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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%86%DB%8C)" title="جان مارشال هارلان (سیاستچی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان مارشال هارلان (سیاستچی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Marshall Harlan II" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Marshall Harlan II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Marshall Harlan II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ג'ון מרשל הרלן השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון מרשל הרלן השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="جون مارشال هارلان التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون مارشال هارلان التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_II" title="Харлан, Джон Маршалл II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харлан, Джон Маршалл II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Marshall Harlan II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Џон Маршал Харлан II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Маршал Харлан II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Маршалл Гарлан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Маршалл Гарлан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%80%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="約翰·馬歇爾·哈倫二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·馬歇爾·哈倫二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q957749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice from 1955 to 1971</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Marshall Harlan II</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Marshall_Harlan_II_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_Marshall_Harlan_II_official.jpg/220px-John_Marshall_Harlan_II_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_Marshall_Harlan_II_official.jpg/330px-John_Marshall_Harlan_II_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/John_Marshall_Harlan_II_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 28, 1955 – September 23, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office February 10, 1954 – March 27, 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Noble_Hand" title="Augustus Noble Hand">Augustus Noble Hand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Lumbard" title="J. Edward Lumbard">J. Edward Lumbard</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Marshall Harlan</div> (1899-05-20)May 20, 1899 <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 29, 1971(1971-12-29) (aged 72) <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Emmanuel Church Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Connecticut" title="Weston, Connecticut">Weston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Ethel Andrews</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Harlan" title="John Maynard Harlan">John Maynard Harlan</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> (grandfather)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>) <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_School" title="New York Law School">New York Law School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Buchanan Jr.">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Mellon Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> John Marshall Harlan (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court">associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court</a> from 1955 to 1971. Harlan is usually called John Marshall Harlan II to distinguish him from his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a>, who served on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> from 1877 to 1911. Harlan was a student at <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_College" title="Upper Canada College">Upper Canada College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appleby_College" title="Appleby College">Appleby College</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. Awarded a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a>, he studied law at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough-1">[1]</a> Upon his return to the U.S. in 1923 Harlan worked in the law firm of <a href="/wiki/Root,_Clark,_Buckner_%26_Howland" class="mw-redirect" title="Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland">Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland</a> while studying at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_School" title="New York Law School">New York Law School</a>. Later he served as Assistant <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York">U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York</a> and as Special Assistant Attorney General of New York. In 1954 Harlan was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a>, and a year later President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> nominated Harlan to the U.S. Supreme Court following the death of Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-papers-2">[2]</a> Harlan is often characterized as a member of the conservative wing of the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a>. He advocated a limited role for the judiciary, remarking that the Supreme Court should not be considered "a general haven for reform movements".<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough1989-3">[3]</a> In general, Harlan adhered more closely to <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>, and was more reluctant to overturn legislation than many of his colleagues on the Court. He strongly disagreed with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Bill_of_Rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (Bill of Rights)">incorporation</a>, which held that the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bill of Rights">federal Bill of Rights</a> applied to the state governments, not merely the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> At the same time, he advocated a broad <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">interpretation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Due_process#United_States" title="Due process">Due Process Clause</a>, arguing that it protected a wide range of rights <a href="/wiki/Unenumerated_rights" title="Unenumerated rights">not expressly mentioned</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> Justice Harlan was gravely ill when he retired from the Supreme Court on September 23, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> He died from <a href="/wiki/Spinal_tumor" title="Spinal tumor">spinal cancer</a> three months later on December 29, 1971. After Harlan's retirement, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> to replace him. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career">edit</a>]</div> John Marshall Harlan was born on May 20, 1899, in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-papers-2">[2]</a> He was the son of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Harlan" title="John Maynard Harlan">John Maynard Harlan</a>, a Chicago lawyer and politician, and Elizabeth Flagg. He had three sisters.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough33-6">[6]</a> Historically, Harlan's family had been politically active. His forebear George Harlan served as one of the governors of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> during the seventeenth century; his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harlan (congressman)">James Harlan</a> was a congressman during the 1830s;<a href="#cite_note-Leitch-7">[7]</a> his grandfather, also John Marshall Harlan, was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911; and his uncle, <a href="/wiki/James_S._Harlan" title="James S. Harlan">James S. Harlan</a>, was attorney general of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and then chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leitch-7">[7]</a> In his younger years, Harlan attended <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_School_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin School of Chicago">The Latin School of Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough-1">[1]</a> He later attended two boarding high schools in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto Area</a>, Canada: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_College" title="Upper Canada College">Upper Canada College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appleby_College" title="Appleby College">Appleby College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough-1">[1]</a> Upon graduation from Appleby, Harlan returned to the U.S. and in 1916 enrolled at Princeton University. There, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Club" title="Ivy Club">Ivy Club</a>, served as an editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian" title="The Daily Princetonian">The Daily Princetonian</a>, and was class president during his junior and senior years.