United States, Islamabad">American Embassy in Islamabad</a> wrote that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During Bhutto's five years in Pakistan's helm, Bhutto had retained an emotional hold on the poor masses who had voted him overwhelmingly in 1970s general elections. At the same time, however, Bhutto had many enemies. The socialist economics and nationalization of major private industries during his first two years on office had badly upsets the Business circles.... An ill-considered decision to take over the wheat-milling, rice-husking, sugar mills, and cotton-gaining, industries in July of 1976 had angered the small business owners and traders. Both leftists—socialists and communists, intellectuals, students, and trade unionists—felt betrayed by Bhutto's shift to centre-right wing conservative economics policies and by his growing collaboration with powerful feudal lords, Pakistan's traditional power brokers. After 1976, Bhutto's aggressive authoritarian personal style and often high-handed way of dealing with political rivals, dissidents, and opponents had also alienated many....<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet–Afghan_War"><span id="Soviet.E2.80.93Afghan_War"></span>Soviet–Afghan War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Soviet–Afghan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></div> <p>On 25 December 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invaded Afghanistan</a>. Following this invasion, Zia chaired a meeting and was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of communism taking over a neighbouring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advancement into Pakistan, particularly Balochistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the Mujahidin) with major assistance from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> offered $400 million aid package to Pakistan; Zia ridiculed the offer as "peanuts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKux2001249_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKux2001249-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia ultimately succeeded in winning an increased aid of $3.2 billion provided by Carter's successor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkey201395_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkey201395-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this meeting, the <a href="/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">Director-General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_for_Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence">Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) then-Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a> advocated for a covert operation in Afghanistan by arming Islamic Extremists. After this meeting, Zia authorised this operation under General Rahman, and it was later merged with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>, a programme funded by the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA).<sup id="cite_ref-Jang_Publishers,_1991_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jang_Publishers,_1991-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1982, Zia travelled to Moscow to attend the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">funeral of Leonid Brezhnev</a>, the late <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> and new Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> met with Zia there. Andropov expressed indignation over Pakistan's support of the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and its satellite state, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Afghanistan">Socialist Afghanistan</a>. Zia took his hand and assured him, "General Secretary, believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but very good relations with the Soviet Union".<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman1989p35-36_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman1989p35-36-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gromyko, Zia's sincerity convinced them, but Zia's actions didn't live up to his words.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman1989p35-36_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman1989p35-36-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zia reversed many of Bhutto's foreign policy initiatives by first establishing stronger links with the United States, Japan, and the Western world. Zia broken off relations with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a> became his major economic policy. US politician <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)" title="Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)">Charlie Wilson</a> claims that he worked with Zia and the CIA to channel Soviet weapons that Israel captured from the PLO in Lebanon to fighters in Afghanistan. Wilson claims that Zia remarked to him: "Just don't put any stars of David on the boxes".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran–Iraq_War"><span id="Iran.E2.80.93Iraq_War"></span>Iran–Iraq War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Iran–Iraq War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_in_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Pakistan in the Iran–Iraq War">Pakistan in the Iran–Iraq War</a></div> <p>On 22 September 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">Iraqi invasion of Iran</a> initiated a nearly eight-year long war between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>. In an effort to end the war and maintain unity of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, Zia visited <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> on 27 September and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> on 29 September. Despite declaring neutrality, Zia maintained close relations with Iran and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and the Iran–Iraq War">Pakistan sold weapons to Iran</a>, which proved to be a main factor for the Iranian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Tanker_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanker War">Tanker War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Institute_for_Defence_Studies_and_Analyses_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Institute_for_Defence_Studies_and_Analyses-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iUniverse_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iUniverse-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_atomic_bomb_program">Consolidation of atomic bomb program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Consolidation of atomic bomb program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest initiatives taken by Zia in 1977, was to militarize the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">integrated atomic energy</a> program which was founded by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first stages, the program was under the control of Bhutto and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)">Directorate for Science</a>, under Science Advisor Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mubashir_Hassan" title="Mubashir Hassan">Mubashir Hassan</a>, who was heading the civilian committee that supervised the construction of the facilities and laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This atomic bomb project had no boundaries with <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> leading their efforts separately and reported to Bhutto and his science adviser Dr. Hassan who had little interest in the atomic bomb project.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major-General <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Zahid Ali Akbar Khan">Zahid Ali Akbar</a>, an engineering officer, had little role in the atomic project; Zia responded by taking over the program under military control and disbanded the civilian directorate when he ordered the arrest of Hassan. This whole giant <a href="/wiki/Kahuta_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahuta Project">nuclear energy project</a> was transferred into the administrative hands of Major-General Akbar who was soon made the Lieutenant-General and <a href="/wiki/Engineer-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">Engineer-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers">Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers</a> to deal with the authorities whose co-operation was required. Akbar consolidated the entire project by placing the scientific research under military control, setting boundaries and goals. Akbar proved to be an extremely capable officer in the matters of science and technology when he aggressively led the development of nuclear weapons under Munir Ahmad Khan and Abdul Qadeer Khan in a matter of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time, Zia assumed control, the research facilities became fully functional and 90% of the work on atom bomb project was completed. Both the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PAEC) and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Research_Laboratories" title="Khan Research Laboratories">Khan Research Laboratories</a> (KRL) had built the extensive research infrastructure started by Bhutto. Akbar's office was shifted to Army's <a href="/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">General Headquarters (GHQ)</a> and Akbar guided Zia on key matters of nuclear science and atomic bomb production. He became the first engineering officer to have acknowledge Zia about the success of this energy project into a fully matured program. On the recommendation of Akbar, Zia approved the appointment of Munir Ahmad Khan as the scientific director of the atomic bomb project, as Zia was convinced by Akbar that civilian scientists under Munir Khan's directorship were at their best to counter international pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was proved when the PAEC conducted the cold-fission test of a fission device, codename <i><a href="/wiki/Kirana-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana-I">Kirana-I</a></i> on 11 March 1983 at the <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana Hills">Weapon-Testing Laboratories-I</a>, under the leadership of weapon-testing laboratory's director Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ishfaq_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfaq Ahmad">Ishfaq Ahmad</a>. Lieutenant-General Zahid Akbar went to GHQ and notified Zia about the success of this test. The PAEC responded by conducting several cold-tests throughout the 1980s, a policy also continued by Benazir Bhutto in the 1990s. According to the reference in the book, "<i>Eating Grass</i>", Zia was so deeply convinced of the infiltration of Western and American moles and spies into the project, that he extended his role in the atomic bomb, which reflected extreme "<a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>", in both his personal and professional life. He virtually had PAEC and KRL separated from each other and made critical administrative decisions rather than putting scientists in charge of the aspects of the atomic programs. His actions spurred innovation in the atomic bomb project and an intense secrecy and security culture permeated PAEC and KRL.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_diplomacy">Nuclear diplomacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nuclear diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike Bhutto, who faced rogue criticism and a heated diplomatic war with the United States throughout the 1970s, Zia took different diplomatic approaches to counter the international pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1979 to 1983, the country was made a subject of attack by international organization for not signing the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT); Zia deftly neutralized international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear weapons program to the nuclear designs of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Indian nuclear program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia, with the help of Munir Ahmad Khan and <a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahi" title="Agha Shahi">Agha Shahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Pakistan">Foreign Minister</a>, drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Press_University_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Press_University-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also escalated Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb project</a>, and instituted industrialization and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, helping Pakistan's economy become the fastest-growing in South Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Sushil_Khanna_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sushil_Khanna-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overseeing the highest <a href="/wiki/GDP_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP growth">GDP growth</a> in the country's history.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>(sic)...Either General Zia did not know the facts about country's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb project</a>... Or General Zia was the "most superb and patriotic liar I have ever met...."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Walters" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Walters">Vernon Walters</a>, 1981, <sup id="cite_ref-First_post_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_post-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Following the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></i> – in which an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> strike took place to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraqi nuclear program</a> in 1981 – suspicion grew in Pakistan that the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> had similar plans for Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanguard_Books_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanguard_Books-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a private meeting with General <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shamim" title="Anwar Shamim">Anwar Shamim</a>, then-<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a>, Zia had notified General Shamim that the Indian Air Force had plans to infiltrate Pakistan's nuclear energy project, citing solid evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanguard_Books_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanguard_Books-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shamim felt that the Air Force was unable to divert such attacks, therefore, he advised Zia to use diplomacy through Munir Ahmad Khan to divert the attacks. At Vienna, Munir Ahmad Khan met with Indian physicist <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a> and notified him that such an attack would provoke a nuclear war between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Military_Consortium_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Military_Consortium-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, Shamim decided to start the program to acquire the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Q-5" title="Nanchang Q-5">A-5 Fanton</a> jets for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a>. Shamim launched <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shamim#Operation_Sentinel" title="Anwar Shamim"><i>Operation Sentinel</i></a>- a counter operation that thwarted the Israeli Air Force attempt to sabotage Pakistan's nuclear energy project—forced Indian Premier <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> to hold talks with Pakistan on nuclear issues and directed a high delegation to Pakistan where both countries pledged not to assist or attack each other's facilities. In 1985, following the induction of the F-16 Falcons and A-5 Fantons, Shamim commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Strategic_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Air Force Strategic Command (Pakistan)">Air Force Strategic Command</a> to protect and battle the weapons of mass destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanguard_Books_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanguard_Books-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, Zia ultimately adopted the policy of "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_opacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear opacity">nuclear opacity</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity" title="Policy of deliberate ambiguity">deliberately deny</a> the atomic bomb programs. This policy of nuclear ambiguity was adopted after witnessing the success of <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's nuclear programme">Israel's nuclear program</a> and on multiple occasions Zia broke his words and promises concerning the nature of the country's atomic bomb project. On nuclear policy issues, Zia deliberately misguided the United States and concealed classified information from the outside world. The United States trusted Zia's sincerity and his promises made to the United States; Zia gave assurances to the United States not to produce <a href="/wiki/Weapons-grade_plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons-grade plutonium">weapons-grade plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highly_enriched_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly enriched uranium">highly enriched uranium</a> (HEU) above a 5% level. However, the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Vernon Walter, confronted Zia on his secret trip to Pakistan in October 1981. Confronted with the evidence, Zia acknowledged that the information "must be true," but then denied everything, leading Walters to conclude that: "either Zia "did not know the facts" or was the "most superb and patriotic liar I have ever met...".<sup id="cite_ref-First_post_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_post-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_proliferation">Nuclear proliferation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nuclear proliferation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the coup, the clandestine nuclear energy project was no longer a secret to the outside world. Part of his strategy was the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> in anti-western states (such as <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, Iran, and communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>) to aid their own nuclear ambitions, to divert international attention which was difficult. In 1981, Zia contracted with China when he sent weapon-grade uranium to China and also built the centrifuge laboratory which increasingly enhanced the <a href="/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">Chinese nuclear program</a>. This act encouraged Abdul Qadeer Khan, who allegedly tried to aid the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan nuclear programme">Libyan nuclear programme</a> but because <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Libya–Pakistan relations">Libya–Pakistan relations</a> were strained, Khan was warned of serious consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy envisaged that this would deflect international pressure onto these countries, and Pakistan would be spared the international community's wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Zia's death, his successor General <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a>, as Chief of Army Staff, encouraged Abdul Qadeer Khan and gave him a free hand to work with some like-minded nations such as North Korea, Iran and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> which also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. In 2004, Abdul Khan's dismissal from the nuclear weapons program was considered a face saving exercise by the Pakistan Armed Forces and political establishment under the then Chief of Army Staff and President General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia's nuclear proliferation policy had a deep impact on the world, especially anti-western states, most nominally North Korea and Iran. In the 2000s (decade), North Korea would soon follow the same suit after it was targeted by the international community for its on-going <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear program</a>. In the 2000s (decade), North Korea attempted to aid the <a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian nuclear programme">Iranian nuclear program</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Korean connection to the Syrian nuclear program was exposed in 2007 by Israel in its successful strategic operation, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Orchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orchard"><i>Orchard</i></a>, which resulted in them sabotaging the Syrian nuclear program as well as the deaths of 10 senior North Korean scientists who were aiding the nuclear program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion">Expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though Zia had removed the Bhutto sentiment in the nuclear energy project, Zia did not completely disband Bhutto's policy on nuclear weapons. After the retirement of Zahid Ali Akbar, Zia transferred control of the nuclear weapons program to Bhutto's close aide Munir Ahmad Khan, Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Soon, Zia promoted Khan as the technical director of the entire program as well as appointing Khan as his Science Adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of handpicked civilian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejo" title="Muhammad Khan Junejo">Muhammad Juneijo</a>, Zia sanctioned the launch of the 50 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">Megawatt</a> (MW) heavy water plutonium production reactor, known as <a href="/wiki/Khushab_Nuclear_Complex" title="Khushab Nuclear Complex"><i>Khushab-I</i></a>, at <a href="/wiki/Khushab" title="Khushab">Khushab</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia also took initiatives to launch the space projects as spin-off to nuclear project.<sup id="cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia appointed nuclear engineer <a href="/wiki/Salim_Mehmud" title="Salim Mehmud">Salim Mehmud</a> as the Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Space Research Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia also launched the work on the country's first satellite, <i><a href="/wiki/Badr-1" title="Badr-1">Badr-1</a></i>, a military satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, Zia launched the clandestine aerospace project, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_missile_research_and_development_program" title="Pakistani missile research and development program">Integrated Missile Research Program</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shamim" title="Anwar Shamim">Anwar Shamim</a> in 1985, and later under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Talat_Masood" title="Talat Masood">Talat Masood</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_legacy_of_the_Soviet-Afghan_war">The legacy of the Soviet-Afghan war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The legacy of the Soviet-Afghan war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of the illicit drug trade and its spread through Pakistan to the rest of the world increased tremendously during the Soviet-Afghan war. Afghanistan's drug industry began to take off after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate for cash with which to buy weapons, various elements in the anti-Communist resistance turned to the drug trade. This was tolerated if not condoned by their American sponsors such as the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamization_of_Pakistan">Islamization of Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Islamization of Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Pakistan">Islamization of Pakistan</a></div> <p>The "primary" policy or "centerpiece" of Zia's government was "Sharization" or "Islamization".