CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arequipa - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4c5e984a-1aaf-4bc2-ab5f-4cf84cfa25bc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arequipa","wgTitle":"Arequipa","wgCurRevisionId":1266945745,"wgRevisionId":1266945745,"wgArticleId":18952469,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the EasyTimeline extension","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages with Spanish IPA","Articles containing Quechua-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Articles needing additional references from August 2015","All articles needing additional references","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with dead external links from January 2015", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Arequipa","Tourism in Peru","Cities in Peru","Populated places in the Arequipa Region","Populated places established in 1540","1540 establishments in the Spanish Empire","Regional capital cities in Peru"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arequipa","wgRelevantArticleId":18952469,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat": -16.4,"lon":-71.53333333333333},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q159273","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.timeline.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.timeline.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/1200px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="771"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/800px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="514"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/640px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="411"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arequipa - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arequipa rootpage-Arequipa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arequipa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arequipa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arequipa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arequipa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 City symbols </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-City_symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle City symbols subsection </button> <ul id="toc-City_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Anthem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pre-Columbian era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Republican era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Solar radiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Regionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Art and photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research,_academic_and_cultural_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research,_academic_and_cultural_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Research, academic and cultural institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research,_academic_and_cultural_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights_and_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights_and_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sights and attractions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sights_and_attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sights and attractions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sights_and_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Old_Town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Old_Town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 The Old Town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Old_Town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Religious monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil-public_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil-public_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Civil-public monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil-public_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Military monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil-domestic_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil-domestic_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4 Civil-domestic monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil-domestic_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Suburbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arequipa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="أريكيبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أريكيبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariqipa" title="Ariqipa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ariqipa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekipa" title="Arekipa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arekipa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Арэкіпа (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арэкіпа (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Арэкіпа (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арэкіпа (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арекипа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арекипа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арекипа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арекипа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa_(kapital_sa_rehiyon)" title="Arequipa (kapital sa rehiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arequipa (kapital sa rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Αρεκίπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρεκίπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekipo" title="Arekipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arekipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ارکیپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارکیپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A0%88%ED%82%A4%ED%8C%8C" title="아레키파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아레키파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Արեկիպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արեկիպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%C3%A6" title="Арекипæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арекипæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94" title="ארקיפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארקיפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="არეკიპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არეკიპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekipa" title="Arekipa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arekipa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekipa" title="Arekipa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arekipa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="अरेकिपा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरेकिपा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="اريكيبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريكيبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa_(stad)" title="Arequipa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arequipa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%91" title="アレキパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレキパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekipa" title="Arekipa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arekipa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariqipa" title="Ariqipa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ariqipa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арекипа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арекипа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арекипа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арекипа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="அரேக்கிப்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரேக்கிப்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арекипа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арекипа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="อาเรกิปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาเรกิปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арекіпа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арекіпа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اریکیپا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اریکیپا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekip" title="Arekip – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arekip" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arequipa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%95" title="阿雷基帕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿雷基帕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%95" title="阿雷基帕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿雷基帕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%95" title="阿雷基帕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿雷基帕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159273#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arequipa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arequipa" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arequipa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&oldid=1266945745" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arequipa&id=1266945745&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArequipa">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArequipa">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arequipa&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arequipa" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Arequipa" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159273" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arequipa&params=16_24_S_71_32_W_region:PE_type:city(1008290)">16°24′S 71°32′W / 16.400°S 71.533°W / -16.400; -71.533</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Peru</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city of Arequipa. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arequipa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arequipa (disambiguation)">Arequipa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region capital in Peru</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Arequipa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region capital</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Arequipa</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Arequipa,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cathedral of Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/288px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/432px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/576px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1377" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Arequipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Arequipa">Cathedral of Arequipa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001,_Arequipa,_Peru.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monastery of Santa Catalina de Siena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.JPG/142px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.JPG/213px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.JPG/284px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_001%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Catalina_de_Siena,_Arequipa" title="Monastery of Santa Catalina de Siena, Arequipa">Monastery of Santa Catalina</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Casa del Moral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg/142px-Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg/213px-Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg/284px-Casa_del_Moral_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Moral" title="Casa del Moral">Casa del Moral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div style="height:46px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Church of La Compañía" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg/70px-Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg/105px-Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg/140px-Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of La Compañía, Arequipa (page does not exist)">Church of La Compañía</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div style="height:46px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skyline of Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_%28cropped%29.jpg/428px-View_from_Arequipa%27s_Cathedral_rooftop_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5360" data-file-height="1158" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of Arequipa with the <a href="/wiki/Misti" title="Misti">Misti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a> volcanoes</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Arequipa"><img alt="Flag of Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg/100px-Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg/150px-Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg/200px-Bandera_de_Arequipa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Arequipa"><img alt="Coat of arms of Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg/100px-Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg/150px-Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg/200px-Escudo_de_Armas_de_Arequipa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1080" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">La Ciudad Blanca (The White City), León del Sur (Lion of the South)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: Himno Arequipeño <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="131" data-mwtitle="Arequipa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Arequipa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Arequipa.ogg/Arequipa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arequipa is located in Peru"><img alt="Arequipa is located in Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peru_location_map.svg/250px-Peru_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peru_location_map.svg/375px-Peru_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peru_location_map.svg/500px-Peru_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2679" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.266%;left:71.012%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Arequipa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Peru</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arequipa&params=16_24_S_71_32_W_region:PE_type:city(1008290)">16°24′S 71°32′W / 16.400°S 71.533°W / -16.400; -71.533</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa Region">Arequipa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru" title="Provinces of Peru">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa Province">Arequipa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1540</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%AD_Manuel_de_Carbajal" title="Garcí Manuel de Carbajal">Garcí Manuel de Carbajal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Víctor Hugo Rivera (2023–2026) </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Region capital</div></th><td class="infobox-data">69 km2 (27 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,923.53 km2 (1,128.78 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,335 m (7,661 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2017)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Region capital</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,008,290</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">()</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,214,290</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">15,000/km2 (38,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" title="List of metropolitan areas of Peru">1,034,736</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Arequipeño</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$12.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>55.9% <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Indigenous</a>)</li> <li>33.5% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Indigenous</a> <ul><li>30.0% <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a></li> <li>3.3% <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aimara</a></li> <li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin#Indigenous_peoples" title="Amazon basin">Amazonian</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></li> <li>0.1% Other indigenous groups <a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a></li></ul></li> <li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">White</a></li> <li>3.4% Other</li> <li>2.3% No answer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5">UTC-5</a> (PET)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (PET)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">040</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe">www.muniarequipa.gob.pe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Arequipa" title="Historic Centre of Arequipa">Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2000 (24th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1016">1016</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South America">Latin America and Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Arequipa (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[aɾeˈkipa]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>: Ariqipa), also known by its nicknames of Ciudad Blanca (Spanish for "White City") and León del Sur (Spanish for "Lion of the South"),<a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a> is a city in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and the capital of the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Arequipa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa (province)">province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arequipa" title="Department of Arequipa">department</a>. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru" title="Constitutional Court of Peru">Constitutional Court of Peru</a> and often dubbed the "legal capital of Peru".<a href="#cite_note-capitaljuridica_Normative_p6-6">[3]</a> It is the second most populated city in Peru, after the capital <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, with an urban population of 1,296,278 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts, including the foundational central area, which it is the seat of the city government. The city had a nominal GDP of US$9,445 million, equivalent to US$10,277 per capita (US$18,610 per capita PPP) in 2015, making Arequipa the city with the second-highest economic activity in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru,<a href="#cite_note-chanfreau40p-8">[5]</a> and is considered as the second industrial city of the country. Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> of camelids. The town maintains close commercial links with <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and with the cities connected by the <a href="/wiki/PeruRail" title="PeruRail">South trainway</a>, as well as with the port of <a href="/wiki/Matarani" title="Matarani">Matarani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-export17p-9">[6]</a> The city was founded on 15 August 1540, under the name of "Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption" in the name of Marquis <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>. On 22 September 1541, the monarch <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos I of Spain">Carlos V</a> ordered that it should be called the "City of Arequipa". During the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">viceregal period</a>, it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role,<a href="#cite_note-chanfreau40p-8">[5]</a> and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown,<a href="#cite_note-linares115p-10">[7]</a> which honored Arequipa with titles such as "Very Noble and Very Loyal".<a href="#cite_note-barriga133p-11">[8]</a> In the Republican history of Peru, the city has been the focus of popular, civic and democratic rebellions. It has also been the cradle of notable intellectual, political and religious figures.<a href="#cite_note-compendio63p-12">[9]</a> In the Republican era, it was awarded the title of "Heroic city of the free people of Arequipa".<a href="#cite_note-neira438p-13">[10]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Arequipa" title="Historic Centre of Arequipa">historical center</a> extends over an area of 332 hectares<a href="#cite_note-compendio80p-14">[11]</a> and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-15">[12]</a> Historical heritage and monumental that it houses and its diverse scenic and cultural spaces turn it into a host city of national and international tourism, in its <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Arequipa" title="Historic Centre of Arequipa">historical center</a> it highlights the religious architecture viceregal and republican product of mixture of Spanish and autochthonous characteristics,<a href="#cite_note-Normative_Compendium_p2-16">[13]</a> that constituted an own stylistic school called "Arequipeña School"<a href="#cite_note-benavides73p-17">[14]</a> whose influence arrived in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> (Bolivia).<a href="#cite_note-potosí-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-compendio6p-19">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> An etymology supported by linguist <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Cerr%C3%B3n-Palomino" title="Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino">Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino</a>, already proposed by the 18th-century anthropologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Middendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Middendorf (page does not exist)">Ernst Middendorf</a>, about the possible origin of the city's name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> phrase ari qhipa, where ari is "peak, mountain top" and qhipa "behind", altogether translating to "(place) behind the peak",<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> referring to the nearby volcano <a href="/wiki/El_Misti" class="mw-redirect" title="El Misti">Misti.</a><a href="#cite_note-Etimologia-21">[18]</a> A local tradition states that <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayta_C%C3%A1pac" title="Mayta Cápac">Mayta Cápac</a> received a petition from his subjects to reach the valley of the River Chili. They asked him for permission to stay in the region as they were impressed by the beauty of the landscape and the mild climate. The Inca answered in Quechua ⟨Are quipay⟩ "Ari, qhipay" ("Yes, stay").<a href="#cite_note-garayar51p-22">[19]</a> However, another similar tale states that when the first Europeans arrived to the valley, they pointed at the ground and asked for the name of the land. The local chief, not understanding the question, assumed they were asking for permission to sit down and gave the aforementioned affirmation, which sounded to the Spanish like "Arequipa".<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Chroniclers <a href="/wiki/Blas_Valera" title="Blas Valera">Blas Valera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a> suggest that the name of the city comes from an ancient <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> phrase ⟨ari qquepan⟩ "ari q’ipa", supposedly meaning "sonorous trumpet", but in actuality something closer to "new conch trumpet", in reference to the sound produced from blowing into an empty conch-like seashell.<a href="#cite_note-palma30p-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_symbols">City symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: City symbols">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flag">edit</a>]</div> Historians debate the origin of the crimson flag of the city. By 1940, several historians, most notably Francisco Mostajo and Victor M. Barriga, confirmed the royal origin of the crimson color of the flag, contrary to a blue banner which historian Victor Benavente hypothesized to be the original. This matches the color that local sports organizations use.<a href="#cite_note-galdos246p-25">[22]</a> On 2 September 1940, Francisco Mostajo sent a letter to the Mayor of the City to explain his views regarding the color of the Banner of Arequipa, basing his claims on the 'Act of the Oath of King Carlos III " of 11 August 1788. On 23 September of the same year, Father Victor M. Barriga also published an important document in the Catholic newspaper El Deber that contains a description of the royal standard of Arequipa found in the "Act of 3 September 1789".<a href="#cite_note-neira354p-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> On 22 December 1540, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a> elevated Arequipa to the rank of <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> by royal decree, awarding it a coat of arms on which a mythical animal carries a banner inscribed with Karlos V or Del Rey.<a href="#cite_note-palma30p-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthem">Anthem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anthem">edit</a>]</div> The city anthem is Fourth Centenary Anthem. Lyrics and music were composed by Emilio Pardo Valle and Aurelio Diaz Espinoza, who won a 1939 contest which the city council organize to dedicate a new anthem. Since then, the song has been sung at all important civic events held in the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arequipa,_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arequipa%2C_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg/170px-Arequipa%2C_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arequipa%2C_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg/255px-Arequipa%2C_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arequipa%2C_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg/340px-Arequipa%2C_Santa_Catalina_Monastery_en_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="4152" /></a><figcaption>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Catalina_de_Siena,_Arequipa" title="Monastery of Santa Catalina de Siena, Arequipa">Monastery of Santa Catalina de Siena</a></figcaption></figure> The early inhabitants of the modern-day Arequipa area were nomads who relied on <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter%E2%80%93gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter–gatherer">gathering</a> for survival. Later, pre-Inca cultures <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> llamas and became <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-galdos13p2-27">[24]</a> Terraces used for crop irrigation were built on both sides of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chili River (page does not exist)">Chili River</a> valley. The Yarabaya and Chimbe tribes settled in the city's current location, and together with the Cabana and Collagua tribes they developed an agrarian economy in the valley.<a href="#cite_note-galdos13p2-27">[24]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Inca</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayta_C%C3%A1pac" title="Mayta Cápac">Mayta Cápac</a> arrived in the valley of the Chili river, he didn't build cities. Instead, through the <a href="/wiki/Mitma" title="Mitma">mitma</a> policy, he forced the resettlement of his subjects to solidify control of existing territories, conduct intelligence duties, and strengthen border enclaves to control unconquered villages.