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough-1">[1]</a> After graduating from the university in 1920 with an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Artium Baccalaureus</a> degree, he received a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a> to attend Balliol College, Oxford, making him the first Rhodes Scholar to sit on the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch-7">[7]</a> He studied jurisprudence at Oxford for three years, returning from England in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> Upon his return to the United States, he began work with the law firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland (which became <a href="/wiki/Dewey_%26_LeBoeuf" title="Dewey & LeBoeuf">Dewey & LeBoeuf</a>), one of the leading law firms in the country, while studying law at New York Law School. He received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> in 1924 and earned admission to the bar in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough1-8">[8]</a> Between 1925 and 1927, Harlan served as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_United_States_Attorney" title="Assistant United States Attorney">Assistant United States Attorney</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a>, heading the district's <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> unit.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough1-8">[8]</a> He prosecuted <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a>, former United States Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> In 1928, he was appointed Special Assistant <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">Attorney General of New York</a>, in which capacity he investigated a scandal involving sewer construction in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. He prosecuted <a href="/wiki/Maurice_E._Connolly" title="Maurice E. Connolly">Maurice E. Connolly</a>, the Queens <a href="/wiki/Borough_president" title="Borough president">borough president</a>, for his involvement in the affair.<a href="#cite_note-papers-2">[2]</a> In 1930, Harlan returned to his old law firm, becoming a partner one year later. At the firm, he served as chief assistant for senior partner <a href="/wiki/Emory_Buckner" title="Emory Buckner">Emory Buckner</a> and followed him into public service when Buckner was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> for the Southern District of New York. As one of "Buckner's Boy Scouts", eager young Assistant United States Attorneys, Harlan worked on Prohibition cases, and swore off drinking except when the prosecutors visited the Harlan family fishing camp in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where Prohibition did not apply.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> Harlan remained in public service until 1930, and then returned to his firm. Buckner had also returned to the firm,<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> and after Buckner's death, Harlan became the leading <a href="/wiki/Trial_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial lawyer">trial lawyer</a> at the firm.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> As a trial lawyer Harlan was involved in a number of famous cases. One such case was the conflict over the estate left after the death in 1931 of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Wendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ella Wendel (page does not exist)">Ella Wendel</a>, who had no heirs and left almost all her wealth, estimated at $30–100 million, to churches and charities. However, a number of claimants, most of them imposters, filed suits in state and federal courts seeking part of her fortune. Harlan acted as the main defender of her estate and will as well as the chief negotiator. Eventually a settlement among lawful claimants was reached in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough41-10">[10]</a> In the following years Harlan specialized in corporate law dealing with the cases like Randall v. Bailey,<a href="#cite_note-Randall-11">[11]</a> concerning the interpretation of state law governing distribution of corporate <a href="/wiki/Dividends" class="mw-redirect" title="Dividends">dividends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough2-12">[12]</a> In 1940, he represented the New York Board of Higher Education unsuccessfully in <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell#Second_World_War" title="Bertrand Russell">the Bertrand Russell case</a> in its efforts to retain <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> on the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>; Russell was declared "morally unfit" to teach.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch-7">[7]</a> The future justice also represented boxer <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Gene Tunney</a> in a breach of contract suit brought by a would-be fight manager, a matter settled out of court.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough2-12">[12]</a> In 1937, Harlan was one of five founders of a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> advocacy group called the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a>, which had been formed to introduce Nazi ideas on eugenics to the United States. He had likely been invited into the group due to his expertise in non-profit organizations. Harlan served on the Pioneer Fund's board until 1954. He did not play a significant role in the fund.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During World War II, Harlan volunteered for military duty, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> from 1943 to 1945. He was the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Operational_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Analysis">Operational Analysis</a> Section of the Eighth Air Force in England.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> He won the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> from the United States, and the Croix de Guerre from both <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_Cross_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="War Cross (Belgium)">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> In 1946 Harlan returned to private law practice representing <a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Pont family</a> members against a federal antitrust lawsuit. In 1951, however, he returned to public service, serving as Chief Counsel to the New York State Crime Commission, where he investigated the relationship between organized crime and the state government as well as illegal gambling activities in New York and other areas.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leitch-7">[7]</a> During this period Harlan also served as a committee chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Bar_of_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of the Bar of the City of New York">Association of the Bar of the City of New York</a>, and to which he was later elected vice president. Harlan's main specialization at that time was <a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">corporate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antitrust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust law">antitrust law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> In 1928, Harlan married Ethel Andrews, who was the daughter of Yale history professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough33-6">[6]</a> This was the second marriage for her. Ethel was originally married to New York architect Henry K. Murphy, who was twenty years her senior. After Ethel divorced Murphy in 1927, her brother John invited her to a Christmas party at <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Ballantine" title="Dewey Ballantine">Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough3-15">[15]</a> where she was introduced to John Harlan. They saw each other regularly afterwards and married on November 10, 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut" title="Farmington, Connecticut">Farmington, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough33-6">[6]</a> Harlan, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, maintained a New York City apartment, a summer home in <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Connecticut" title="Weston, Connecticut">Weston, Connecticut</a>, and a fishing camp in <a href="/wiki/La_Malbaie" title="La Malbaie">Murray Bay, Quebec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough2-12">[12]</a> a lifestyle he described as "awfully tame and correct".<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> The justice played golf, favored tweeds, and wore a gold watch which had belonged to the first Justice Harlan.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> In addition to carrying his grandfather's watch, when he joined the Supreme Court he used the same furniture which had furnished his grandfather's chambers.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> John and Ethel Harlan had one daughter, Evangeline (born on February 2, 1932).<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough33-6">[6]</a> She was married to Frank Dillingham of <a href="/wiki/West_Redding,_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="West Redding, Connecticut">West Redding, Connecticut</a>, until his death, and had five children.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillingham-16">[16]</a> One of Eve's children, Amelia Newcomb, is the international news editor at <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and has two children: Harlan, named after John Marshall Harlan II, and Matthew Trevithick.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Another daughter, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Dillingham" title="Kate Dillingham">Kate Dillingham</a>, is a professional cellist and published author. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Circuit_service">Second Circuit service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Circuit service">edit</a>]</div> Harlan was nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> on January 13, 1954, to a seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> vacated by Judge <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Noble_Hand" title="Augustus Noble Hand">Augustus Noble Hand</a>. Harlan knew this court well, as he had often appeared before it and was friendly with many of the judges.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> He was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on February 9, 1954, and received his commission on the next day. His service terminated on March 27, 1955, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_service">Supreme Court service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supreme Court service">edit</a>]</div> Harlan was nominated by President Eisenhower on January 10, 1955, as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>, to succeed Robert H. Jackson.<a href="#cite_note-papers-2">[2]</a> On being nominated, the reticent Harlan called reporters into his chambers in New York, and stated, in full, "I am very deeply honored."<a href="#cite_note-man-20">[20]</a> He was confirmed by the Senate on March 16, 1955, by a 71–11 vote,<a href="#cite_note-RL33225-21">[21]</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths" title="Oath of office">sworn into office</a> on March 28, 1955.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Despite the brevity of his stay on the Second Circuit, Harlan would serve as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Justices_as_circuit_justices" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Circuit Justice</a> responsible for the Second Circuit throughout his Supreme Court capacity, and, in that capacity, enjoyed attending the Circuit's annual conference, bringing his wife and catching up on the latest gossip.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> Additionally, he served as Circuit Justice for the Ninth Circuit from June 25 to June 26, 1963. He assumed <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">retired status</a> on September 23, 1971, serving in that capacity until his death on December 29, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Marshall_Harlan_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Marshall_Harlan_II.jpg/220px-John_Marshall_Harlan_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/John_Marshall_Harlan_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Harlan</figcaption></figure> Harlan's nomination came shortly after the Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brown-23">[23]</a> declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">James Eastland</a> (the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a>) and several other southern senators delayed his confirmation, because they (correctly) believed that he would support desegregation of the schools and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dorsen2006-24">[24]</a> Unlike almost all previous Supreme Court nominees, Harlan appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee to answer questions relating to his judicial views. Every Supreme Court nominee since Harlan has been questioned by the Judiciary Committee before confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-senate-25">[25]</a> The Senate finally confirmed him on March 17, 1955, by a vote of 71–11.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein-26">[26]</a> He took his seat on March 28, 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> Of the eleven senators who voted against his appointment, nine were from the South. He was replaced on the Second Circuit by <a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Lumbard" title="J. Edward Lumbard">J. Edward Lumbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-27">[27]</a> On the Supreme Court, Harlan often voted alongside Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> who was his principal mentor on the court.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough3-15">[15]</a> Some legal scholars even viewed him as "Frankfurter without mustard", though others recognize his own important contributions to the evolution of legal thought.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> Harlan was an ideological adversary—but close personal friend—of Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>,<a href="#cite_note-oyez-28">[28]</a> with whom he disagreed on a variety of issues, including the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the states, the Due Process Clause, and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough1989-3">[3]</a> Justice Harlan was very close to the <a href="/wiki/Law_clerks" class="mw-redirect" title="Law clerks">law clerks</a> whom he hired, and continued to take an interest in them after they left his chambers to continue their legal careers. The justice would advise them on their careers, hold annual reunions, and place pictures of their children on his chambers' walls. He would say to them of the Warren Court, "We must consider this only temporary," that the Court had gone astray, but would soon right itself.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> Justice Harlan is remembered by people who worked with him for his tolerance and civility. He treated his fellow Justices, clerks and attorneys representing parties with respect and consideration. While Justice Harlan often strongly objected to certain conclusions and arguments, he never criticized other justices or anybody else personally, and never said any disparaging words about someone's motivations and capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen_civility-29">[29]</a> Harlan was reluctant to show emotion, and was never heard to complain about anything.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> Harlan was one of the intellectual leaders of the Warren Court. Harvard Constitutional law expert <a href="/wiki/Paul_Freund" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Freund">Paul Freund</a> said of him: <blockquote>His thinking threw light in a very introspective way on the entire process of the judicial function. His decisions, beyond just the vote they represented, were sufficiently philosophical to be of enduring interest. He decided the case before him with that respect for its particulars, its special features, that marks alike the honest artist and the just judge.<a href="#cite_note-Time-30">[30]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence">edit</a>]</div> Harlan's jurisprudence is often characterized as conservative. He held <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> to be of great importance, adhering to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a> more closely than many of his Supreme Court colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> Unlike Justice Black, he eschewed strict <a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">textualism</a>. While he believed that the original intention of the Framers should play an important part in constitutional adjudication, he also held that broad phrases like "liberty" in the Due Process Clause could be given an evolving interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-Dripps125-31">[31]</a> Harlan believed that most problems should be solved by the <a href="/wiki/Political_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Political process">political process</a>, and that the judiciary should play only a limited role.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough1989-3">[3]</a> In his dissent to <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32">[32]</a> he wrote: <blockquote>These decisions give support to a current mistaken view of the Constitution and the constitutional function of this court. This view, in short, is that every major social ill in this country can find its cure in some constitutional principle and that this court should take the lead in promoting reform when other branches of government fail to act. The Constitution is not a panacea for every blot upon the public welfare nor should this court, ordained as a judicial body, be thought of as a general haven of reform movements.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32">[32]</a></blockquote> However, Harlan was not a <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> He wrote the plurality opinion in <a href="/wiki/Manual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day" title="Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day">Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a>, ruling that photographs of nude men are not obscene, one of the first major victories for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">early gay rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Despite Harlan's conservatism, he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and along with Justices <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a> unsuccessfully pushed for the Court to hear challenges to its legality.