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keys</a></li> <li><a href="#IP">IP address lookups</a></li> <li><a href="#Inverse">Inverse queries</a></li> <li><a href="#Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous queries</a></li> <li><a href="#Informational">Informational queries</a></li> </ul> <p><a name="Queries"></a></p> <h3>Queries using primary and lookup keys</h3> <p>Example:</p> <p><code>whois -h whois.apnic.net 202.12.29.0</code></p> <p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/primary-lookup.png" rel="popup noicon">Example in web lookup tool</a></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Lookup key</strong></td> <td><strong>Objects returned by query</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Address prefix <i>or</i> range <i>or</i> single address</td> <td> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>IPv4</strong>: Most specific <b>inetnum</b> and <b>route</b> object. If single address, returns <b>inet-rtr</b> with matching <b>ifaddr</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>IPv6</strong>: Most specific <b>inet6num</b> and <b>route6</b> object. If single address, returns <b>inet-rtr</b> with matching <b>address</b> attribute</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Network name</td> <td>All <b>inetnum</b> and <b>inet6num</b> objects with a <b>netname</b> attribute containing the name specified in the query.</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Person</td> <td>All <b>person</b> and <b>role</b> objects with a person or role attribute containing the name specified in the query argument.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NIC-handle</td> <td><b>person</b> or <b>role</b> object with a matching <b>nic-hdl</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Maintainer</td> <td><b>mntner</b> object with a matching primary key.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Reverse domain</td> <td><b>domain</b> with a matching primary key.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AS number</td> <td><b>aut-num</b> object with a matching <b>aut-num</b> attribute and associated <b>as-block</b>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>AS number – AS number</td> <td><b>as-block</b> object whose primary key matches or fully contains the query range.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Set name</td> <td><b>as-set, filter-set, peering-set, route-set</b> or <b>rtr-set</b> with a matching primary key.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Domain</td> <td><b>inet-rtr</b> objects with a matching primary key.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a name="IP"></a></p> <h3>IP address lookups</h3> <p>Example:</p> <p><code>whois -h whois.apnic.net -l 202.12.29.0</code></p> <p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ip-lookup.png" rel="popup noicon">Example in web lookup tool</a></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th style="padding-right: 10px;"><strong>Flag</strong></th> <th><strong>Objects returned by query</strong></th> </tr> <tr> <td>-L</td> <td>All less specific <b>inetnum, inet6num</b>, <b>route</b>, or <b>route6</b> objects, including exact matches.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-m</td> <td>First level more specific <b>inetnum, inet6num</b>, <b>route</b>, or <b>route6</b> objects, excluding exact matches.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-M</td> <td>All more specific <b>inetnum, inet6num</b>, <b>route</b>, or <b>route6</b> objects, excluding exact matches.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-l</td> <td>First level less specific <b>inetnum, inet6num</b>, <b>route</b>, or <b>route6</b> objects, excluding exact matches.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-x</td> <td>Only an exact match on a prefix will be performed. If no exact match is found, no objects are returned.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-d</td> <td>Enables use of the <b>-m, -M, -l</b> and <b>-L</b> flags for lookups on reverse delegation domains.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><b><a name="LessSpecific"></a>Less specific query options</b></p> <p>Use this option to view IP address blocks that match or are larger than the IP address or range you wish to query.</p> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr id="-l"> <td align="left" valign="top" width="25%"><strong>-l First level less specific</strong></td> <td><b>Use this option when querying:</b></p> <ul> <li>a single IP address</li> <li>a range of IP addresses</li> <li>an IP address prefix</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> the smallest IP address range that includes the IP address or range specified in the query.<br /> <strong>Hint:</strong> when querying the APNIC Whois Database on an IP address range, -l is the default option.</td> </tr> <tr id="less"> <td align="left" valign="top" width="25%"><strong>-L All levels less specific</strong></td> <td><b>Use this option when querying:</b></p> <ul> <li>a single IP address</li> <li>a range of IP addresses</li> <li>an IP address prefix</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> all IP address ranges that include the IP address or range specified in the query.<br /> <b><br /> Hint:</b> use this option to view any upstream IP address blocks associated with the query range. Viewing the upstream IP address range can be useful for network troubleshooting.</p> <p>Please note, that as well as upstream address blocks, the top level ‘parent’ range allocated to APNIC by IANA will also be returned. APNIC makes allocations from this range, but does operate the networks that use these<br /> addresses. The netname of the APNIC IP address block begins with ‘APNIC-AP’ (or similar).</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><b><a name="MoreSpecific"></a>More specific query options</b></p> <p>Use these options to view IP address blocks that match or are smaller than the IP address or range you wish to query.