<a href="#cite_note-galdos14p2-28">[25]</a> A Hispanic version of the events, detailed by chronicler <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(chronicler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, which has been described as historically inaccurate,<a href="#cite_note-galdos15p2-29">[26]</a> suggests that around 1170[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arequipa#Dubious" title="Talk:Arequipa">discuss</a>] Huayna Capac stopped in the Chili River valley with his army, calling the area Ari qepay which means "Let's stay here." Lands were then distributed among 3,000 families who founded communities such as Yanahuara, Cayma, Tiabaya, Socabaya, and Characato, all of which are districts in Arequipa today.<a href="#cite_note-garayar50p2-30">[27]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">their conquest of Chile</a> the Incas resettled part of the population thousands of kilometres away in <a href="/wiki/Aconcagua_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Aconcagua Valley">Aconcagua Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> On 15 August 1540, Spanish lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%AD_Manuel_de_Carbajal" title="Garcí Manuel de Carbajal">Garcí Manuel de Carbajal</a> named the cluster of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(Americas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (Americas)">Native American</a> villages in the area "Villa de la Asunción de Nuestra Señora del Valle Hermoso de Arequipa".<a href="#cite_note-«arellano257p»2-32">[29]</a> At the time of its foundation, Arequipa already had a city council because Carbajal also led relocation efforts for an existing coastal city named Villa Hermosa de Camana. The name was shortened to Villa Hermosa de Arequipa.<a href="#cite_note-neira244p2-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> of Germany and I of Spain gave the town a status of 'city' by Royal Decree on 22 September 1541.<a href="#cite_note-cornejob35p2-34">[31]</a> The relocation efforts were led by <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%AD_Manuel_de_Carbajal" title="Garcí Manuel de Carbajal">Garcí Manuel de Carbajal</a>, who was selected as the political authority for the foundation of the new town.<a href="#cite_note-neira246p2-35">[32]</a> Among the first public works carried out in the city are the Main Church, the City Hall, the bridge on the Chili River and the monastery of Nuestra Señora de Gracia.<a href="#cite_note-neira256p2-36">[33]</a> The city became one of the most known and important in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, being second from the capital, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. A town council was organized soon after the city of founded, which was in charge of electing mayors and authorities for the city. The organization was broken during civil wars carried out by rebel groups, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>. Since 1553, by order of Viceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza, the application of the system of insaculation and under this system a mayor "of neighbors" and another "of soldiers" are elected, who were later replaced by the mayor "of neighbors" and "of citizens." The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa" title="Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa">Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa</a> began construction in 1544 but was destroyed due to an earthquake in 1583. The cathedral was rebuilt in 1590 and in 1609, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> created the Arequpa Diocese. The cathedral was complete in 1950. One aspect that distinguished Arequipa from other localities in Peru, and <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, in particular, was the explicit public adherence of the city's ruling classes to the Spanish Crown during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the eighteenth century, with the occurrence of the different indigenous and mestizo movements and rebellions, Arequipa maintained a political balance and closed adherence to the directives coming from the kings of Spain, a phenomenon called "fidelismo" that had as notable defenders Francisco de Paula Quiroz, Mariano de Rivero, Nicólas Fernández, and José Miguel de Lastarria. In the uprising of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a> he confronted the city with a column of troops that he armed at his expense, and helped destroy the siege of the city of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, which earns it the qualification of "Restoration Province of the Collao". For these services, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">King Charles IV</a> issued a Royal Decree in the city of San Lorenzo on December 5, 1805, in which he ordered her to be called and titled Fidelísima. Independence <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TomadeArequipa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Siege of Arequipa, 1856, Marshal Ramon Castilla enters Arequipa to gain back control of the city from the armies of General Vivanco." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TomadeArequipa.JPG/240px-TomadeArequipa.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TomadeArequipa.JPG/360px-TomadeArequipa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TomadeArequipa.JPG/480px-TomadeArequipa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Arequipa, 1856, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Marshal Ramón Castilla</a> enters Arequipa to gain back control of the city from the armies of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco" title="Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco">General Vivanco</a> </figcaption></figure> Since the Spanish founding of Arequipa, the mostly Spanish population retained heavy loyalty to the Spanish crown, a phenomenon called fidelismo.<a href="#cite_note-caceres128p2-37">[34]</a> Among its most notable proponents were Francisco de Paula Quiroz, Mariano de Rivero, Nicolás Fernández, and José Miguel de Lastarria.<a href="#cite_note-garayar54p2-38">[35]</a> In 1805, the Spanish Monarchy gave the city the title of Faithful by Royal Charter.<a href="#cite_note-caceres127p2-39">[36]</a> Because of its distance from other Peruvian cities, Arequipa was not heavily influenced by libertarian movements and was mostly loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caceres128p2-37">[34]</a> In 1814, <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Pumacahua" title="Mateo Pumacahua">Mateo Pumacahua</a>'s pro-independence troops only briefly occupied Arequipa. The city would remain under Spanish control until the Battle of Ayacucho (1824), due to struggles for local political power.<a href="#cite_note-gadea1p2-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_era">Republican era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Republican era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> After independence was proclaimed, the area of the Intendancy of Arequipa was established as a department by a decree of May 26, 1822. During the Congress of 1826 and the Constituent Assembly of 1827, Javier de Luna Pizarro, from Arequipa and Loreto, assumed the presidency. Under <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, Arequipa established itself as a staunch opponent of the dictatorial tendencies of the Liberator after his triumph at <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>. Prominent Arequipeños such as Domingo Tristán, Benito Lazo and Gualberto Valdivia openly spoke out against the Bolivarian constitution for life. It was during this period that the Academia Lauretana promoted the creation of the Colegio Nacional de la Independencia Americana and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="National University of San Agustín">National University of San Agustín</a> in 1827.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg/220px-Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg/330px-Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg/440px-Plaza_de_Armas_Ciudad_de_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Plaza de Armas of Arequipa</figcaption></figure> Arequipa's strategic location at the crossroads of the colonial silver trade route and that of the post-independence wool trade route allowed the city to emerge as an administrative, commercial, and industrial hub.<a href="#cite_note-chanfreau40p-8">[5]</a> In the decade following Peru's 1821 declaration of independence from Spain, society in Arequipa and Peru at-large was in transition.<a href="#cite_note-ponce51p-41">[38]</a> Thus, Arequipa not only became the birthplace of notable political figures<a href="#cite_note-cotler97p-42">[39]</a> but also the site of key political movements<a href="#cite_note-cotler93p-43">[40]</a> that helped defend the legal and economic stability of the city;<a href="#cite_note-bethell402p-44">[41]</a> thus elevating Arequipa to a status second only to its rival city and the capital, Lima.<a href="#cite_note-ponce53p-45">[42]</a> On 13 January 1835, President <a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_de_Orbegoso" title="Luis José de Orbegoso">Luis José de Orbegoso</a> moved his government from Lima to Arequipa by presidential decree.<a href="#cite_note-neira438p2-46">[43]</a> Meanwhile, in Lima, General <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry" title="Felipe Santiago Salaverry">Felipe Santiago Salaverry</a> named himself Supreme Chief of the Republic, arguing that the country was leaderless as Orbegoso was outside the capital.<a href="#cite_note-congreso.gob.pe2-47">[44]</a> Orbegoso then sought support from Bolivian president <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a> against the claims of <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry" title="Felipe Santiago Salaverry">Salaverry.</a> On 4 February 1836, Salaverry's Army of Reunification won a battle at Uchumayo. However, three days later in Socabaya, Salaverry surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a><a href="#cite_note-garayar56p2-48">[45]</a> On 18 February 1836, Salaverry and his nine officers were shot in the main square of the city.<a href="#cite_note-rivap2-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Arequipa_(1864).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Catedral_de_Arequipa_%281864%29.jpg/220px-Catedral_de_Arequipa_%281864%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Catedral_de_Arequipa_%281864%29.jpg/330px-Catedral_de_Arequipa_%281864%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Catedral_de_Arequipa_%281864%29.jpg/440px-Catedral_de_Arequipa_%281864%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption>Arequipa's Basilica Cathedral with Chachani volcano, 1864</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Arequipa_in_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cathedral_of_Arequipa_in_1884.jpg/220px-Cathedral_of_Arequipa_in_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cathedral_of_Arequipa_in_1884.jpg/330px-Cathedral_of_Arequipa_in_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Cathedral_of_Arequipa_in_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa" title="Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa">Cathedral of Arequipa</a> in 1884</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926,_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926%2C_Arequipa.jpg/170px-Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926%2C_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926%2C_Arequipa.jpg/255px-Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926%2C_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926%2C_Arequipa.jpg/340px-Calle_Mercaderes_in_1926%2C_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Calle Mercaderes next to the Cathedral in 1926</figcaption></figure> After expressing their rejection to the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a>, the Chilean government sent a military expedition that arrived in Arequipa on 12 October 1837.<a href="#cite_note-pardo34p2-50">[47]</a> To avoid military conflict, negotiations led to a peace treaty signing in Paucarpata, a small town near Arequipa on 17 November 1837.<a href="#cite_note-pinguioXp2-51">[48]</a> In the following years, the city was the site of uprisings and successive military coups, which ended with the victory of forces led by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Miguel de San Román">Miguel de San Román</a> against the army of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco" title="Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco">Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco</a> in the Battle of Paucarpata on 29 June 1857.<a href="#cite_note-garayar57p2-52">[49]</a> Around this time, Arequipa gained prominence as a center of business and trade,<a href="#cite_note-cotler28p2-53">[50]</a> focused in agricultural products and the production of wool, sometimes through exploitation of peasants.<a href="#cite_note-cotler27p2-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-cotler20p2-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tren_Arequipa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tren_Arequipa.png/220px-Tren_Arequipa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tren_Arequipa.png/330px-Tren_Arequipa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tren_Arequipa.png/440px-Tren_Arequipa.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Opening ceremony of the first railway in Arequipa. 1871.</figcaption></figure> On 31 August 1882, following the occupation of Lima during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">Lizardo Montero Flores</a> arrived in Arequipa and declared it the capital of Peru, which changed back to Lima after its occupation ended in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[53]</a> On 22 April 1883, Montero installed a National Congress<a href="#cite_note-neira532p2-57">[54]</a> which was located at Independence College, also counting military support from a local army<a href="#cite_note-mcevoy222p2-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-bulnes285p2-59">[56]</a> and important financial support from quotas and taxes coming from the economic elite and the southern agricultural districts.<a href="#cite_note-mcevoy222p2-58">[55]</a> However, on 25 October 1883, a popular uprising overthrew the government of President Montero, who managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>. Four days later, with support from city authorities, Chilean troops occupied Arequipa until August 1884.<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[53]</a> Montero's government had a "National Congress" installed on April 22, 1883 in the cloisters of the Colegio Independencia and the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, a military backing made up of all males between the ages of 20 and 60They made up an army of 4,000 men and 8,000 to 10,000 National Guardsmenand significant economic support based on the quotas and expenditures imposed on both the economic elite and the various southern agricultural districts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The Republican Era brought many improvements to the city's infrastructure and economy. The Southern Railroad built by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Meiggs" title="Henry Meiggs">Henry Meiggs</a> connected Arequipa with the port city of Mollendo in 1871 and with <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a> in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> In 1908, the first telegraph system in the Arequipa region connected <a href="/wiki/Mollendo" title="Mollendo">Mollendo</a>, Arequipa and Vitor. In 1914, the city built its first drinking water supply system as well as an aqueduct. In 1940, the city's international airport, <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Rodríguez Ballón International Airport">Rodríguez Ballón International Airport</a>, named after the Peruvian pilot from Arequipa, Rodríguez Ballón, was opened. Politically, Arequipa was no stranger to the tumults of the century. On August 22, 1930, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro</a> assumed control, forcing the departure of President <a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Augusto B. Leguía</a>. In a similar twist, on October 27, 1948, General Manuel A. Odría established a junta government after deposing President José Luis Bustamante y Rivero. But beyond the military movements, Arequipa also shone as a cradle of civic resistance. Two demonstrations against the Odría regime are especially noteworthy: one in June 1950 and the other that dominated the scene in December 1955. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, the historic center of Arequipa was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> However, on 23 June 2001, an <a href="/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake" title="2001 southern Peru earthquake">8.4-magnitude earthquake</a> damaged several historical buildings.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> This resulted in more precautions and safety measures to be conducted, to ensure the safety of the city and its history. Around the 2010s, the city experienced a large economic growth, partially due to its mining sector, being near <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> reserves. The city has also tackled socio-environmental challenges, such as water management and urban planning. Arequipa's Urban Development Plan 2025 is a reflection of these efforts. The urban transport system has evolved, including the modernization of buses. Sustainable mobility has also been a concern, with the incorporation of electric buses and the promotion of the use of non-motorized vehicles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> The city is located at an average elevation of 2,328 metres (7,638 ft) above sea level, with the lowest part of the city at 2,041 metres (6,696 ft) above sea level in the area called Huayco <a href="/wiki/Uchumayo_District" title="Uchumayo District">Uchumayo</a> while the highest is located at 2,810 metres (9,220 ft) above sea level. The central part of the city is split by the Chili River from north to south; to the north and east of Arequipa are the Andes Mountains, while to the south and west are sub-ranges of the Andes. The valley of Arequipa strategically links the coastal and highland regions of southern Peru.<a href="#cite_note-gutierrez17p-64">[61]</a> A series of volcanic cones dominates the city skyline – <a href="/wiki/El_Misti" class="mw-redirect" title="El Misti">Misti</a> and the extinct volcanic groups <a href="/wiki/Pichu_Pichu" title="Pichu Pichu">Pichu Pichu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a>. The western slopes of the Andes feature thick, extensive layers of volcanic lava.<a href="#cite_note-regional19p-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-08-02,_DD_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_02.JPG/290px-Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_02.JPG/435px-Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_02.JPG/580px-Volc%C3%A1n_Misti_desde_Arequipa%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-08-02%2C_DD_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="4385" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Misti" title="Misti">Misti</a> volcano, and the valley of the Chili River.</figcaption></figure> The climate of the city is predominantly dry in <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> due to low atmospheric humidity and a level of precipitation corresponding to that of a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> (BWk, according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>). On average, Arequipa has 300 days of sunshine each year. Typically, temperatures neither exceed 25 °C (77 °F) nor drop below 5 °C (41 °F). The wet season lasts from December to March and is marked by the presence of clouds in the afternoon and low rainfall. In winter (June and July), the temperature drops to an average of 6 °C (43 °F). The average relative humidity is 46%, with an average high of 70% in the summer season and a minimum average of 27% during autumn, winter and spring, according to data from the Goyeneche Hospital weather station.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[63]</a> The mountainous topography surrounding the Chili River valley affects low-pressure fronts and local winds. These winds occur mainly in the early morning and the evening. Mountain breezes typically flow northeast, and valley breezes typically flow southwest. Wind velocity fluctuates between 1.5 m/s and 2.5 m/s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[63]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Arequipa (1991–2020, extremes 1892–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0 (28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.7 (25.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (1.08) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9 (1.57) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (0.81) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.5 (3.80) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.9 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,333.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Météo Climat<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-68">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA,<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-69">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity 1951–1969, precipitation days 1970–1990, and sun 1931–1958),<a href="#cite_note-DWD-70">[67]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_radiation">Solar radiation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Solar radiation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Solar radiation</a> in Arequipa ranges from 850 to 950 W/m 2 (watts per square meter), one of the highest levels of radiation in South America and the highest recorded in Peru. Arequipa's proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> contribute to the higher levels of radiation.<a href="#cite_note-conam21p-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaves_de_la_Rosa,_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chaves_de_la_Rosa%2C_Arequipa.jpg/178px-Chaves_de_la_Rosa%2C_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chaves_de_la_Rosa%2C_Arequipa.jpg/268px-Chaves_de_la_Rosa%2C_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chaves_de_la_Rosa%2C_Arequipa.jpg/357px-Chaves_de_la_Rosa%2C_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>French type architecture in Arequipa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg/201px-Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg/302px-Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg/402px-Villa_M%C3%A9dica_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>High rise apartments in Arequipa.</figcaption></figure> On 15 August 1540, the Spanish plan for Arequipa resembled a checkerboard made of fifty-six blocks, each one of "400 Castilian feet" (111.40 meters) per side.<a href="#cite_note-neira244p2-33">[30]</a> Each block consisted of four or eight land lots, which were distributed according to the status of the new owners. Over time, some religious institutions would occupy an entire block as did the Convent of Santa Catalina and the San Francisco Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico12p-72">[69]</a> Urban expansion occurred at the expense of the countryside, and this phenomenon has accelerated in recent decades. Arequipa expanded east of the historic center, and new avenues such as Parra Boulevard and Siglo Veinte Avenue were built to connect the historic center with newer neighborhoods, such as Vallecito (developed in the 1940s)<a href="#cite_note-vallecito-73">[70]</a> or with already existing towns like Yanahuara, which were absorbed by the city's expansion. Shantytowns appeared in the districts of Miraflores, Barrio Obrero, and Jacinto Ibanez. A permanent marketplace was built in a vacant lot previously occupied by the San Camilo Monastery. The Goyeneche Hospital was built between 1905 and 1910. Two theaters (Municipal and Ateneo), a hotel (Hotel de Turistas), a public library and the campus of San Agustin University were other city developments of the early 20th century. Housing projects and new neighborhoods were also built, such as Cuarto Centenario and Selva Alegre.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico14p-74">[71]</a> In the late 1950s, the city rapidly grew, especially in peripheral areas.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico15p-75">[72]</a> Around this time, industrial operations located in areas of Barrio del Solar and Barrio Obrero,<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico24p-76">[73]</a> near the city center, moved outwards to the industrial zone (Parque Industrial), causing the former industrial areas to become commercial zones.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico6p-77">[74]</a> Some educational institutions, such as the National University of San Agustin, moved out of the city center to more spacious land lots in peripheral areas to accommodate their growing facilities. Residential zones also developed in peripheral suburbs, causing the main function of the city center to be a tourist and business district.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico15p-75">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Center_Quimera,_Avenida_Metropolitana,_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/City_Center_Quimera%2C_Avenida_Metropolitana%2C_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg/199px-City_Center_Quimera%2C_Avenida_Metropolitana%2C_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/City_Center_Quimera%2C_Avenida_Metropolitana%2C_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg/299px-City_Center_Quimera%2C_Avenida_Metropolitana%2C_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/City_Center_Quimera%2C_Avenida_Metropolitana%2C_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg/398px-City_Center_Quimera%2C_Avenida_Metropolitana%2C_Cerro_Colorado_-_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>City Center Quimera, the tallest buildings in Arequipa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative division">edit</a>]</div> The metropolitan area of Arequipa consists of 19 districts,<a href="#cite_note-muni23p2012-78">[75]</a> with a total area of 305,798 acres (123,752 hectares) of which 10,142 acres (4,104 ha) are distinctly urban.