<sup id="cite_ref-jones-16_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-16-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, before the coup, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, along with nightclubs, and horse racing was banned by Prime Minister Bhutto to stem the tide of street Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Scientific_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Scientific-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kepel-100_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-100-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia went much further, committing himself to enforce <i>Nizam-e-Mustafa</i> ("Rule of the prophet" or Islamic System, i.e. establishing an Islamic state and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law<sup id="cite_ref-Kepel-100_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-100-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly <a href="/wiki/Secular_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular law">secular law</a>, inherited from the British. </p><p>In his first televised speech to the country as head of state Zia declared that </p> <blockquote><p>Pakistan which was created in the name of Islam will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of [an] Islamic system as an essential prerequisite for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-251_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-251-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the past, he complained, "Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zia established "Sharia Benches" in each High Court (later the Federal Sharia Court)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRWdouble-19_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRWdouble-19-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to judge legal cases using the teachings of the Quran and the Sunna, and to align Pakistan's legal statutes with Islamic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia bolstered the influence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10,000s of activists from the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-16_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-16-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kepel-100_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-100-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-HRWdouble-19_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRWdouble-19-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamization was a sharp change from Bhutto's original philosophical rationale captured in the slogan, <i>"Food, clothing, and shelter"</i>. In Zia's view, socialist economics and a secular-socialist orientation served only to upset Pakistan's natural order and weaken its moral fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Zia defended his policies in an interview in 1979 given to British journalist Ian Stephens: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The basis of Pakistan was Islam. ... Muslims of the subcontinent are a separate culture. It was on the Two-Nation Theory that this part was carved out of the Subcontinent as Pakistan... Mr. Bhutto's way of flourishing in this Society was by eroding its moral fiber. ... by pitching students against teachers, children against their parents, landlord against tenants, workers against mill owners. [Pakistan has economic difficulties] because Pakistanis have been made to believe that one can earn without working. ... We are going back to Islam not by choice but by the force of circumstances. It is not I or my government that is imposing Islam. It was what 99 percent of people wanted; the street violence against Bhutto reflected the people's desire ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>General Zia-ul-Haq, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>How much of Zia's motivation came from piety and how much from political calculation is disputed. One author points out that Zia was conspicuously silent on the dispute between the heterodox Zikri and the 'Ulama in Balochistan where he needed stability.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-252-cover_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-252-cover-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular and leftist forces accused Zia of manipulating Islam for political ends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005132_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005132-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nusrat Bhutto, former First Lady of Pakistan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ... horrors of 1971 war ... are (still) alive and vivid in the hearts and the minds of people of [Pakistan]...Therefore, General Zia insanely ... used Islam ... to ensure the survival of his regime....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nusrat Bhutto, <<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>How much success Zia had using state-sponsored Islamization to strengthen national cohesion is also disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot-251-islamization2_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-251-islamization2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zakat_Council" title="Zakat Council">Zakat and Ushr Ordinance</a> was implemented in 1980. The measure called for a 2.5% annual deduction from personal bank accounts on the first day of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, with the revenue to be used for poverty relief. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zakat committees were established to oversee the distribution of the funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a>, who do not consider the collection of Zakat an obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010127_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010127-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first days of the tax, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a> who followed the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> raised strong opposition, and in April 1981, the government made an exemption allowing Shia to file for exemptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Salim-117_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salim-117-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Sunni Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvis</a> also had disputes. Zia favored the Deobandi doctrine and so the Sufi <a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pirs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> (who were Barelvis) joined the anti-Zia <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Movement for the Restoration of Democracy">Movement for the Restoration of Democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Canadian-Pakistani</a> Sufi imam <a href="/wiki/Syed_Soharwardy" title="Syed Soharwardy">Syed Soharwardy</a> says that Zia " changed Pakistan from a Sufi-dominated state to a Salafi-dominated state", estimating that if 70% of mosques were Sufis due to Zia they're now at 55%, and in the Army, this change has been even more radical, as he estimates that military mosques went from 90% Sufi in the 70s to now 85% Deobandis.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hudood_Ordinance">Hudood Ordinance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hudood Ordinance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Hudood Ordinance</a></div> <p>One of his first and most controversial measures to Islamize Pakistani society was the replacement of parts of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) with the 1979 "<a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Hudood Ordinance</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hudood meaning limits or restrictions, as in limits of acceptable behavior in Islamic law.) The Ordinance added new criminal offenses of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> to Pakistani law, and new punishments of <a href="/wiki/Flagellation#Islam" title="Flagellation">whipping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amputation#Legal_punishment" title="Amputation">amputation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">stoning to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For theft or robbery, the PPC punishments of imprisonment fine, or both, were replaced by amputation of the right hand of the offender for theft, and amputation of the right hand and left foot for robbery. For <i><a href="/wiki/Zina_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zina (Arabic)">Zina</a></i> (extramarital sex) the provisions relating to adultery were replaced by the Ordinance with punishments of 100 lashes for those unmarried offenders, and <a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">stoning to death</a> for married offenders. </p><p>All these punishments were dependent on the proof required for <i>hadd</i> being met. In practice, the Hudd requirement—four Muslim men of good repute testifying as witnesses to the crime—was seldom met. As of 2014, no offenders have been stoned or had limbs amputated by the Pakistani judicial system. To be found guilty of theft, <i>Zina</i>, or drinking alcohol by less strict <i>tazir</i> standards—where the punishment was flogging and/or imprisonment—was common, and there have been many floggings. </p><p>More worrisome for human rights and women's rights advocates, lawyers, and politicians was the incarceration of thousands of rape victims on charges of <i>Zina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Scientific_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Scientific-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onus of providing proof in a rape case rests with the woman herself. Uncorroborated testimony by women was inadmissible in hudood crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Haqqani-144_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-144-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the victim/accuser was unable to prove her allegation, bringing the case to court was considered equivalent to a confession of sexual intercourse outside of lawful marriage. Despite this, the ordinance remained in force until the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">Women's Protection Bill</a> was passed in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> punishments were imposed, the due process, witnesses, law of evidence, and prosecution system remained Anglo-Saxon.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hybridization of Pakistan's penal code with Islamic laws was difficult because of the difference in the underlying logic of the two legal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Scientific_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Scientific-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PPC was kingly law, <i>Haddood</i> is a religious and community-based law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Law">Islamic Law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Islamic Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Zia, the order for women to cover their heads while in public was implemented in public schools, colleges, and state television. Women's participation in sports and the performing arts was severely restricted. Following Sharia law, women's legal testimony was given half the weight of a man's, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">according to critics</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The preceding statement about legal testimony does not appear to be a matter of opinion. Do non-critics deny its veracity? If not why include "according to critics"? (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haqqani-144_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haqqani-144-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 interest payments were replaced by "profit and loss" accounts (though profit was thought to be simply interest by another name).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textbooks were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material, and un-Islamic books were removed from libraries. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eating and drinking during Ramadan were outlawed, and attempts were made to enforce praying of <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> five times a day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blasphemy_ordinances">Blasphemy ordinances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Blasphemy ordinances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To outlaw <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended through ordinances in 1980, 1982, and 1986. The 1980 law prohibited derogatory remarks against Islamic personages and carried a three-year prison sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-blasphem_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-blasphem-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982 the small <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> religious minority were prohibited from saying or implying they were Muslims. In 1986 declaring anything implying disrespect to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> (family members of Muhammad), <i><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></i> (companions of Muhammad) or <i><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Sha'ar-i-Islam</a></i> (Islamic symbols) was made a <a href="/wiki/Cognizable_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognizable offense">cognizable offense</a>, punishable with imprisonment or fine, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-jahangir-176_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahangir-176-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madrassa_expansions">Madrassa expansions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Madrassa expansions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional religious <a href="/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan" title="Madrassas in Pakistan">madrassas</a> in Pakistan received state sponsorship for the first time, under General Zia-ul-Haq's administration,<sup id="cite_ref-husain-81_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-husain-81-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their number grew from 893 to 2,801. Most were <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> in doctrinal orientation, while one-quarter of them were <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hiro-madras-162_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiro-madras-162-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They received funding from Zakat councils and provided free religious training, room, and board to impoverished Pakistanis.<sup id="cite_ref-husain-78_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-husain-78-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools, which banned televisions and radios, have been criticized by authors for stoking sectarian hatred both between Muslim sects and against non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-husain-81_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-husain-81-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hiro-madras-162_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiro-madras-162-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-husain-78_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-husain-78-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_policies">Cultural policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cultural policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">New wave of rock music in Pakistan (1980-1989)</a></div> <p>In a 1979 address to the nation, Zia decried the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and music in the country. Soon afterward, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">PTV</a>, the national television network ceased playing music videos and only patriotic songs were broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New taxes were levied on the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan film industry">film industry</a> and most of the cinemas in Lahore were shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFOnTheMedia_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFOnTheMedia-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New <a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">tax rates</a> were introduced, further decreasing cinema attendances.<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFOnTheMedia_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFOnTheMedia-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was under Zia and the economic prosperity of his era that the country's urban middle and lower-middle-classes expanded and Western <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980s fashion</a> wear and hairstyle spread in popularity, and rock music bands gained momentum, according to leftist cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_F._Paracha" title="Nadeem F. Paracha">Nadeem F. Paracha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Welfare_of_the_people_with_disabilities">Welfare of the people with disabilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Welfare of the people with disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his tenure, he oversaw the passing of an ordinance for the welfare of people with disabilities. The ordinance is called "The Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance, 1981" and it was passed into law on 29 December 1981. It provides measures for the employment, rehabilitation, and welfare of people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal_of_the_Junejo_government_and_call_for_new_elections">Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Special:EditPage/Zia-ul-Haq">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of 1988, rumours about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia were rife. </p><p>It is said by some that Zia-Junejo rift was encouraged by late Mahboob-ul-Haq and Junejo's insistence on signing Geneva pact without deciding the composition of next government of Afghanistan before Soviet withdrawal. Junejo also gave Benazir a seat next to him in parleys before that. Junejo did not strengthen the Islamization drive and rather weakened it. His era led to serious disturbances in Karachi and ultimately Karachi went into the secular control of MQM from Jamaat-e-Islami. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ojhri_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojhri Camp">Ojhri Camp</a> blast had irreversibly weakened Zia. Junejo was committed to make an investigation into the Ojhri camp disaster. This couldn't be digested by President as it would expose the involvement of ISI and Zia co- fellow Generals. After defeat of Soviet army, America wanted to audit the ammunition and missiles supplied to Pakistan for mujahidin, most of which has been stored by Pakistan for future targets against India or other enemies. So Zia planned this event in a very cruel manner, having sacrificed the lives of people of Pakistan for fulfillment of their own agenda. </p><p>On 29 May 1988, Zia dissolved the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Accord_(1988)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Accord (1988)">Geneva Accord</a> against the wishes of Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at <a href="/wiki/Ojhri_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojhri Camp">Ojhri Camp</a>, on the outskirts of army headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal. <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">Relations</a> with India worsened amid the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a> and accusations that Pakistan was aiding the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Pakistan_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Pakistan-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zia promised to hold <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">elections in 1988</a> after the dismissal of Junejo government. He said that he would hold elections within the next 90 days. The late Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's daughter <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> had returned from <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> earlier in 1986, and had announced that she would be contesting the elections. With Bhutto's popularity somewhat growing, and a decrease in international aid following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Zia was in an increasingly difficult political situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg/220px-Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg/330px-Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg/440px-Zia_ul_Haq_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Zia ul Haq Tomb in Islamabad</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></div> <p>Zia died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the city in the Punjab province by <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130B Hercules</a> aircraft. The aircraft departed from <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_Airport" title="Bahawalpur Airport">Bahawalpur Airport</a> and was expected to reach <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_International_Airport" title="Benazir Bhutto International Airport">Islamabad International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after a smooth <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Control_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Control tower">control tower</a> lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived and exploded on impact. In addition to Zia, 29 others died in the plane crash, including <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> General <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a>, close associate of Zia, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Siddique_Salik" title="Siddique Salik">Siddique Salik</a>, the American ambassador to Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lewis_Raphel" title="Arnold Lewis Raphel">Arnold Lewis Raphel</a> and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the US military aid mission to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a>, the Senate chairman, announced Zia's death on radio and TV. Conditions surrounding his death have given rise to many conspiracy theories.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is speculation that the Soviet Union (in retaliation for Pakistani support of the mujahidin in <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghanistan</a>) or an alliance of them and internal groups within Zia's military were behind the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-times20080816_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times20080816-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hamilton-d-threat_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-d-threat-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded 'the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft'. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no <a href="/wiki/Mayday_(distress_signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayday (distress signal)">Mayday</a> signal was given.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also speculation into other facts involving the details of the investigation. A <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">flight recorder</a> (black box) was not located after the crash even though previous C-130 aircraft did have them installed.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His funeral was held on 19 August 1988 near <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. Nearly one million mourners joined in chants of "Zia ul-Haq, you will live as long as the sun and moon remain above." His remains were laid to rest in a 4-by-10-foot (1.2 by 3.0 m) dirt grave in front of the <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a> that Zia and the Saudi government had built as a symbol of Pakistani-Saudi friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in attendance was his successor President <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a>, chiefs of staff of armed forces, chairman joint chiefs, and other high military and civil officials. Former US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a> also laid a floral wreath at Zia's grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanif2008172-173_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanif2008172-173-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: ; width: 33%;"><p>Well, he was a great loss...He is <i>a</i> martyr, and was a great man.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a>, 1988, <sup id="cite_ref-The_Los_Angeles_Times,_1988_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Los_Angeles_Times,_1988-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ziaism">Ziaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Ziaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziaism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a> is a political ideology implemented in Pakistan from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">1978 to 1988</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziaism_:0_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziaism_:0-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideology endorses the idea of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>, influenced heavily by religion.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Islamic laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia and his doctrine are widely credited with making political Islam an influential movement within Pakistan, turning a relatively <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan" title="Secularism in Pakistan">secular country</a> into one that was based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Islamic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/220px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/330px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg/440px-General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>, whose policies became known as Ziaism</figcaption></figure> The ideology attracts much controversy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, where religious and secular ideas collide.