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_Protection_Clause">Equal Protection Clause</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equal Protection Clause">edit</a>]</div> The Supreme Court decided several important equal protection cases during the first years of Harlan's career. In these cases, Harlan regularly voted in favor of civil rights—similar to his grandfather, the only dissenting justice in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> case.<a href="#cite_note-Plessy-36">[36]</a> He voted with the majority in <a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-37">[37]</a> compelling defiant officials in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Desegregate" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregate">desegregate</a> public schools. He joined the opinion in <a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gomillion-38">[38]</a> which declared that states could not redraw political boundaries in order to reduce the voting power of <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>. Moreover, he joined the unanimous decision in <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Loving-39">[39]</a> which struck down state laws that banned interracial marriage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Due_Process_Clause">Due Process Clause</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Due Process Clause">edit</a>]</div> Justice Harlan advocated a broad interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. He subscribed to the doctrine that the clause not only provided procedural guarantees, but also protected a wide range of fundamental rights, including those that were not specifically mentioned in the text of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Wildenthal2-40">[40]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Due_process#Substantive_due_process" title="Due process">substantive due process</a>.) However, as Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> noted in his <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moore_v._East_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore v. East Cleveland">Moore v. East Cleveland</a>, "no one was more sensitive than Mr. Justice Harlan to any suggestion that his approach to the Due Process Clause would lead to judges 'roaming at large in the constitutional field'."<a href="#cite_note-Moore-41">[41]</a> Under Harlan's approach, judges would be limited in the Due Process area by "respect for the teachings of history, solid recognition of the basic values that underlie our society, and wise appreciation of the great roles that the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> have played in establishing and preserving American freedoms".<a href="#cite_note-Griswold-42">[42]</a> Harlan set forth his interpretation in an often cited dissenting opinion to <a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Poe-43">[43]</a> which involved a challenge to a <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> law banning the use of <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptives</a>. The Supreme Court dismissed the case on technical grounds, holding that the case was not <a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">ripe</a> for adjudication. Justice Harlan dissented from the dismissal, suggesting that the Court should have considered the merits of the case. Thereafter, he indicated his support for a broad view of the due process clause's reference to "liberty". He wrote, "This 'liberty' is not a series of isolated points pricked out in terms of the taking of property; the freedom of speech, press, and religion; the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a>; the freedom from unreasonable <a href="/wiki/Searches_and_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Searches and seizures">searches and seizures</a>; and so on. It is a rational continuum which, broadly speaking, includes a freedom from all substantial arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Impositions" title="Impositions">impositions</a> and purposeless <a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">restraints</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Poe-43">[43]</a> He suggested that the due process clause encompassed a right to privacy, and concluded that a prohibition on contraception violated this right.<a href="#cite_note-Dripps-44">[44]</a> The same law was challenged again in <a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Griswold-42">[42]</a> This time, the Supreme Court agreed to consider the case, and concluded that the law violated the Constitution. However, the decision was based not on the due process clause, but on the argument that a right to privacy was found in the "<a href="/wiki/Penumbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Penumbra">penumbras</a>" of other provisions of the Bill of Rights. Justice Harlan concurred in the result, but criticized the Court for relying on the Bill of Rights in reaching its decision. "The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment stands," he wrote, "on its own bottom."<a href="#cite_note-Griswold-42">[42]</a> The Supreme Court would later adopt Harlan's approach, relying on the due process clause rather than the penumbras of the Bill of Rights in right to privacy cases such as <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a><a href="#cite_note-Roe-45">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-46">[46]</a> Harlan's interpretation of the Due Process Clause attracted the criticism of Justice Black, who rejected the idea that the Clause included a "substantive" component, considering this interpretation unjustifiably broad and historically unsound, one of the few issues in which Black was more conservative than Harlan. The Supreme Court has agreed with Harlan, and has continued to apply the doctrine of substantive due process in a wide variety of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough1989-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorporation">Incorporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incorporation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Bill_of_Rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (Bill of Rights)">Incorporation (Bill of Rights)</a></div> Justice Harlan was strongly opposed to the theory that the Fourteenth Amendment "incorporated" the Bill of Rights—that is, made the provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states.<a href="#cite_note-Cortner-47">[47]</a> His opinion on the matter was opposite to that of his grandfather, who supported the full incorporation of the Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-Wildenthal-48">[48]</a> When it was originally ratified, the Bill of Rights was binding only upon the federal government, as the Supreme Court ruled in the 1833 case <a href="/wiki/Barron_v._Baltimore" title="Barron v. Baltimore">Barron v. Baltimore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barron-49">[49]</a> Some jurists argued that the Fourteenth Amendment made the entirety of the Bill of Rights binding upon the states as well. Harlan, however, rejected this doctrine, which he called "historically unfounded" in his Griswold concurrence.<a href="#cite_note-Griswold-42">[42]</a> Instead, Justice Harlan believed that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause only protected "fundamental" rights. Thus, if a guarantee of the Bill of Rights was "fundamental" or "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty," Harlan agreed that it applied to the states as well as the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> Thus, for example, Harlan believed that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> clause applied to the states,<a href="#cite_note-ONeil-50">[50]</a> but that the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>'s self-incrimination clause did not.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> Harlan's approach was largely similar to that of Justices <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Cardozo">Benjamin Cardozo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> It drew criticism from Justice Black, a proponent of the total incorporation theory.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough-1">[1]</a> Black claimed that the process of identifying some rights as more "fundamental" than others was largely arbitrary, and depended on each Justice's personal opinions.<a href="#cite_note-oyez-28">[28]</a> The Supreme Court has eventually adopted some elements of Harlan's approach, holding that only some Bill of Rights guarantees were applicable against the states—the doctrine known as selective incorporation. However, under Chief Justice Earl Warren during the 1960s, an increasing number of rights were deemed sufficiently fundamental for incorporation (Harlan regularly dissented from these rulings). Hence, the majority of provisions from the Bill of Rights have been extended to the states; the exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">Third Amendment</a>, the grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventh Amendment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Ninth Amendment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a>. Thus, although the Supreme Court has agreed with Harlan's general reasoning, the result of its jurisprudence is very different from what Harlan advocated.