<a href="#cite_note-muni36p2012a-79">[76]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;clear:all;font-size:90%; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20">No. </th> <th width="150">District </th> <th width="20">No. </th> <th width="150">District </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arequipa_District" title="Arequipa District">Downtown</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>Paucarpata </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Cayma </td> <td>8 </td> <td>Jacobo Hunter </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Colorado_District" title="Cerro Colorado District">Cerro Colorado</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>Miraflores </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Sachaca </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Tiabaya </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Yanahuara </td> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Bustamante_District" title="José Luis Bustamante District">JL Bustamante y Rivero</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Alto Selva Alegre </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgar_District" title="Mariano Melgar District">Mariano Melgar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Sabandía </td> <td>14 </td> <td>Socabaya </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Source: National Institute of Statistics and Informatics </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg/240px-Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg/360px-Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg/480px-Atardecer_en_la_Calle_Mercaderes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4317" data-file-height="3238" /></a><figcaption>Downtown scenery at Mercaderes street.</figcaption></figure> According to the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Peru_2007_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru 2007 Census">census</a>, 70% of the Department of Arequipa's total population and 90% of its urban population lives in Arequipa city proper. The city is the second most populous in Peru after the capital, Lima. In an early census in 1796, Arequipa had a population of 37,241, of which 22,207 (59.6%) were Spaniards, 5,929 (15.9%) were Native Americans, 4,908 (13.2%) were <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a>, 2,487 (6.7%) were <a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizos</a>, and 1,710 (4.6%) were Africans.<a href="#cite_note-gutierrez83p-80">[77]</a> Population growth accelerated from 1.1% growth between 1876 and 1917 to 3.3% growth between 1940 and 1960.<a href="#cite_note-gutierrez226p-81">[78]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnicities of Arequipa in 2017<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnicities</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:55.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:30.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">White</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:4.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Other indigenous groups</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGray; width:3.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:3.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">No answer</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Brown; width:2.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The city's population increased from 80,000 in 1940 to 158,000 in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-gutierrez226p-81">[78]</a> An earthquake in 1958 and a drought in the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> caused a rise in migration, urbanization, and peripheral city growth (suburbs and shantytowns) that continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico15p-75">[72]</a> The rearrangement and improvement of urban space after the earthquakes also helped cause Arequipa's population to grow twofold in a decade.<a href="#cite_note-gutierrez231p-83">[80]</a> The population increased from 158,000 in 1961 to 309,000 in 1972 to almost 500,000 in 1983. Urban development of previously rural areas incorporated subsistence farming into the urban way of life.<a href="#cite_note-gutierrez232p-84">[81]</a> Evolution of the population of Arequipa in the period between 1796 and 2017 <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Population (City of Arequipa) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td>1796 </td> <td>37241 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1804 </td> <td>37148 </td> <td>Population Census 1804 (Gil de Toboada)<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico12p-72">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1812 </td> <td>34478 </td> <td>Viceroyalty of Peru in 1812 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876 </td> <td>30932 </td> <td>Census of inhabitants of Peru (1876) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917 </td> <td>44209 </td> <td>Census of the City of Arequipa in 1917<a href="#cite_note-inep-85">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>80947 </td> <td>INEI<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>158685 </td> <td>INEI<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>309094 </td> <td>INEI<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>446942 </td> <td>INEI<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>619156 </td> <td>INEI<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>749291 </td> <td>INEI<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>1008290 </td> <td>INEI 2012 population estimate<a href="#cite_note-proyeccion2015INEI-87">[84]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_3znryg40llf1wci292pdopp6qaarvvn"></map><img usemap="#timeline_3znryg40llf1wci292pdopp6qaarvvn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/3znryg40llf1wci292pdopp6qaarvvn.png" /></div> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> Sources: Population Census 1804 (Gil de Toboada)<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico12p-72">[69]</a> Viceroyalty of Peru in 1812, Census of inhabitants of Peru (1876), Census of the City of Arequipa in 1917<a href="#cite_note-inep-85">[82]</a> INEI,<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[83]</a> INEI 2012 population estimate<a href="#cite_note-proyeccion2015INEI-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> 74.2% of the Department of Arequipa's GDP is generated by the city of Arequipa, according to studies by the National University of San Agustin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Department of Arequipa's GDP is the second highest in Peru, after that of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lima" title="Department of Lima">Department of Lima</a>. From 2003 to 2008, Arequipa was the "city with the greatest economic growth in Latin America" with a 66.1% increase in GDP per capita, according to a 2009 report of "America Economia".<a href="#cite_note-AméricaEconomía-88">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable" width="50%" style="float:center;text-align:center;clear:all;margin-left:25%;font-size:84%"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="black" colspan="5">Economic Indicators – City of Arequipa </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th width="20%">Population (MM) </th> <th width="20%">GDP 2010 (millions USD$) </th> <th width="20%">GDP per capita 2010 (USD$) </th> <th width="20%">% Unemployment 2011 </th> <th width="20%">No. investment banks </th></tr> <tr> <td> 0–9 </td> <td>10,587 </td> <td>12,188 </td> <td>5,0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9" align="center">Source: American Journal Economics. Special Cities<a href="#cite_note-america2011-89">[86]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> According to a government survey, Arequipa has the largest "workforce" in Peru with 625,547 people, and an economically active population (PEA) which amounts to 376,764 people having an employment rate similar to the national average with an average monthly income of 928 soles.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The main economic sectors for the economically active population are manufacturing (12.9%), trade (23%), and non-personal services (36.6%).<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> The unemployment rate in the Arequipa metropolitan area is 8%,<a href="#cite_note-muni23p2012-78">[75]</a> compared to only 5% unemployment in Arequipa city proper.<a href="#cite_note-america2011-89">[86]</a> In Arequipa, tourism is a vital contributor to the local economy, as the city is the third most visited city in the country after Cusco and <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-export17p-9">[6]</a> In 2010, Arequipa received a total of 1.395 million visitors according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Commerce_and_Tourism_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism (Peru)">Ministry of Commerce and Tourism.</a><a href="#cite_note-Turistas-92">[89]</a> Since the 20th century, many factories tied to the primary sector, especially textiles and agriculture, have emerged. Arequipa's serves as an important commercial and industrial hub in the southern Andes in Peru, linking the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> to the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-PlanArequipaMetro-93">[90]</a> Large-scale mining also contributes to the city's economy; as is the case of Cerro Verde,<a href="#cite_note-cotler96p-94">[91]</a> a mining site established in 1976 near the Arequipa valley.<a href="#cite_note-centrum-95">[92]</a> The city's industrial sector has the largest nationwide diversification<a href="#cite_note-Industria-96">[93]</a> and is the second most industrialized city of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-export17p-9">[6]</a> After two major earthquakes in 1958 and 1960, with the law of the "Rehabilitation and Development Board of Arequipa", an industrial complex was built with one of the first factories being the Yura cement factory (Cementos Yura).<a href="#cite_note-Industria-96">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Industrial_de_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Parque_Industrial_de_Arequipa.jpg/240px-Parque_Industrial_de_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Parque_Industrial_de_Arequipa.jpg/360px-Parque_Industrial_de_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Parque_Industrial_de_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Partial view of the industrial zone of Arequipa (Parque Industrial de Arequipa) located in the southern part of the city.</figcaption></figure> This first industrial complex named Parque Industrial de Arequipa now has a great diversity of factories ranging from consumer-related industries (food and beverages) and construction (PVC, cement, and steel) to chemical and export products (textile companies).<a href="#cite_note-Industria-96">[93]</a> Among the most important companies are Alicorp SAA, Processed Foods SA, Laive, La Iberica, Manuel Muñoz Najar, Bin Pan SA, Consorcio Industrial Arequipa SA, Omniagro, Backus & Johnston, Corporación Aceros Arequipa, Francky and Ricky, Michell & Cia, and IncaTops.<a href="#cite_note-Industria-96">[93]</a> Moreover, the city's industrial sector has expanded and other industrial complexes have emerged such as Parque Industrial APIMA (developed for small businesses),<a href="#cite_note-apima-97">[94]</a> Parque Industrial Rio Seco and industrial areas in the Alfonso Ugarte Ave, Uchumayo Road and the northern part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-zonificación-98">[95]</a> On 15 August 1959, the first television transmission in the city of Arequipa was broadcast at the Cultural Hall of the National University of San Agustin. Businessman Jack Dwyre conducted the broadcast through his new company Televisora Sur Peruana in partnership with <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Saint Augustine">San Agustin National University</a> as Channel 2 (now TV UNSA).<a href="#cite_note-television-99">[96]</a> The aforementioned university became one of the first in South America to operate a public TV station from inside its campus.<a href="#cite_note-television-99">[96]</a> Since then, two other public television stations began to operate in Arequipa—Radio Television Continental (Channel 6) in 1962 and Compañía de Radiodifusión Arequipa (Channel 8) in 1987 (broadcasting as ATV Sur since 2012).<a href="#cite_note-television2-100">[97]</a> Among the newspapers that are printed in the city, El Pueblo is the oldest in Arequipa (published since 1 January 1905) and the second oldest in the country. Writers such as Percy Gibson and Alberto Hidalgo as well as politicians like Hector Cornejo Chavez, Mario Polar Ugarteche and Alfonso Montesinos started their careers working for this newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-garayar60p-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, the city of Arequipa had 20,595 students at pre-schools or Kindergartens, 143,543 students at elementary schools and 219,305 at high schools.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among the oldest and most prestigious schools in the city are Independencia Americana School, San Francisco de Asis School, Don Bosco School, La Salle School and San Jose School. <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Max_Uhle" title="Colegio Max Uhle">Colegio Max Uhle</a> is a German international school in Arequipa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arequipa_Calles_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arequipa_Calles_2.png/220px-Arequipa_Calles_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arequipa_Calles_2.png/330px-Arequipa_Calles_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arequipa_Calles_2.png/440px-Arequipa_Calles_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the San Agustín National University</figcaption></figure> Arequipa has more than 15 universities, nine of them with headquarters in the city and one of them being public (Universidad Nacional San Agustin). The other six are local branches of private and public universities of Peru and Chile. In 2007, a total of 70,894 students were enrolled in universities and 56,087 students were enrolled in colleges or technical institutes. Two institutions of higher education in Arequipa were founded more than a century ago. Seminario de San Jeronimo, a center of religious formation, has been in operation since 1622.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> While <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Saint Augustine">San Agustin National University</a> (Universidad Nacional San Agustin) was founded on 11 November 1828<a href="#cite_note-unsaresena-103">[100]</a> it can trace its origins back to the Academia Lauretana de Artes y Sciencias, a college founded in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-robles45p-104">[101]</a> The first private university established in the city was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucsm.edu.pe/">Universidad Catolica Santa Maria</a>, and the establishment of this university was followed by Universidad Católica San Pablo and Universidad San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Additionally, important local branches from universities outside the region, such as <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_Peru" title="Technological University of Peru">Technological University of Peru</a>, Universidad Los Angeles de Chimbote and Universidad del Mar (Chile) among others, are located in the city. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;clear:all;font-size:90%; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">Universities<a href="#cite_note-anr19p-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-anr20p-107">[104]</a> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>University </th> <th>Installation </th> <th>Undergraduates<a href="#cite_note-universitarioredatam-108">[105]</a> </th> <th>Main Campus </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Universidad Nacional San Agustin de Arequipa </td> <td>1828 </td> <td>24188 </td> <td>Arequipa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Universidad Catolica Santa Maria </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>12268 </td> <td>Arequipa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Universidad Catolica San Pablo </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>4769 </td> <td>Arequipa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Universidad La Salle </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>– </td> <td>Arequipa </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Universidad Tecnologica del Peru<a href="#cite_note-utparequipa-109">[106]</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>1201 </td> <td>Lima </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="color:gray">Source: Second National Census of Universities (2010) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_Culture">Society and Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Society and Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regionalism">Regionalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regionalism">edit</a>]</div> Arequipa, unlike other big Peruvian cities with mestizo and indigenous features, has been labeled as a "Spanish island in an indigenous sea" and because of its status as a "natural oasis".<a href="#cite_note-love4p-110">[107]</a> Culture in Arequipa is marked by the regionalism of its inhabitants; in fact, unlike other regional sentiments within Peru, Arequipa's regionalism was connected to the fight against centralism. This proud <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">regionalism</a>, expressed in numerous insurrections or revolutions, has earned the city the nickname "Ciudad Caudillo" (Warlord City). As Peruvian historian <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Basadre" title="Jorge Basadre">Jorge Basadre</a> argued, "Arequipa is a gun pointed at the heart of Lima", alluding to the rivalry between the two cities.<a href="#cite_note-guillemete3p-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> An element of culture in Arequipa City is its Spanish dialect which incorporates a distinctive rhythmic way of speaking, which usually elongates the last vowel of the final word in each sentence. A distinctive feature of this dialect is the "<a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a>",<a href="#cite_note-guajardo15p-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-carricaburo36p-113">[110]</a> that is, the use in Spanish language of the pronoun 'vos' to replace the use of 'tú' or 'usted' (all corresponding to the English 'you'). <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">In Peru</a>, the voseo is sometimes heard only in rural areas except in Arequipa, where that way of speaking is heard in both rural and urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-voseoRAE-114">[111]</a> Another dialect from the city surroundings, called <a href="/wiki/Loncco" title="Loncco">loncco</a>, has been largely lost due to migration from other provinces and the standardization of Spanish language by the media. However, there are contests in schools which promote the writing of poems in the loncco dialect.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg/240px-Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg/360px-Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg/480px-Vargas_Losa_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2011b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Arequipa, Peru, 28 March 1936). Nobel Prize in Literature 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Literature in Arequipa has a long tradition and many of the city's writers have gained national and international recognition. During the Spanish colonial period, only the works of Lorenzo de Llamosas survived.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> In the nineteenth century, the poetry and fables of <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgar" title="Mariano Melgar">Mariano Melgar</a> incorporated patriotic and romantic themes. Other notable writers of Arequipa in that century are Benito Bonifaz, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Polar" title="Jorge Polar">Jorge Polar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Nieves_y_Bustamante" title="María Nieves y Bustamante">María Nieves y Bustamante</a>, among others. In the twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> is the most recognized of the Arequipan writers in Peru and abroad, winner of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 2010, author of novels like <a href="/wiki/The_Green_House" title="The Green House">The Green House</a> (1966), <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Julia_and_the_Scriptwriter" title="Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter">Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter</a> (1977), among others. Other writers of the 20th century were the poets Percy Gibson, Cesar Rodriguez Atahualpa, and Oswaldo Reynoso. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_photography">Art and photography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Art and photography">edit</a>]</div> Some of the most detailed photographic records of 19th- and 20th-century Peru are found in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Brothers_Art_Studio" title="Vargas Brothers Art Studio">Vargas Brothers Art Studio</a>. Open from 1912 to 1958, the studio captured more diversity of Peruvian culture than any other photography studio at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Castro-116">[113]</a> Most known for their nocturnals and portrait photography of women, their photographic archive, which is privately held by descendants of the studio's founders and brothers Carlos and Miguel Vargas, have been restored and digitized.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Many international showings of their works, have brought recognition to the studio and the way of life their images have preserved.<a href="#cite_note-Castro-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Arequipa's rich history and art is showcased in its many museums. These include the Museum of the cathedral;<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> the Museum of Contemporary Art (Museo de Arte Contemporáneo) which is devoted to painting and photography collections from 1900 onwards, especially works by Peruvian artists like Carlos Vargas, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Chambi" title="Martín Chambi">Martín Chambi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Szyszlo" title="Fernando de Szyszlo">Fernando de Szyszlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venancio_Shinki" title="Venancio Shinki">Venancio Shinki</a> and many others;<a href="#cite_note-López55p-119">[116]</a> the Regional Museum of the Central Reserve Bank (Museo Regional del Banco Central de Reserva) which houses pre-Columbian and colonial art pieces, plus a collection of colonial and republican coins and banknotes;<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> the Santa Maria University Museum of Archaeology and the Andean Sanctuaries Museum (Museo Santuarios Andinos), both belonging to Santa Maria Catholic University, have an important collection of archaeological pieces mainly from local pre-Columbian cultures (especially the latter, which houses Inca mummies);<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> the San Agustin University Museum of Archaeology;<a href="#cite_note-López54p-123">[120]</a> the Municipal Museum of Arequipa;<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> and others.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Universidad Nacional de San Agustín Museum, part of the National University of San Agustín."><img alt="The Universidad Nacional de San Agustín Museum, part of the National University of San Agustín." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg/300px-Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg/451px-Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg/600px-Museo_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn_de_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4618" data-file-height="3464" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Universidad Nacional de San Agustín Museum, part of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="National University of San Agustín">National University of San Agustín</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the halls of Arequipa's Museum of Contemporary Art"><img alt="One of the halls of Arequipa's Museum of Contemporary Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg/451px-Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-Museo_de_Arte_Contemporaneo_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the halls of Arequipa's Museum of Contemporary Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos,_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Museum of Andean Sanctuaries, famous for housing the girl sacrificed in the Ampato volcano, as well as various Incan artifacts."><img alt="Entrance of the Museum of Andean Sanctuaries, famous for housing the girl sacrificed in the Ampato volcano, as well as various Incan artifacts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos%2C_Arequipa.jpg/169px-Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos%2C_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos%2C_Arequipa.jpg/253px-Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos%2C_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos%2C_Arequipa.jpg/337px-Portada_del_museo_de_Santuarios_andinos%2C_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the Museum of Andean Sanctuaries, famous for housing the girl sacrificed in the Ampato volcano, as well as various Incan artifacts. </div> </li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Paulet,_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pedro_Paulet%2C_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG/200px-Pedro_Paulet%2C_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pedro_Paulet%2C_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG/299px-Pedro_Paulet%2C_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pedro_Paulet%2C_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG/399px-Pedro_Paulet%2C_padre_de_la_Aeronautica.PNG 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Pedro Paulet, scientist born in Arequipa in 1874, was one of the first to experiment with rocket propulsion.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research,_academic_and_cultural_institutions">Research, academic and cultural institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research, academic and cultural institutions">edit</a>]</div> Among the scientists who were born and/or conducted their research in Arequipa are <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paulet" title="Pedro Paulet">Pedro Paulet</a>, a pioneer scientist on rocket propulsion, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Eduardo_de_Rivero_y_Ustariz" title="Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Ustariz">Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Ustariz</a>, a geologist and politician. One of the most important research facilities in the city was the Astronomical Observatory of Carmen Alto, which <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> operated from 1891 to 1927, when the university moved its astronomical operations to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Cultural events and activities are mostly organized by the main universities of the city: San Agustin National University and Santa Maria Catholic University,<a href="#cite_note-López53p-126">[123]</a> and also by cultural organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Française">Alliance Française</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> the Peruvian Center for German Culture<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> and the Peruvian North American Cultural Center.