</div></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg/235px-Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg/353px-Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg/470px-Grave_stone_of_Zia%27s_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Grave stone of Zia's grave</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Public image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Pakistan">In Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Even after his death, Zia-ul-Haq remained a highly polarizing and widely discussed figure in the country's intellectual and political circles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">country's short history</a>, Zia-ul-Haq's legacy remains a most toxic, enduring, and tamper-proof legacy, according to the editorial written in <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also praised for defeating the Soviets. Indian journalist Kallol Bhattacherjee, an author of a book on Afghanistan, said:</p><blockquote><p>"There will not be another Zia in South Asia. He was unique and multidimensional like all complex characters of South Asian history. I admire Zia's guts, though not his methods, especially in regards to Islam. He successfully took on nuclear India and changed the balance of power that Indira Gandhi created in the 1971 war and broke all rules to acquire nuclear weapons for Pakistan."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Historians and political scientists widely discussed and studied his policy making skills, some authors noting him as "<i>The Ringmaster</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Master of Illusion</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers,_Rehman_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_Rehman-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<i>Master Tactician</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his most remembered and enduring legacy was his indirect involvement and military strategies, by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">proxy</a> supporting the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan mujahidin">Mujahidin</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">war in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign also helped the conservatives to rise at the national politics against Benazir Bhutto.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also noted as being one of Pakistan's most successful generals, placing the armed forces in charge of the country's affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his regime, western styles in hair, clothing, and music flooded the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1980s gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani rock</a> music, which expressed <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani nationalism</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day, Zia remains a <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (politics)">polarizing</a> figure in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">history</a>, credited with preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity, but decried for weakening democratic institutions, passing laws encouraging religious intolerance,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and depreciating the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">rupee</a> with <a href="/wiki/Managed_float_regime" title="Managed float regime">managed float policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also cited for promoting the early political career of <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, who would be thrice elected Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryOfZiaNawaz_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryOfZiaNawaz-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan</a> (2010), the executive powers General Zia had legislated were permanently removed from the Constitution of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_Pakistan">Outside Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Outside Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zia is credited with stopping an expected Soviet invasion of Pakistan. Former Saudi intelligence chief Prince <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Faisal Al Saud">Turki Al-Faisal</a>, who worked with Zia during the 1980s against the Soviets, described Zia in the following words: "He was a very steady and smart person with a geo-strategic mind, particularly after the invasion by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviets</a>. He was very dedicated in preventing the Soviet invasion of Pakistan."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" title="Bruce Riedel">Bruce Riedel</a>, an American academic specializing in international affairs and geopolitics, wrote that "in many ways, the Afghan war was Zia’s war",<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense that Zia pushed the Americans, initially reluctant and even skeptical, to participate in the proxy war against the Soviets, Riedel also arguing that "Zia ul-Haq was not only a pivotal figure in the history of his country and the war in Afghanistan, he was also a pivotal figure in the final stage of the Cold War, which had dominated global politics for almost half a century."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayals_in_popular_culture">Portrayals in popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Portrayals in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zia has been portrayed in English language popular culture a number of times including: </p> <ul><li>In the novel <a href="/wiki/Shame_(Rushdie_novel)" title="Shame (Rushdie novel)"><i>Shame</i></a> (1983) by British-Indian author <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, the character of general Raza Hyder shows strong parallels to the life of Zia-Ul-Haq.</li> <li>In the comic <i><a href="/wiki/Shattered_Visage" title="Shattered Visage">Shattered Visage</a></i> (1988–1989), it is implied that Zia's death was orchestrated by the same intelligence agency that ran <a href="/wiki/The_Village_(The_Prisoner)" title="The Village (The Prisoner)">The Village</a> from the show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner" title="The Prisoner">The Prisoner</a></i> (1967).</li> <li>Zia was portrayed by Indian actor <a href="/wiki/Om_Puri" title="Om Puri">Om Puri</a> in the 2007 film <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War_(film)" title="Charlie Wilson's War (film)">Charlie Wilson's War</a></i>.</li> <li>Zia is caricatured as one of the main protagonists in <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hanif" title="Mohammed Hanif">Mohammed Hanif</a>'s 2008 satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes" title="A Case of Exploding Mangoes">A Case of Exploding Mangoes</a></i> which is loosely based around the events of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oppressive regime of Zia-ul-Haq and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was referenced in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Blood_and_Sword" title="Songs of Blood and Sword">Songs of Blood and Sword</a></i> (2010), a non-fiction memoir by Murtaza Bhutto's daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Bhutto" title="Fatima Bhutto">Fatima Bhutto</a>.</li> <li>Zia was portrayed by Indian actor <a href="/wiki/Ashwath_Bhatt" title="Ashwath Bhatt">Ashwath Bhatt</a> in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Netflix_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Netflix India">Netflix</a> action-thriller movie <i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Majnu" title="Mission Majnu">Mission Majnu</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/130px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/195px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/260px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/130px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/195px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/260px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Medal_1965(Tamgha-e-Jang,_A.H.1385).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/130px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/195px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/260px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/130px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/195px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png/260px-Pakistan_Independence_Medal_1947.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hijri_Tamgha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hijri_Tamgha.png/130px-Hijri_Tamgha.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hijri_Tamgha.png/195px-Hijri_Tamgha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hijri_Tamgha.png/260px-Hijri_Tamgha.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_Medal_1956_(Pakistan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/130px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/195px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/260px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_(Jordan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png/130px-Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png/195px-Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png/260px-Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png/130px-Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png/195px-Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png/260px-Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_(Thailand).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png/130px-Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png/195px-Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png/260px-Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/130px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/195px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/260px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg/130px-General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg/195px-General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg/260px-General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="141" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Star 1965)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Star 1971)</i> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Medal 1965)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War</a></b> <p><i>(War Medal 1971)</i> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medal" title="Pakistan Medal">Pakistan Tamgha</a></b> <p><i>(<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medal" title="Pakistan Medal">Pakistan Medal</a>)</i> </p><p><b>1947</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-</a></b> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam</a></b> </p><p><i>(100th Birth Anniversary of</i> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>)</i> </p><p><b>1976</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Hijri Tamgha</a></b> <p><i>(Hijri Medal)</i> </p><p><b>1979</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jamhuria</a></b> <p><i>(Republic Commemoration Medal)</i> </p><p><b>1956</b> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Independence_(Jordan)" title="Order of Independence (Jordan)"><b>Order of Independence</b></a> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</b> </p><p><b>1971</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan" title="Order of the Star of Jordan">Order of the</a></b> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan" title="Order of the Star of Jordan">Star of Jordan</a></b> <b>(1971)</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn" title="Order of the Rajamitrabhorn">Order of the Rajamitrabhorn</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</b> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="War Medal 1939-1945"><b>War Medal1939-1945</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Service_Medal_(1918)" title="General Service Medal (1918)"><b>General Service Medal</b></a> <p><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War 2</a></b> </p><p>(Awarded in <b>1945</b>) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center"><b>Foreign Awards</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jordan </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali" title="Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali">Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali</a><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_(Jordan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_%28Jordan%29.png/130px-Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_%28Jordan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_%28Jordan%29.png/195px-Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_%28Jordan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_%28Jordan%29.png/260px-Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali_%28Jordan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thailand </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1939-1945_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="1939-1945 Star">Order of the Rajamitrabhorn</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_(Thailand).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png/130px-Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png/195px-Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png/260px-Order_of_the_Rajamitrabhorn_%28Thailand%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Jordan </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Order of the Star of Jordan</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png/130px-Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png/195px-Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png/260px-Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Independence_(Jordan)" title="Order of Independence (Jordan)">Order of Independence</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_(Jordan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png/130px-Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png/195px-Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png/260px-Order_of_Independence_-_Knight_%28Jordan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">United Kingdom </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/130px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/195px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/260px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="War Medal 1939-1945">War Medal 1939-1945</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/130px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/195px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/260px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Service_Medal_(1918)" title="General Service Medal (1918)">General Service Medal</a> - <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">(World War 2)</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg/130px-General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg/195px-General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg/260px-General_Service_Medal_1918_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="141" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yugoslavia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Herring" title="Joanne Herring">Joanne Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_Pakistan_under_General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in Pakistan under General Zia-ul-Haq">Human Rights in Pakistan under General Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_President_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the President of Pakistan">Line of succession to the President of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Pakistan" title="List of presidents of Pakistan">List of presidents of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression_under_the_regime_of_General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppression under the regime of General Zia-ul-Haq">Oppression under the regime of General Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporate capitalisation</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد ضياء الحق</span></span>, <span class="IPA-label">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[mʊˈɦæmːəd<span class="wrap"> </span>zɪˈjaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊlˈɦəq]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989">Hyman, Ghayur & Kaushik 1989</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRehman2016" class="citation web cs1">Rehman, I. A. (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153499">"Ziaul Haq: Master of illusion"</a>. <i>Herald Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Amin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm">"Interview with Brig (retd) Shamim Yasin Manto"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043659/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm">Archived</a> 3 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Defence Journal</i>, February 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2005" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&q=zia+ul+haq+commander+of+indo+pakistani+war&pg=PA1756"><i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579583880" title="Special:BookSources/9781579583880"><bdi>9781579583880</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781579583880&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mE04D9PMpAC%26q%3Dzia%2Bul%2Bhaq%2Bcommander%2Bof%2Bindo%2Bpakistani%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA1756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005_29-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2005">Haqqani 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the summer of 1976, General Zia, who had superseded seven senior lieutenant-generals, told Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: "Sir, I am so grateful to you for appointing me Chief of Army Staff. Not only myself, but may future generations will be eternally grateful to you for singling me out for such a great honor, and this is a favour which I can never forget." The Herald, July 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe. <i>Pakistan: Nationalism Without a Nation</i>. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Nationalism+Without+a+Nation&rft.pages=62&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowasjee1995" class="citation news cs1">Cowasjee, Ardeshir (29 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427094226/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/29Je95.html#gene">"The general's generals"</a>. <i>DAWN Wire Service</i> (Editorial). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/29Je95.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN+Wire+Service&rft.atitle=The+general%27s+generals&rft.date=1995-06-29&rft.aulast=Cowasjee&rft.aufirst=Ardeshir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.virginia.edu%2Farea-studies%2FSouthAsia%2FSAserials%2FDawn%2F1995%2F29Je95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Amin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/tajammal.htm">"Remembering Our Warriors: Maj Gen (Retd) Tajammal Hussain Malik"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165516/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/tajammal.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Defence Journal</i>, September 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180927/https://iconicfolks.com/index.php/2023/12/06/discovering-the-life-raja-zia-ul-haq-biography/">"Discovering the Life: Raja Zia Ul Haq Biography - ICONIC FOLKS"</a>. 6 December 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconicfolks.com/index.php/2023/12/06/discovering-the-life-raja-zia-ul-haq-biography/">the original</a> on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Life%3A+Raja+Zia+Ul+Haq+Biography+-+ICONIC+FOLKS&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficonicfolks.com%2Findex.php%2F2023%2F12%2F06%2Fdiscovering-the-life-raja-zia-ul-haq-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husain Haqqani, <i>Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</i> (2010), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ouster-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ouster_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouster_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouster_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory_of_Pakistan" class="citation news cs1">Story of Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143">"Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ouster+of+Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto&rft.au=Story+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storyofpakistan.com%2Farticletext.asp%3Fartid%3DA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060223145555/http://www.bitsonline.net/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view.asp?id=12&cid=3">"Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde Diplomatique, October 1977)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsonline.net/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view.asp?id=12&cid=3">the original</a> on 23 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Militarism+and+the+State+Pakistan%3A+Military+Intervention+by+Eqbal+Ahmed+%28Le+Monde+Diplomatique%2C+October+1977%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsonline.net%2Feqbal%2Farticles_by_eqbal_view.asp%3Fid%3D12%26cid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCS-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCS_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCS_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Country_Studies" class="citation news cs1">US Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm">"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto&rft.au=US+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpakistan%2F20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCS2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCS2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Country_Studies" class="citation news cs1">US Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm">"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto&rft.au=US+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpakistan%2F20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016110_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2016">Haqqani 2016</a>, p. 110.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016111-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2016111_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2016">Haqqani 2016</a>, p. 111.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989">Hyman, Ghayur & Kaushik 1989</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989">Hyman, Ghayur & Kaushik 1989</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989">Hyman, Ghayur & Kaushik 1989</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 126<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Defense_Studies_and_Analyses.,_1980_47-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Naval dictatorship". <i>Strategic Analysis</i>. <b>4</b>. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+Naval+dictatorship&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-256-promise-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-256-promise_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Muslim_League-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Muslim_League_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPML" class="citation web cs1">PML. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209045409/http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887">"Pakistan Muslim League"</a>. <i>PML Public Press</i>. Pakistan Muslim League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887">the original</a> on 9 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PML+Public+Press&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Muslim+League&rft.au=PML&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.com.pk%2Fcandidatedetails.php%3Fid%3D6887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989">Hyman, Ghayur & Kaushik 1989</a>, pp. 38, 40: "In the first week of October 1977, the General abruptly postponed the election ... Perhaps now some political leaders sensed that the General's game was different ... Many people now [1988] believe that the General had his plan ready when he took over the reins of government, and had been astutely following the plan when he announced the postponement of the elections."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Roedad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052647/http://www.defencejournal.com/dec98/pakdream.htm">"Pakistan- A Dream Gone Sour"</a>. <i>Colonel Athar Hussain Ansari, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">PAF</a></i>. Roedad Khan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/dec98/pakdream.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"What is a constitution? It is a booklet with twelve or ten pages. I can tear them away and say that tomorrow we shall live under a different system. Today, the people will follow wherever I lead. All the politicians including the once mighty <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Mr. Bhutto</a> and his [Scumbag] friends will follow me with tails wagging...." General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colonel+Athar+Hussain+Ansari%2C+PAF&rft.atitle=Pakistan-+A+Dream+Gone+Sour&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Roedad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2Fdec98%2Fpakdream.