<a href="#cite_note-Cortner-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Amendment">First Amendment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First Amendment">edit</a>]</div> Justice Harlan supported many of the Warren Court's landmark decisions relating to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>. For instance, he voted in favor of the Court's ruling that the states could not use religious tests as qualifications for public office in <a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torcaso-51">[51]</a> He joined in <a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Engel-52">[52]</a> which declared that it was unconstitutional for states to require the recitation of official <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer in school">prayers in public schools</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Epperson-53">[53]</a> he similarly voted to strike down an Arkansas law banning the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. In many cases, Harlan took a fairly broad view of First Amendment rights such as the freedom of speech and of the press, although he thought that the First Amendment applied directly only to the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-ONeil-50">[50]</a> According to Harlan the freedom of speech was among the "fundamental principles of liberty and justice" and therefore applicable also to states, but less stringently than to the national government. Moreover, Justice Harlan believed that federal laws censoring "obscene" publications violated the free speech clause.<a href="#cite_note-ONeil-50">[50]</a> Thus, he dissented from <a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roth-54">[54]</a> in which the Supreme Court upheld the validity of a federal obscenity law. At the same time, Harlan did not believe that the Constitution prevented the states from censoring obscenity.<a href="#cite_note-ONeil63-55">[55]</a> He explained in his Roth dissent: <blockquote>The danger is perhaps not great if the people of one State, through their legislature, decide that <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a> goes so far beyond the acceptable standards of candor that it will be deemed offensive and non-sellable, for the State next door is still free to make its own choice. At least we do not have one uniform standard. But the dangers to free thought and expression are truly great if the Federal Government imposes a blanket ban over the Nation on such a book. ... The fact that the people of one State cannot read some of the works of <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> seems to me, if not wise or desirable, at least acceptable. But that no person in the United States should be allowed to do so seems to me to be intolerable, and violative of both the letter and spirit of the First Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-54">[54]</a></blockquote> Harlan concurred in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-56">[56]</a> which required public officials suing newspapers for <a href="/wiki/Slander_and_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander and libel">libel</a> to prove that the publisher had acted with "<a href="/wiki/Actual_malice" title="Actual malice">actual malice</a>." This stringent standard made it much more difficult for public officials to win libel cases. He did not, however, go as far as Justices Hugo Black and <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, who suggested that all libel laws were unconstitutional. In <a href="/wiki/Street_v._New_York" title="Street v. New York">Street v. New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Street-57">[57]</a> Harlan wrote the opinion of the court, ruling that the government could not punish an individual for insulting the <a href="/wiki/American_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a>. In 1969 he noted that the Supreme Court had consistently "rejected all manner of prior restraint on publication."<a href="#cite_note-Abrams-58">[58]</a> When Harlan was a Circuit Judge in 1955,<a href="#cite_note-Flynn-59">[59]</a> he authorized the decision upholding the conviction of leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a>) under the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>. The ruling was based on the previous Supreme Court's decisions, by which the Court of Appeals was bound. Later, when he was a Supreme Court justice, Harlan, however, wrote an opinion overturning the conviction of Communist Party activists as unconstitutional in the case of <a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yates-60">[60]</a> Another such case was <a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins-61">[61]</a> Harlan penned the <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-62">[62]</a> holding that wearing a jacket emblazoned with the words "Fuck the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Draft</a>" was speech protected by the First Amendment. His opinion was later described by constitutional law expert Professor <a href="/wiki/Yale_Kamisar" title="Yale Kamisar">Yale Kamisar</a> as one of the greatest ever written on freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-tame-9">[9]</a> In the Cohen opinion, Harlan famously wrote "one man's <a href="/wiki/Vulgarity" title="Vulgarity">vulgarity</a> is another's <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a>," a quote that was later denounced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bork-63">[63]</a> Justice Harlan is credited for establishing that the First Amendment protects the freedom of association.<a href="#cite_note-ONeil-50">[50]</a> In <a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NAACP-64">[64]</a> Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court, invalidating an Alabama law that required the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> to disclose membership lists.<a href="#cite_note-ONeil-50">[50]</a> However he did not believe that individuals were entitled to exercise their First Amendment rights wherever they pleased. He joined in Adderley v. Florida,<a href="#cite_note-Adderley-65">[65]</a> which controversially upheld a trespassing conviction for protesters who demonstrated on government property. He dissented from <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brown1-66">[66]</a> in which the Court held that protesters were entitled to engage in a sit-in at a public library. Likewise, he disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinker v. Des Moines">Tinker v. Des Moines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tinker-67">[67]</a> in which the Supreme Court ruled that students had the right to wear armbands (as a form of protest) in public schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_procedure">Criminal procedure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criminal procedure">edit</a>]</div> During the 1960s the Warren Court made a series of rulings expanding the rights of criminal <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendants</a>. In some instances, Justice Harlan concurred in the result,<a href="#cite_note-Gideon-68">[68]</a> while in many other cases he found himself in dissent. Harlan was usually joined by the other moderate members of the Court: Justices <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom Clark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> Most notably, Harlan dissented from Supreme Court rulings restricting <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a> techniques used by law enforcement officers. For example, he dissented from the Court's holding in <a href="/wiki/Escobedo_v._Illinois" title="Escobedo v. Illinois">Escobedo v. Illinois</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Escobedo-69">[69]</a> that the police could not refuse to honor a suspect's request to consult with his lawyer during an interrogation. Harlan called the rule "ill-conceived" and suggested that it "unjustifiably fetters perfectly legitimate methods of criminal law enforcement." He disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Miranda-70">[70]</a> which required law enforcement officials to warn a suspect of his rights before questioning him (see <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a>). He closed his dissenting opinion with a quotation from his predecessor, Justice Robert H. Jackson: "This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law, and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added."