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Since the 1990s banking institutions showed great interest in promoting and managing cultural activities; while private companies joined this movement by sponsoring various projects.<a href="#cite_note-López54p-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Music is also an important part of cultural life in Arequipa. Since the last years of the Spanish colonial period, there were important academic composers like <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgar" title="Mariano Melgar">Mariano Melgar</a> (who was best known as a poet), Pedro Jiménez Tirado April and Florentino Diaz, all of them placing Arequipa as one of the Peruvian cities with a renowned musical scene.<a href="#cite_note-musica-130">[127]</a> The Symphonic Orchestra of Arequipa, created in 1939, contributes to keep classical and vernacular music as part of the city's culture.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> As in the rest of the country, in Arequipa, many traditional music styles like <a href="/wiki/Vals_criollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals criollo">vals criollo</a> (or Peruvian waltz), <a href="/wiki/Harawi_(genre)" title="Harawi (genre)">yaravi</a> (or harawi) and <a href="/wiki/Huayno" title="Huayno">huayno</a> are still performed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocoto_relleno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rocoto_relleno.jpg/195px-Rocoto_relleno.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rocoto_relleno.jpg/293px-Rocoto_relleno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rocoto_relleno.jpg/390px-Rocoto_relleno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7881" data-file-height="5257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rocoto_relleno" title="Rocoto relleno">Rocoto relleno</a>, a very popular dish from Arequipa</figcaption></figure> Regional cuisine shows a great diversity with as many as 194 typical dishes.<a href="#cite_note-cornejo44p-132">[129]</a> The cuisine of the city mixes recipes from European and Andean cultures,<a href="#cite_note-internaXp-133">[130]</a> because many dishes were created to satisfy the taste of the Spanish settlers in Arequipa.<a href="#cite_note-cornejo54p-134">[131]</a> As a curiosity, many restaurants feature a special main course according to each day of the week: chaque on Mondays, chairo on Tuesdays, chochoca on Wednesdays, chupe colorado on Thursdays, chupe de viernes on Fridays, puchero or timpusca on Saturdays and caldo blanco or pebre de lomos on Sundays.<a href="#cite_note-cornejo47p-135">[132]</a> Among the most popular local dishes are chupe de camarones (shrimp soup), ocopa arequipeña, rocoto relleno, cuy chactado (fried guinea pig), locro de pecho, etc.; while typical desserts are: queso helado (ice cream made of milk, cinnamon and coconut), buñuelos, dulces de convento and chocolates. Besides local wines and beers, two typical beverages are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicha_de_guinapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicha de guinapo (page does not exist)">chicha de guinapo</a> a dark type of corn grown only locally, and <a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">anisado</a> (anise liqueur).<a href="#cite_note-cornejo58p-136">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocoto_relleno" title="Rocoto relleno">Rocoto relleno</a> is the most popular dish from Arequipa and one of Peru's most famous. Certain types of meat such as beef or chicken and usually stuffed in along with onions, melted cheese, cream or potatoes. It is a Peruvian version of <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_peppers" title="Stuffed peppers">Stuffed peppers</a> but instead of using sweet peppers, it uses <a href="/wiki/Rocoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocoto">Rocoto peppers</a>, which are grown in Peru. Rocoto is mostly grown in Arequipa and is usually served as a paste or raw. It is 10 times spicier than regular <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeños</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Incans" class="mw-redirect" title="Incans">Incans</a> used to cultivate and prepare the peppers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG/220px-Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG/330px-Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG/440px-Tribuna_Oriente_Estadio_UNSA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>FBC Melgar fans at <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Virgen_de_Chapi" title="Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi">Virgen de Chapi Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> Association football (or soccer) is the most popular sport in Arequipa, with a popular local team being <a href="/wiki/FBC_Melgar" title="FBC Melgar">FBC Melgar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Primera División">Peruvian First Division</a>, winning its first national championship in 1981 and second in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-almanaque2002-137">[134]</a> They are the largest football club in Arequipa. Multiple sporting events have been held in the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/2004_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2004 Copa América">2004 Copa América</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_South_American_U-20_Championship" title="2011 South American U-20 Championship">2011</a> and future <a href="/wiki/2025_South_American_Under-20_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 South American Under-20 Championship">2025 South American Under-20 Championships</a> City rivals' <a href="/wiki/FBC_White_Star" title="FBC White Star">FBC White Star</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">women's football</a> department of the club won the national league in 2009. Other teams in the city are <a href="/wiki/Sportivo_Hurac%C3%A1n" title="Sportivo Huracán">Sportivo Huracán</a>, <a href="/wiki/FBC_Aurora" title="FBC Aurora">FBC Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/FBC_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="FBC Piérola">FBC Piérola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senati_FBC" title="Senati FBC">Senati FBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDUNSA" title="IDUNSA">IDUNSA</a> and the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Total_Clean_FBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Clean FBC">Total Clean FBC</a>. The main stadiums in the city (also used for other events) are: <a href="/wiki/Virgen_de_Chapi_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgen de Chapi Stadium">Virgen de Chapi Stadium</a> (property of San Agustin National University), <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Mariano_Melgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Mariano Melgar">Mariano Melgar Stadium</a>, Los Palitos Stadium and Umacollo Stadium. Virgin de Chapi Stadium, also known as Stadium of the UNSA, is the second largest stadium in Peru, with a capacity of 60,370. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights_and_attractions">Sights and attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sights and attractions">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_(mapa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_%28mapa%29.jpg/240px-Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_%28mapa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_%28mapa%29.jpg/360px-Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_%28mapa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_%28mapa%29.jpg/480px-Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_la_ciudad_de_Arequipa_%28mapa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the old town of Arequipa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Old_Town">The Old Town</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The Old Town">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_in_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of colonial buildings in Arequipa (page does not exist)">List of colonial buildings in Arequipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Arequipa" title="Historic Centre of Arequipa">Historic Centre of Arequipa</a></div> In its 332 hectares<a href="#cite_note-compendio80p-14">[11]</a> has 5817 properties<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico39p-138">[135]</a> of which 500 are categorized as heritage properties, generally have been built in the nineteenth century, on the site of earlier colonial buildings destroyed by the earthquake of 1868. The houses, usually made in <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a>, are characterized by semi-circular arches and vaulted ceilings. Ashlar structures always have thick walls: 1 to 1.5 meters for rooms, 2 meters for churches. Through the use of lime mortar, the walls are shown homogeneous image that is reinforced with brick vaults or ashlar that are justified in the rarity of the wood.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico40p-139">[136]</a> In the city is a stylistic school called "School Arequipa" of crucial importance in the region and whose influence reached Potosi. This school is characterized by profuse decoration planiform textilográfica and the open spaces and the design and size of their covers, which differ in these aspects of Cuzco and Lima covers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The architecture in the historic center is characterized by the prominence of ashlar, the use of which begins in the last third of the 16th century. This volcanic stone, white or pink exceptionally soft, lightweight, and weatherproof, emerged as a seismic structural solution. The ashlar was unable to take the early years, except for the covers of the main church and some houses. The original city was built with adobe, masonry, sticks and straw roofs or mud pie. Houses of this type were made until the nineteenth century and were common in the eighteenth century, some remain in the original district of San Lazaro. Later came the brick and tile houses with tile found in the Monastery of Santa Catalina. The cataclysm of 1582 settled these systems and raised the earthquake reconstruction. Then came the ashlar as prime structural solution.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico18p-140">[137]</a> Major earthquakes mark milestones in the formation of Arequipa architecture. Five significant periods are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Founding and village (1540–1582),</li> <li>Splendor of Baroque (1582–1784),</li> <li>Rococo and Neoclassical Reviews (1784–1868),</li> <li>Empiricism and modernizing</li> <li>Evocations neo colonial (1868–1960) and</li> <li>Contemporary.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_monuments">Religious monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religious monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg/240px-Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg/360px-Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg/480px-Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_en_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of La Compañía, Arequipa (page does not exist)">Church of the Jesuits</a></figcaption></figure> In historical existence is accounted for 14 churches or temples, four chapels, five convents and 3 monasteries,<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico65p-141">[138]</a> among the monuments of this type include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa" title="Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa">Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara,_Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara%2C_Arequipa.jpg/170px-Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara%2C_Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara%2C_Arequipa.jpg/255px-Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara%2C_Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara%2C_Arequipa.jpg/340px-Portada_de_la_iglesia_de_Yanahuara%2C_Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Church of Yanahuara</figcaption></figure> It is the most important neoclassical ediicio Peru, product reconstruction started in 1844 and finished three years later and led by architect Lucas Poblete.<a href="#cite_note-humanity-142">[139]</a> Its interior is faced with trs ships with one of the side walls of the main square which fills a side façade is divided by Corinthian columns.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of La Compañía, Arequipa (page does not exist)">Church of La Compañía</a></li></ul> It is the monument maximum Arequipeña School,<a href="#cite_note-benavides73p-17">[14]</a> is one of the most splendid creations of Peruvian Baroque and starting point of this school,<a href="#cite_note-arellano256p-143">[140]</a> in its façade has an inscription inscribed with the year 1698 which shows that the beginning of the eighteenth century this regional art had reached its peak, therein lies a more exaggerated baroque altar.<a href="#cite_note-benavides74p-144">[141]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Catalina Monastery">Convent of Santa Catalina</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg/240px-Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg/360px-Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg/480px-Arcades_de_la_Plaza_de_Armas_d%27Arequipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3879" data-file-height="2909" /></a><figcaption>Colonial arcades around the Plaza Mayor.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Santo_Domingo_in_1868_(Arequipa,_Peru).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Church_of_Santo_Domingo_in_1868_%28Arequipa%2C_Peru%29.jpg/170px-Church_of_Santo_Domingo_in_1868_%28Arequipa%2C_Peru%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Church_of_Santo_Domingo_in_1868_%28Arequipa%2C_Peru%29.jpg/255px-Church_of_Santo_Domingo_in_1868_%28Arequipa%2C_Peru%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Church_of_Santo_Domingo_in_1868_%28Arequipa%2C_Peru%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Church of Santo Domingo in 1868</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Arequipa" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Arequipa">Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Arequipa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil-public_monuments">Civil-public monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Civil-public monuments">edit</a>]</div> There are 10 buildings that origin were engaged in civic purposes, such as Phoenix theaters. and the Municipal Theatre, the Goyeneche Hospital and the Hospital of Priests of St. Peter, bridges Bolognesi and Grau, the Instituto Chavez de la Rosa, Railway Station, Mercado San Camilo and the convento de Santa Catalina.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico65p-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_monuments">Military monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Military monuments">edit</a>]</div> The historic center of Arequipa lacked a wall as we had the city of Lima, they persist despite military monuments as Twentieth Century Prison and Penal Fundo El Fierro women.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico66p-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil-domestic_monuments">Civil-domestic monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Civil-domestic monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn,_in_1880,_Arequipa,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn%2C_in_1880%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/220px-Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn%2C_in_1880%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn%2C_in_1880%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/330px-Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn%2C_in_1880%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn%2C_in_1880%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/440px-Portals_of_the_Convent_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn%2C_in_1880%2C_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Portals of the Convent of San Agustín in 1880</figcaption></figure> Within the historic center there are 246 houses that are declared monument households.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico65p-141">[138]</a> This type of construction is characterized by thick solid walls, with arches and domes similar to those built in the temples and religious monasteries giving the same robustness and monumentality to these constructions built from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and generally used for housing.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico18p-140">[137]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Casa del Moral</li> <li>Goyeneche Palace</li> <li>Tristan del Pozo House</li> <li>Mint</li> <li>Casona Ugarte</li> <li>House Iriberry</li> <li>House Arrospide</li> <li>Casa del Alferez Flowers</li> <li>Casona del Corregidor Maldonado</li> <li>Casa del Corregidor April and Maldonado</li> <li>Casona Goyeneche</li> <li>House of Pastor</li> <li>Bronze Tambo</li> <li>Tambo of the Loggerhead</li> <li>Tambo de Ruelas</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Suburbs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg/220px-Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg/330px-Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg/440px-Vue_sur_le_Misti_de_Yanahuara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>View of Misti from the Mirador de Yanahuara</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Yanahuara Villa Hermosa, located 2 kilometres (1 mile) from the city, famous for its churches built in Andalusian style alleys<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> which is Yanahuara Monumental Zone <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_of_Peru" title="Cultural heritage of Peru">Cultural Heritage of the Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a></li> <li>Cayma Villa, 3 miles (5 kilometres) from the centre of town. Place known for its taverns and where there is a seventeenth-century church. With a viewpoint which affords a view of Arequipa.</li> <li>The thermal baths of Yura, 30 kilometres (19 miles). Its waters come from inside the volcano Chachani. Also, near the city are the medicinal sources of Jesus and Socosani.</li> <li>Sabandía natural valley with most crystalline waters in the region. Here is the Sabandía mill was built and in operation since the eighteenth century.</li> <li>The farm Sachaca or the Founder's Mansion,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> is 12 kilometres (7 miles) from the city. Built on the river Socabaya, is a residence that belonged to different owners of historic renown in Peru but became especially known for being one of the family properties principales Goyeneche. This piece of architecture is now open to the public.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg/170px-Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg/255px-Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg/340px-Parque_Selva_Alegre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Partial view of Selva Alegre Park</figcaption></figure> Parks and squares cover 26 hectares of urban parks in and around the historic centre; among the most notable areas are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Plaza de Armas</li> <li>Plaza San Francisco</li> <li>Parque Grau</li> <li>Parque 28 de Febrero</li> <li>Plaza Melgar</li> <li>Parque Duhamel</li> <li>Plaza 15 de Agosto</li> <li>Plaza España</li> <li>Plaza Santa Teresa</li> <li>Plaza Independencia</li> <li>Parque San Lazaro</li> <li>Parque Selva Alegre</li> <li>Plaza San Antonio</li></ul> </div> There are 22 hectares of countryside within this historic area.<a href="#cite_note-diagnostico51p-149">[146]</a> Other notable urban green areas in the city are: <ul><li>Parque Ecològico Alto Selva Alegre. Located in the eastern part of the city, in Selva Alegre District, next to Chili River. The park and its surrounding areas occupy an area of 1008 hectares<a href="#cite_note-naturalASA-150">[147]</a> of which 460 hectares covering only the ecological park.<a href="#cite_note-ecologicoASA-151">[148]</a> A part of the park is located in the buffer zone of the National Reserve of Salinas Aguada Blanca.</li> <li>Fundo Paraíso. Is part of Parque Selva Alegre and occupies an area of 67 hectares<a href="#cite_note-ecologicoASA-151">[148]</a></li> <li>Chilina Valley countryside. Has an area of 151 hectares<a href="#cite_note-ecologicoASA-151">[148]</a></li> <li>Chilpinilla Metropolitan Park. 14 hectares<a href="#cite_note-chilpinilla-152">[149]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG/220px-Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG/330px-Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG/440px-Hospital_General_de_Arequipa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>Honorio Delgado Regional Hospital</figcaption></figure> As the administrative and economic capital of the Arequipa Region, the city has the largest number of both public and private healthcare centers which total 680 establishments.<a href="#cite_note-salud-153">[150]</a> Public health institutions that are present in the city are: <ul><li>Social Security Hospitals<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <ul><li>Edmundo Escomel (level I hospital)</li> <li>Policlínico Metropolitano</li> <li>Yanahuara (level III hospital)</li> <li>Carlos Seguin National Hospital (level IV hospital)<a href="#cite_note-hncase-155">[152]</a></li> <li>Complejo de Prestaciones Sociales</li></ul></li> <li>Ministry of Health (MINSA)<a href="#cite_note-minsa-156">[153]</a> <ul><li>Honorio Delgado Regional Hospital</li> <li>Goyeneche Hospital</li></ul></li> <li>National Institute of Neoplasic Diseases (INEN): <ul><li>Regional Institute of Neoplasic Diseases</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Water supply">edit</a>]</div> The water supply in Arequipa varies by neighborhood in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Eco2021-157">[154]</a> Many water supply interruptions are thought to be caused by repairs needed as the underground tube system ages.<a href="#cite_note-Eco2021-157">[154]</a> Water supply interruptions are perceived as longer in the urban periphery.<a href="#cite_note-Eco2021-157">[154]</a> In this area inhabitants also report a higher incidence of unnotified water supply interruptions.<a href="#cite_note-Eco2021-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View,_Arequipa,_La_Marina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aerial_View%2C_Arequipa%2C_La_Marina.jpg/240px-Aerial_View%2C_Arequipa%2C_La_Marina.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aerial_View%2C_Arequipa%2C_La_Marina.jpg/360px-Aerial_View%2C_Arequipa%2C_La_Marina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Aerial_View%2C_Arequipa%2C_La_Marina.jpg/480px-Aerial_View%2C_Arequipa%2C_La_Marina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Interchange on La Marina Avenue.</figcaption></figure> Arequipa's urban road network has a radiocentric structure with four main avenues: Avenida Ejército, Avenida Jesus, Avenida Alcides Carrion and Avenida Parra; which allow the movement of the population between the intermediate and peripheral areas and the downtown. These avenues are connected, in turn, by other avenues such as Avenida Venezuela, Avenida La Marina, Avenida Salaverry, Avenida Cáceres, among others, which almost form a ring around the downtown. Other avenues such as: Avenida Cayma, Avenida Goyeneche, and Avenida Dolores link the suburbs and nearby districts with downtown Arequipa. Interchanges such as the one at Avenida La Marina and another one at Avenida Caceres help to relieve urban traffic. A road of 40 km approximately, which goes through the district of <a href="/wiki/Uchumayo_District" title="Uchumayo District">Uchumayo</a>, connects Arequipa to the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a> and coastal cities; another road goes through the district of <a href="/wiki/Yura_District" title="Yura District">Yura</a>, connecting Arequipa to other cities in the southern highlands like Puno and Cuzco. Public transit in Arequipa is currently operated by small private companies. In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system was proposed by Peru's then-<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Transport and Communications (Peru)">minister for transport</a> José Gallardo.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg/240px-Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg/360px-Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg/480px-Full_Runway_SPQU_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>View of the apron at Rodriguez Ballon International Airport with the Misti volcano in the background.