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq">"Zia describing Bhutto"</a>. <i>Saudi Press Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I hate anybody projecting as a leader ... if you want to serve the Islamic Ummah and Humanity, do it as a humble person. Amongst Muslims we are all Muslim brothers ... not leaders...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=Zia+describing+Bhutto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FMuhammad_Zia-ul-Haq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Roedad. "Zia's attitude towards Bhutto and his friends". <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It is either his neck or mine! ... I have not convicted him or his friend [Mubashir Hassan], and if they hold him guilty, my God, I am not going to let him off!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zia%27s+attitude+towards+Bhutto+and+his+friends&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Roedad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress,_United_States-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress,_United_States_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2008" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Peter Lyon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA177"><i>Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia</i></a>. California: Library of Congress, United States. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-713-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-713-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-713-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+between+India+and+Pakistan%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=California&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress%2C+United+States&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-713-9&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Peter+Lyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvLwOck15eboC%26q%3Dzia%2Bul%2Bhaq%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wynbrandt-216-1st-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wynbrandt-216-1st_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistorypaki00wynb/page/n228">216</a>: "In his first speech to the nation, Zia pledged the government would work to create a true Islamic society."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 131<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>: "Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. Undoubtedly, Zia went farthest in defining Pakistan as an Islamic state, and he nurtured the jihadist ideology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafiq Dossani (2005). Prospects for Peace in South Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 46–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5085-1">978-0-8047-5085-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Six_Hour,_Bhutto-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Six_Hour,_Bhutto_58-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Asghar_Khan" class="citation web cs1">Mohammad Asghar Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904142130/http://sixhour.com/the%20hanging%20of%20bhutto.htm">"The Sixth Hour"</a>. Six Hour, Bhutto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sixhour.com/the%20hanging%20of%20bhutto.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Hour&rft.pub=Six+Hour%2C+Bhutto&rft.au=Mohammad+Asghar+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsixhour.com%2Fthe%2520hanging%2520of%2520bhutto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-St._Martin's_Griffin-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St._Martin's_Griffin_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1999" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Martin (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot"><i>Opium : a history</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot/page/290">290</a>–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20667-3"><bdi>978-0-312-20667-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium+%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=290-292&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-20667-3&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopiumhistory00boot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurki1999" class="citation book cs1">Burki, Shahid Javed (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0qwWSbboAAC&pg=PA68"><i>Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood</i></a>. Westview Publishers. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786752102" title="Special:BookSources/9780786752102"><bdi>9780786752102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Nationhood&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Westview+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780786752102&rft.aulast=Burki&rft.aufirst=Shahid+Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0qwWSbboAAC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_1997-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_1997_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1997" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Roedad (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHbw0pX9tLIC&q=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto"><i>Pakistan – A Dream Gone Sour</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577776-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577776-5"><bdi>978-0-19-577776-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+A+Dream+Gone+Sour&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577776-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Roedad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHbw0pX9tLIC%26q%3DZulfikar%2BAli%2BBhutto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-260-1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-260-1_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 260–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=260-1&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many Islamists have pointed out that while the Quran makes no mention of elections, parliaments, etc., the Quran did urge Muhammad – the first ruler of Muslims, and the one who Muslim should emulate – to consult his companions. (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suhaibwebb.com/personaldvlpt/character/the-need-for-consultation-mushawara/">The Need for Consultation (mushāwara)|by Muhammad Haq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209201144/http://www.suhaibwebb.com/personaldvlpt/character/the-need-for-consultation-mushawara/">Archived</a> 9 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | 3 January 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Al-Mushir</i> 24, n.2 (1982), p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124073352/http://www.wluml.org/node/1933">"Pakistan: Pakistani religious law challenged | Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures"</a>. <i>www.wluml.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wluml.org/node/1933">the original</a> on 24 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wluml.org&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Pakistani+religious+law+challenged+%7C+Women+Reclaiming+and+Redefining+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wluml.org%2Fnode%2F1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Pakistan-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Pakistan_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Pakistan_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Pakistan_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoPak" class="citation web cs1">GoPak, Government of Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/8amendment.html">"The Eight Amendment"</a>. Constitution of Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Eight+Amendment&rft.pub=Constitution+of+Pakistan&rft.aulast=GoPak&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistani.org%2Fpakistan%2Fconstitution%2Famendments%2F8amendment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-284-party-less-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-284-party-less_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 284–5. <q>Partyless elections encouraged sectarian and ethnic mobilisation to the detriment of national integration. C. Rakisits points out that '.... Ethnic identification has increasingly replaced the Pakistan 'nation' as a symbol of emotional loyalty.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=284-5&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Katherine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran"><i>Indira : the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi</i></a>. Internet Archive. Boston ; New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3"><bdi>978-0-395-73097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+%3A+the+life+of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pub=Boston+%3B+New+York+%3A+Houghton+Mifflin+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-395-73097-3&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiralifeofindi00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-247-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-247_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-247_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp. 246, 7. <q>... the period of rapid economic growth during the 1980s also dampened threats to Zia's power, although it was based more on the bounty of remittances from overseas' workers than on economic policies. ... per capita income [increased] by 34% but the economy also benefited in this period from overseas remittances of $25 billion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=246%2C+7&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohiuddin-110-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mohiuddin-110_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohiuddin2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=Zakat+and+Ushr+in+Pakistan&pg=PA110"><i>Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098019" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098019"><bdi>9781851098019</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The dramatic rise in remittances coincided with the first year of the Zia government and is considered the most significant economic development during his era. These remittances totaling $3.2 billion per year for most of the 1980s, were substantial, particular in relation to the size of the economy. They accounted for 10 percent of GDP; 45 percent of current account receipts, and 40 percent of total foreign exchange earnings</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781851098019&rft.aulast=Mohiuddin&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTMy0B9OZjAC%26q%3DZakat%2Band%2BUshr%2Bin%2BPakistan%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain1999" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Ishrat (1999). <i>Pakistan: The Economy of an Elitist State</i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Economy+of+an+Elitist+State&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Ishrat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover2018" class="citation web cs1">Grover, Priyamvada (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/governance/30-years-on-zia-ul-haqs-extremist-military-legacy-alive-and-well-in-pakistan/100329/">"30 years on, Zia ul-Haq's extremist, military legacy alive and well in Pakistan"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=30+years+on%2C+Zia+ul-Haq%27s+extremist%2C+military+legacy+alive+and+well+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Priyamvada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fgovernance%2F30-years-on-zia-ul-haqs-extremist-military-legacy-alive-and-well-in-pakistan%2F100329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coll-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll"><i>Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</i></a></span>. Penguin Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/695">695</a> pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6"><bdi>978-1-59420-007-6</bdi></a>. <q>ghost wars the secret history of the cia afghanistan and bin laden from the soviet invasion to september 10 2001.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=695+pages&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostwarssecreth00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWawro2010" class="citation book cs1">Wawro, Geoffrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiS9UVotQfUC&q=general+zia+and+Reagan&pg=PT347">"The Carter Doctrine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(google book)</span>. <i>Quick Sand</i>. New York, United States: The Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-19768-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-19768-4"><bdi>978-1-101-19768-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carter+Doctrine&rft.btitle=Quick+Sand&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-101-19768-4&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiS9UVotQfUC%26q%3Dgeneral%2Bzia%2Band%2BReagan%26pg%3DPT347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party.-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party._75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_(article_published_in_1979)_and_Sani_H._Panhwar,_member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly_and_Party_representative_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party._75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhwar,_Member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly.1979" class="citation web cs1">Panhwar, Member of Sindh Provincial Assembly., Sani H. (5 April 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114015155/http://sixhour.com/cia_sent%20bhutto_to_the_gallows.htm">"CIA Sent Bhutto to the Gallows"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sixhour.com/cia_sent%20bhutto_to_the_gallows.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span> – via sixhour.com. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I [Ramsey Clark] do not believe in conspiracy theories in general, but the similarities in the staging of riots in Chile (where the CIA allegedly helped overthrow President <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>) and in Pakistan are just too close, Bhutto was removed from power in Pakistan by force on 5 July, after the usual party on the 4th at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy, Islamabad">U.S. Embassy in Islamabad</a>, with U.S. approval, if not more, by Zia. Bhutto was falsely accused and subjected to brutality for months during proceedings that corrupted the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Judiciary of Pakistan</a> before being murdered, then hanged. As Americans, we must ask ourselves this: Is it possible that a rational military leader under the circumstances in Pakistan could have overthrown a constitutional government, without at least the tacit approval of the United States?".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CIA+Sent+Bhutto+to+the+Gallows&rft.date=1979-04-05&rft.aulast=Panhwar%2C+Member+of+Sindh+Provincial+Assembly.&rft.aufirst=Sani+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsixhour.com%2Fcia_sent%2520bhutto_to_the_gallows.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDossaniRowen2005" class="citation book cs1">Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA42"><i>Prospects for Peace in South Asia</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5085-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-5085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Peace+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1&rft.aulast=Dossani&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft.au=Rowen%2C+Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwO9zmj6aQ0C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKux2001249-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKux2001249_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKux2001">Kux 2001</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkey201395-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkey201395_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkey2013">Markey 2013</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jang_Publishers,_1991-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jang_Publishers,_1991_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousaf,_PA1991" class="citation book cs1">Yousaf, PA, Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ&q=Silent+soldier:+The+man+behind+the+Afghan+Jehad+by+Mohammad+Yousaf"><i>Silent soldier: the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman</i></a>. Karachi, Sindh: Jang Publishers, 1991. pp. 106 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+soldier%3A+the+man+behind+the+Afghan+jehad+General+Akhtar+Abdur+Rahman&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Sindh&rft.pages=106+pages&rft.pub=Jang+Publishers%2C+1991&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Yousaf%2C+PA&rft.aufirst=Brigadier+General+%28retired%29+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAoNAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSilent%2Bsoldier%3A%2BThe%2Bman%2Bbehind%2Bthe%2BAfghan%2BJehad%2Bby%2BMohammad%2BYousaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyman1989p35-36-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman1989p35-36_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman1989p35-36_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989">Hyman, Ghayur & Kaushik 1989</a>, pp. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2003" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (31 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/1957930">"Tricky diplomacy"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Tricky+diplomacy&rft.date=2003-07-31&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F1957930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Institute_for_Defence_Studies_and_Analyses-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Institute_for_Defence_Studies_and_Analyses_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllam2004" class="citation journal cs1">Allam, Shah (October–December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901035646/https://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_salam_1204.pdf">"Iran-Pakistan Relations: Political and Strategic Dimensions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Strategic Analysis</i>. <b>28</b> (4). The Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses: 526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09700160408450157">10.1080/09700160408450157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154492122">154492122</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_salam_1204.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Analysis&rft.atitle=Iran-Pakistan+Relations%3A+Political+and+Strategic+Dimensions&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=526&rft.date=2004-10%2F2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09700160408450157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154492122%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Allam&rft.aufirst=Shah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsa.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstrategicanalysis_salam_1204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iUniverse-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iUniverse_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2011" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Furrukh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ao3ji18vsC&dq=pakistan+iran+iraq+war+stringer&pg=PA96"><i>Half Truth</i></a>. [u.s.]: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1450286459" title="Special:BookSources/978-1450286459"><bdi>978-1450286459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half+Truth&rft.place=%5Bu.s.%5D&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1450286459&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Furrukh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5ao3ji18vsC%26dq%3Dpakistan%2Biran%2Biraq%2Bwar%2Bstringer%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Printwise_Publications-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Printwise_Publications_84-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1999" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Shahidur (1999). <i>Long Road to Chagai§ The General and the Atomic Toy</i>. Oxford, Islamabad, and New York: Printwise Publications. pp. 135–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-8500-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-8500-00-9"><bdi>978-969-8500-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Road+to+Chagai%C2%A7+The+General+and+the+Atomic+Toy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Islamabad%2C+and+New+York&rft.pages=135-144&rft.pub=Printwise+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-969-8500-00-9&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shahidur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz Hassan (7 November 2012). "Enrichment Trials, Tribulations and Success". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=eating+grass+the+making+of+the+pakistani+bomb+zia"><i>Eating Grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804776011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804776011"><bdi>978-0804776011</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enrichment+Trials%2C+Tribulations+and+Success&rft.btitle=Eating+Grass%3A+The+making+of+the+Pakistani+bomb&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=150-151&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0804776011&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC%26q%3Deating%2Bgrass%2Bthe%2Bmaking%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpakistani%2Bbomb%2Bzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Press_University-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Press_University_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMia" class="citation book cs1">Mia, Zia. <i>South Asian cultures of the bomb: atomic publics and the state in India and Pakistan</i>. New York: Oxford Press University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+cultures+of+the+bomb%3A+atomic+publics+and+the+state+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+Press+University&rft.aulast=Mia&rft.aufirst=Zia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sushil_Khanna-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sushil_Khanna_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna" class="citation web cs1">Khanna, Sushil Khanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/pakistan.htm">"The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy"</a>. Sushil Khanna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+in+the+Pakistan+Economy&rft.pub=Sushil+Khanna&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Sushil+Khanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Frdv8n1%2Fpakistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/381450/setting-the-record-straight-not-all-dictators-equal-nor-all-democrats-incompetent/">"Setting the record straight: Not all dictators equal, nor all democrats incompetent"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 20 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Setting+the+record+straight%3A+Not+all+dictators+equal%2C+nor+all+democrats+incompetent&rft.date=2012-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F381450%2Fsetting-the-record-straight-not-all-dictators-equal-nor-all-democrats-incompetent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_post-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_post_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_post_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikileaks2012" class="citation web cs1">Wikileaks (27 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/world/regan-admin-swallowed-gen-zias-lies-on-nuclear-weapons-291618.html">"Reagan admin swallowed Gen Zia's lies on nuclear weapons"</a>. <i>27 April 2012-- declassified information archive, 1981</i>. First post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=27+April+2012--+declassified+information+archive%2C+1981&rft.atitle=Reagan+admin+swallowed+Gen+Zia%27s+lies+on+nuclear+weapons&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft.au=Wikileaks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Fregan-admin-swallowed-gen-zias-lies-on-nuclear-weapons-291618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanguard_Books-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanguard_Books_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanguard_Books_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanguard_Books_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamim2010" class="citation book cs1">Shamim, Anwar (2010). <i>Cutting Edge PAF: A Former Air Chief's Reminiscences of a Developing Air Force§ Critical Years: Intelligence and Deception</i>. Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Vanguard Books. pp. 320–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-402-540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-402-540-7"><bdi>978-969-402-540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cutting+Edge+PAF%3A+A+Former+Air+Chief%27s+Reminiscences+of+a+Developing+Air+Force%C2%A7+Critical+Years%3A+Intelligence+and+Deception&rft.place=Islamabad%2C+Islamabad+Capital+Territory&rft.pages=320-351&rft.pub=Vanguard+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-969-402-540-7&rft.aulast=Shamim&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Military_Consortium-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Military_Consortium_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchbir" class="citation web cs1">Schbir, Usmann. "Munir Ahmad Khan: Pakistan's nuclear supremo". Pakistan Military Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munir+Ahmad+Khan%3A+Pakistan%27s+nuclear+supremo&rft.pub=Pakistan+Military+Consortium&rft.aulast=Schbir&rft.aufirst=Usmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaurav_Kampani2004" class="citation web cs1">Gaurav Kampani (23 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040401134110/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/040223.htm">"Proliferation Unbound: Nuclear Tales from Pakistan"</a>. <i>James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies</i>. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/040223.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Martin+Center+for+Nonproliferation+Studies&rft.atitle=Proliferation+Unbound%3A+Nuclear+Tales+from+Pakistan&rft.date=2004-02-23&rft.au=Gaurav+Kampani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcns.miis.edu%2Fpubs%2Fweek%2F040223.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111074601/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1025193,00.html">The Man Who Sold the Bomb</a>, Time.com Sunday, 6 February 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salim_Mehmud_(Nuclear_engineer,_PhD)_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehmud" class="citation web cs1">Mehmud, Salim PhD (Nuclear Engineering). "Pakistan and Earth Observational System (EOS)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+Earth+Observational+System+%28EOS%29&rft.aulast=Mehmud&rft.aufirst=Salim+PhD+%28Nuclear+Engineering%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodi, Lieutenant General Safdar F.S. (May 1998). "Pakistan's Missile Technology". Head of Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP). Defence Journal of Pakistan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard McGill Murphy (16 October 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/1997/10/16/feat.html">The Afghanistan Drug Trade</a>, Forbes.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-16-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-16_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-16_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2002">Jones 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/16">16</a>–17: "... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathizers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service, and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Scientific-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Scientific_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Scientific_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Scientific_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Heng_Siam-HengTen_Chin_Liew2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Heng Siam-Heng; Ten Chin Liew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cCtsWb9hoYC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA202"><i>State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia§General Zia-ul-Haq and Patronage of Islamism</i></a>. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814282383" title="Special:BookSources/9789814282383"><bdi>9789814282383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Secularism%3A+Perspectives+from+Asia%C2%A7General+Zia-ul-Haq+and+Patronage+of+Islamism&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789814282383&rft.au=Michael+Heng+Siam-Heng&rft.au=Ten+Chin+Liew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cCtsWb9hoYC%26q%3Dzia%2Bul%2Bhaq%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel-100-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-100_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-100_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel-100_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2002" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=Nizam-e-Mustafa+sharia&pg=PA100"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i></a> (2006 ed.). I.B.Tauris. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=100-101&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26q%3DNizam-e-Mustafa%2Bsharia%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-251-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-251_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. p. 251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">speech given on 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijra</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRWdouble-19-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRWdouble-19_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRWdouble-19_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&q=%22International+Commission+of+Jurists%22+pakistan+Zia-ul-Haq&pg=PA17"><i>Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. 1992. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564320636" title="Special:BookSources/9781564320636"><bdi>9781564320636</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+Jeopardy%3A+Police+Abuse+of+Women+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781564320636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIUwZ4aVM8AC%26q%3D%2522International%2BCommission%2Bof%2BJurists%2522%2Bpakistan%2BZia-ul-Haq%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt2009216–217_103-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt 2009</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/pakistan/">"Rights abuse under Zia's government"</a>. <i>HRW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRW&rft.atitle=Rights+abuse+under+Zia%27s+government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1992%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-252-cover-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-252-cover_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. p. 252. <q>The need for stability in the strategic region of Balochistan during the Afghan war led Zia to distance himself from the sectarian conflict between the heterodox Zikri community and the <i>ulama</i>. ... Significantly standing aside from the issue, Zia lent credence to critics' claim that his call for Islamisation was just a cover for his undemocratic regime rather than a genuine desire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005132-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2005132_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2005">Haqqani 2005</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-251-islamization2-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-251-islamization2_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <i>Pakistan, a Modern History</i>. NY: St.Martin's Press. p. 251. <q>The state-sponsored process of Islamisation dramatically increased sectarian divisions not only between <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> over the issue of the 1979 <i>Zakat</i> Ordinance, but also between <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvis</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+Modern+History&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=St.Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200216–17_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2002">Jones 2002</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010127-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani2010127_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 127.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salim-117-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salim-117_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalim2008" class="citation book cs1">Salim, Arskal (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/challengingsecul00sali"><i>Challenging the Secular State: The Islamization of Law in Modern Indonesia</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/challengingsecul00sali/page/117">117</a>-119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3237-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3237-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-3237-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>zakat pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenging+the+Secular+State%3A+The+Islamization+of+Law+in+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pages=117-119&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3237-7&rft.aulast=Salim&rft.aufirst=Arskal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchallengingsecul00sali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Talbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Ian Talbot (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb"><i>Pakistan, a modern history</i></a>. Internet Archive. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21606-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21606-1"><bdi>978-0-312-21606-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+a+modern+history&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21606-1&rft.au=Ian+Talbot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanmodernhi00talb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsey2022" class="citation book cs1">Dorsey, James (2022). "Saudi Arabia: A South Asian Wrecking Ball". In Mandaville, Peter (ed.). <i>Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 198–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+A+South+Asian+Wrecking+Ball&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+World%3A+Understanding+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Global+Influence+on+Islam&rft.pages=198-199&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1996l" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1996l). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC&dq=Muhammad+Zia-ul-Haq+%5dmilitary&pg=PR17"><i>Pakistan: A Country Study</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3631-3"><bdi>978-0-7881-3631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRMTO7mn7hIC%26dq%3DMuhammad%2BZia-ul-Haq%2B%5Dmilitary%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ML252007" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, Martin (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1207&context=wlulr">"Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances- A Review"</a>. <i>Washington and Lee Law Review</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 1292, 1296<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+and+Lee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Twenty-Five+Years+of+Hudood+Ordinances-+A+Review&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1292%2C+1296&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1207%26context%3Dwlulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haqqani-144-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-144_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haqqani-144_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2010">Haqqani 2010</a>, p. 144<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009033323/http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2003/10/rape-of-the-law/">"Rape of the Law"</a>. Newslinemagazine.com. 5 October 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2003/10/rape-of-the-law/">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rape+of+the+Law&rft.pub=Newslinemagazine.com&rft.date=2003-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslinemagazine.com%2F2003%2F10%2Frape-of-the-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2013" class="citation book cs1">Ramakrishnan, Nitya (30 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-HAwAAQBAJ&q=%22As+of+September,+more+than+130+prisoners+were+serving+sentences%22&pg=PA188"><i>In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia</i></a>. SAGE Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1632-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1632-5"><bdi>978-81-321-1632-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Custody%3A+Law%2C+Impunity+and+Prisoner+Abuse+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1632-5&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Nitya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5-HAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522As%2Bof%2BSeptember%2C%2Bmore%2Bthan%2B130%2Bprisoners%2Bwere%2Bserving%2Bsentences%2522%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-blasphem-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-blasphem_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405093821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12621225">"What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?"</a>. <i>bbc news</i>. 6 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12621225">the original</a> on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc+news&rft.atitle=What+are+Pakistan%27s+blasphemy+laws%3F&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12621225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jahangir-176-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jahangir-176_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2000" class="citation book cs1">Jahangir, Asma (30 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0W8Ag_I2_IC&q=zia+ul-Haq+human+rights&pg=PA174">"Human Rights in Pakistan, a System in the Making."</a>. In Samantha, Power (ed.). <i>Realizing Human Rights: Moving from Inspiration to Impact</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312234942" title="Special:BookSources/9780312234942"><bdi>9780312234942</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+Pakistan%2C+a+System+in+the+Making.&rft.btitle=Realizing+Human+Rights%3A+Moving+from+Inspiration+to+Impact&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2000-09-30&rft.isbn=9780312234942&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0W8Ag_I2_IC%26q%3Dzia%2Bul-Haq%2Bhuman%2Brights%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-husain-81-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-husain-81_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-husain-81_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cD36RbtSKNkC&dq=Darul+Uloom+Haqqania+founded+abdul+haq&pg=PA81">Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam</a>, edited by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2006, p.81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiro-madras-162-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiro-madras-162_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiro-madras-162_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&dq=Muhammad+Zia-ul-Haq+madrassa+2,801&pg=PA162">Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia</a>, By Dilip Hiro, Yale University Press, 2012, p.162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-husain-78-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-husain-78_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-husain-78_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cD36RbtSKNkC&dq=Darul+Uloom+Haqqania+founded+abdul+haq&pg=PA81">Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam</a>, edited by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2006, p.78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan2004" class="citation news cs1">Branigan, Tania (13 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,1146453,00.html">"My film is part of the peace process"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Unlimited">Guardian Unlimited</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=My+film+is+part+of+the+peace+process&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Ffridayreview%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1146453%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFOnTheMedia-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFOnTheMedia_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFOnTheMedia_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426234906/http://www.onthemedia.org/yore/transcripts/transcripts_082004_lolly.html">"Lollywood goes pop"</a>. On The Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onthemedia.org/yore/transcripts/transcripts_082004_lolly.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lollywood+goes+pop&rft.pub=On+The+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onthemedia.org%2Fyore%2Ftranscripts%2Ftranscripts_082004_lolly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeem_F._Paracha2013" class="citation news cs1">Nadeem F. Paracha (28 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402133212/http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/">"Times of the Vital Sign"</a>. <i>Dawn News, Nadeem F. Paracha</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/">the original</a> on 2 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>This was a time when the wily General Ziaul-Haq was reigning supreme ... Even though the country, at the time was covered by a ... façade of strict conservatism and ... moralistic pretense,... Ironically, it ... also propelled the gradual expansion of the country's urban middle and lower-middle-classes. And it is the youth cultures that emerged from these classes that launched the first shots of the kind of pop culture, scene, and music we now call modern Pakistani pop.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News%2C+Nadeem+F.+Paracha&rft.atitle=Times+of+the+Vital+Sign&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.au=Nadeem+F.+Paracha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdawn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F28%2Ftimes-of-the-signs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823223252/http://www.punjabcode.punjab.gov.pk/public/dr/DISABLED%20PERSONS,%20(EMPLOYMENT%20AND%20REHABILITATION)%20ORDINANCE,%201981.doc.pdf">"THE DISABLED PERSONS (EMPLOYMENT AND REHABILITATION) ORDINANCE, 1981"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Government of Punjab. 29 December 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabcode.punjab.gov.pk/public/dr/DISABLED%20PERSONS,%20(EMPLOYMENT%20AND%20REHABILITATION)%20ORDINANCE,%201981.doc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+DISABLED+PERSONS+%28EMPLOYMENT+AND+REHABILITATION%29+ORDINANCE%2C+1981&rft.pub=The+Government+of+Punjab&rft.date=1981-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punjabcode.punjab.gov.pk%2Fpublic%2Fdr%2FDISABLED%2520PERSONS%2C%2520%28EMPLOYMENT%2520AND%2520REHABILITATION%29%2520ORDINANCE%2C%25201981.doc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarro_Ranter1988" class="citation web cs1">Harro Ranter (17 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19880817-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed C-130B Hercules 23494 Bahawalpur Airport (BHV)"</a>. <i>aviation-safety.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Lockheed+C-130B+Hercules+23494+Bahawalpur+Airport+%28BHV%29&rft.date=1988-08-17&rft.au=Harro+Ranter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19880817-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Foreign affairs Pakistan</i> by Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paksearch.com/br96/Apr/22/PLEAINCO.htm">"Plea in court to revive C-130 crash case"</a> <i>Business Recorder</i>, 22 April 1996 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050530102630/http://www.paksearch.com/br96/Apr/22/PLEAINCO.htm">Archived</a> 30 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185700/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C12%5C04%5Cstory_4-12-2005_pg3_1">"Editorial: Another clue into General Zia's death"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. Lahore. 4 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C12%5C04%5Cstory_4-12-2005_pg3_1">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Another+clue+into+General+Zia%27s+death&rft.date=2005-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2005%255C12%255C04%255Cstory_4-12-2005_pg3_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times20080816-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times20080816_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoneHussain2008" class="citation news cs1">Bone, James; Hussain, Zahid (16 August 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2608986.ece">"As Pakistan comes full circle, a light is shone on Zia ul-Haq's death"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=As+Pakistan+comes+full+circle%2C+a+light+is+shone+on+Zia+ul-Haq%27s+death&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft.aulast=Bone&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Zahid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle2608986.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamilton-d-threat-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamilton-d-threat_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonRimsa2007" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Dwight; Rimsa, Kostas (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami"><i>Terror Threat: International and Homegrown terrorists and their threat to Canada</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Press" title="Dundurn Press">Dundurn</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami/page/83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550027365" title="Special:BookSources/9781550027365"><bdi>9781550027365</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span> – via Internet Archive. <q>zia al haq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+Threat%3A+International+and+Homegrown+terrorists+and+their+threat+to+Canada&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781550027365&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft.au=Rimsa%2C+Kostas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterrorthreatinte0000hami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History and Culture of Pakistan</i> by Nigel Kelly. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901458-67-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-901458-67-9">1-901458-67-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8VJTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6029%2C4621521">"Engines Probed in Air Crash"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. AP. 16 April 1982<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Engines+Probed+in+Air+Crash&rft.date=1982-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D8VJTAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6029%252C4621521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Faisal Mosque is named after the late Saudi Arabian king Faisal, and was partially constructed with Saudi funds</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanif2008172-173-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanif2008172-173_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanif2008">Hanif 2008</a>, p. 172-173.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHanif2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Los_Angeles_Times,_1988-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Los_Angeles_Times,_1988_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineman1988" class="citation news cs1">Fineman, Mark (21 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-21-mn-1149-story.html">"Million Mourn at Funeral for Pakistan's Zia"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Million+Mourn+at+Funeral+for+Pakistan%27s+Zia&rft.date=1988-08-21&rft.aulast=Fineman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-08-21-mn-1149-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziaism_:0-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ziaism_:0_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/politics/pakistan-must-choose-bhutto-ism-or-zia-ism-19880826-k2z3a">"PAKISTAN MUST CHOOSE BHUTTO-ISM OR ZIA-ISM"</a>. <i>Australian Financial Review</i>. Associated Press. 26 August 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Financial+Review&rft.atitle=PAKISTAN+MUST+CHOOSE+BHUTTO-ISM+OR+ZIA-ISM&rft.date=1988-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpakistan-must-choose-bhutto-ism-or-zia-ism-19880826-k2z3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiring1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ziring, Lawrence (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644587">"Public Policy Dilemmas and Pakistan's Nationality Problem: The Legacy of Zia ul-Haq"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>28</b> (8): 795–812. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644587">10.2307/2644587</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644587">2644587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Public+Policy+Dilemmas+and+Pakistan%27s+Nationality+Problem%3A+The+Legacy+of+Zia+ul-Haq&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=795-812&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644587%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644587&rft.aulast=Ziring&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/10/21/pakistan-moves-toward-islamic-authoritarianism/e879f7f4-114f-46ea-9b48-0ad1fd4a3ba1/">"Pakistan Moves Toward Islamic Authoritarianism"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 22 December 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Moves+Toward+Islamic+Authoritarianism&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1979%2F10%2F21%2Fpakistan-moves-toward-islamic-authoritarianism%2Fe879f7f4-114f-46ea-9b48-0ad1fd4a3ba1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/4923/chapter/147362581">"From Jinnah's Secularism to Zia's Islamism"</a>. <i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 439–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190235185.003.0009">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190235185.