</p> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr id="-m"> <td align="left" valign="top" width="25%"><strong>-m First level more specific</strong></td> <td><b>Use this option when querying:</b></p> <ul> <li>a range of IP addresses</li> <li>an IP address prefix</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> first level more specific address ranges within the boundaries of the IP address range specified in the query.</p> <p> </p> <p>Hint: use this option to:</p> <ul> <li>view assignments made from a network’s allocation block to customers</li> <li>view allocations or assignments made from an RIR or NIR block to networks</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr id="more"> <td align="left" valign="top" width="25%"><strong>-M All levels more specific</strong></td> <td><b>Use this option when querying:</b></p> <ul> <li>a range of IP addresses</li> <li>an IP address prefix</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> all more specific address ranges within the boundaries of the IP address range specified in the query.</p> <p> </p> <p>Hint: use this option to:</p> <ul> <li>view all allocations and assignments made from a specified address block.</li> <li>check that no unauthorized address blocks have been created under address space allocated or assigned to your network.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Note</strong>: do not use this option to view all allocations and assignments in a /8. If you do try to do this, you will be blocked by the server for excessive query load.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><b><a name="ExactLookup"></a>Exact lookups</b></p> <p>Use this option to view IP address blocks that exactly match the IP address range you wish to query.</p> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr id="-x"> <td align="left" valign="top" width="25%"><strong>-x Exact match only</strong></td> <td><b>Use this option when querying:</b></p> <ul> <li>a range of IP addresses</li> <li>an IP address prefix</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> the specific address range specified in the query. If no exact match is found, nothing will be returned.</p> <p> </p> <p>Hint: use this option to:</p> <ul> <li>view details of a specific address range you know exists</li> </ul> <p><strong>Note</strong>: if you are not sure of the exact address range, do not use this option. Instead, use one of the following options: -l, -L, -m, -M.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><b><a name="AssociatedDomains"></a>Associated reverse domains</b></p> <p>Use this option to view reverse domains associated with IP address blocks returned by the query on an IP address or range.</p> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr id="-d"> <td align="left" valign="top" width="25%"><strong>-d Return associated reverse domain</strong></td> <td><b>Use this option when querying:</b></p> <ul> <li>a single IP address</li> <li>a range of IP addresses</li> <li>an IP address prefix</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> an exact match, or the smallest IP address range that includes the IP address or range specified in the query. It also returns the smallest reverse domain that encompasses that IP address range.</p> <p> </p> <p>Hints: use this option to:</p> <ul> <li>view the reverse domain associated with an IP address or range.</li> <li>check if reverse domains have been created for all assigned address space.</li> </ul> <p>Use this option in combination with -l, -L, -m or -M to:</p> <ul> <li>view reverse domains associated with all IP address ranges returned by the normal -l, -L, -m or -M queries.</li> </ul> <p>Use this option in combination with -T <object-type> to:</object-type></p> <ul> <li>restrict the search results to reverse domains only</li> </ul> <p><strong>Note</strong>: all assigned address space should have associated reverse domains created in the APNIC Whois Database. To create reverse domains for address blocks, see <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Reverse-DNS-Manual_New-CI.pdf">Reverse DNS Delegations Manual</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a id="-i" name="Inverse"></a></p> <h3><b></b>Inverse queries</h3> <p>Example:</p> <p><code>whois -h whois.apnic.net -i pn NO4-AP</code></p> <p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/inverse-query.png" rel="popup noicon">Example in web lookup tool</a></p> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>Use this option when:</b></p> <ul> <li>searching for objects in the APNIC Whois Database that have an attribute matching the attribute type chosen from the inverse lookup scroll list and the query text given by the user.</li> </ul> <p><b>This option returns:</b> all objects that have an attribute that matches the query text and attribute type.</p> <p><strong>Hint:</strong> use this option to:</p> <ul> <li>view all objects maintained by a particular maintainer</li> <li>view all objects where a particular NIC-handle is referenced</li> <li><strong>Note</strong>: use -i person or -i mntner when staff leave a network to identify objects referencing that person that need to be updated.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="10%"><b>Flag</b></td> <td width="20%"><b>Alternative flag</b></td> <td width="25%"><b>Lookup key</b></td> <td><b>Objects returned by query</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i ac</td> <td>-i admin-c</td> <td>NIC-handle <i>or</i> person</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>admin-c</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i pn</td> <td>-i person</td> <td>NIC-handle <i>or</i> person</td> <td>Objects with matching <b>admin-c</b>, <b>tech-c</b>, <b>zone-c</b>, or <b>cross-nfy</b> attributes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i mb</td> <td>-i mnt-by</td> <td>Maintainer</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>mnt-by</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i ml</td> <td>-i mnt-lower</td> <td>Maintainer</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>mnt-lower</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i mn</td> <td>-i mnt-nfy</td> <td>e-mail</td> <td><b>mntner</b> objects with a matching <b>mnt-nfy</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i ny</td> <td>-i notify</td> <td>e-mail</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>notify</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i ns</td> <td>-i nserver</td> <td>Domain <i>or</i> address prefix <i>or</i> range <i>or</i> single address</td> <td><b>domain</b> objects with a matching <b>nserver</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i rz</td> <td>-i rev-srv</td> <td>Domain <i>or</i> address prefix <i>or</i> range <i>or</i> single address</td> <td><b>inetnum</b> and <b>inet6num</b> objects with a matching <b>rev-srv</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i sd</td> <td>-i sub-dom</td> <td>Domain</td> <td><b>domain</b> objects with a matching <b>sub-dom</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i tc</td> <td>-i tech-c</td> <td>NIC-handle <i>or</i> person</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>tech-c</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i dt</td> <td>-i upd-to</td> <td>e-mail</td> <td><b>mntner</b> objects with a matching <b>upd-to</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i zc</td> <td>-i zone-c</td> <td>NIC-handle <i>or</i> person</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>zone-c</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i rb</td> <td>-i referral-by</td> <td>Maintainer</td> <td><b>mntner</b> objects with a matching <b>referral-by</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i la</td> <td>-i local-as</td> <td>AS number</td> <td><b>inet-rtr</b> objects with a matching <b>local-as</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i mr</td> <td>-i mbrs-by-ref</td> <td>Maintainer</td> <td>Set objects (as-set, <b>route-set</b> and <b>rtr-set</b>) with a matching <b>mbrs-by-ref</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i mo</td> <td>-i member-of</td> <td>Set name</td> <td>Objects with a matching <b>member-of</b> attribute, provided that their membership claim is validated by the <b>mbrs-by-ref</b> attribute of the set.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i mu</td> <td>-i mnt-routes</td> <td>Maintainer</td> <td><b>aut-num, inetnum</b> and <b>route</b> objects with a matching <b>mnt-routes</b> attribute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i or</td> <td>-i origin</td> <td>AS number</td> <td><b>route</b> and <b>route6</b> objects with a matching <b>origin</b> attribute.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a id="-T" name="Miscellaneous"></a></p> <h3><b></b>Miscellaneous queries</h3> <p>Example:</p> <p><code>whois -h whois.apnic.net -T domain -i mb APNIC-HM</code></p> <p><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/misc-query.png" rel="popup noicon">Example in web lookup tool</a></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="10%"><strong>Flag</strong></td> <td width="30%"><strong>Argument</strong></td> <td><strong>Effect</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>-r</td> <td></td> <td>Switches off recursion for contact information after retrieving the objects that match the lookup key.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-T</td> <td>(comma separated list of object<br /> types, no white space allowed)</td> <td>Restricts the types of objects to lookup in the query.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-a</td> <td></td> <td>Specifies that the server should perform lookups in all available sources. See also “<a href="#Informational/">in-q sources</a>” query.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-s</td> <td>(comma separated list of sources,<br /> no white space allowed)</td> <td>Specifies which sources and in which order are to be looked up when performing a query.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-F</td> <td></td> <td>Produces output using shorthand notation for attribute names. Produces slower responses.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-R</td> <td></td> <td>Switches off use of the referral mechanism for domain lookups, so that the database returns an object in the local database with the exact match with the lookup argument, rather than doing a referral lookup.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-K</td> <td></td> <td>Only the primary keys of an object are returned.</p> <ul> <li>The exceptions are set objects, where the members attributes will also be returned.</li> <li>This flag does not apply to <b>person</b> and <b>role</b> objects.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a name="Informational"></a></p> <h3>Informational queries</h3> <p>Example:</p> <p><code>whois -h whois.apnic.net -q sources</code></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="10%"><strong>Flag</strong></td> <td width="10%"><strong>Argument</strong></td> <td><strong>Effect</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>-t</td> <td>Object type</td> <td>Template for the specified object type.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-v</td> <td>Object type</td> <td>Verbose template for the specified object type.</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>“help”</td> <td>Help on query options available in the database.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-q</td> <td>“sources”</td> <td>Current set of sources along with the information required for mirroring.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-q</td> <td>“version”</td> <td>Current version of the server.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>  </article>  </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3 order-md-1"> <nav class="content-navigation">  <ul class="child-sidebar-menu" data-level="1"><li class="page_item page-item-703 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/myapnic/">MyAPNIC</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-686 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/apnic-services/">APNIC Services</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-54731 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/manage-resources/">Manage Internet resources</a></li> <li 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