</figcaption></figure> Arequipa's only airport is <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Rodríguez Ballón International Airport">Rodríguez Ballón International Airport</a>, which is operated by a private consortium through a concession granted by the government since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Tráfico-159">[156]</a> It is located in the district of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Colorado_District" title="Cerro Colorado District">Cerro Colorado</a>, about 12 miles (19 kilometres) northwest of the downtown, and because of its features and facilities is considered one of the best in the country<a href="#cite_note-export26p-160">[157]</a> There are regular flights to Peruvian destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a> and to international destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago de Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-export26p-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> The railway network system has been operating in Arequipa since 1871[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], and enables communication between the coast and the mountains and different levels of progress and expansion of population centers located in its path. The system consists of the lines Cusco-Puno-Arequipa and Arequipa-Mollendo. It is of great strategic importance in the multimodal communication system in the southern macro region[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], since it is the most effective and economical way to transport heavy loads over long distances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Public">edit</a>]</div> Terrapuerto Internacional Arequipa is a bus terminal located in the district of Jacobo Hunter. There, several bus companies offer land travel routes to regional and national destinations within Peru and to international destinations such as <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Honduras" title="La Paz, Honduras">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago de Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Olaechea" title="Max González Olaechea">Max González Olaechea</a> (1867-1946), medical doctor, clinician, and university professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_P%C3%A9rez_Aran%C3%ADbar" title="Augusto Pérez Araníbar">Augusto Pérez Araníbar</a> (1858–1948), physician and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Salas_O%27Brien" title="Patricia Salas O'Brien">Patricia Salas O'Brien</a> (born 1958), sociologist; Minister of Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (born 1936), novelist and journalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arequipa" title="Special:EditPage/Arequipa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Peru">List of twin towns and sister cities in Peru</a></div> Arequipa is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, United States (1962)<a href="#cite_note-Charlotte-162">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui County</a>, United States (1994)<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Corrientes" title="Corrientes">Corrientes</a>, Argentina (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a>, Chile (1991)<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, Chile (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (2004)<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ponta_Grossa" title="Ponta Grossa">Ponta Grossa</a>, Brazil (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lins,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Lins, São Paulo">Lins</a>, Brazil (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/El_Tocuyo" title="El Tocuyo">El Tocuyo</a>, Venezuela (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Biella" title="Biella">Biella</a>, Italy (1985)<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, Bolivia (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a>, Mexico (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a>, Mexico (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a>, Mexico (2004)<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_in_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of colonial buildings in Arequipa (page does not exist)">List of colonial buildings in Arequipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arequipa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa Region">Arequipa Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan areas of Peru">Metropolitan areas of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyeneche_Palace,_Arequipa" title="Goyeneche Palace, Arequipa">Goyeneche Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism in Peru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Based on the <a href="/wiki/2017_Peru_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Peru Census">2017 National Census</a>, which included, for the first time, a question of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic self-identification</a> that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka" title="Asháninka">Asháninka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aguaruna_language" title="Aguaruna language">Awajún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipibo-Conibo" title="Shipibo-Conibo">Shipibo-Konibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Shawi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikkei people">Nikkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusan">Tusan</a>, among others. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TelluBase-1"><a href="#cite_ref-TelluBase_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_per.pdf">"TelluBase—Peru Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"</a> (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TelluBase%E2%80%94Peru+Fact+Sheet+%28Tellusant+Public+Service+Series%29&rft.pub=Tellusant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftellusant.com%2Frepo%2Ftb%2Ftellubase_factsheet_per.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Gutiérrez2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vargas Gutiérrez, José Luis (2002). Arequipa, en búsqueda del León perdido (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Paradigma. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arequipa%2C+en+b%C3%BAsqueda+del+Le%C3%B3n+perdido&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Paradigma&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Vargas+Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-capitaljuridica_Normative_p6-6"><a href="#cite_ref-capitaljuridica_Normative_p6_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_Journal_El_Peruano2010" class="citation book cs1">Official Journal El Peruano (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spij.minjus.gob.pe/Normas/textos/230110T.pdf">Legal Information System</a> (PDF). p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Information+System&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Official+Journal+El+Peruano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspij.minjus.gob.pe%2FNormas%2Ftextos%2F230110T.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/urban-world-app">"Urban world: What's next?"</a>. McKinsey Global Institute. McKinsey & Company. October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+Global+Institute&rft.atitle=Urban+world%3A+What%27s+next%3F&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fmgi%2Foverview%2Fin-the-news%2Furban-world-app&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chanfreau40p-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chanfreau40p_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chanfreau40p_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chanfreau40p_8-2">c</a> Chanfreau, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-export17p-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-export17p_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-export17p_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-export17p_9-2">c</a> Mincetur. «Export Investment Guide», p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-linares115p-10"><a href="#cite_ref-linares115p_10-0">^</a> Linares Málaga, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-barriga133p-11"><a href="#cite_ref-barriga133p_11-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBarriga1940">Barriga 1940</a>, p. 133) </li> <li id="cite_note-compendio63p-12"><a href="#cite_ref-compendio63p_12-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. «Normative Compendium of the Historic Center of Arequipa», p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-neira438p-13"><a href="#cite_ref-neira438p_13-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 438) </li> <li id="cite_note-compendio80p-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compendio80p_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compendio80p_14-1">b</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. «Normative Compendium of the Historic Center of Arequipa», p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-15"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2000" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1016">"Historical Center of the City of Arequipa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Center+of+the+City+of+Arequipa&rft.date=2000&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Normative_Compendium_p2-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Normative_Compendium_p2_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnical_Office_of_the_Historical_Center_and_Monumental_Zone_of_Arequipa_(MPA_–_OTCHA)2002" class="citation report cs1">Technical Office of the Historical Center and Monumental Zone of Arequipa (MPA – OTCHA) (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107135148/http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/apec1/pdf/Mincetur_Arequipa22.pdf">Final Normative Compendium of the Historic Center of Arequipa</a> (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/apec1/pdf/Mincetur_Arequipa22.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Normative+Compendium+of+the+Historic+Center+of+Arequipa&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Technical+Office+of+the+Historical+Center+and+Monumental+Zone+of+Arequipa+%28MPA+%E2%80%93+OTCHA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mincetur.gob.pe%2Fapec1%2Fpdf%2FMincetur_Arequipa22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-benavides73p-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benavides73p_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benavides73p_17-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBenavides_Rodríguez1990">Benavides Rodríguez 1990</a>, p. 73) </li> <li id="cite_note-potosí-18"><a href="#cite_ref-potosí_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120104205/http://www.infolatam.com/entrada/endesa_ilumina_la_iglesia_barroca_de_la_-4092.html">"Endesa ilumina la iglesia barroca de la Compañía"</a>. Infolatam. 6 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infolatam.com/entrada/endesa_ilumina_la_iglesia_barroca_de_la_-4092.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infolatam&rft.atitle=Endesa+ilumina+la+iglesia+barroca+de+la+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infolatam.com%2Fentrada%2Fendesa_ilumina_la_iglesia_barroca_de_la_-4092.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-compendio6p-19"><a href="#cite_ref-compendio6p_19-0">^</a> Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa. «Compendio normativo del Centro Histórico de Arequipa», p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerrón-Palomino2008" class="citation book cs1">Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800/9789972428562">Voces del Ande : ensayos sobre onomástica andina</a>. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-856-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-856-2"><bdi>978-9972-42-856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voces+del+Ande+%3A+ensayos+sobre+onom%C3%A1stica+andina&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Pontificia+Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-856-2&rft.aulast=Cerr%C3%B3n-Palomino&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18800%2F9789972428562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etimologia-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Etimologia_21-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saludarequipa.gob.pe/epidemiologia/ASIS/Asis2004/ASIS%20PRIMERA%20PARTE%202004.pdf">Toponymy "Arequipa"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-garayar51p-22"><a href="#cite_ref-garayar51p_22-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarayar2004">Garayar 2004</a>, p. 51) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Uspensky" title="Lev Uspensky">Lev Uspensky</a>, «Имя дома твоего» </li> <li id="cite_note-palma30p-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palma30p_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palma30p_24-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPalma1893">Palma 1893</a>, p. 29) </li> <li id="cite_note-galdos246p-25"><a href="#cite_ref-galdos246p_25-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGaldós_Rodríguez1997">Galdós Rodríguez 1997</a>, p. 246) </li> <li id="cite_note-neira354p-26"><a href="#cite_ref-neira354p_26-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 354) </li> <li id="cite_note-galdos13p2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galdos13p2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-galdos13p2_27-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGaldós_Rodríguez1997">Galdós Rodríguez 1997</a>, p. 13) </li> <li id="cite_note-galdos14p2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-galdos14p2_28-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGaldós_Rodríguez1997">Galdós Rodríguez 1997</a>, p. 14) </li> <li id="cite_note-galdos15p2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-galdos15p2_29-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGaldós_Rodríguez1997">Galdós Rodríguez 1997</a>, p. 15) </li> <li id="cite_note-garayar50p2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-garayar50p2_30-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarayar2004">Garayar 2004</a>, p. 50) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostny1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Mostny" title="Grete Mostny">Mostny, Grete</a> (1983) [1981]. Prehistoria de Chile (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Santiago de Chile: <a href="/wiki/Editorial_Universitaria" title="Editorial Universitaria">Editorial Universitaria</a>. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoria+de+Chile&rft.place=Santiago+de+Chile&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Mostny&rft.aufirst=Grete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-«arellano257p»2-32"><a href="#cite_ref-«arellano257p»2_32-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFArellano1988">Arellano 1988</a>, p. 257) </li> <li id="cite_note-neira244p2-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neira244p2_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neira244p2_33-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 244) </li> <li id="cite_note-cornejob35p2-34"><a href="#cite_ref-cornejob35p2_34-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCornejo_Bouroncle1952">Cornejo Bouroncle 1952</a>, p. 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-neira246p2-35"><a href="#cite_ref-neira246p2_35-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 246) </li> <li id="cite_note-neira256p2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-neira256p2_36-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 256) </li> <li id="cite_note-caceres128p2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caceres128p2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caceres128p2_37-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCáceres-Péfaur2006">Cáceres-Péfaur 2006</a>, p. 128) </li> <li id="cite_note-garayar54p2-38"><a href="#cite_ref-garayar54p2_38-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarayar2004">Garayar 2004</a>, p. 54) </li> <li id="cite_note-caceres127p2-39"><a href="#cite_ref-caceres127p2_39-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCáceres-Péfaur2006">Cáceres-Péfaur 2006</a>, p. 127) </li> <li id="cite_note-gadea1p2-40"><a href="#cite_ref-gadea1p2_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadea_Aburto2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gadea Aburto, Saúl (23 August 2006). Arequipa al día (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424023502/http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/arequipa/peru6.htm">"¿Por qué el Perú es independiente?"</a>. Arequipa al día (in Spanish). Universidad Católica de Santa María. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/arequipa/peru6.htm">the original</a> on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arequipa+al+d%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+el+Per%C3%BA+es+independiente%3F&rft.date=2006-08-23&rft.aulast=Gadea+Aburto&rft.aufirst=Sa%C3%BAl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsm.edu.pe%2Farequipa%2Fperu6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ponce51p-41"><a href="#cite_ref-ponce51p_41-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPonce1960">Ponce 1960</a>, p. 51) </li> <li id="cite_note-cotler97p-42"><a href="#cite_ref-cotler97p_42-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCotler2009">Cotler 2009</a>, p. 97) </li> <li id="cite_note-cotler93p-43"><a href="#cite_ref-cotler93p_43-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCotler2009">Cotler 2009</a>, p. 93) </li> <li id="cite_note-bethell402p-44"><a href="#cite_ref-bethell402p_44-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBethell1991">Bethell 1991</a>, p. 402) </li> <li id="cite_note-ponce53p-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ponce53p_45-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPonce1960">Ponce 1960</a>, p. 53) </li> <li id="cite_note-neira438p2-46"><a href="#cite_ref-neira438p2_46-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 438) </li> <li id="cite_note-congreso.gob.pe2-47"><a href="#cite_ref-congreso.gob.pe2_47-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Decree assuming command of the Republic General Felipe Santiago Salaverry, 25 February 1835</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-garayar56p2-48"><a href="#cite_ref-garayar56p2_48-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarayar2004">Garayar 2004</a>, p. 56) </li> <li id="cite_note-rivap2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-rivap2_49-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFde_la_Riva_Agüero1858">de la Riva Agüero 1858</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pardo34p2-50"><a href="#cite_ref-pardo34p2_50-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPardo_y_Aliaga2007">Pardo y Aliaga 2007</a>, p. 34) </li> <li id="cite_note-pinguioXp2-51"><a href="#cite_ref-pinguioXp2_51-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMonguió1967">Monguió 1967</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-garayar57p2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-garayar57p2_52-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarayar2004">Garayar 2004</a>, p. 57) </li> <li id="cite_note-cotler28p2-53"><a href="#cite_ref-cotler28p2_53-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCotler2009">Cotler 2009</a>, p. 28) </li> <li id="cite_note-cotler27p2-54"><a href="#cite_ref-cotler27p2_54-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCotler2009">Cotler 2009</a>, p. 27) </li> <li id="cite_note-cotler20p2-55"><a href="#cite_ref-cotler20p2_55-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCotler2009">Cotler 2009</a>, p. 20) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=889&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-neira532p2-57"><a href="#cite_ref-neira532p2_57-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990">Neira et al. 1990</a>, p. 532) </li> <li id="cite_note-mcevoy222p2-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcevoy222p2_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcevoy222p2_58-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMc_Evoy1997">Mc Evoy 1997</a>, p. 222) </li> <li id="cite_note-bulnes285p2-59"><a href="#cite_ref-bulnes285p2_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulnes1996" class="citation web cs1">Bulnes (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000331.pdf">"CAMPAÑA DE AREQUIPA"</a> (PDF). p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAMPA%C3%91A+DE+AREQUIPA&rft.pages=285&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Bulnes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2Farchivos2%2Fpdfs%2FMC0000331.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegarra2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zegarra, Luis Felipe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13043%2Fdys.68.7">"Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They?"</a>. Desarrollo y Sociedad. 68 (68): 213–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13043%2Fdys.68.7">10.13043/dys.68.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desarrollo+y+Sociedad&rft.atitle=Railroads+in+Peru%3A+How+Important+Were+They%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13043%2Fdys.68.7&rft.aulast=Zegarra&rft.aufirst=Luis+Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13043%252Fdys.68.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1016">"Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa"</a>. World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Historical+Centre+of+the+City+of+Arequipa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">The highest magnitude earthquakes since 1900</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavera,_Hernando2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tavera, Hernando (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120020910/http://khatati.igp.gob.pe/cns/publi/simposium02/pdf_simposium02/sgp_ber2_tave.PDF">"Cuantificación del Tamaño del Terremoto de Arequipa del 23 June 2001"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khatati.igp.gob.pe/cns/publi/simposium02/pdf_simposium02/sgp_ber2_tave.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuantificaci%C3%B3n+del+Tama%C3%B1o+del+Terremoto+de+Arequipa+del+23+June+2001&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Tavera%2C+Hernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhatati.igp.gob.pe%2Fcns%2Fpubli%2Fsimposium02%2Fpdf_simposium02%2Fsgp_ber2_tave.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutierrez17p-64"><a href="#cite_ref-gutierrez17p_64-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGutiérrez1994">Gutiérrez 1994</a>, p. 17) </li> <li id="cite_note-regional19p-65"><a href="#cite_ref-regional19p_65-0">^</a> Regional Government of Arequipa. "Analysis of the state and of the determinants of health", p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Gesta Zonal de Aire, Arequipa" (PDF) (in Spanish). Plan a limpiar el aire. Consejo Nacional del Ambiente.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Gesta+Zonal+de+Aire%2C+Arequipa%22+%28PDF%29+%28in+Spanish%29.+Plan+a+limpiar+el+aire.&rft.pub=Consejo+Nacional+del+Ambiente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p165.php">"Météo Climat stats for Arequipa 1991–2020"</a>. Météo Climat. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat+stats+for+Arequipa+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Flistenormale-1991-2020-1-p165.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-68"><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1514">"Station Arequipa"</a> (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 19 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Arequipa&rft.pub=Meteo+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dstati%26id%3D1514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-69"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PR/84752.TXT">"Arequipa Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arequipa+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREGIII%2FPR%2F84752.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-70"><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_847520_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Arequipa, Prov. Arequipa / Peru"</a> (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Arequipa%2C+Prov.+Arequipa+%2F+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_847520_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conam21p-71"><a href="#cite_ref-conam21p_71-0">^</a> National Environmental Council. "To clear the air", p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico12p-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico12p_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico12p_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico12p_72-2">c</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-vallecito-73"><a href="#cite_ref-vallecito_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Rommel_Arce" class="citation web cs1">Mario Rommel Arce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128092438/http://www.mariorommelarce.com/portal/?p=439">"Los Barrios: Su historía, costumbre y tradiciones"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariorommelarce.com/portal/?p=439">the original</a> on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Barrios%3A+Su+histor%C3%ADa%2C+costumbre+y+tradiciones&rft.au=Mario+Rommel+Arce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariorommelarce.com%2Fportal%2F%3Fp%3D439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico14p-74"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico14p_74-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico15p-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico15p_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico15p_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico15p_75-2">c</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico24p-76"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico24p_76-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico6p-77"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico6p_77-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-muni23p2012-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muni23p2012_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muni23p2012_78-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarcía_de_los_Reyes_Arquitectos_y_Asociados2012b">García de los Reyes Arquitectos y Asociados 2012b</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-muni36p2012a-79"><a href="#cite_ref-muni36p2012a_79-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarcía_de_los_Reyes_Arquitectos_y_Asociados2012a">García de los Reyes Arquitectos y Asociados 2012a</a>, p. 36) </li> <li id="cite_note-gutierrez83p-80"><a href="#cite_ref-gutierrez83p_80-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGutiérrez1994">Gutiérrez 1994</a>, p. 83) </li> <li id="cite_note-gutierrez226p-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gutierrez226p_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gutierrez226p_81-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGutiérrez1994">Gutiérrez 1994</a>, p. 226) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINEI2018" class="citation book cs1">INEI (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1551/">Resultados Definitivos del departamento de Arequipa - Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas</a>. INEI. p. 40. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resultados+Definitivos+del+departamento+de+Arequipa+-+Censos+Nacionales+2017%3A+XII+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n%2C+VII+de+Vivienda+y+III+de+Comunidades+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=INEI&rft.date=2018&rft.au=INEI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1551%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutierrez231p-83"><a href="#cite_ref-gutierrez231p_83-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGutiérrez1994">Gutiérrez 1994</a>, p. 231) </li> <li id="cite_note-gutierrez232p-84"><a href="#cite_ref-gutierrez232p_84-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGutiérrez1994">Gutiérrez 1994</a>, p. 232) </li> <li id="cite_note-inep-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inep_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inep_85-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Estadistica1944">Instituto Nacional de Estadistica 1944</a>, p. 60) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_86-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627072242/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0018/cap31002.htm">"El crecimiento de las ciudades"</a>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Migraciones Internas en el Perú. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0018/cap31002.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=El+crecimiento+de+las+ciudades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fbiblioineipub%2Fbancopub%2FEst%2FLib0018%2Fcap31002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-proyeccion2015INEI-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proyeccion2015INEI_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-proyeccion2015INEI_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib1020/cuadros/c0206.xls">Perú: Población estimada al 30 de junio y tasa de crecimiento de las ciudades capitales, por departamento, 2011 y 2015</a>. Perú: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población total por sexo de las principales ciudades, 2012–2015 (Report). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Poblaci%C3%B3n+estimada+al+30+de+junio+y+tasa+de+crecimiento+de+las+ciudades+capitales%2C+por+departamento%2C+2011+y+2015&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproyectos.inei.gob.pe%2Fweb%2Fbiblioineipub%2Fbancopub%2FEst%2FLib1020%2Fcuadros%2Fc0206.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AméricaEconomía-88"><a href="#cite_ref-AméricaEconomía_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmérica_Economía2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">América Economía (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520235518/http://www.americaeconomia.com/Multimedios/Otros/7782.pdf">"Ser verde en 2009 es como estar online en 1999"</a> (PDF). América Economía (in Spanish) (7728). p. 22 – p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaeconomia.com/Multimedios/Otros/7782.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am%C3%A9rica+Econom%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Ser+verde+en+2009+es+como+estar+online+en+1999&rft.issue=7728&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Am%C3%A9rica+Econom%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaeconomia.com%2FMultimedios%2FOtros%2F7782.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-america2011-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-america2011_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-america2011_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmérica_Economía2012" class="citation journal cs1">América Economía (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527235020/http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2011/ciudades/ranking.php">"Las mejores ciudades para hacer negocios"</a>. América Economía. Especiales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2011/ciudades/ranking.php">the original</a> on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am%C3%A9rica+Econom%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Las+mejores+ciudades+para+hacer+negocios&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Am%C3%A9rica+Econom%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frankings.americaeconomia.com%2F2011%2Fciudades%2Franking.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mintra.gob.pe/archivos/file/estadisticas/peel/estadisticas/oflapeaocupada_17.pdf">"Ciudades:Promedio y mediana del ingreso laboral mensual de la PEA ocupada"</a> (PDF). Ministerio del Trabajo. Programa de Estadísticas y Estudios Laborales. 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministerio+del+Trabajo&rft.atitle=Ciudades%3APromedio+y+mediana+del+ingreso+laboral+mensual+de+la+PEA+ocupada&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintra.gob.pe%2Farchivos%2Ffile%2Festadisticas%2Fpeel%2Festadisticas%2Foflapeaocupada_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mintra.gob.pe/archivos/file/estadisticas/peel/estadisticas/40_1.pdf">"PEA Ocupada según diversas variables: estructura de mercado, grupo ocupacional y rama de actividad"</a> (PDF). Ministerio del Trabajo. Programa de Estadísticas y Estudios Laborales. 2000. Retrieved 10 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministerio+del+Trabajo&rft.atitle=PEA+Ocupada+seg%C3%BAn+diversas+variables%3A+estructura+de+mercado%2C+grupo+ocupacional+y+rama+de+actividad&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintra.gob.pe%2Farchivos%2Ffile%2Festadisticas%2Fpeel%2Festadisticas%2F40_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turistas-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Turistas_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920042527/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0937/cuadros/arequipa/2_4_3_16.xls">"Arequipa:principales indicadores del sector turismo 2001–2010"</a>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Banco de publicaciones estadísticas. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0937/cuadros/arequipa/2_4_3_16.xls">the original</a> on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Arequipa%3Aprincipales+indicadores+del+sector+turismo+2001%E2%80%932010&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fbiblioineipub%2Fbancopub%2FEst%2FLib0937%2Fcuadros%2Farequipa%2F2_4_3_16.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlanArequipaMetro-93"><a href="#cite_ref-PlanArequipaMetro_93-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipca.org.pe/cipca/webir/regarequipa/captuloiv.pdf">Metropolitan Strategic Plan of Arequipa, Arequipa Economics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626051906/http://www.cipca.org.pe/cipca/webir/regarequipa/captuloiv.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cotler96p-94"><a href="#cite_ref-cotler96p_94-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCotler2009">Cotler 2009</a>, p. 96) </li> <li id="cite_note-centrum-95"><a href="#cite_ref-centrum_95-0">^</a> Centrum. Cerro Verde Financial Reports, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Industria-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Industria_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Industria_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Industria_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Industria_96-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/bcr/dmdocuments/Publicaciones/seminarios/Conf200701/Lib200701-03">"3"</a>. Arequipa, perfil Económico (ilustrada ed.). 2006. p. 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Arequipa%2C+perfil+Econ%C3%B3mico&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=ilustrada&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcrp.gob.pe%2Fbcr%2Fdmdocuments%2FPublicaciones%2Fseminarios%2FConf200701%2FLib200701-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apima-97"><a href="#cite_ref-apima_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentty_Villafuerte2002" class="citation book cs1">Centty Villafuerte, Eymor B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118132609/http://eumed.net/libros/2008c/422/PROMOCION%20ESTATAL%20A%20LAS%20PYMES.htm">Informe Pymes de Arequipa 2002</a>. p. 124. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumed.net/libros/2008c/422/PROMOCION%20ESTATAL%20A%20LAS%20PYMES.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Informe+Pymes+de+Arequipa+2002&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Centty+Villafuerte&rft.aufirst=Eymor+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumed.net%2Flibros%2F2008c%2F422%2FPROMOCION%2520ESTATAL%2520A%2520LAS%2520PYMES.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zonificación-98"><a href="#cite_ref-zonificación_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306125343/http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe/proyectos/plan_director/aspectos_normativos/aspectos_normativos.pdf">"Zonificación Industrial"</a> (PDF). Aspecto Normativos del Plan Director. 2002. p. 29. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe/proyectos/plan_director/aspectos_normativos/aspectos_normativos.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zonificaci%C3%B3n+Industrial&rft.btitle=Aspecto+Normativos+del+Plan+Director&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muniarequipa.gob.pe%2Fproyectos%2Fplan_director%2Faspectos_normativos%2Faspectos_normativos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-television-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-television_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-television_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Rommel_Arce" class="citation web cs1">Mario Rommel Arce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111042545/http://www.mariorommelarce.com/portal/?p=470">"50 años de la televisión en Arequipa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariorommelarce.com/portal/?p=470">the original</a> on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+a%C3%B1os+de+la+televisi%C3%B3n+en+Arequipa&rft.au=Mario+Rommel+Arce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariorommelarce.com%2Fportal%2F%3Fp%3D470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-television2-100"><a href="#cite_ref-television2_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversidad_de_"San_Martín_de_Porres."_Escuela_Profesional_de_Turismo_y_Hotelería._Instituto_de_Investigacíon2005" class="citation book cs1">Universidad de "San Martín de Porres." Escuela Profesional de Turismo y Hotelería. Instituto de Investigacíon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOKgtCnP9FoC">El impacto económico de la cultura en Perú</a>. Universidad de San Martín de Porres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789586981712" title="Special:BookSources/9789586981712"><bdi>9789586981712</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+impacto+econ%C3%B3mico+de+la+cultura+en+Per%C3%BA&rft.pub=Universidad+de+San+Mart%C3%ADn+de+Porres&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789586981712&rft.au=Universidad+de+%22San+Mart%C3%ADn+de+Porres.%22+Escuela+Profesional+de+Turismo+y+Hoteler%C3%ADa.+Instituto+de+Investigac%C3%ADon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOKgtCnP9FoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-garayar60p-101"><a href="#cite_ref-garayar60p_101-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGarayar2004">Garayar 2004</a>, p. 60) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seminariosanjeronimoarequipa.org.pe/historia.php">"Historia del Colegio San Jerónimo"</a>. Colegio San Jerónimo. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colegio+San+Jer%C3%B3nimo&rft.atitle=Historia+del+Colegio+San+Jer%C3%B3nimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seminariosanjeronimoarequipa.org.pe%2Fhistoria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-unsaresena-103"><a href="#cite_ref-unsaresena_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversidad_Nacional_de_San_Agustín2012" class="citation web cs1">Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unsa.edu.pe/index.php/la-universidad/resena-historica">"Reseña Histórica"</a>. La Universidad. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rese%C3%B1a+Hist%C3%B3rica&rft.pub=La+Universidad&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Universidad+Nacional+de+San+Agust%C3%ADn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unsa.edu.pe%2Findex.php%2Fla-universidad%2Fresena-historica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robles45p-104"><a href="#cite_ref-robles45p_104-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFRobles2006">Robles 2006</a>, p. 45) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> University of San Francisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spij.minjus.gob.pe/Normas/sumillas/020909S.pdf">Creating the Autonomous University of San Francisco</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-anr19p-106"><a href="#cite_ref-anr19p_106-0">^</a> National Assembly of Rectors. "University Statistical Data", p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-anr20p-107"><a href="#cite_ref-anr20p_107-0">^</a> National Assembly of Rectors. "University Statistical Data", p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-universitarioredatam-108"><a href="#cite_ref-universitarioredatam_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AlWxBwWL6_X6dE9SX3hKQUw3eUtXeDAzWVhfVWJBSlE">"Reporte Universitario REDATAM"</a>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Reporte+Universitario+REDATAM&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheet%2Fccc%3Fkey%3D0AlWxBwWL6_X6dE9SX3hKQUw3eUtXeDAzWVhfVWJBSlE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-utparequipa-109"><a href="#cite_ref-utparequipa_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129005809/http://www.utpaqp.edu.pe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=60">"Página Institucional de la Universidad Tecnológica del Perú Arequipa"</a>. UTP Arequipa (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utpaqp.edu.pe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=60">the original</a> on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UTP+Arequipa&rft.atitle=P%C3%A1gina+Institucional+de+la+Universidad+Tecnol%C3%B3gica+del+Per%C3%BA+Arequipa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utpaqp.edu.pe%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D15%26Itemid%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-love4p-110"><a href="#cite_ref-love4p_110-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFLove1995">Love 1995</a>, p. 4) </li> <li id="cite_note-guillemete3p-111"><a href="#cite_ref-guillemete3p_111-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGuillemette2010">Guillemette 2010</a>, p. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-guajardo15p-112"><a href="#cite_ref-guajardo15p_112-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGuajardo_Castro2009">Guajardo Castro 2009</a>, p. 15) </li> <li id="cite_note-carricaburo36p-113"><a href="#cite_ref-carricaburo36p_113-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCarricaburo1997">Carricaburo 1997</a>, p. 36) </li> <li id="cite_note-voseoRAE-114"><a href="#cite_ref-voseoRAE_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Academia_Española_de_la_Lengua2005" class="citation web cs1">Real Academia Española de la Lengua (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rae.es/dpd/?key=voseo">"Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas"</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+Dudas&rft.date=2005-10&rft.au=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+la+Lengua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fdpd%2F%3Fkey%3Dvoseo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornejo1990" class="citation book cs1">Cornejo, Jorge (1990). La poesía en Arequipa en el siglo XX. Estudio y antología. UNSA. pp. Estudio preliminar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+poes%C3%ADa+en+Arequipa+en+el+siglo+XX.+Estudio+y+antolog%C3%ADa&rft.pages=Estudio+preliminar&rft.pub=UNSA&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cornejo&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castro_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2006" class="citation web cs1">Castro, Fernando (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629153037/http://www.hcponline.org/publications/spot-issues/summer-2007/vargas-brothers">"The Vargas Brothers of Arequipa"</a>. Houston Center For Photography Online. Houston, Texas: Houston Center For Photography. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcponline.org/publications/spot-issues/summer-2007/vargas-brothers">the original</a> on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Center+For+Photography+Online&rft.atitle=The+Vargas+Brothers+of+Arequipa&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcponline.org%2Fpublications%2Fspot-issues%2Fsummer-2007%2Fvargas-brothers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Patricia C. (3 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706193159/http://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/How-a-lost-Peruvian-work-made-its-way-to-Houston-1906785.php">"How a lost Peruvian work made its way to Houston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Houston_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Houston Chronicle">The Houston Chronicle</a>. Houston, Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/How-a-lost-Peruvian-work-made-its-way-to-Houston-1906785.php#photo-1486517">the original</a> on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=How+a+lost+Peruvian+work+made+its+way+to+Houston&rft.date=2006-12-03&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Patricia+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FHow-a-lost-Peruvian-work-made-its-way-to-Houston-1906785.php%23photo-1486517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121191757/http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=rx%2Fv4rI7Em4%3D">"Andina: New Museum of Arequipa Cathedral opens its doors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=rx%2Fv4rI7Em4%3D">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andina%3A+New+Museum+of+Arequipa+Cathedral+opens+its+doors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andina.com.pe%2Fespanol%2FNoticia.aspx%3Fid%3Drx%252Fv4rI7Em4%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-López55p-119"><a href="#cite_ref-López55p_119-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFLópez_de_Romaña2006">López de Romaña 2006</a>, p. 55) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Andean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andina.com.pe/Espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=vo4syk8tHsM=">BCR Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121182258/http://www.andina.com.pe/Espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=vo4syk8tHsM=">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929011905/http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/portal/index.php/en/2015-08-10-15-27-07/ddd/arqueologia">"Arqueología"</a>. www.ucsm.edu.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/portal/index.php/en/2015-08-10-15-27-07/ddd/arqueologia">the original</a> on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucsm.edu.pe&rft.atitle=Arqueolog%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsm.edu.pe%2Fportal%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F2015-08-10-15-27-07%2Fddd%2Farqueologia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929002548/http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/portal/index.php/en/2015-08-10-15-27-07/ddd/santuario">"Santuarios Andinos"</a>. www.ucsm.edu.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsm.edu.pe/portal/index.php/en/2015-08-10-15-27-07/ddd/santuario">the original</a> on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucsm.edu.pe&rft.atitle=Santuarios+Andinos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsm.edu.pe%2Fportal%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F2015-08-10-15-27-07%2Fddd%2Fsantuario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-López54p-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-López54p_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-López54p_123-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFLópez_de_Romaña2006">López de Romaña 2006</a>, p. 54) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150726163521/http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe/museo/">".:: Museo Virtual de Arequipa ::"</a>. www.muniarequipa.gob.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe/museo/">the original</a> on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muniarequipa.gob.pe&rft.atitle=.%3A%3A+Museo+Virtual+de+Arequipa+%3A%3A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muniarequipa.gob.pe%2Fmuseo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamayo_San_Román2015" class="citation book cs1">Tamayo San Román, Augusto (2015). Hombres de Ciencia y Tecnología en el Perú. pp. 100–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hombres+de+Ciencia+y+Tecnolog%C3%ADa+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tamayo+San+Rom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-López53p-126"><a href="#cite_ref-López53p_126-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFLópez_de_Romaña2006">López de Romaña 2006</a>, p. 53) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929050016/http://www.afarequipa.org.pe/index.php/es/cultura">"Alianza Francesa de Arequipa – Cultura"</a>. www.afarequipa.org.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afarequipa.org.pe/index.php/es/cultura">the original</a> on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.afarequipa.org.pe&rft.atitle=Alianza+Francesa+de+Arequipa+%E2%80%93+Cultura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afarequipa.org.pe%2Findex.php%2Fes%2Fcultura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icpa.org.pe/">"Instituto Cultural Peruano Alemán – Arequipa"</a>. icpa.org.pe. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icpa.org.pe&rft.atitle=Instituto+Cultural+Peruano+Alem%C3%A1n+%E2%80%93+Arequipa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficpa.org.pe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930070759/http://ccpna.culturaperu.org/perfil">"Centro Cultural Peruano Norteamericano – Arequipa | culturaperu.org"</a>. ccpna.culturaperu.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccpna.culturaperu.org/perfil">the original</a> on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccpna.culturaperu.org&rft.atitle=Centro+Cultural+Peruano+Norteamericano+%E2%80%93+Arequipa+%7C+culturaperu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccpna.culturaperu.org%2Fperfil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-musica-130"><a href="#cite_ref-musica_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatronato_Popular_y_Porvenir_Pro_Música_Clásica1985" class="citation book cs1">Patronato Popular y Porvenir Pro Música Clásica (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMxbAAAAMAAJ&q=parece+ser+Arequipa">La Música en el Perú</a>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+M%C3%BAsica+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Patronato+Popular+y+Porvenir+Pro+M%C3%BAsica+Cl%C3%A1sica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMxbAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dparece%2Bser%2BArequipa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929094918/http://www.ccelima.org/fimcc/takat.swf">"Orquesta Sinfónica de Arequipa (in Spanish)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccelima.org/fimcc/takat.swf">the original</a> on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orquesta+Sinf%C3%B3nica+de+Arequipa+%28in+Spanish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccelima.org%2Ffimcc%2Ftakat.swf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornejo44p-132"><a href="#cite_ref-cornejo44p_132-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCornejo_Velásquez2006">Cornejo Velásquez 2006</a>, p. 44) </li> <li id="cite_note-internaXp-133"><a href="#cite_ref-internaXp_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1WxBwWL6_X6VHlDQUwzTk1RNVU">"El egasín, revista interna de Egasa"</a> (in Spanish). 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+egas%C3%ADn%2C+revista+interna+de+Egasa&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D0B1WxBwWL6_X6VHlDQUwzTk1RNVU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornejo54p-134"><a href="#cite_ref-cornejo54p_134-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCornejo_Velásquez2006">Cornejo Velásquez 2006</a>, p. 54) </li> <li id="cite_note-cornejo47p-135"><a href="#cite_ref-cornejo47p_135-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCornejo_Velásquez2006">Cornejo Velásquez 2006</a>, p. 47) </li> <li id="cite_note-cornejo58p-136"><a href="#cite_ref-cornejo58p_136-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCornejo_Velásquez2006">Cornejo Velásquez 2006</a>, p. 58) </li> <li id="cite_note-almanaque2002-137"><a href="#cite_ref-almanaque2002_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINEI" class="citation book cs1">INEI (ed.). Almanaque de Arequipa 2002. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanaque+de+Arequipa+2002&rft.pages=169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico39p-138"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico39p_138-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico40p-139"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico40p_139-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico18p-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico18p_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico18p_140-1">b</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico65p-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico65p_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico65p_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico65p_141-2">c</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-humanity-142"><a href="#cite_ref-humanity_142-0">^</a> UNESCO. History of Humanity, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-arellano256p-143"><a href="#cite_ref-arellano256p_143-0">^</a> Arellano, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-benavides74p-144"><a href="#cite_ref-benavides74p_144-0">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBenavides_Rodríguez1990">Benavides Rodríguez 1990</a>, p. 74) </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico66p-145"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico66p_145-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=27">Provincial Municipality of Arequipa (Tourism)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108184408/http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=27">Archived</a> 8 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muniyanahuara.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=15">Yanahuara Villa Hermosa (Mayor's Message)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamansiondelfundador.com/es/historia.php">Founder's Mansion</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-diagnostico51p-149"><a href="#cite_ref-diagnostico51p_149-0">^</a> Provincial Municipality of Arequipa. "Diagnosis of the historic center of Arequipa", p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-naturalASA-150"><a href="#cite_ref-naturalASA_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223191311/http://www.andessperu.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=48">"Parque Natural de Selva Alegre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andessperu.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=48">the original</a> on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parque+Natural+de+Selva+Alegre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andessperu.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D19%26Itemid%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecologicoASA-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecologicoASA_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecologicoASA_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecologicoASA_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miqueridaarequipa.blogspot.com/2008/06/los-gigantes-de-piedra-y-el-ltimo.html">"Los gigantes de piedra en el Parque Ecológico de Alto Selva Alegre"</a>. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+gigantes+de+piedra+en+el+Parque+Ecol%C3%B3gico+de+Alto+Selva+Alegre&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiqueridaarequipa.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F06%2Flos-gigantes-de-piedra-y-el-ltimo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chilpinilla-152"><a href="#cite_ref-chilpinilla_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/26399276/AREQUIPA-Patrimonio-Cultural-de-la-Humanidad">"Arequipa, Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad"</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arequipa%2C+Patrimonio+Cultural+de+la+Humanidad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F26399276%2FAREQUIPA-Patrimonio-Cultural-de-la-Humanidad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salud-153"><a href="#cite_ref-salud_153-0">^</a> National Institute of Statistics and Information, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inei.gob.pe/srienaho/descarga/DocumentosZIP/2006-18/Cuadro_37.zip">Health Facilities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107135830/http://www.inei.gob.pe/srienaho/descarga/DocumentosZIP/2006-18/Cuadro_37.zip">Archived</a> 7 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133819/https://essaludacreditacion.com/">"Centros Asistenciales de Arequipa"</a>. Centros Asistenciales del Perú. EsSalud. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essaludacreditacion.com/">the original</a> on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centros+Asistenciales+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=Centros+Asistenciales+de+Arequipa&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fessaludacreditacion.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hncase-155"><a href="#cite_ref-hncase_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuerpo_Médico_HNCASE2009" class="citation web cs1">Cuerpo Médico HNCASE (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804032516/http://www.cuerpomedicohncase.com/">"CMHNCASE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuerpomedicohncase.com/">the original</a> on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CMHNCASE&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Cuerpo+M%C3%A9dico+HNCASE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuerpomedicohncase.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minsa-156"><a href="#cite_ref-minsa_156-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saludarequipa.gob.pe">Ministry of Health</a>, accessed 29 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eco2021-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eco2021_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eco2021_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eco2021_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eco2021_157-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapanaMarchSauri2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zapana, Luis; March, Hug; Sauri, David (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-34022021000300369&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es">"Las desigualdades en el acceso al agua en ciudades latinoamericanas de rápido crecimiento: El caso de Arequipa, Perú"</a> [Inequalities in access to water in rapidly growing urban cities in Latin America: The case of Arequipa, Peru]. <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande_Geography_Journal" title="Norte Grande Geography Journal">Norte Grande Geography Journal</a> (in Spanish). 80 (80): 369–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-34022021000300369">10.4067/S0718-34022021000300369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245090305">245090305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norte+Grande+Geography+Journal&rft.atitle=Las+desigualdades+en+el+acceso+al+agua+en+ciudades+latinoamericanas+de+r%C3%A1pido+crecimiento%3A+El+caso+de+Arequipa%2C+Per%C3%BA&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-34022021000300369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245090305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zapana&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=March%2C+Hug&rft.au=Sauri%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0718-34022021000300369%26lng%3Des%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-arequipa-to-be-second-city-in-peru-to-get-metro-system-521783.aspx">"Arequipa to be second city in Peru to get metro system"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andina_(news_agency)" title="Andina (news agency)">Andina</a>. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andina&rft.atitle=Arequipa+to+be+second+city+in+Peru+to+get+metro+system&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandina.pe%2Fingles%2Fnoticia-arequipa-to-be-second-city-in-peru-to-get-metro-system-521783.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tráfico-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Tráfico_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530040059/http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=mLn7DHtFef8=">"Airport Concession South Andean"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=mLn7DHtFef8=">the original</a> on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+Concession+South+Andean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andina.com.pe%2Fespanol%2FNoticia.aspx%3Fid%3DmLn7DHtFef8%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-export26p-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-export26p_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-export26p_160-1">b</a> Mincetur. "Export Investment Guide", p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFaqpsoluciones2011" class="citation news cs1">aqpsoluciones (10 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920111032/http://larevista.aqpsoluciones.com/2011/07/10/arequipa-y-lazos-comerciales-con-ciudades-hermanas/">"Arequipa busca estrechar lazos comerciales con ciudades hermanas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://larevista.aqpsoluciones.com/2011/07/10/arequipa-y-lazos-comerciales-con-ciudades-hermanas/">the original</a> on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arequipa+busca+estrechar+lazos+comerciales+con+ciudades+hermanas&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft.au=aqpsoluciones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarevista.aqpsoluciones.com%2F2011%2F07%2F10%2Farequipa-y-lazos-comerciales-con-ciudades-hermanas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlotte-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Charlotte_162-0">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111064505/http://www.charlottesistercities.org/Default.aspx?tabid=70">"Charlotte – Arequipa"</a>. Charlotte, United States. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlottesistercities.org/Default.aspx?tabid=70">the original</a> on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlotte+%E2%80%93+Arequipa&rft.place=Charlotte%2C+United+States&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlottesistercities.org%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/main/about/annual/2005/2005-sisterstates.pdf">"Ciudades hermanadas"</a> (PDF). Hawaii Government. Retrieved 26 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaii+Government&rft.atitle=Ciudades+hermanadas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaii.gov%2Fdbedt%2Fmain%2Fabout%2Fannual%2F2005%2F2005-sisterstates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100508031119/http://www.municipioiquique.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13Itemid%3D9">"Estudiantes de Universidad de San Agustín de Arequipa saludaron a alcaldesa"</a>. Municipio de Iquique. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipioiquique.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13Itemid=9">the original</a> on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estudiantes+de+Universidad+de+San+Agust%C3%ADn+de+Arequipa+saludaron+a+alcaldesa&rft.pub=Municipio+de+Iquique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.municipioiquique.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26amp%3Btask%3Dview%26amp%3Bid%3D13Itemid%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx">"Guangzhou Sister Cities [via WaybackMachine.com]"</a>. Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx">the original</a> on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guangzhou+Sister+Cities+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=Guangzhou+Foreign+Affairs+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gzwaishi.gov.cn%2FCategory_121%2FIndex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.biella.it/sito/index.php?link">"Citta di Biella"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citta+di+Biella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.biella.it%2Fsito%2Findex.php%3Flink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726120249/http://www.guanajuatocapital.gob.mx/ciudadeshermanas/cont/ArequipaEsp.pdf">"Ciudades hermanadas"</a> (PDF). Ayuntamiento de Guanajuato (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guanajuatocapital.gob.mx/ciudadeshermanas/cont/ArequipaEsp.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ayuntamiento+de+Guanajuato&rft.atitle=Ciudades+hermanadas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guanajuatocapital.gob.mx%2Fciudadeshermanas%2Fcont%2FArequipaEsp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArellano1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arellano, Fernando (1988). Universidad Católica Andrés (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4Kui3zXMigC">El Arte Hispanoamericano</a> (in Spanish). Universidad Catolica Andres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789802440177" title="Special:BookSources/9789802440177"><bdi>9789802440177</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Arte+Hispanoamericano&rft.pub=Universidad+Catolica+Andres&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789802440177&rft.aulast=Arellano&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4Kui3zXMigC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsamblea_Nacional_de_Rectores2012" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asamblea Nacional de Rectores (2012). ANR (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1WxBwWL6_X6TTRkbllnWURKWG8">Datos Estadísticos Universitarios</a> (Report) (in Spanish). II Censo Nacional Universitario. p. 21. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Datos+Estad%C3%ADsticos+Universitarios&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=II+Censo+Nacional+Universitario&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Asamblea+Nacional+de+Rectores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D0B1WxBwWL6_X6TTRkbllnWURKWG8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarriga1940" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barriga, Víctor M. (1940). La Colmena, S.A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxh6AAAAMAAJ">Arequipa y sus blasones</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arequipa+y+sus+blasones&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Barriga&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADctor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxh6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenavides_Rodríguez1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benavides Rodríguez, Alfredo (1990). Andrés Bello (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7HIFLdkBiUC">La arquitectura en el virreinato del Perú y en la capitanía general de Chile</a> (in Spanish) (ilustrada ed.). p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+arquitectura+en+el+virreinato+del+Per%C3%BA+y+en+la+capitan%C3%ADa+general+de+Chile&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=ilustrada&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Benavides+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7HIFLdkBiUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> (1991). Cambridge University Press (ed.). The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930 (ilustrada ed.). p. 919. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521266529" title="Special:BookSources/9780521266529"><bdi>9780521266529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America%3A+Latin+America+since+1930&rft.pages=919&rft.edition=ilustrada&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521266529&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarricaburo1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carricaburo, Norma (1997). Arcos Libros S.L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925090707/http://www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP7970t/Carricaburo-Formulas.pdf">Las fórmulas de tratamiento en el spanish actual</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Arco Libros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/847635278-6" title="Special:BookSources/847635278-6"><bdi>847635278-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP7970t/Carricaburo-Formulas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+f%C3%B3rmulas+de+tratamiento+en+el+spanish+actual&rft.pub=Arco+Libros&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=847635278-6&rft.aulast=Carricaburo&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburn.edu%2Facademic%2Fliberal_arts%2Fforeign%2FSpanish%2FFLSP7970t%2FCarricaburo-Formulas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCáceres-Péfaur2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cáceres-Péfaur, Beatriz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/23039/2/articulo4.pdf">"La visita de Simón Bolívar a la ciudad de Arequipa (Perú). Visión de la historiografía local contemporánea"</a> (PDF). Presente y Pasado, Revista de Historia (in Spanish) (11): 124–140. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1316-1369">1316-1369</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presente+y+Pasado%2C+Revista+de+Historia&rft.atitle=La+visita+de+Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar+a+la+ciudad+de+Arequipa+%28Per%C3%BA%29.+Visi%C3%B3n+de+la+historiograf%C3%ADa+local+contempor%C3%A1nea.&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1316-1369&rft.aulast=C%C3%A1ceres-P%C3%A9faur&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saber.ula.ve%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F23039%2F2%2Farticulo4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanfreau1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chanfreau, Marie-Françoise (1995). M. IFEA: Instituto fránces de estudios andinos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107135837/http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/17(1)/37.pdf">La vivienda en los pueblos jóvenes de Arequipa y Trujillo: creación de una nueva tipologçia regional</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/17(1)/37.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vivienda+en+los+pueblos+j%C3%B3venes+de+Arequipa+y+Trujillo%3A+creaci%C3%B3n+de+una+nueva+tipolog%C3%A7ia+regional&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Chanfreau&rft.aufirst=Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifeanet.org%2Fpublicaciones%2Fboletines%2F17%281%29%2F37.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoaguila_Valdivia2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coaguila Valdivia, Jaime Francisco (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212024/http://www.jaimecoaguila.net/archivos/articulo19.pdf">"Recetario para una construcción relacional de la identidad arequipeña"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Jueces, abogados y "escribanos". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaimecoaguila.net/archivos/articulo19.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recetario+para+una+construcci%C3%B3n+relacional+de+la+identidad+arequipe%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Jueces%2C+abogados+y+%22escribanos%22&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Coaguila+Valdivia&rft.aufirst=Jaime+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaimecoaguila.net%2Farchivos%2Farticulo19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContreras2004" class="citation book cs1">Contreras, Carlos (2004). Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/isbn/9789972510977/page-1/">El aprendizaje del capitalismo:Estudios de historia económica y social del Perú republicano</a>. IEP, Instituto del Estudios Peruanos. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789972510977" title="Special:BookSources/9789972510977"><bdi>9789972510977</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+aprendizaje+del+capitalismo%3AEstudios+de+historia+econ%C3%B3mica+y+social+del+Per%C3%BA+republicano&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=IEP%2C+Instituto+del+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789972510977&rft.aulast=Contreras&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fbook-search%2Fisbn%2F9789972510977%2Fpage-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongreso_de_irrigación_y_colonización_del_norte1929" class="citation book cs1">Congreso de irrigación y colonización del norte (1929). Imprenta Torres Aguirre (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHVxAAAAIAAJ">Anales del primer Congreso de irrigación y colonización del norte: 19–24 February 1929, Lambayeque, República del Perú</a>. p. 270. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anales+del+primer+Congreso+de+irrigaci%C3%B3n+y+colonizaci%C3%B3n+del+norte%3A+19%E2%80%9324+February+1929%2C+Lambayeque%2C+Rep%C3%BAblica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=270&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Congreso+de+irrigaci%C3%B3n+y+colonizaci%C3%B3n+del+norte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHVxAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsejo_Nacional_de_Ambiente" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Consejo Nacional de Ambiente. Consejo Nacional del Ambiente (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182208/http://cdam.minam.gob.pe:8080/bitstream/123456789/177/1/CDAM0000069.pdf">"Gesta Zonal de Aire, Arequipa"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Plan a limpiar el aire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdam.minam.gob.pe:8080/bitstream/123456789/177/1/CDAM0000069.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesta+Zonal+de+Aire%2C+Arequipa&rft.pub=Plan+a+limpiar+el+aire&rft.au=Consejo+Nacional+de+Ambiente&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdam.minam.gob.pe%3A8080%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F177%2F1%2FCDAM0000069.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornejo_Bouroncle1952" class="citation book cs1">Cornejo Bouroncle, Jorge (1952). H.G. Rozas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P09JAQAAIAAJ">Arequipa: homenaje y recuerdo</a>. p. 35. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arequipa%3A+homenaje+y+recuerdo&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Cornejo+Bouroncle&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP09JAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornejo_Velásquez2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornejo Velásquez, Hernán (2006). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BibVirtualData/publicaciones/inv_sociales/N17_2006/a03n17.pdf">"El simbolismo de la comida arequipeña"</a> (PDF). Investigaciones Sociales (in Spanish). 17. Lima: 41–65. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigaciones+Sociales&rft.atitle=El+simbolismo+de+la+comida+arequipe%C3%B1a&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cornejo+Vel%C3%A1squez&rft.aufirst=Hern%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsisbib.unmsm.edu.pe%2FBibVirtualData%2Fpublicaciones%2Finv_sociales%2FN17_2006%2Fa03n17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotler2009" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cotler, Julio (2009). Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/laoap/iep/ddt154.pdf">Poder y cambio en las regiones</a> (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Serie Desarrollo Humano. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Poder+y+cambio+en+las+regiones&rft.pub=Serie+Desarrollo+Humano&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cotler&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fproject%2Flaoap%2Fiep%2Fddt154.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuneo_Vidal1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cuneo Vidal, Rómulo (1931). <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Geogr%C3%A1fica_de_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociedad Geográfica de Lima">Sociedad Geográfica de Lima</a> (ed.). Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Geogr%C3%A1fica+de+Lima&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Cuneo+Vidal&rft.aufirst=R%C3%B3mulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDávalos_y_Lissón1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dávalos y Lissón, Pedro (1863). Librería e Imprenta Gil (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?portal=0&Ref=5443">La primera centuria : causas geográficas, políticas y económicas que han detenido el progreso moral y material del Perú en el primer siglo de su vida independiente. Tomo II</a> (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional del Perú. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+primera+centuria+%3A+causas+geogr%C3%A1ficas%2C+pol%C3%ADticas+y+econ%C3%B3micas+que+han+detenido+el+progreso+moral+y+material+del+Per%C3%BA+en+el+primer+siglo+de+su+vida+independiente.+Tomo+II&rft.place=Biblioteca+Nacional+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=D%C3%A1valos+y+Liss%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.cervantesvirtual.com%2FFichaObra.html%3Fportal%3D0%26Ref%3D5443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Riva_Agüero1858" class="citation book cs1">de la Riva Agüero, José (1858). Librería de Garnier Hermanos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/memorias-y-documentos-para-la-historia-de-la-independencia-del-peru-volume-1-jose-de-la-riva-aguero/1022296098">Memorias y documentos para la historia de la independencia del Perú</a>. Librería de la Universidad de Míchigan. p. 304. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorias+y+documentos+para+la+historia+de+la+independencia+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.place=Librer%C3%ADa+de+la+Universidad+de+M%C3%ADchigan&rft.pages=304&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=de+la+Riva+Ag%C3%BCero&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fw%2Fmemorias-y-documentos-para-la-historia-de-la-independencia-del-peru-volume-1-jose-de-la-riva-aguero%2F1022296098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirección_de_Estadística1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dirección de Estadística (1878). Ministerio de Gobierno, Imprenta del Estado (ed.). Resumen General de Censo General de habitantes del Perú de 1876 (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resumen+General+de+Censo+General+de+habitantes+del+Per%C3%BA+de+1876&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Direcci%C3%B3n+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpresa_de_Generación_del_Energía_Eléctrica_S.A._(EGASA)2003" class="citation journal cs1">Empresa de Generación del Energía Eléctrica S.A. (EGASA) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1WxBwWL6_X6YVlMWlEzblgzQTA/edit?pli=1">"En agosto Arequipa está de fiesta"</a>. Egasin. Nº2 (16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Egasin&rft.atitle=En+agosto+Arequipa+est%C3%A1+de+fiesta&rft.volume=N%C2%BA2&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Empresa+de+Generaci%C3%B3n+del+Energ%C3%ADa+El%C3%A9ctrica+S.A.+%28EGASA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B1WxBwWL6_X6YVlMWlEzblgzQTA%2Fedit%3Fpli%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Estadistica1944" class="citation book cs1">Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, ed. (1944). "Relación de los censos parciales levantados en el Perú después del censo general de 1876". Censo de población y ocupación de 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+de+los+censos+parciales+levantados+en+el+Per%C3%BA+despu%C3%A9s+del+censo+general+de+1876&rft.btitle=Censo+de+poblaci%C3%B3n+y+ocupaci%C3%B3n+de+1940&rft.date=1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaldós_Rodríguez1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galdós Rodríguez, Guillermo (1997). Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r13rAAAAMAAJ">Una ciudad para la historia, una historia para la ciudad: Arequipa en el siglo XX</a> (in Spanish). p. 391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+ciudad+para+la+historia%2C+una+historia+para+la+ciudad%3A+Arequipa+en+el+siglo+XX&rft.pages=391&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gald%C3%B3s+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr13rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarayar2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garayar, Carlos (2004). Ediciones Peisa (ed.). Atlas Regional: Arequipa (in Spanish). Ediciones Peisa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-40-315-7" title="Special:BookSources/9972-40-315-7"><bdi>9972-40-315-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+Regional%3A+Arequipa&rft.pub=Ediciones+Peisa&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9972-40-315-7&rft.aulast=Garayar&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_de_los_Reyes_Arquitectos_y_Asociados2012a" class="citation web cs1">García de los Reyes Arquitectos y Asociados (2012a). Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3iGSftnMMllWlBZbTlyTF9Xalk/edit">"Diagnóstico propositivo para el Plan de Desarrollo Metropolitano de Arequipa"</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagn%C3%B3stico+propositivo+para+el+Plan+de+Desarrollo+Metropolitano+de+Arequipa&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+de+los+Reyes+Arquitectos+y+Asociados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B3iGSftnMMllWlBZbTlyTF9Xalk%2Fedit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_de_los_Reyes_Arquitectos_y_Asociados2012b" class="citation web cs1">García de los Reyes Arquitectos y Asociados (2012b). Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3iGSftnMMllRnJoNGQ4YXhBZlk/edit">"Plan de Desarrollo Metropolitano de Arequipa"</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+de+Desarrollo+Metropolitano+de+Arequipa&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+de+los+Reyes+Arquitectos+y+Asociados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B3iGSftnMMllRnJoNGQ4YXhBZlk%2Fedit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuajardo_Castro2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guajardo Castro, Alejandro (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikieducator.org/images/d/d5/Lonccos.pdf">"Aspectos morfosintácticos del habla loncca en la campiña arequipeña"</a> (PDF). Maestría de Lingüística de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maestr%C3%ADa+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+de+la+Universidad+Nacional+Mayor+de+San+Marcos&rft.atitle=Aspectos+morfosint%C3%A1cticos+del+habla+loncca+en+la+campi%C3%B1a+arequipe%C3%B1a&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Guajardo+Castro&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikieducator.org%2Fimages%2Fd%2Fd5%2FLonccos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillemette2010" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guillemette, Martín (2010). Institut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amérique Latine (ed.). La revolución mexicana y sus impactos en América Latina: una propuesta de análisis a nivel local. El caso de Arequipa, Perú (Report) (in Spanish). México y sus revoluciones (XIII Reunión de historiadores de México, Estados Unidos y Canadá).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=La+revoluci%C3%B3n+mexicana+y+sus+impactos+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina%3A+una+propuesta+de+an%C3%A1lisis+a+nivel+local.