<a href="#cite_note-Miranda-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright" title="Gideon v. Wainwright">Gideon v. Wainwright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gideon-68">[68]</a> Justice Harlan agreed that the Constitution required states to provide attorneys for defendants who could not afford their own counsel. However, he believed that this requirement applied only <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">at trial</a>, and not <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">on appeal</a>; thus, he dissented from <a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._California" title="Douglas v. California">Douglas v. California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Douglas-71">[71]</a> Harlan wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a>—a case that declared the <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Tax_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana Tax Act">Marijuana Tax Act</a> unconstitutional based on the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> protection against <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">self-incrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leary-72">[72]</a> Justice Harlan's concurrence in <a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a><a href="#cite_note-Katz-73">[73]</a> set forth the test for determining whether government conduct constituted a <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search</a>. In this case the Supreme Court held that <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Petitioner" title="Petitioner">petitioner</a>'s telephone conversation constituted a search in the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">warrant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasicko-4">[4]</a> According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: (1) that the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and (2) that the individual's expectation of privacy is "one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'"<a href="#cite_note-Katz-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_rights">Voting rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Voting rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></div> Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population.<a href="#cite_note-Hickok-74">[74]</a> In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in <a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a><a href="#cite_note-Colegrove-75">[75]</a> admonished the courts to stay out of the "political thicket" of <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reapportionment">reapportionment</a>. The Supreme Court, however, disagreed with Harlan in a series of rulings during the 1960s. The first case in this line of rulings was <a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-76">[76]</a> The Court ruled that the courts had <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over <a href="/wiki/Malapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapportionment">malapportionment</a> issues and therefore were entitled to review the validity of district boundaries. Harlan, however, dissented, on the grounds that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that malapportionment violated their individual rights.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-76">[76]</a> Then, in <a href="/wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wesberry-77">[77]</a> the Supreme Court, relying on the Constitution's requirement that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> be elected "by the People of the several States," ruled that <a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">congressional districts</a> in any particular state must be approximately equal in population. Harlan vigorously dissented, writing, "I had not expected to witness the day when the Supreme Court of the United States would render a decision which casts grave doubt on the constitutionality of the composition of the House of Representatives. It is not an exaggeration to say that such is the effect of today's decision."<a href="#cite_note-Wesberry-77">[77]</a> He proceeded to argue that the Court's decision was inconsistent with both the history and text of the Constitution; moreover, he claimed that only Congress, not the judiciary, had the power to require congressional districts with equal populations.<a href="#cite_note-Hickok-74">[74]</a> Harlan was the sole dissenter in <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32">[32]</a> in which the Court relied on the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> to extend the one man, one vote principle to state legislative districts. He analyzed the language and history of the Fourteenth Amendment, and concluded that the Equal Protection Clause was never intended to encompass voting rights. Because the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> would have been superfluous if the Fourteenth Amendment (the basis of the reapportionment decisions) had conferred a general <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a>, he claimed that the Constitution did not require states to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one man, one vote</a> principle, and that the Court was merely imposing its own political theories on the nation. He suggested, in addition, that the problem of malapportionment was one that should be solved by the political process, and not by litigation. He wrote: <blockquote>This Court, limited in function in accordance with that premise, does not serve its high purpose when it exceeds its authority, even to satisfy justified impatience with the slow workings of the political process. For when, in the name of constitutional interpretation, the Court adds something to the Constitution that was deliberately excluded from it, the Court, in reality, substitutes its view of what should be so for the amending process.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32">[32]</a></blockquote> For similar reasons, Harlan dissented from Carrington v. Rash,<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-78">[78]</a> in which the Court held that voter qualifications were subject to scrutiny under the equal protection clause. He claimed in his dissent, "the Court totally ignores, as it did in last Term's reapportionment cases ... all the history of the Fourteenth Amendment and the course of judicial decisions which together plainly show that the Equal Protection Clause was not intended to touch state electoral matters."<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-78">[78]</a> Similarly, Justice Harlan disagreed with the Court's ruling in <a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_Board_of_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harper-79">[79]</a> invalidating the use of the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> as a qualification to vote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retirement and death">edit</a>]</div> John M. Harlan's health began to deteriorate towards the end of his career. His eyesight began to fail during the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Dean-80">[80]</a> To cover this, he would bring materials to within an inch of his eyes, and have clerks and his wife read to him (once when the Court took an obscenity case, a chagrined Harlan had his wife read him <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a>).<a href="#cite_note-man-20">[20]</a> Gravely ill, he retired from the Supreme Court on September 23, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Dorsen139-5">[5]</a> Harlan died from <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal cancer">spinal cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-Time-30">[30]</a> three months later, on December 29, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-papers-2">[2]</a> He was buried at the Emmanuel Church Cemetery in Weston, Connecticut.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> considered nominating <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Lillie" title="Mildred Lillie">Mildred Lillie</a>, a California appeals court judge, to fill the vacant seat; Lillie would have been the first female nominee to the Supreme Court. However, Nixon decided against Lillie's nomination after the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> found Lillie to be unqualified.<a href="#cite_note-Lillie-83">[83]</a> Thereafter, Nixon nominated William Rehnquist (a future Chief Justice), who was confirmed by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Dean-80">[80]</a> Despite his many dissents, Harlan has been described as one of the most influential Supreme Court justices of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough0-84">[84]</a> He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-AAAS-85">[85]</a> Harlan's extensive professional and Supreme Court papers (343 cubic feet) were donated to Princeton University, where they are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Seeley_G._Mudd_Manuscript_Library" title="Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library">Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library</a> and open to research.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Other papers repose at several other libraries. Ethel Harlan, his wife, outlived him by only a few months and died on June 12, 1972.<a href="#cite_note-wife-87">[87]</a> She suffered from <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> for the last seven years of her life.<a href="#cite_note-Yarbrough3-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_9)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_v._United_States" title="Clay v. 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United States</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_Greatest_Fight" title="Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight">Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight</a> (2013 television film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yarbrough-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yarbrough_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yarbrough_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yarbrough_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yarbrough_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yarbrough_1-4">e</a> <a href="#Yarbrough2">Yarbrough</a>, 1992, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-papers-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-papers_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers_2-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622051955/http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/harlan/">"John Marshall Harlan Papers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> Library. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03375-1"><bdi>978-0-670-03375-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pentagon+papers+case&rft.btitle=Speaking+Freely&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03375-1&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakingfreelytr00abra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cortner" class="citation web cs1">Cortner, Richard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.smu.edu/jkobylka/supremecourt/Nationalization_BoRs.pdf">"The Nationalization of the Bill of Rights: An Overview"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929204116/http://faculty.smu.edu/jkobylka/supremecourt/Nationalization_BoRs.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nationalization+of+the+Bill+of+Rights%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=American+Political+Science+Association+and+American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Cortner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.smu.edu%2Fjkobylka%2Fsupremecourt%2FNationalization_BoRs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dean" class="citation book cs1">Dean, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rehnquistchoiceu00dean">"2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rehnquistchoiceu00dean">The Rehnquist Choice</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2607-3"><bdi>978-0-7432-2607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=The+Rehnquist+Choice&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2607-3&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frehnquistchoiceu00dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dorsen" class="citation journal cs1">Dorsen, Norman; Newcomb, Amela Ames (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105062300/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118929822/abstract">"John Marshall Harlan II: Remembrances by his Law Clerks"</a>. Journal of Supreme Court History. 27 (2): 138–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-5818.00040">10.1111/1540-5818.00040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144526140">144526140</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118929822/abstract">the original</a> on January 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=John+Marshall+Harlan+II%3A+Remembrances+by+his+Law+Clerks&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-175&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-5818.00040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144526140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dorsen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Newcomb%2C+Amela+Ames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F118929822%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dorsen2" class="citation journal cs1">Dorsen, Norman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol028">"The selection of U.S. Supreme Court justices"</a>. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (4): 652–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol028">10.1093/icon/mol028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=The+selection+of+U.S.+Supreme+Court+justices&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=652-663&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol028&rft.aulast=Dorsen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmol028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dripps" class="citation journal cs1">Dripps, Donald A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621062746/http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume3_1/Symposium/Dripps_3-1.pdf">"Justice Harlan on Criminal Procedure: Two Cheers for the Legal Process School"</a> (PDF). Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 3: 125–168. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume3_1/Symposium/Dripps_3-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 21, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Journal+of+Criminal+Law&rft.atitle=Justice+Harlan+on+Criminal+Procedure%3A+Two+Cheers+for+the+Legal+Process+School&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=125-168&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dripps&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoritzlaw.osu.edu%2Fosjcl%2FArticles%2FVolume3_1%2FSymposium%2FDripps_3-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Epstein" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Lee; Segal, Jeffrey A.; Staudt, Nancy; Lindstädt, Rene (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029014811/http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/downloads/324/Epstein.pdf">"The role of qualifications in the confirmation of nominees to the U.S. Supreme court"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University_Law_Review" title="Florida State University Law Review">Florida State University Law Review</a>. 32: 1145–1174. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/downloads/324/Epstein.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+State+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+role+of+qualifications+in+the+confirmation+of+nominees+to+the+U.S.+Supreme+court&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=1145-1174&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Segal%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Staudt%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Lindst%C3%A4dt%2C+Rene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.fsu.edu%2Fjournals%2Flawreview%2Fdownloads%2F324%2FEpstein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_Jeremy" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/john_m_harlan2">"Harlan, John M."</a> <a href="/wiki/Oyez.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyez.org">Oyez.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916000008/http://www.oyez.org/justices/john_m_harlan2/">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harlan%2C+John+M.&rft.pub=Oyez.org&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fjohn_m_harlan2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hickok" class="citation journal cs1">Hickok, Eugene W. Jr. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/report/representation-quota-the-decline-representative-government-america">"Representation By Quota: The Decline of Representative Government in America"</a>. The Heritage Lectures. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-1155">0272-1155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Lectures&rft.atitle=Representation+By+Quota%3A+The+Decline+of+Representative+Government+in+America&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0272-1155&rft.aulast=Hickok&rft.aufirst=Eugene+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Freport%2Frepresentation-quota-the-decline-representative-government-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leitch1978" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Alexander (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/harlan_john.html">A Princeton Companion</a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04654-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04654-9"><bdi>0-691-04654-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427075959/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/harlan_john.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Princeton+Companion&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-691-04654-9&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcweb.princeton.edu%2FCampusWWW%2FCompanion%2Fharlan_john.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mayer" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Martin (1968). Emory Buckner. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emory+Buckner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"> (Harlan arranged for Mayer to write this book about his mentor <a href="/wiki/Emory_Buckner" title="Emory Buckner">Emory Buckner</a> and wrote the book's Introduction.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOeslner1971" class="citation news cs1">Oeslner, Lesley (December 30, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A13FC3C591A7493C2AA1789D95F458785F9">"Harlan dies at 72; on Court 16 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harlan+dies+at+72%3B+on+Court+16+years&rft.date=1971-12-30&rft.aulast=Oeslner&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DFA0A13FC3C591A7493C2AA1789D95F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="O'Neil" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neil, Robert M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029014812/http://www1.law.nyu.edu/pubs/annualsurvey/documents/58%20N.Y.U.%20Ann.%20Surv.%20Am.%20L.%2057%20%282001%29.pdf">"The neglected first amendment jurisprudence of the second justice Harlan"</a> (PDF). NYU Annual Survey of American Law. 58: 57–66. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.law.nyu.edu/pubs/annualsurvey/documents/58%20N.Y.U.%20Ann.%20Surv.%20Am.%20L.%2057%20(2001).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYU+Annual+Survey+of+American+Law&rft.atitle=The+neglected+first+amendment+jurisprudence+of+the+second+justice+Harlan&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.law.nyu.edu%2Fpubs%2Fannualsurvey%2Fdocuments%2F58%2520N.Y.U.