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190235185" title="Special:BookSources/9780190235185"><bdi>9780190235185</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Jinnah%27s+Secularism+to+Zia%27s+Islamism&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=439-480&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190235185.003.0009&rft.isbn=9780190235185&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F4923%2Fchapter%2F147362581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasir2012" class="citation news cs1">Nasir, Abbas (7 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2012/07/07/zias-long-shadow/">"Zia's Long Shadow"</a>. <i>Dawn Newspapers</i>. Dawn Newspapers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Zia%27s+Long+Shadow&rft.date=2012-07-07&rft.aulast=Nasir&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdawn.com%2F2012%2F07%2F07%2Fzias-long-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2017" class="citation news cs1">Ahmad, Omair (24 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/books/kallol-bhattacharjee-zia-rajiv-gandhi-the-great-game-in-afghanistan">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'General Zia Avenged the 1971 Defeat Through His Moves on Afghanistan and Nuclear Weapons'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=%27General+Zia+Avenged+the+1971+Defeat+Through+His+Moves+on+Afghanistan+and+Nuclear+Weapons%27&rft.date=2017-06-24&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Omair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fbooks%2Fkallol-bhattacharjee-zia-rajiv-gandhi-the-great-game-in-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_Rehman-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers,_Rehman_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman1988" class="citation news cs1">Rehman, I A (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153499/ziaul-haqmaster-of-illusion">"Ziaul Haq: Master of illusion"</a>. Islamabad: Dawn Newspapers, Rehman. Dawn Newspapers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ziaul+Haq%3A+Master+of+illusion&rft.date=1988-09&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=I+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherald.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1153499%2Fziaul-haqmaster-of-illusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauris-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tauris_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1997" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&q=Zia+and+Iran&pg=PA30"><i>The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994</i></a>. London [u.a.]: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-169-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-169-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+Pakistan%3A+ethnic+impacts+on+diplomacy%2C+1971%E2%80%931994&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-169-5&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Mehtab+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7czT4fipTyoC%26q%3DZia%2Band%2BIran%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_on_Zia-ul-Haq_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316072212/http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887">"Election Commission of Pakistan on Zia-ul-Haq"</a>. Election Commission of Pakistan on Zia-ul-Haq. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=6887">the original</a> on 16 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Commission+of+Pakistan+on+Zia-ul-Haq&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+Pakistan+on+Zia-ul-Haq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.com.pk%2Fcandidatedetails.php%3Fid%3D6887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur1991" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Ashok (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4S153oESj08C&q=zia+ul+haq+legacy&pg=PA146">"Zia ul Haq's legacy"</a>. <i>Pakistan in crisis</i> (1. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 146–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00062-8"><bdi>978-0-415-00062-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zia+ul+Haq%27s+legacy&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+crisis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146-190&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00062-8&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4S153oESj08C%26q%3Dzia%2Bul%2Bhaq%2Blegacy%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15266768">"Pakistan's abused Ahmadis"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. London. 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+abused+Ahmadis&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D15266768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post_11312_b_9481852">"To Fulfill Its Potential Pakistan Must Return to The Original Intent of The Lahore Resolution"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=To+Fulfill+Its+Potential+Pakistan+Must+Return+to+The+Original+Intent+of+The+Lahore+Resolution&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fpost_11312_b_9481852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahad2020" class="citation web cs1">Fahad, Deeba (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pakistanimage.com/economy/historical-usd-to-pkr-rates/">"Historical USD to PKR Rates 1960-2020 | Pakistan Image"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+USD+to+PKR+Rates+1960-2020+%7C+Pakistan+Image&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Fahad&rft.aufirst=Deeba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpakistanimage.com%2Feconomy%2Fhistorical-usd-to-pkr-rates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1387559">"Nawaz must apologise"</a>. <i>Dawn</i> (Editorial)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Nawaz+must+apologise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1387559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam" class="citation news cs1">Alam, Imtiaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/mustwatch/151565-nawaz-sharif-was-a-product-of-ziaulhaqs-martial-law-imtiaz-alam">"Nawaz a product of Zia's martial law"</a>. <i>Geo TV</i>. Jang Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+TV&rft.atitle=Nawaz+a+product+of+Zia%27s+martial+law&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Imtiaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Fmustwatch%2F151565-nawaz-sharif-was-a-product-of-ziaulhaqs-martial-law-imtiaz-alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryOfZiaNawaz-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryOfZiaNawaz_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/191026-from-entry-to-exit-the-politics-of-mian-mohammad-nawaz-sharif">"From entry to exit: The politics of Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif"</a>. <i>geo.tv</i>. 24 April 2018. <q>Sharif's family was apolitical and his father, the late Mian Mohammad Sharif, had initially turned down a request from General Zia ul Haq through General Jillani. He declined to join politics himself but later agreed to hand over his two sons, Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif and Mian Shehbaz Sharif, on the condition that they would first be groomed properly. The motive for then dictator Gen. Zia ul Haq and the military establishment was simple: to counter the Pakistan People's Party and the politics of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. They needed somebody from Punjab, as Bhutto was even more popular in Punjab than in Sindh. One of Nawaz Sharif's close aides once told me about his entry into politics and how his father agreed. "Mian Sharif was a non-political businessman, but he became anti-Bhutto after his industries were nationalised along with other businesses by Bhutto. Somehow, General Jillani convinced the elder Sharif that his factories would be returned and that he could also protect his business through politics," he stated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=geo.tv&rft.atitle=From+entry+to+exit%3A+The+politics+of+Mian+Mohammad+Nawaz+Sharif&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F191026-from-entry-to-exit-the-politics-of-mian-mohammad-nawaz-sharif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406232700/http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/18th-amendment-bill-pakistan/p21953">"18th Amendment Bill, Pakistan"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/18th-amendment-bill-pakistan/p21953">the original</a> on 6 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=18th+Amendment+Bill%2C+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpakistan%2F18th-amendment-bill-pakistan%2Fp21953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050552/http://www.geo.tv/important_events/2010/constitutional_reforms/pages/english_news_09-04-2010.asp">"GeoTV Geo News Latest News Breaking News Pakistan Live Videos"</a>. <i>geo.tv</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.tv/important_events/2010/constitutional_reforms/pages/english_news_09-04-2010.asp">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geo.tv&rft.atitle=GeoTV+Geo+News+Latest+News+Breaking+News+Pakistan+Live+Videos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Fimportant_events%2F2010%2Fconstitutional_reforms%2Fpages%2Fenglish_news_09-04-2010.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirzada2017" class="citation news cs1">Pirzada, Moeed (13 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalvillagespace.com/how-pakistan-saudi-arabia-had-defeated-soviet-occupation-of-afghanistan/">"How Pakistan & Saudi Arabia had defeated Soviets in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>Global Village Space</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Village+Space&rft.atitle=How+Pakistan+%26+Saudi+Arabia+had+defeated+Soviets+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft.aulast=Pirzada&rft.aufirst=Moeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalvillagespace.com%2Fhow-pakistan-saudi-arabia-had-defeated-soviet-occupation-of-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2014" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Bruce O. (2014). <i>What we won: America's secret war in Afghanistan, 1979-89</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2585-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-2585-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+we+won%3A+America%27s+secret+war+in+Afghanistan%2C+1979-89&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2585-5&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2014" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Bruce O. (2014). <i>What we won: America's secret war in Afghanistan, 1979-89</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2585-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-2585-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+we+won%3A+America%27s+secret+war+in+Afghanistan%2C+1979-89&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2585-5&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Hanif2008" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed Hanif (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caseofexplodingm00hani"><i>A Case of Exploding Mangoes</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26807-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26807-5"><bdi>978-0-307-26807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Case+of+Exploding+Mangoes&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26807-5&rft.au=Mohammed+Hanif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaseofexplodingm00hani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231084604/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2530/D/223/7558.PDF">Document</a> ratchakitcha.soc.go.th</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/JordanTimes1987JordanEnglish"><i>Jordan Times, 1987, Jordan, English</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan+Times%2C+1987%2C+Jordan%2C+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FJordanTimes1987JordanEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19820123%7Cpage:7%7Cquery:%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5">"Блокови стварају кризе"</a>. <i>Borba</i>. <b>61</b>: 7. 23 January 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borba&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1982-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistorijskenovine.unilib.rs%2Fview%2Findex.html%23panel%3App%26%23124%3Bissue%3AUB_00064_19820123%26%23124%3Bpage%3A7%26%23124%3Bquery%3A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%2520%25D1%2598%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%2520%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKux2001" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFzbDYmWVpwC"><i>The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801865725" title="Special:BookSources/9780801865725"><bdi>9780801865725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Pakistan%2C+1947-2000%3A+Disenchanted+Allies&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780801865725&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFzbDYmWVpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey2013" class="citation book cs1">Markey, Daniel S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VCyAAAAQBAJ"><i>No Exit from Pakistan: America's Tortured Relationship with Islamabad</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107045460" title="Special:BookSources/9781107045460"><bdi>9781107045460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Exit+from+Pakistan%3A+America%27s+Tortured+Relationship+with+Islamabad&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107045460&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VCyAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Haqqani, Husain</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA111"><i>Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</i></a>, Carnegie Endowment, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-285-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-285-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-285-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYppZ_dEjdIC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989" class="citation cs2">Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjPgESaC-7sC&pg=PA21"><i>Pakistan, Zia and After--</i></a>, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-253-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-253-6"><bdi>978-81-7017-253-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+Zia+and+After--&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-253-6&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Ghayur%2C+Muhammed&rft.au=Kaushik%2C+Naresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjPgESaC-7sC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaeef2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Zaeef" title="Abdul Salam Zaeef">Zaeef, Abdul Salam</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXf1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275"><i>My Life with the Taliban</i></a>, Hurst, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-904152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-904152-2"><bdi>978-1-84-904152-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+with+the+Taliban&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84-904152-2&rft.aulast=Zaeef&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Salam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXf1AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf2005" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf, Peters (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7EAsmttzXjcC&pg=PA156"><i>Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. The Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139445344" title="Special:BookSources/9781139445344"><bdi>9781139445344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+Islamic+Law%3A+Theory+and+Practice+from+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=The+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781139445344&rft.aulast=Rudolf&rft.aufirst=Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7EAsmttzXjcC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leopardfoxpakist0000alit"><i>The Leopard and the Fox: A Pakistani Tragedy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Seagull_Books" title="Seagull Books">Seagull Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905422-29-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905422-29-6"><bdi>978-1-905422-29-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leopard+and+the+Fox%3A+A+Pakistani+Tragedy&rft.pub=Seagull+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905422-29-6&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleopardfoxpakist0000alit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArif1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Arif, Khalid Mahmud</a> (1995). <i>Working with Zia: Pakistan's Power Politics 1977–1988</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577570-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577570-8"><bdi>0-19-577570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+with+Zia%3A+Pakistan%27s+Power+Politics+1977%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-577570-8&rft.aulast=Arif&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Mahmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArif2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Arif, Khalid Mahmud</a> (2001). <i>Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579396-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579396-X"><bdi>0-19-579396-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khaki+Shadows%3A+Pakistan+1947%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-579396-X&rft.aulast=Arif&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Mahmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhutto2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Bhutto" title="Fatima Bhutto">Bhutto, Fatima</a> (2000). <i>Songs of Blood and Sword</i>. Dhaka: University Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08280-3"><bdi>978-0-670-08280-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Blood+and+Sword&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=University+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08280-3&rft.aulast=Bhutto&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1980" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Manzooruddin (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHE9AAAAMAAJ"><i>Contemporary Pakistan Politics, Economy, and Society</i></a>. Carolina Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890891261" title="Special:BookSources/9780890891261"><bdi>9780890891261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pakistan+Politics%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780890891261&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Manzooruddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHE9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Coll" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll"><i>Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6"><bdi>978-1-59420-007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan+and+Bin+Laden&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostwarssecreth00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrile2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Crile_III" title="George Crile III">Crile, George</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charliewilsonswa00cril"><i>Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of How the Wildest Man in Congress and a Rogue CIA Agent Changed the History of Our Times</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-854-5"><bdi>978-0-87113-854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlie+Wilson%27s+War%3A+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+How+the+Wildest+Man+in+Congress+and+a+Rogue+CIA+Agent+Changed+the+History+of+Our+Times&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-854-5&rft.aulast=Crile&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharliewilsonswa00cril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1989" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Emma (1989). <i>Breaking the Curfew: A Political Journey through Pakistan</i>. Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2989-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2989-7"><bdi>978-0-7181-2989-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Curfew%3A+A+Political+Journey+through+Pakistan&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-2989-7&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2016" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Mir Zohair (2016). "Islam in Pakistan under Bhutto and Zia-ul-Haq". In Mutalib, Hussin; Hashmi, Taj ul-Islam (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9y-DAAAQBAJ"><i>Islam, Muslims and the Modern State: Case-Studies of Muslims in Thirteen Countries</i></a>. Springer. pp. 47–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349142088" title="Special:BookSources/9781349142088"><bdi>9781349142088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Pakistan+under+Bhutto+and+Zia-ul-Haq&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Muslims+and+the+Modern+State%3A+Case-Studies+of+Muslims+in+Thirteen+Countries&rft.pages=47-79&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781349142088&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Mir+Zohair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9y-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mushahid_Hussain_Syed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushahid Hussain Syed">Hussain, Mushahid</a> (1990). <i>Pakistan's Politics: The Zia Years</i>. Lahore: Progressive Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22854226">22854226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Politics%3A+The+Zia+Years&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Progressive+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22854226&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Mushahid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2000" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Syed (2000). <i>Ayub, Bhutto, and Zia: How They Fell Victim to Their Own Plans</i>. Lahore: <a href="/wiki/Sang-e-Meel_Publications" title="Sang-e-Meel Publications">Sang-e-Meel Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789693510805" title="Special:BookSources/9789693510805"><bdi>9789693510805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayub%2C+Bhutto%2C+and+Zia%3A+How+They+Fell+Victim+to+Their+Own+Plans&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789693510805&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Owen Bennett (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn"><i>Pakistan : eye of the storm</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300101473" title="Special:BookSources/0300101473"><bdi>0300101473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%3A+eye+of+the+storm&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0300101473&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistaneyeofsto00benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Lamb" title="Christina Lamb">Lamb, Christina</a> (1992). <i>Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's Struggle for Democracy</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014334-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014334-8"><bdi>978-0-14-014334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waiting+for+Allah%3A+Pakistan%27s+Struggle+for+Democracy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014334-8&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazari1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherbaz_Khan_Mazari" title="Sherbaz Khan Mazari">Mazari, Sherbaz</a> (1999). <i>A Journey to Disillusionment</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579769-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579769-5"><bdi>978-0-19-579769-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+Disillusionment&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579769-5&rft.aulast=Mazari&rft.aufirst=Sherbaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" title="Bruce Riedel">Riedel, Bruce</a> (2014). <i>What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989</i>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2595-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-2595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+We+Won%3A+America%27s+Secret+War+in+Afghanistan%2C+1979%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2595-4&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Sardar, Ziauddin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desperatelyseeki00sard_0"><i>Desperately Seeking Paradise: Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim</i></a>. London: Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-650-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-650-1"><bdi>978-1-86207-650-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desperately+Seeking+Paradise%3A+Journeys+of+a+Sceptical+Muslim&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-650-1&rft.aulast=Sardar&rft.aufirst=Ziauddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesperatelyseeki00sard_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaseem1987" class="citation book cs1">Waseem, Mohammad (1987). <i>Pakistan Under Martial Law, 1977-1985</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard Books">Vanguard Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789694023670" title="Special:BookSources/9789694023670"><bdi>9789694023670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Under+Martial+Law%2C+1977-1985&rft.pub=Vanguard+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789694023670&rft.aulast=Waseem&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2009" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9"><i>A Brief History of Pakistan</i></a></span>. Facts on File. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9/page/216">216</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816061846" title="Special:BookSources/9780816061846"><bdi>9780816061846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=216-7&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780816061846&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousafAdkin1992" class="citation book cs1">Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (1992). <i>The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story</i>. London: L. Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-267-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-267-6"><bdi>0-85052-267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bear+Trap%3A+Afghanistan%27s+Untold+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L.+Cooper&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-85052-267-6&rft.aulast=Yousaf&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Adkin%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZia-ul-Haq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An Army, its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999. Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8059-9594-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8059-9594-3">0-8059-9594-3</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Commandant" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Commandant">Colonel Commandant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Armoured_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Armoured Corps">Army Armoured Corps</a> </b><br />1974–1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Jan_Mehsud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Jan Mehsud (page does not exist)">Ali Jan Mehsud</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> </b><br />1976–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Defence</a> </b><br />1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Ahmed_Khan_Talpur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur (page does not exist)">Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Ahmed_Khan_Talpur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur (page does not exist)">Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Defence</a> </b><br />1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejo" title="Muhammad Khan Junejo">Muhammad Khan Junejo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1978–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Government" title="Template:Zia-ul-Haq's Government"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Government" title="Template talk:Zia-ul-Haq's Government"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zia-ul-Haq's Government"><abbr title="Edit this 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class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#ffffff">Chief of Army Staff</span></a> (1977–1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Conservatism in Pakistan</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">Doctrine of necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">Provisional Constitutional Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Ascent by coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajammul_Hussain_Malik" title="Tajammul Hussain Malik">1980 counter-coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum" title="1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum">1984 Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economics in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinance">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">Pakistan Penal Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani media">Mass media industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression_under_the_regime_of_General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppression under the regime of General Zia-ul-Haq">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto#Death_sentence_and_appeal" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Trial of elected Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan#Economic_history" title="Economy of Pakistan">1980s economic boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_insurgency_and_Rahimuddin%27s_stabilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilization">General Rahimuddin's Balochistan Governorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">8th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">Consolidation of nuclear development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Islamic_Ideology" title="Council of Islamic Ideology">Council of Islamic Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Pakistan">Anti-communism policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Saqi_case" title="Jam Saqi case">Saqi trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985 non-partisan elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojhri_Camp_disaster" title="Ojhri Camp disaster">Ojhri Cantonment disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Assassination of General Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">1988 parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_missile_research_and_development_program" title="Pakistani missile research and development program">Black projects initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Introduction of rock music industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan film industry">Pakistan film industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Efforts against communist terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Pakistan_International_Airlines_hijacking" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Pakistan International Airlines hijacking">1981 PIA hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airports_Security_Force" title="Airports Security Force">Airports Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Narcotics_Force" title="Anti-Narcotics Force">Anti-Narcotics Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Federal Investigation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Intelligence_and_Investigation" title="Directorate General of Intelligence and Investigation">DGII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_Police" title="Elite Police">Elite Police</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Personnel and Staffers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejo" title="Muhammad Khan Junejo">Muhammad Khan Junejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Baig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Abdur_Rahman" title="Akhtar Abdur Rahman">Akhtar Abdur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gul" title="Hamid Gul">Hamid Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Shariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Khalid Mahmud Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifuddin_Pirzada" title="Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Pirzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Herring" title="Joanne Herring">Joanne Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahi" title="Agha Shahi">Agha Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roedad_Khan" title="Roedad Khan">Roedad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lewis_Raphel" title="Arnold Lewis Raphel">Arnold Lewis Raphel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shamim" title="Anwar Shamim">Anwar Shamim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Kamal_Khan" title="Tariq Kamal Khan">Tariq Kamal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_Sirohey" title="Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey">Iftikhar Ahmad Sirohey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imtiaz_Ahmed_(brigadier)" title="Imtiaz Ahmed (brigadier)">Imtiaz Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Zahid Ali Akbar Khan">Zahid Ali Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazle Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat_Rahman_Niazi" title="Karamat Rahman Niazi">Karamat Rahman Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)" title="Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)">Charlie Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">National<br /> parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohajir_Qaumi_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohajir Qaumi Movement">Mohajir Qaumi Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Communist Party of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Restoration_of_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Restoration of Democracy">Movement for Restoration of Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zulfiqar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zulfiqar">Al-Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdoor_Kisan_Party" title="Mazdoor Kisan Party">Mazdoor Kisan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Platform <br />successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="All Pakistan Muslim League">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(F)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (F)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(J)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (J)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">Q</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Z)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Z)">Z</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islamic Democracy Alliance</a> (<small><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">now defunct</span></small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Foreign <br />front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Involvement <br />in events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons#Non-parties" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Refusal to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">USSR's war in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan#Foreign_involvement_and_aid_to_the_mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Subsidization of Mujahideen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#1980s–90s:_Reluctance,_rift,_and_downfall" title="Libya–Pakistan relations">Divergence with Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement#Declaration_of_Khalistan_and_the_rise_of_militancy" title="Khalistan movement">Indian allegations of aiding Khalistan movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Operation Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation#History" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">Co-founding SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and the Iran–Iraq War">Support for Iran during Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Accords_(1988)" title="Geneva Accords (1988)">Geneva Accords signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Zia-ul-Haq">Theories of external involvement in Zia crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Communist Party of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zulfiqar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zulfiqar">Al-Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Movement for the Restoration of Democracy">Movement for the Restoration of Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Aligned entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher government</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen#Afghanistan" title="Mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff;width:1%">Opposed entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(GDR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (GDR)">Stasi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/KHAD" title="KHAD">KHAD</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Desai administration</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Indira_Gandhi_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Indira Gandhi Ministry">Indira Gandhi administration</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajiv Gandhi Ministry">Rajiv Gandhi administration</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000; color:#ffffff"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Military_Government_of_Pakistan_(1977%E2%80%931988)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Military Government of Pakistan (1977–1988) (page does not exist)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#ffffff">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#ffffff">Portal:Pakistan</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templates_related_to_Zia-ul-Haq" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Templates_related_to_Zia-ul-Haq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Templates related to Zia-ul-Haq</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_Law_Administrators_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li>Gen <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li>Gen <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> <small><b>(unstyled)</b></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> Ghulam Jilani Khan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martial_Law_Administrator_of_Balochistan" title="Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> F.S. Khan Lodhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> K.K. Afridi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Baloch" title="Abdul Qadir Baloch">Abdul Qadir Baloch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sindh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> Rakhman Gul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> S.M. Abbasi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Mohammad_Azhar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan">Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Fazle_Haq" title="Fazle Haq">Fazle Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> Jahan Dad Khan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Pakistan (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Azam_Khan_(general)" title="Azam Khan (general)">Azam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">MGen</a> Muzaffaruddin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">VAdm</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yacob Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">A.A. Khan Nazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Pakistan (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Attiqur_Rahman" title="Attiqur Rahman">Attiqur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">LGen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Mshl</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur_Khan" title="Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Leghari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Soomro</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting Presidents</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/20px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/30px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/40px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)"> National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines#Commissioned_officers_and_Enlisted_rank" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Business interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Pakistani Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Askari (Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Foundation" title="Bahria Foundation">Bahria (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Foundation" title="Shaheen Foundation">Shaheen (Air Force)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Military of Pakistan">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Category:Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Navy" title="Category:Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x17px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Pakistan_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Template:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Template talk:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Army_template" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Army template"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x17px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Pakistan_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/General_Headquarters_(Pakistan_Army)" title="General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)">General Headquarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff</a></li> <li>Surgeon-General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_General_of_Ordnance_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)">Master-General of Ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general#Pakistan" title="Adjutant general">Adjutant-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">Engineer-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_Pakistan" title="Surveyor General of Pakistan">Surveyor-General</a></li> <li>Accountant-General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)">Judge Advocate General</a></li> <li>Comptroller-General</li> <li>Quartermaster-General</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army">Serving Generals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/120px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/180px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/240px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combat commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="I Corps (Pakistan)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="IV Corps (Pakistan)">IV Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="V Corps (Pakistan)">V Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="X Corps (Pakistan)">X Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XI Corps (Pakistan)">XI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XII Corps (Pakistan)">XII Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XXX Corps (Pakistan)">XXX Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XXXI Corps (Pakistan)">XXXI Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corps-level formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Defence_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Army Air Defence Command (Pakistan)">Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Strategic_Forces_Command_(Pakistan)" title="Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)">Strategic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Command (Pakistan)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Command (Pakistan)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Command (Pakistan)">Eastern</a> (historical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group" title="Special Service Group">Army Special Services Group (SSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Commando_Battalion" title="Light Commando Battalion">Light Commando Battalion (LCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Security Division">Special Security Division (SSD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Reserve">Pakistan Army Reserve</a> <ul><li>North</li> <li>South</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Administrative arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infantry regiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Regiment" title="Azad Kashmir Regiment">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="Frontier Force Regiment">Frontier Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Infantry_Regiment" title="Northern Light Infantry Regiment">Northern Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Regiment" title="Sindh Regiment">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armoured_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armoured Corps">Armoured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Artillery_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army Artillery Corps">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Air_Defence_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Air Defence Corps">Air Defence</a></li> <li>Chaplains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Aviation_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Aviation Corps">Aviation</a></li> <li>Dental</li> <li>Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineering" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering">Electrical and Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Medical Corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Military Police</a></li> <li>Nursing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Pakistan Army Ordnance Corps">Ordnance</a></li> <li>Remount, Veterinary and Farms</li> <li>Service Corps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Signals" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Signals">Signals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Affiliated<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Army Welfare Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSD_Pakistan" title="CSD Pakistan">CSD Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Works_Organization" title="Frontier Works Organization">Frontier Works Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Logistics_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="National Logistics Cell">National Logistics Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Organization" title="Special Communications Organization">Special Communications Organization</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">DHA Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Islamabad" title="Defence Housing Authority, Islamabad">DHA Islamabad</a></li> <li>DHA Lahore</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foods" title="Fauji Foods">Fauji Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askari_Bank" title="Askari Bank">Askari Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Fertilizer_Company" title="Fauji Fertilizer Company">Fauji Fertilizer Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Petroleum" title="Mari Petroleum">Mari Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_basketball_team" title="Pakistan Army basketball team">Army Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_F.C." title="Pakistan Army F.C.">Army F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Education<br /> and <br />Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Pakistan Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachute_Training_School_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Parachute Training School (Pakistan Army)">Parachute Training School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_University_Islamabad" title="Foundation University Islamabad">Foundation University Islamabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_University_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation University Medical College">Foundation University Medical College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="National University of Medical Sciences">National University of<br />Medical Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Medical College">Army Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Post_Graduate_Medical_Institute" title="Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute">Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMH_Lahore_Medical_And_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College">CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah_Medical_College" title="Wah Medical College">Wah Medical College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_%26_Technology" title="National University of Sciences & Technology">National University of<br />Sciences and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Electrical_%26_Mechanical_Engineering" title="College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering">College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Engineering_(Pakistan)" title="Military College of Engineering (Pakistan)">Military College of Engineering </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Signals" title="Military College of Signals">Military College of Signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_Engineering_College" title="Pakistan Navy Engineering College">Pakistan Navy Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Aeronautical_Engineering" title="College of Aeronautical Engineering">College of Aeronautical Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHA_Suffa_University" title="DHA Suffa University">DHA Suffa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HITEC_University" title="HITEC