+El+caso+de+Arequipa%2C+Per%C3%BA&rft.pub=M%C3%A9xico+y+sus+revoluciones+%28XIII+Reuni%C3%B3n+de+historiadores+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+Estados+Unidos+y+Canad%C3%A1%29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Guillemette&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrup2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grup, Franz (2010). Instituto Nacional de Cultura (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204053554/http://www.mcultura.gob.pe/documentosweb/c33f21060d2e664f5af5c231d046c21a/GACET_41.pdf">"Gaceta Cultural del Perú"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcultura.gob.pe/documentosweb/c33f21060d2e664f5af5c231d046c21a/GACET_41.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaceta+Cultural+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Grup&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcultura.gob.pe%2Fdocumentosweb%2Fc33f21060d2e664f5af5c231d046c21a%2FGACET_41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez1994" class="citation book cs1">Gutiérrez, Ramón (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1wbAAAAIAAJ">Evolución histórica urbana de Arequipa Metropolitana 1540–1990</a> (ilustrada ed.). Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo, y Artes, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788489034013" title="Special:BookSources/9788489034013"><bdi>9788489034013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evoluci%C3%B3n+hist%C3%B3rica+urbana+de+Arequipa+Metropolitana+1540%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=ilustrada&rft.pub=Facultad+de+Arquitectura%2C+Urbanismo%2C+y+Artes%2C+Universidad+Nacional+de+Ingenier%C3%ADa&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788489034013&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1wbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinares_Málaga1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linares Málaga, Eloy (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=92101473&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=1">Pre historia de Arequipa</a> (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre+historia+de+Arequipa&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Linares+M%C3%A1laga&rft.aufirst=Eloy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov%2Fvwebv%2Fsearch%3FsearchArg%3D92101473%26searchCode%3DGKEY%255E%2A%26searchType%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_de_Romaña2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López de Romaña, Flavia (2006). Instituto Nacional de Cultura (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sic.conaculta.gob.mx/documentos/847.pdf">"Casos de Gestión Cultural en el Perú"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casos+de+Gesti%C3%B3n+Cultural+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+de+Roma%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Flavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsic.conaculta.gob.mx%2Fdocumentos%2F847.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove1995" class="citation book cs1">Love, Thomas (1995). Department of Sociology/Anthropology of Linfield College – McMinnville, Oregon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/LASA98/Love.pdf">Cash Cows and Fighting Bulls:Redefining Identity, Maintaining Control in Southwestern Perú</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cash+Cows+and+Fighting+Bulls%3ARedefining+Identity%2C+Maintaining+Control+in+Southwestern+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flasa.international.pitt.edu%2FLASA98%2FLove.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMc_Evoy1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mc Evoy, Carmen (1997). La utopía republicana: ideales y realidad en la formación de la Cultura Política Peruana, 1871–1919 (in Spanish). PUCP. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972420620" title="Special:BookSources/9972420620"><bdi>9972420620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+utop%C3%ADa+republicana%3A+ideales+y+realidad+en+la+formaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Cultura+Pol%C3%ADtica+Peruana%2C+1871%E2%80%931919&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=PUCP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9972420620&rft.aulast=Mc+Evoy&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMincetur_(Ministry_of_Foreign_Trade_and_Tourism)" class="citation web cs1">Mincetur (Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism). Proexpansión (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107135148/http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/apec1/pdf/Mincetur_Arequipa22.pdf">"Arequipa, Export Investment Guide"</a> (PDF). p. 98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/apec1/pdf/Mincetur_Arequipa22.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arequipa%2C+Export+Investment+Guide&rft.pages=98&rft.au=Mincetur+%28Ministry+of+Foreign+Trade+and+Tourism%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mincetur.gob.pe%2Fapec1%2Fpdf%2FMincetur_Arequipa22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiró_Quesada1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miró Quesada, Aurelio (1998). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (ed.). Historia y leyenda de Mariano Melgar (1790–1815) (in Spanish). UNMSM. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789972460616" title="Special:BookSources/9789972460616"><bdi>9789972460616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+y+leyenda+de+Mariano+Melgar+%281790%E2%80%931815%29&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=UNMSM&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789972460616&rft.aulast=Mir%C3%B3+Quesada&rft.aufirst=Aurelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonguió1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Monguió, Luis (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Don-Jos%C3%A9-Joaqu%C3%ADn-Mora-biogr%C3%A1ficos/dp/B0038QPCOM">"Don José Joaquín de la Mora y el Perú de mil ochocientos"</a>. In University of California Press (ed.). Don José Joaquín de Mora: apuntes biográficos (in Spanish). University of Michigan Library. p. 268. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Don+Jos%C3%A9+Joaqu%C3%ADn+de+la+Mora+y+el+Per%C3%BA+de+mil+ochocientos&rft.btitle=Don+Jos%C3%A9+Joaqu%C3%ADn+de+Mora%3A+apuntes+biogr%C3%A1ficos&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mongui%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDon-Jos%25C3%25A9-Joaqu%25C3%25ADn-Mora-biogr%25C3%25A1ficos%2Fdp%2FB0038QPCOM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunicipalidad_Provincial_de_Arequipa2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa (2002). "Diagnostico del Centro Histórico de Arequipa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1WxBwWL6_X6ZVlTeERNSEltVnM">Plan Maestro del Centro Histórico de Arequipa</a> (in Spanish). p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diagnostico+del+Centro+Hist%C3%B3rico+de+Arequipa&rft.btitle=Plan+Maestro+del+Centro+Hist%C3%B3rico+de+Arequipa&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Municipalidad+Provincial+de+Arequipa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D0B1WxBwWL6_X6ZVlTeERNSEltVnM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunicipalidad_Provincial_de_Arequipa2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Municipalidad Provincial de Arequipa (30 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1WxBwWL6_X6djh0OGJ4TjhFUGs">"Historical Center of the City of Arequipa, Compendio Normativo"</a> (in Spanish). Superintendencia del Centro Histórico y Zona Monumental. Retrieved 4 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Center+of+the+City+of+Arequipa%2C+Compendio+Normativo&rft.pub=Superintendencia+del+Centro+Hist%C3%B3rico+y+Zona+Monumental&rft.date=2000-11-30&rft.au=Municipalidad+Provincial+de+Arequipa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D0B1WxBwWL6_X6djh0OGJ4TjhFUGs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neira, Máximo; Galdos, Guillermo; Malaga, Alejandro; Quiroz, Eusebio; Carpio, Juan (1990). Historia General de Arequipa (in Spanish). Fundacion M.J. Bustamante de la Fuente.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+General+de+Arequipa&rft.pub=Fundacion+M.J.+Bustamante+de+la+Fuente&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Neira&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ximo&rft.au=Galdos%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Malaga%2C+Alejandro&rft.au=Quiroz%2C+Eusebio&rft.au=Carpio%2C+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuñez_PachecoTorres_Santillana1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nuñez Pacheco, Rosa; Torres Santillana, Gregorio (1991). "Polifonía del silencio, la literatura arequipeña en los últimos diez years". In Promolibro (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1WxBwWL6_X6UUlhd1V4S3VXYms">El author de creación literaria de la Macroregión Sur</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polifon%C3%ADa+del+silencio%2C+la+literatura+arequipe%C3%B1a+en+los+%C3%BAltimos+diez+years&rft.btitle=El+author+de+creaci%C3%B3n+literaria+de+la+Macroregi%C3%B3n+Sur&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1ez+Pacheco&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=Torres+Santillana%2C+Gregorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D0B1WxBwWL6_X6UUlhd1V4S3VXYms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalma1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palma, Ricardo (1893). Barcelona, Montaner y Simón (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12474965333472617765657/p0000001.htm">Tradiciones peruanas</a> (in Spanish). Vol. III. pp. 1–252. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradiciones+peruanas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Palma&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F12474965333472617765657%2Fp0000001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonce1960" class="citation book cs1">Ponce, Fernando (1960). Retablo de papel (ed.). La ciudad en el Perú. Arequipa. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ciudad+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.place=Arequipa&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ponce&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardo_y_Aliaga2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pardo y Aliaga, Felipe (2007). Teatro completo: Crítica teatral; el Espejo de mi tierra (in Spanish). PUCP. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teatro+completo%3A+Cr%C3%ADtica+teatral%3B+el+Espejo+de+mi+tierra&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=PUCP&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pardo+y+Aliaga&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robles, Elmer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2340525">"Origen de las universidades más antiguas de Perú"</a>. Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 8 (1): 35–48. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Historia+de+la+Educaci%C3%B3n+Latinoamericana&rft.atitle=Origen+de+las+universidades+m%C3%A1s+antiguas+de+Per%C3%BA&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Elmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D2340525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZátonyi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zátonyi, Marta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDY33cOj2u4C">Gozar el arte, gozar la arquitectura</a> (in Spanish) (ilustrada ed.). Infinito. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789879393406" title="Special:BookSources/9789879393406"><bdi>9789879393406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gozar+el+arte%2C+gozar+la+arquitectura&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=ilustrada&rft.pub=Infinito&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789879393406&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A1tonyi&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDY33cOj2u4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArequipa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arequipa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arequipa">Arequipa</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muniarequipa.gob.pe">Municipality of Arequipa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regionarequipa.gob.pe">Arequipa Region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arequipa.com">Arequipa, Peru</a></li></ul> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923161907/http://www.regionarequipa.gob.pe/">Archived</a> 23 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Arequipa#Q159273" class="extiw" title="voy:Arequipa">Arequipa</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Peruvian_cities_with_a_population_of_over_100,000" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Template:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Peruvian_cities_with_a_population_of_over_100,000" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Peru"><img alt="State flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> cities with a population of over 100,000</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arequipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Alta" title="Chincha Alta">Chincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullana" title="Sullana">Sullana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talara" title="Talara">Talara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">List of World Heritage Sites in Peru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> Archaeological Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar" title="Chavín de Huántar">Chavín</a> Archaeological Site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">City of Cuzco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">Historic Centre of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca</a> and Pampas de Jumana</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa</a></li> <li>Sacred City of <a href="/wiki/Caral" title="Caral">Caral-Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System</a>1</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/75px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/100px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huascar%C3%A1n_National_Park" title="Huascarán National Park">Huascarán National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_National_Park" title="Manu National Park">Manu National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic Sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Abiseo_National_Park" title="Rio Abiseo National Park">Rio Abiseo National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 with <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Department_capitals_of_Peru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Template:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Department_capitals_of_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Peru"><img alt="State flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Department</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas,_Peru" title="Chachapoyas, Peru">Chachapoyas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Amazonas,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Amazonas, Peru">Amazonas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ancash" title="Department of Ancash">Ancash</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abancay" title="Abancay">Abancay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Apur%C3%ADmac" title="Department of Apurímac">Apurímac</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arequipa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arequipa" title="Department of Arequipa">Arequipa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ayacucho" title="Department of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cajamarca" title="Department of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Province_of_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Province of Callao">Callao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Cuzco">Cuzco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Huancavelica" title="Department of Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Department of Huánuco">Huánuco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ica" title="Department of Ica">Ica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Department of Junín">Junín</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_La_Libertad" title="Department of La Libertad">La Libertad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lambayeque" title="Department of Lambayeque">Lambayeque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lima" title="Department of Lima">Department of Lima</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Maldonado" title="Puerto Maldonado">Puerto Maldonado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Madre_de_Dios" title="Department of Madre de Dios">Madre de Dios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Moquegua" title="Department of Moquegua">Moquegua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Pasco" title="Department of Pasco">Pasco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Piura" title="Department of Piura">Piura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Puno" title="Department of Puno">Puno</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyobamba" title="Moyobamba">Moyobamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Department of San Martín">San Martín</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tacna" title="Department of Tacna">Tacna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbes,_Peru" title="Tumbes, Peru">Tumbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tumbes" title="Department of Tumbes">Tumbes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ucayali" title="Department of Ucayali">Ucayali</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159273#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158905570">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211893/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm96QbxFXC8dx8pBgbKh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4264750-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018505">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971736g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971736g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452433">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550295905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e4309042-9fab-4144-96cb-04666a32f1eb">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044609">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&oldid=1266945745">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&oldid=1266945745</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arequipa" title="Category:Arequipa">Arequipa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Peru" title="Category:Tourism in Peru">Tourism in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Peru" title="Category:Cities in Peru">Cities in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arequipa_Region" title="Category:Populated places in the Arequipa Region">Populated places in the Arequipa Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1540" title="Category:Populated places established in 1540">Populated places established in 1540</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1540_establishments_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:1540 establishments in the Spanish Empire">1540 establishments in the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regional_capital_cities_in_Peru" title="Category:Regional capital cities in Peru">Regional capital cities in Peru</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_nickname_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Quechua-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Quechua-language text">Articles containing Quechua-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2022">Articles with disputed statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2015">Articles needing additional references from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2015">Articles with dead external links from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 January 2025, at 23:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arequipa&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5d587cdb6c-fgc2k","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.922","walltime":"2.369","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18927,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":378075,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30862,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":441946,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2025.289 1 -total"," 26.27% 532.137 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.79% 441.287 3 Template:Infobox"," 19.01% 384.959 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 11.71% 237.180 48 Template:Cite_web"," 8.94% 180.967 44 Template:Cite_book"," 6.17% 124.913 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.07% 102.728 58 Template:Harv"," 5.02% 101.703 1 Template:IPA"," 4.84% 97.931 48 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.082","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21836296,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmérica_Economía2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmérica_Economía2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArellano1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsamblea_Nacional_de_Rectores2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarriga1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenavides_Rodríguez1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulnes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarricaburo1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentty_Villafuerte2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCerrón-Palomino2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanfreau1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoaguila_Valdivia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongreso_de_irrigación_y_colonización_del_norte1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsejo_Nacional_de_Ambiente\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContreras2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornejo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornejo_Bouroncle1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornejo_Velásquez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuerpo_Médico_HNCASE2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuneo_Vidal1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCáceres-Péfaur2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirección_de_Estadística1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDávalos_y_Lissón1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmpresa_de_Generación_del_Energía_Eléctrica_S.A._(EGASA)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadea_Aburto2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaldós_Rodríguez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarayar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía_de_los_Reyes_Arquitectos_y_Asociados2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía_de_los_Reyes_Arquitectos_y_Asociados2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrup2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuajardo_Castro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillemette2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutiérrez1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINEI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINEI2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Estadistica1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinares_Málaga1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_de_Romaña2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMario_Rommel_Arce\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMc_Evoy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMincetur_(Ministry_of_Foreign_Trade_and_Tourism)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiró_Quesada1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonguió1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMostny1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunicipalidad_Provincial_de_Arequipa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunicipalidad_Provincial_de_Arequipa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeiraGaldosMalagaQuiroz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuñez_PachecoTorres_Santillana1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfficial_Journal_El_Peruano2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalma1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardo_y_Aliaga2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatronato_Popular_y_Porvenir_Pro_Música_Clásica1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonce1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReal_Academia_Española_de_la_Lengua2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobles2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamayo_San_Román2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavera,_Hernando2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTechnical_Office_of_the_Historical_Center_and_Monumental_Zone_of_Arequipa_(MPA_–_OTCHA)2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversidad_Nacional_de_San_Agustín2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversidad_de_\u0026quot;San_Martín_de_Porres.\u0026quot;_Escuela_Profesional_de_Turismo_y_Hotelería._Instituto_de_Investigacíon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargas_Gutiérrez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZapanaMarchSauri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZegarra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZátonyi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFaqpsoluciones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Riva_Agüero1858\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 48,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 4,\n [\"Colend\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Designation list\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 14,\n [\"Harv\"] = 58,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Large cities of Peru\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regional capitals of Peru\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Peru\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","23.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","12.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.1"],["[others]","200","15.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-d7kdw","timestamp":"20250106010105","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arequipa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arequipa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q159273","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q159273","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-31T13:19:41Z","dateModified":"2025-01-02T23:16:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg","headline":"city of Peru, capital of Arequipa region"}</script> </body> </html>