CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jagjivan Ram - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5616ebbb-4f8b-42e7-b395-062dacffc82a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jagjivan_Ram","wgTitle":"Jagjivan Ram","wgCurRevisionId":1269814093,"wgRevisionId":1269814093,"wgArticleId":2390475,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Indian English from February 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from July 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018","Commons category link is on Wikidata","First Nehru ministry","1908 births","1986 deaths","India MPs 1952–1957","India MPs 1957–1962","India MPs 1962–1967","India MPs 1967–1970","India MPs 1971–1977","India MPs 1977–1979","India MPs 1980–1984","India MPs 1984–1989","Banaras Hindu University alumni","Ministers of defence of India","Indian deputy prime ministers","Indian independence activists from Bihar","Members of the Constituent Assembly of India","People from Sasaram","Janata Party politicians","Presidents of the Indian National Congress","Railway ministers of India","Labour ministers of India","Scouting and Guiding in India","University of Calcutta alumni","English-language writers from India","Indian Hindus","Lok Sabha members from Bihar","Pro tem speakers of the Lok Sabha","Agriculture ministers of India","Congress for Democracy politicians","Indian National Congress (U) politicians","Members of the Council of the Governor General of India"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jagjivan_Ram","wgRelevantArticleId":2390475,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1471625","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1583"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1055"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="844"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jagjivan Ram - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Jagjivan_Ram rootpage-Jagjivan_Ram skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jagjivan+Ram" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jagjivan+Ram" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jagjivan+Ram" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jagjivan+Ram" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Parliamentary career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_held" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_held"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Positions held</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Positions_held-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Positions held subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Positions_held-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_positions_held" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_positions_held"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other positions held</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_positions_held-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_and_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_and_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading and bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_and_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jagjivan Ram</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jagjivan Ram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jagjivan Ram" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="जगजीवन राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जगजीवन राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%92%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ג'גג'יואן ראם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'גג'יואן ראם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಬು ಜಗಜೀವನ ರಾಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಬು ಜಗಜೀವನ ರಾಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ജഗ്ജീവൻ റാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജഗ്ജീവൻ റാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="जगजीवन राम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जगजीवन राम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="जगजीवन राम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जगजीवन राम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ジャジバン・ラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャジバン・ラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜਗਜੀਵਨ ਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗਜੀਵਨ ਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جگجیون رام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جگجیون رام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рам, Джагдживан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рам, Джагдживан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jagjivan Ram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜெகசீவன்ராம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெகசீவன்ராம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82" title="జగ్జీవన్ రాం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జగ్జీవన్ రాం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جگجیون رام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جگجیون رام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1471625#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jagjivan_Ram" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jagjivan_Ram" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jagjivan_Ram" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&oldid=1269814093" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jagjivan_Ram&id=1269814093&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJagjivan_Ram"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJagjivan_Ram"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jagjivan_Ram&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jagjivan_Ram" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1471625" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian independence activist and politician (1908–1986)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jagjivan Ram</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="786" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">official portrait (1991 stamp)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Morarji Desai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leader of the Opposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 July 1979 – 22 August 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 June 1970 – 10 October 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Swaran_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Swaran Singh">Sardar Swaran Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Swaran_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Swaran Singh">Sardar Swaran Singh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 March 1977 – 28 July 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers%27_Welfare" title="Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare">Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 March 1967 – 27 June 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 1974 – 2 February 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1952 – 1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sasaram_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency">Shahabad South, Bihar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1962 – 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhedi_Paswan" title="Chhedi Paswan">Chhedi Paswan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sasaram_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency">Sasaram (SC), Bihar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>assembly established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>assembly dissolved</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-04-05</span>)</span>5 April 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 July 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-07-06)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_(J)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (J)">Indian National Congress-Jagjivan</a> <small>(1981–1986)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <small>(Before 1977)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> <small>(1977)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> <small>(1977–1981)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Indrani Devi</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1935; died 1986)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Suresh Kumar (son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Meira_Kumar" title="Meira Kumar">Meira Kumar</a> (daughter)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jagjivan Ram</b> (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), popularly known as <b>Babuji</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as a minister with various portfolios for over 30 years, making him the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="List of longest-serving members of the Union Council of Ministers">longest-serving Union Cabinet minister</a> in Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a> of India from January 1979 to July 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played a pivotal role as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence Minister of India</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pak War of 1971</a>, which led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers%27_Welfare" title="Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare">Union Agriculture Minister</a> during two separate tenures, he contributed significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a> and the modernization of Indian agriculture, particularly during the 1974 drought when he was entrusted with addressing a severe food crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">dalits</a>, in 1935 and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">Bihar Legislative Assembly</a> in 1937, after which he organised the rural labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, he became the youngest minister in <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Interim_government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Interim government of India">interim government</a>, the first cabinet of India as a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" title="Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)">Labour Minister</a> and also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a>, where he ensured that <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> was enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for the next 30 years as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC). </p><p>Though he supported Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the Emergency</a> (1975–77), he left Congress in 1977 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> alliance, along with his <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> and later served as the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a> (1977–79); then in 1981, he formed <a href="/wiki/Congress_(J)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (J)">Congress (J)</a>. At his death, he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jagjivan Ram was born on April 5, 1908 in Chandwa village near <a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Ara</a>, the headquarters of Shahabad district of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bhojpur_district,_India" title="Bhojpur district, India">Bhojpur</a> (Ara) district of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>) into a family belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">chamar</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an elder brother, Sant Lal, and three sisters. His father Sobhi Ram was with the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, posted at <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, but later resigned due to some differences, and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there. He also became a <i><a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">Mahant</a></i> of the Shiv Narayani sect, and being skilled in calligraphy, illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally.<sup id="cite_ref-babu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914. Upon the premature death of his father, Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation. He joined Aggrawal Middle School in <a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a> in 1920, where the medium of instruction was English for the first time, and joined Arrah Town School in 1922. It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time, yet remained unfazed. An often cited incident occurred in this school; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school, one for Hindus and another for Muslims. Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot, and because he was from an untouchable class, the matter was reported to the Principal, who placed a third pot for <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">dalits</a> in the school. Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest, until the Principal decided against placing the third pot.<sup id="cite_ref-babu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arr_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A turning point in his life came in 1925, when Pt. <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malviya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madan Mohan Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</a> visited his school, and impressed by his welcome address, invited him to join the <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> (BHU) in 1927, where he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Aditya_Birla_Group" title="Aditya Birla Group">Birla</a> scholarship, and passed his Inter Science Examination. While at BHU, he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-rr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> student, he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers. A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair. Eventually, Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University. In 2007, the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness.<sup id="cite_ref-gra_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received a B. Sc. degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> in 1931, where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination, and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose">Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose</a> took notice of him at Kolkata, when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square, in which approximately 50,000 people participated. When the devastating <a href="/wiki/1934_Nepal%E2%80%93Bihar_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake">1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake</a> occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures, both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar. Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council. He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress, which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes, but also that he could counter <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937. However, he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation <a href="/wiki/Cess" title="Cess">cess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pres_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pres-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticized Ambedkar as a "coward" who could not lead his people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables. He was also drawn into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. In the same year he voted in favor of a resolution presented in the 1935 session of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movements</a>. He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced India's participation in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_Constitution">Role in the Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentary_career">Parliamentary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parliamentary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, he became the youngest minister in <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>'s provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet, as a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" title="Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)">Labour Minister</a>, where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>)'s <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International Labour Conference">International Labour Conference</a> on 16 August 1947 in Geneva, along with the great <a href="/wiki/Gandhian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhian">Gandhian</a> <i>Bihar Bibhuti</i> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation, and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as Labour minister until 1952. He was member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent assembly</a> that drafted India's constitution. Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he held several ministerial posts in Nehru's Cabinet – Communications (1952–56), Transport and Railways (1956–62), and Transport and Communications (1962–63).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s government, he worked as minister for Labour, Employment, and Rehabilitation (1966–67), and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1967–70), where he is best remembered for having successfully led the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a> during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gre_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> Party split in 1969, Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi, and became the president of that faction of Congress. He worked as the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of India">Minister of Defence</a> (1970–74) making him the virtual No. 2 in the cabinet, Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation (1974–77). It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> was fought, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> gained independence. While loyal to prime minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> for most of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Emergency">Indian Emergency</a>, in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> party, within the Janata coalition. </p><p>A few days before the elections, on a Sunday, Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi. The national broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie <a href="/wiki/Bobby_(1973_film)" title="Bobby (1973 film)">Bobby</a>. The rally still drew large crowds, and a newspaper headline the next day ran "Babu beats Bobby". <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a> when <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> was the prime minister, from 1977 to 1979. Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet, he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977, but he eventually did so at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Jai_Prakash_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Prakash Narayan">Jai Prakash Narayan</a>, who insisted that his presence was necessary, "not just as an individual but as a political and social force."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was once again given the defence portfolio. His last position in government was as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Janata Party government</a> of 1977–1979.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, explicit photos of his son Suresh Ram with Sushma Chaudhary were published on <i>Surya</i> magazine. This incident is said to have significantly damaged the career of Jagjivan Ram and contributed to the split of Janata Party.<sup id="cite_ref-e334_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e334-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d784_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d784-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the split in Janata Party forced early <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">General Election in 1980</a>, Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but the party won only 31 seats out of 542. Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress (Urs) faction. In 1981, he separated from that faction as well, and formed his own party, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_(J)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (J)">Congress (J)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He remained a member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986, after over forty years as a parliamentarian. He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar. His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_held">Positions held</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positions held"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Indian_(L_to_R)_Defense_Minister_Jagjivan_Ram,_Minister_of_Commerce_Mohan_Dharia,_U.S._Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance,_and_Minister_of_external_Affairs_A.B._Vajpayee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/U.S._President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Indian_%28L_to_R%29_Defense_Minister_Jagjivan_Ram%2C_Minister_of_Commerce_Mohan_Dharia%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance%2C_and_Minister_of_external_Affairs_A.B._Vajpayee.jpg/290px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/U.S._President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Indian_%28L_to_R%29_Defense_Minister_Jagjivan_Ram%2C_Minister_of_Commerce_Mohan_Dharia%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance%2C_and_Minister_of_external_Affairs_A.B._Vajpayee.jpg/435px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/U.S._President_Jimmy_Carter_with_Indian_%28L_to_R%29_Defense_Minister_Jagjivan_Ram%2C_Minister_of_Commerce_Mohan_Dharia%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance%2C_and_Minister_of_external_Affairs_A.B._Vajpayee.jpg/580px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Left-right: Indian Defense Minister Jagjivan Ram, Indian Minister of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a>, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, and Indian Minister of external Affairs <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister of Labour, 1946–1952.