University">HITEC University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Garrison_University" title="Lahore Garrison University">Lahore Garrison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Modern_Languages" title="National University of Modern Languages">National University of Modern Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Technology" title="National University of Technology">National University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_University,_Nowshera" title="Northern University, Nowshera">Northern University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wah" title="University of Wah">University of Wah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Public_College_of_Management_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Public College of Management Sciences">Army Public College of Management Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Preparatory colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College" title="Army Burn Hall College">Army Burn Hall College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Public_Schools_%26_Colleges_System" title="Army Public Schools & Colleges System">Army Public Schools and Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cadet_colleges_in_Pakistan" title="List of cadet colleges in Pakistan">Cadet Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_Jhelum" title="Military College Jhelum">Military College Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_Murree" title="Military College Murree">Military College Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_College_Sui" title="Military College Sui">Military College Sui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Literature and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes" title="A Case of Exploding Mangoes">A Case of Exploding Mangoes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crossed_Swords:_Pakistan,_Its_Army,_and_the_Wars_Within" title="Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within">Crossed Swords</a></i></li> <li><i>The Battle for Pakistan</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_Inc." title="Military Inc.">Military Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dramatization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bravo_Charlie" title="Alpha Bravo Charlie">Alpha Bravo Charlie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angar_Wadi" title="Angar Wadi"><i>Burning Valley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_Maqbool_Hussain" title="Sipahi Maqbool Hussain"><i>Private Maqbool Hussain</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehd-e-Wafa" title="Ehd-e-Wafa">Ehd-e-Wafa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinf-e-Aahan" title="Sinf-e-Aahan">Sinf-e-Aahan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Resolve" title="The Glorious Resolve">The Glorious Resolve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waar" title="Waar">Waar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waar_2" title="Waar 2"><i>Waar-II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaadi" title="Azaadi"><i>Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalghaar" title="Yalghaar"><i>Delta Echo Foxtrot</i></a></li> <li><i>Wilco</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Museum" title="Pakistan Army Museum">Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Institute_of_Military_History" title="Army Institute of Military History">Army Institute of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="List of equipment of the Pakistan Army">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonment_(Pakistan)" title="Cantonment (Pakistan)">Cantonments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">The Establishment (Pakistan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Category:Pakistan Army</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_South_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Islam in South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam in South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">1929</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Islami_Chhatra_Shibir" title="Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir">Islami Chhatra Shibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Democratic_League" title="Islamic Democratic League">Islamic Democratic League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefazat-e-Islam_Bangladesh" title="Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh">Hefazat-e-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Andolan_Bangladesh" title="Islami Andolan Bangladesh">Islami Andolan Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelafat_Majlish" class="mw-redirect" title="Khelafat Majlish">Khelafat Majlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jatiya_Oikya_Front" title="Islami Jatiya Oikya Front">Islami Jatiya Oikya Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jote" title="Islami Oikya Jote">Islami Oikya Jote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Khilafat_Andolan" title="Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan">Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Islami_Front" title="Bangladesh Islami Front">Bangladesh Islami Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Islami_Chattra_Sena" title="Bangladesh Islami Chattra Sena">Islami Chhatra Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_Bangladesh" title="Islamic Front Bangladesh">Islamic Front Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jamiatul_Ashrafia" title="Al Jamiatul Ashrafia">Al Jamiatul Ashrafia</a>, Azamgarh</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markazu_Saquafathi_Sunniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya">Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Raza-e-Mustafa" title="Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa">Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa</a>, Bareilly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Students%27_Federation" title="Sunni Students' Federation">Sunni Students' Federation</a> South India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Academy" title="Raza Academy">Raza Academy</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Ulema_and_Mashaikh_Board" title="All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board">All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-e-Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl-e-Hadith">Ahl-e-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hind" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Hind">Jamaat-e-Islami Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind">Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Front" title="National Development Front">National Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_India" title="Popular Front of India">Popular Front of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_Islamic_Movement_of_India" title="Students' Islamic Movement of India">Students' Islamic Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_Islamic_Organisation_of_India" title="Students Islamic Organisation of India">Students Islamic Organisation of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme_Nabuwwat" title="Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat">Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzeem_ul_Madaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzeem ul Madaris">Tanzeem ul Madaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat_e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawat e Islami">Dawat e Islami</a> International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ahle_Sunnat" title="Jamaat Ahle Sunnat">Jamaat Ahle Sunnat</a> Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Tehreek" title="Sunni Tehreek">Sunni Tehreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzeem-ul-Madaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzeem-ul-Madaris">Tanzeem-ul-Madaris</a> Ahle Sunnat, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamiat-e-Talaba" title="Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba">Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith" title="Jamiat Ahle Hadith">Jamiat Ahle Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzeem-e-Islami" title="Tanzeem-e-Islami">Tanzeem-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-e-Jafaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-e-Jafaria">Tehrik-e-Jafaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Ulema_Council" title="All Pakistan Ulema Council">All Pakistan Ulema Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalmi_Majlis_Tahaffuz_Khatm-e-Nubuwwat" title="Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat">Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sunni_Conference" title="All India Sunni Conference">All India Sunni Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Ganj_Mosque" title="Shaheed Ganj Mosque">Shaheed Ganj Mosque</a> Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme_Nabuwwat" title="Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat">Finality of Prophethood</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat_e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawat e Islami">Dawat e Islami</a> International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Ulema_and_Mashaikh_Board" title="All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board">All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Indian_subcontinent_(Ahl_al-Hadith_movement)" title="Salafi movement">Ahlehadeeth Movement Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir">Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_ul-Fuqra" title="Jamaat ul-Fuqra">Jamaat ul-Fuqra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">All India Khilafat Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim National Guard">Muslim National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahid_Bengali" title="Abdul Wahid Bengali">Abdul Wahid Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Qurayshi" title="Habibullah Qurayshi">Habibullah Qurayshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naeem-ud-Deen_Muradabadi" title="Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi">Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Jamaat_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer Jamaat Ali Shah">Peer Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_el_Baqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah el Baqui">Abdullahil Baqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Raza_Khan" title="Hamid Raza Khan">Hamid Raza Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Raza_Khan_Qadri" title="Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri">Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a> (Justice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Saeed_Kazmi" title="Ahmad Saeed Kazmi">Ahmad Saeed Kazmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majduddin" title="Majduddin">Majduddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Aazmi" title="Amjad Ali Aazmi">Amjad Ali Aazmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Sardar_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Sardar Ahmad">Maulana Sardar Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjad_Raza_Khan" title="Asjad Raza Khan">Asjad Raza Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Chatuli" title="Ibrahim Chatuli">Ibrahim Chatuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Noori" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeed Noori">Saeed Noori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Turab_ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Turab ul Haq">Shah Turab ul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Fazlur_Rahman_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari">Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Qamar_ul_Din_Sialvi" title="Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi">Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ahmad_Noorani" title="Shah Ahmad Noorani">Shah Ahmad Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddeen_Ahmed_Koya_Shaliyathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi">Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshadul_Qaudri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arshadul Qaudri">Arshadul Qaudri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsul-hasan_Shams_Barelvi" title="Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi">Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarfraz_Ahmed_Naeemi" title="Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi">Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Haji_Muhammad_Fazal_Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim">Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Syed_Rafi_Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad">Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hayatullah" title="Syed Hayatullah">Syed Hayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanotvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi">Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Tufail_Mohammad" title="Mian Tufail Mohammad">Mian Tufail Mohammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziya-ur-Rahman_Azmi" title="Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi">Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jouhar">Mohammad Ali Jouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(politician)" title="Shaukat Ali (politician)">Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ahmad_Noorani" title="Shah Ahmad Noorani">Shah Ahmad Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-ur-Rehman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazl-ur-Rehman (politician)">Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Qadri" title="Ilyas Qadri">Ilyas Qadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hussain_Najafi" title="Muhammad Hussain Najafi">Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi" title="Bashir al-Najafi">Grand Ayatollah Bashir Hussain Najafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asadullah_Al-Ghalib" title="Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib">Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Nagori" title="Safdar Nagori">Safdar Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Umri" title="Jalaluddin Umri">Jalaluddin Umri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israr_Ahmed" title="Israr Ahmed">Israr Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Hussain_Hussaini" title="Arif Hussain Hussaini">Arif Hussain Hussaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwar_Hossain_Sayeedi" title="Delwar Hossain Sayeedi">Delwar Hossain Sayeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mehmood_Soomro" title="Khalid Mehmood Soomro">Khalid Mehmood Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Elahi_Zaheer" title="Ehsan Elahi Zaheer">Ehsan Elahi Zaheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Amritsari" title="Sanaullah Amritsari">Sanaullah Amritsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizul_Haque_(scholar,_born_1919)" title="Azizul Haque (scholar, born 1919)">Azizul Haque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlul_Haque_Amini" title="Fazlul Haque Amini">Fazlul Haque Amini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Islam_Farooqi" title="Nurul Islam Farooqi">Nurul Islam Farooqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandaker_Abdullah_Jahangir" title="Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir">Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Muhammad_Zakaria" title="Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria">Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmadullah" title="Sheikh Ahmadullah">Sheikh Ahmadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Sardar_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Sardar Ahmad">Maulana Sardar Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjad_Raza_Khan" title="Asjad Raza Khan">Asjad Raza Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Noori" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeed Noori">Saeed Noori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Zauq_Nadvi" title="Sultan Zauq Nadvi">Sultan Zauq Nadvi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Events</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinances">Hudood Ordinances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohd._Ahmed_Khan_v._Shah_Bano_Begum" title="Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum">Shah Bano case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum,_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984">Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">Militant Islamism in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200499#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000356000184">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176698798">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28985/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpypdMxrvkxPW4VWYvfv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118845101">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78094546">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12037763k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12037763k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071685146">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90198696">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007306521005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028567684">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ziyaulhak">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&oldid=1262528680">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zia-ul-Haq&oldid=1262528680</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Category:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1924_births" title="Category:1924 births">1924 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_deaths" title="Category:1988 deaths">1988 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_September" title="Category:Black September">Black September</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chiefs_of_Army_Staff,_Pakistan" title="Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan">Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_who_took_power_by_coup" title="Category:Leaders who took power by coup">Leaders who took power by coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_government_of_Pakistan_(1977%E2%80%931988)" title="Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)">Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-U.S._alumni_of_the_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College">Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Armoured_Corps_officers" title="Category:Pakistan Armoured Corps officers">Pakistan Armoured Corps officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_anti-communists" title="Category:Pakistani anti-communists">Pakistani anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_generals" title="Category:Pakistani generals">Pakistani generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_Islamists" title="Category:Pakistani Islamists">Pakistani Islamists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Jalandhar" title="Category:People from Jalandhar">People from Jalandhar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Category:People of the Soviet–Afghan War">People of the Soviet–Afghan War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Presidents of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Project-706" title="Category:Project-706">Project-706</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_leaders_killed_in_aviation_accidents_or_incidents" title="Category:State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents">State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Delhi_University_alumni" title="Category:Delhi University alumni">Delhi University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_funerals_in_Pakistan" title="Category:State funerals in Pakistan">State funerals in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi_alumni" title="Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni">St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_aviation_accidents_or_incidents_in_1988" title="Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1988">Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1988</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_aviation_accidents_or_incidents_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Pakistan">Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_expatriates_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Indian expatriates in Malaysia">Indian expatriates in Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_expatriates_in_British_Burma" title="Category:Indian expatriates in British Burma">Indian expatriates in British Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College_alumni" title="Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni">Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)">People from Punjab Province (British India)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali">Recipients of the Order of Al-Hussein bin 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[\"CITEREFEditorial2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaurav_Kampani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoPak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrover2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonRimsa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaqqani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarro_Ranter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Talbot1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahangir2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanna\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKux2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazari1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehmud\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Heng_Siam-HengTen_Chin_Liew2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Asghar_Khan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_Hanif2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohiuddin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadeem_F._Paracha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPML\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanhwar,_Member_of_Sindh_Provincial_Assembly.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirzada2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamakrishnan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRudolf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSardar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchbir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStory_of_Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1998\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Country_Studies\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWaseem1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWawro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikileaks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynbrandt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousaf,_PA1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousafAdkin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaeef2011\"] = 1,\n [\"ML252007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 36,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamism in South Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"No bold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nq\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 17,\n [\"Pakistan Armed Forces\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistan Army template\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ribbon devices\"] = 4,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 5,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"Script/Nastaliq\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 44,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 4,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Zia-ul-Haq's Government\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2016\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2016\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2016\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2010\nno target: CITEREFHanif2008\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2010\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2010\nno target: CITEREFHaqqani2010\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","23.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","9.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","7.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.1"],["[others]","400","21.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-b8fb6998d-879dx","timestamp":"20241211221132","ttl":1734526,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zia-ul-Haq","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zia-ul-Haq","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200499","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200499","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-28T01:49:23Z","dateModified":"2024-12-11T22:11:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/General_Muhammad_Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg","headline":"President of Pakistan from 1978 to 1988"}</script> </body> </html>