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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diferenciaci%C3%B3_entre_maj%C3%BAscules_i_min%C3%BAscules" title="Diferenciació entre majúscules i minúscules – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diferenciació entre majúscules i minúscules" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozli%C5%A1ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_velikosti_p%C3%ADsmen" title="Rozlišování velikosti písmen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozlišování velikosti písmen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versalf%C3%B8lsom" title="Versalfølsom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Versalfølsom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Case sensitivity" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5stutundlikkus" title="Tõstutundlikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tõstutundlikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinci%C3%B3n_de_may%C3%BAsculas_y_min%C3%BAsculas" title="Distinción de mayúsculas y minúsculas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distinción de mayúsculas y minúsculas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="حساسیت موردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حساسیت موردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibilit%C3%A9_%C3%A0_la_casse" title="Sensibilité à la casse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sensibilité à la casse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%86%8C%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90_%EA%B5%AC%EB%B6%84" title="대소문자 구분 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대소문자 구분" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepekaan_kapital" title="Kepekaan kapital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepekaan kapital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibile_alle_maiuscole" title="Sensibile alle maiuscole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sensibile alle maiuscole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisbet%C5%B1-nagybet%C5%B1_%C3%A9rz%C3%A9kenys%C3%A9g" title="Kisbetű-nagybetű érzékenység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kisbetű-nagybetű érzékenység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesensitifan_huruf" title="Kesensitifan huruf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesensitifan huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96" title="ケース・センシティブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケース・センシティブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versalf%C3%B8lsomhet" title="Versalfølsomhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Versalfølsomhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Case sensitivity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case-sensitive" title="Case-sensitive – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Case-sensitive" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Чувствительность к регистру символов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чувствительность к регистру символов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case-sensitive" title="Case-sensitive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Case-sensitive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrin_xasaasi_ah" title="Arrin xasaasi ah – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Arrin xasaasi ah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkkikokoriippuvaisuus" title="Merkkikokoriippuvaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merkkikokoriippuvaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_%28capital_and_small%29.svg/159px-A_%28capital_and_small%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_%28capital_and_small%29.svg/239px-A_%28capital_and_small%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_%28capital_and_small%29.svg/318px-A_%28capital_and_small%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> "a" and <a href="/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a> "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In computers, <b>case sensitivity</b> defines whether <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase and lowercase</a> letters are treated as distinct (<b>case-sensitive</b>) or equivalent (<b>case-insensitive</b>). For instance, when users interested in learning about dogs search an <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a>, "dog" and "Dog" are of the same significance to them. Thus, they request a case-insensitive search. But when they search an online encyclopedia for information about the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, for example, or something with no ambiguity regarding capitalization and ambiguity between two or more terms cut down by capitalization, they may prefer a case-sensitive search. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_significance">Areas of significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Areas of significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Case sensitivity may differ depending on the situation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String-searching_algorithm" title="String-searching algorithm">Searching</a>: Users expect information retrieval systems to be able to have correct case sensitivity depending on the nature of an operation. Users looking for the word "dog" in an online journal probably do not wish to differentiate between "dog" or "Dog", as this is a writing distinction; the word should be matched whether it appears at the beginning of a sentence or not. On the other hand, users looking for information about a brand name, <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, human name, or city name may be interested in performing a case-sensitive operation to filter out irrelevant results. For example, somebody searching for the name "Jade" would not want to find references to the mineral called "jade". On the English Wikipedia, for example, a search for <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> returns the military article, but <a href="/wiki/Friendly_Fire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Friendly Fire (disambiguation)">Friendly Fire</a> (capitalized "Fire") returns the disambiguation page.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Usernames</a>: Authentication systems usually treat usernames as case-insensitive to make them easier to remember, reducing typing complexity, and eliminate the possibility of both mistakes and <a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">fraud</a> when two usernames are identical in every aspect except the case of one of their letters. However, these systems are not case-blind. They <a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">preserve the case of the characters in the name</a> so that users may choose an aesthetically pleasing username combination.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">Passwords</a>: Authentication systems usually treat passwords as case-sensitive. This enables the users to increase the complexity of their passwords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filename#Letter_case_preservation" title="Filename">File names</a>: Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems treat file names case-sensitively while <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> is case-insensitive but, for most file systems, <a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">case-preserving</a>. For more details, see below.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">Variable names</a>: Some programming languages are case-sensitive for their variable names while others are not. For more details, see below.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>: The <i>path</i>, <i>query</i>, <i>fragment</i>, and <i>authority</i> sections of a URL may or may not be case-sensitive, depending on the receiving <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>. The <i>scheme</i> and <i>host</i> parts, however, are strictly lowercase.