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister for Communications, 1952–1956.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister for Transport and Railways, 1956–1962.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister for Transport and Communications, 1962–1963.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister for Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation, 1966–1967.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister for Food and Agriculture, 1967–1970.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister of Defence, 1970–1974, 1977–1979.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation, 1974–1977.<sup id="cite_ref-CADIndia_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li>Founding Member, <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> party (aligned with <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>), 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a>, 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder, <a href="/wiki/Congress_(J)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (J)">Congress (J)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_positions_held">Other positions held</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other positions held"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>He served as President of <a href="/wiki/The_Bharat_Scouts_and_Guides" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bharat Scouts and Guides">the Bharat Scouts and Guides</a> from September 1976 to April 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After death of his first wife in August 1933 after a brief illness, Jagjivan Ram married <a href="/wiki/Indrani_Devi" title="Indrani Devi">Indrani Devi</a>, a daughter of Dr. Birbal, a well-known social worker of Kanpur. The couple had two children, Suresh Kumar and <a href="/wiki/Meira_Kumar" title="Meira Kumar">Meira Kumar</a>, a five-time Member of Parliament, who won from his former seat <a href="/wiki/Sasaram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Sasaram</a> in both 2004 and 2009, and became the first woman <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_Lok_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of Lok Sabha">Speaker of Lok Sabha</a> in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Dr_Manmohan_Singh_paying_floral_tributes_at_the_Samadhi_of_the_former_Deputy_Prime_Minister,_Babu_Jagjivan_Ram,_on_his_24th_death_anniversary,_at_Samta_Sthal,_in_Delhi_on_July_06,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr_Manmohan_Singh_paying_floral_tributes_at_the_Samadhi_of_the_former_Deputy_Prime_Minister%2C_Babu_Jagjivan_Ram%2C_on_his_24th_death_anniversary%2C_at_Samta_Sthal%2C_in_Delhi_on_July_06%2C_2010.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr_Manmohan_Singh_paying_floral_tributes_at_the_Samadhi_of_the_former_Deputy_Prime_Minister%2C_Babu_Jagjivan_Ram%2C_on_his_24th_death_anniversary%2C_at_Samta_Sthal%2C_in_Delhi_on_July_06%2C_2010.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr_Manmohan_Singh_paying_floral_tributes_at_the_Samadhi_of_the_former_Deputy_Prime_Minister%2C_Babu_Jagjivan_Ram%2C_on_his_24th_death_anniversary%2C_at_Samta_Sthal%2C_in_Delhi_on_July_06%2C_2010.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>The Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh paying floral tributes at the Samadhi of the former Deputy Prime Minister, Babu Jagjivan Ram, on his 24th death anniversary, at Samta Sthal in Delhi on 06 July 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial, <i>Samta Sthal</i>, and his birth anniversary is observed as <b>Samata Diwas</b> (Equality Day) in India. His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008. Demands for awarding him a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> have been raised from time to time in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andhra_University" title="Andhra University">Andhra University</a> conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973, and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary, his statue was unveiled on the university premises.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To propagate his ideologies, the 'Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation' has been set up by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Justice_and_Empowerment" title="Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment">Ministry of Social Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govt._of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Govt. of India">Govt. of India</a> in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The training academy for <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram_Railway_Protection_Force_Academy" title="Jagjivan Ram Railway Protection Force Academy">Railway Protection Force</a> officers is named after Jagjivan Ram.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first indigenously built electric locomotive, a WAM-1 model, was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, Yerawada, Pune. As of March 2016, the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada. The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_from_Bihar" title="List of politicians from Bihar">List of politicians from Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit people">Dalit people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNirmitha_Rao2023" class="citation web cs1">Nirmitha Rao, Lingamgunta (5 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/babu-jagjivan-ram-remembering-babuji-on-his-116th-birth-anniversary-101680673723096.html">"Babu Jagjivan Ram: Remembering 'Babuji' on his 116th birth anniversary"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram%3A+Remembering+%E2%80%98Babuji%E2%80%99+on+his+116th+birth+anniversary&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft.aulast=Nirmitha+Rao&rft.aufirst=Lingamgunta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fbabu-jagjivan-ram-remembering-babuji-on-his-116th-birth-anniversary-101680673723096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary2019" class="citation web cs1">Choudhary, Ratnadeep (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jagjivan-ram-dalit-champion-with-world-record-as-parliamentarian-who-almost-became-pm/216913/">"Jagjivan Ram, Dalit champion with world record as parliamentarian who almost became PM"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram%2C+Dalit+champion+with+world+record+as+parliamentarian+who+almost+became+PM&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Ratnadeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-profile%2Fjagjivan-ram-dalit-champion-with-world-record-as-parliamentarian-who-almost-became-pm%2F216913%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoda2022" class="citation news cs1">Boda, Tharun (5 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/babu-jagjivan-ram-was-a-national-leader-of-great-stature-says-andhra-pradesh-governor/article65293613.ece">"Babu Jagjivan Ram was a national leader of great stature, says Andhra Pradesh Governor"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram+was+a+national+leader+of+great+stature%2C+says+Andhra+Pradesh+Governor&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Boda&rft.aufirst=Tharun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fandhra-pradesh%2Fbabu-jagjivan-ram-was-a-national-leader-of-great-stature-says-andhra-pradesh-governor%2Farticle65293613.