%2520Ann.%2520Surv.%2520Am.%2520L.%252057%2520%282001%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tucker" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, William H. (2002). 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Modern Age. 24 (4): 387–395. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029014814/http://www.mmisi.org/ma/24_04/vasicko.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Age&rft.atitle=John+Marshall+Harlan%3A+neglected+advocate+of+federalism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-395&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Vasicko&rft.aufirst=Sally+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmisi.org%2Fma%2F24_04%2Fvasicko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wildenthal" class="citation journal cs1">Wildenthal, Bryan H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/lawjournal/issues/volume61/number4/wildenthal.pdf">"The Road to Twining: Reassessing the Disincorporation of the Bill of Rights"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio State Law Journal">Ohio State Law Journal</a>. 61: 1457–1496. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029014812/http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/lawjournal/issues/volume61/number4/wildenthal.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Twining%3A+Reassessing+the+Disincorporation+of+the+Bill+of+Rights&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1457-1496&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wildenthal&rft.aufirst=Bryan+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoritzlaw.osu.edu%2Flawjournal%2Fissues%2Fvolume61%2Fnumber4%2Fwildenthal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yarbrough" class="citation book cs1">Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrjusticeblackhi00yarb">Mr. Justice Black and his critics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0866-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-0866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Justice+Black+and+his+critics&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0866-9&rft.aulast=Yarbrough&rft.aufirst=Tinsley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrjusticeblackhi00yarb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yarbrough2" class="citation book cs1">Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnmarshallharl0000yarb">John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court</a>. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506090-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Marshall+Harlan%3A+Great+Dissenter+of+the+Warren+Court&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506090-4&rft.aulast=Yarbrough&rft.aufirst=Tinsley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnmarshallharl0000yarb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1992" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Henry J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f0e8">Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3"><bdi>0-19-506557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices+and+Presidents%3A+A+Political+History+of+Appointments+to+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-506557-3&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_f0e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>, Congressional Quarterly Books). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"><bdi>1-56802-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%28Supreme+Court+Historical+Society%2C+Congressional+Quarterly+Books%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56802-126-7&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1995" class="citation book cs1">Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse">The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House">Chelsea House</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"><bdi>0-7910-1377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7910-1377-4&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall">The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"><bdi>0-19-505835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-505835-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGoehlert,_Robert_U.1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart">The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a> Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"><bdi>0-87187-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87187-554-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Fenton+S.&rft.au=Goehlert%2C+Robert+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussupremecourtbi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro,_David_L.1969" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, David L. (1969). The Evolution of a Judicial Philosophy: Selected Opinions and Papers of Justice John M. Harlan. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+a+Judicial+Philosophy%3A+Selected+Opinions+and+Papers+of+Justice+John+M.+Harlan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590">The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590">590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"><bdi>0-8153-1176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1176-1&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv%2Fpage%2F590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardArmstrong,_Scott1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Armstrong_(journalist)" title="Scott Armstrong (journalist)">Armstrong, Scott</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/The_Brethren_(non-fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren (non-fiction)">The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Avon_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon Books">Avon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-52183-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-52183-8"><bdi>978-0-380-52183-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brethren%3A+Inside+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-380-52183-8&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall_Harlan_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> John Marshall Harlan II at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Marshall_Harlan_II" class="extiw" title="c:Category:John Marshall Harlan II">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" class="extiw" title="q:John Marshall Harlan II">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Marshall_Harlan_(1899-1971)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Marshall Harlan (1899-1971)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1381831">John Marshall Harlan II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriens,_Michael" class="citation web cs1">Ariens, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062318/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/harlan2.htm">"John Marshall Harlan II"</a>. www.michaelariens.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/harlan2.htm">the original</a> on May 16, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Marshall+Harlan+II&rft.pub=www.michaelariens.com&rft.au=Ariens%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelariens.com%2FConLaw%2Fjustices%2Fharlan2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/44558d293">John M. Harlan Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan" class="citation web cs1">Harlan, Louis R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210015402/http://www.harlanfamily.org/book.htm">"Harlan Family In America: A Brief History"</a>. Harlan Family in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harlanfamily.org/book.htm">the original</a> on February 10, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harlan+Family+In+America%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=Harlan+Family+in+America&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Louis+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harlanfamily.org%2Fbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Marshall+Harlan+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/robes_harlan.html">Fox, John, Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, John Marshall Harlan II.</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/john-marshall-harlan-1955-1971/">"John Marshall Harlan II."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415185636/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/john-marshall-harlan-1955-1971/">Archived</a> April 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?25755-1/john-marshall-great-dissenter">Booknotes interview with Tinsley Yarbrough on John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court, April 26, 1992.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/447">John Marshall Harlan II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Noble_Hand" title="Augustus Noble Hand">Augustus Noble Hand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 1954–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Lumbard" title="J. Edward Lumbard">J. Edward Lumbard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1955–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q957749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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