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_programming_languages">In programming languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages">programming languages</a> are case-sensitive for their identifiers (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-k&r1e_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k&r1e-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>). Others are case-insensitive (i.e., not case-sensitive), such as <a href="/wiki/ABAP" title="ABAP">ABAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, most <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASICs</a> (an exception being <a href="/wiki/BBC_BASIC" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> (for the syntax, and for some vendor implementations, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a>, the data itself)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rexx" title="Rexx">Rexx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_REXX" title="Object REXX">ooRexx</a>. There are also languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, in which the capitalisation of an identifier encodes information about its <a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics</a>. Some other programming languages have varying case sensitivity; in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, for example, variable names are case-sensitive but function names are not case-sensitive. This means that if a function is defined in lowercase, it can be called in uppercase, but if a variable is defined in lowercase, it cannot be referred to in uppercase. <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> is case-insensitive and ignores underscores, as long as the first characters match.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_text_search">In text search</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In text search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A text search operation could be case-sensitive or case-insensitive, depending on the system, application, or context. The user can in many cases specify whether a search is sensitive to case, e.g. in most text editors, word processors, and Web browsers. A case-insensitive search is more comprehensive, finding "Language" (at the beginning of a sentence), "language", and "LANGUAGE" (in a title in capitals); a case-sensitive search will find the computer language "BASIC" but exclude most of the many unwanted instances of the word. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a> engine is basically case-insensitive, with no option for case-sensitive search.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Oracle_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle database">Oracle</a> SQL, most operations and searches are case-sensitive by default,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in most other <a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">DBMSes</a>, SQL searches are case-insensitive by default.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case-insensitive operations are sometimes said to <b>fold case</b>, from the idea of folding the character code table so that upper- and lowercase letters coincide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_filesystems">In filesystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In filesystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In filesystems in <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, filenames are usually case-sensitive (there can be separate readme.txt and Readme.txt files in the same directory). <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a> is somewhat unusual in that, by default, it uses <a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a> and <a href="/wiki/APFS" class="mw-redirect" title="APFS">APFS</a> in a case-insensitive (so that there cannot be a readme.txt and a Readme.txt in the same directory) but <a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">case-preserving</a> mode (so that a file created as readme.txt is shown as readme.txt and a file created as Readme.txt is shown as Readme.txt) by default. This causes some issues for developers and <a href="/wiki/Power_users" class="mw-redirect" title="Power users">power users</a>, because most file systems in other Unix-like environments are case-sensitive, and, for example, a source code tree for software for Unix-like systems might have both a file named Makefile and a file named makefile in the same directory. In addition, some Mac <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)#Installer" title="Installation (computer programs)">Installers</a> assume case insensitivity and fail on case-sensitive file systems. </p><p>The older <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> filesystems <a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a> were case-insensitive and not case-preserving, so that a file whose name is entered as readme.txt or ReadMe.txt is saved as README.TXT. Later, with <a href="/wiki/VFAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VFAT">VFAT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> the FAT file systems became case-preserving as an extension of supporting <a href="/wiki/Long_filenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Long filenames">long filenames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Windows file systems such as <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> are internally case-sensitive, and a readme.txt and a Readme.txt can coexist in the same directory. However, for practical purposes filenames behave as case-insensitive as far as users and most software are concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause problems for developers or software coming from Unix-like environments, similar to the problems with macOS case-insensitive file systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The link "Friendly Fire" must go through the (disambiguation) qualifier in a Wikipedia article to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTDAB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTDAB">WP:INTDAB</a> error.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although one can explicitly set a single database or column <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> to be case-sensitive</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DIFFCAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DIFFCAPS">WP:DIFFCAPS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k&r1e-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k&r1e_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKernighanRitchie1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Kernighan, Brian W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (February 1978). "Chapter 2: Types, Operators and Expressions". <i><a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a></i> (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cprogramminglang00kern/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-110163-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-110163-3"><bdi>0-13-110163-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Types%2C+Operators+and+Expressions&rft.btitle=The+C+Programming+Language&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1978-02&rft.isbn=0-13-110163-3&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Dennis+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+sensitivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumoto2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Matsumoto, Yukihiro</a> (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubyinnutshellde00mats/page/9">"Chapter 2: Language Basics"</a>. <i>Ruby in a nutshell</i> (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubyinnutshellde00mats/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00214-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00214-9"><bdi>0-596-00214-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Language+Basics&rft.btitle=Ruby+in+a+nutshell&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=0-596-00214-9&rft.aulast=Matsumoto&rft.aufirst=Yukihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frubyinnutshellde00mats%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+sensitivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#lexical-analysis-identifier-equality">"Nim Manual: Identifier Equality"</a>. <i>nim-lang.github.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nim-lang.github.io&rft.atitle=Nim+Manual%3A+Identifier+Equality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnim-lang.github.io%2FNim%2Fmanual.html%23lexical-analysis-identifier-equality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+sensitivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/case-sensitive-search/">"case-sensitive-search - case sensitive google search - Google Project Hosting"</a>. <i>code.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Support&rft.atitle=Filenames+are+Case+Sensitive+on+NTFS+Volumes&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F100625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACase+sensitivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&oldid=1252337443">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Case_sensitivity&oldid=1252337443</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalization" title="Category:Capitalization">Capitalization</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 22:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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