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/bangladesh-honours-jagjivan-ram-calls-him-1971-war-hero/">"Bangladesh honours Jagjivan Ram,calls him 1971 war hero"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+honours+Jagjivan+Ram%2Ccalls+him+1971+war+hero&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-archive%2Flatest-news%2Fbangladesh-honours-jagjivan-ram-calls-him-1971-war-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwaminathan,_M._S.2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Swaminathan, M. S.</a> (7 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210053753/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754831000.htm">"Jagjivan Ram & inclusive agricultural growth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754831000.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram+%26+inclusive+agricultural+growth&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft.au=Swaminathan%2C+M.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2008%2F02%2F07%2Fstories%2F2008020754831000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gre-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gre_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gre_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/Prez-PM-call-for-a-second-green-revolution/articleshow/2929578.cms">"Prez, PM call for a second green revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 6 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024142243/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-06/developmental-issues/27780631_1_green-revolution-dalit-agriculture">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Prez%2C+PM+call+for+a+second+green+revolution&rft.date=2008-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fenvironment%2Fdevelopmental-issues%2FPrez-PM-call-for-a-second-green-revolution%2Farticleshow%2F2929578.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jagjivan-Ram">"Jagjivan Ram | Indian Politician, Spokesman for the Dalits | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 29 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram+%7C+Indian+Politician%2C+Spokesman+for+the+Dalits+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJagjivan-Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/news/Jagjivan-Ram/373913">"Jagjivan Ram News Photo Portrait of Jagjivan Ram, popul..."</a> <i>Times Of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Of+India&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram+News+Photo+Portrait+of+Jagjivan+Ram%2C+popul...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimescontent.timesofindia.com%2Fphoto%2Fnews%2FJagjivan-Ram%2F373913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrasad" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Er Rajendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/LIFE_AND_IDEOLOGY_OF_JAGJIVAN_RAM.html?id=w_jTEAAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>LIFE AND IDEOLOGY OF JAGJIVAN RAM</i></a>. REDSHINE Publication. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-19070-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-19070-37-4"><bdi>978-81-19070-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LIFE+AND+IDEOLOGY+OF+JAGJIVAN+RAM&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=REDSHINE+Publication&rft.isbn=978-81-19070-37-4&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Er+Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FLIFE_AND_IDEOLOGY_OF_JAGJIVAN_RAM.html%3Fid%3Dw_jTEAAAQBAJ%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40348689.html">"INDIEN : In den Staub - DER SPIEGEL 35/1979"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. 26 August 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=INDIEN+%3A+In+den+Staub+-+DER+SPIEGEL+35%2F1979&rft.date=1979-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-40348689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-babu_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-babu_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babujagjivanram.com/PROFILE_Babu_Jagjvan_Ram_n.pdf">Profile Jagjivan Ram:Early life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409163027/http://babujagjivanram.com/PROFILE_Babu_Jagjvan_Ram_n.pdf">Archived</a> 9 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arr-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arr_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arr_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakshi1992" class="citation book cs1">Bakshi, S. R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9td-jPgcIwC&q=Jagjivan+Ram&pg=PP1"><i>Jagjivan Ram: The Harijan Leader</i></a>. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-496-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-496-2"><bdi>81-7041-496-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagjivan+Ram%3A+The+Harijan+Leader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-7041-496-2&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9td-jPgcIwC%26q%3DJagjivan%2BRam%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.in/our-inspiration/babu-jagjivan-ram">"Our Inspiration - BABU JAGJIVAN RAM"</a>. <i>Indian Congress</i>. <q>Jagjivan Ram's biography by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Congress" title="Indian Congress">Indian Congress</a> mentioning their studies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Congress&rft.atitle=Our+Inspiration+-+BABU+JAGJIVAN+RAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.in%2Four-inspiration%2Fbabu-jagjivan-ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rr-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rr_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rr_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrtd.nic.in/jagjivanram.html">Jagjivan ram</a> Research Reference and Training Div., Ministry of I & B, <a href="/wiki/Govt._of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Govt. of India">Govt. of India</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gra-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gra_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203223511/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071101/asp/nation/story_8497983.asp">"Denied table, given Chair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph (Kolkata)</a>. 1 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071101/asp/nation/story_8497983.asp">the original</a> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denied+table%2C+given+Chair&rft.pub=The+Telegraph+%28Kolkata%29&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1071101%2Fasp%2Fnation%2Fstory_8497983.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309172021/http://itbhu.org/chronicle/archives/2007/10/index.html#001507">"BHU News: A chair for late Jagjivan Ram inaugurated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IT-BHU" class="mw-redirect" title="IT-BHU">IT-BHU</a>. August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itbhu.org/chronicle/archives/2007/10/index.html#001507">the original</a> on 9 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BHU+News%3A+A+chair+for+late+Jagjivan+Ram+inaugurated&rft.pub=IT-BHU&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itbhu.org%2Fchronicle%2Farchives%2F2007%2F10%2Findex.html%23001507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp050408.html">"Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function"</a>. <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> website. 5 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valedictory+Centenary+Lecture+by+President+of+India+on+Jagjivan+Ram+Centenary+Function&rft.pub=President+of+India+website&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresidentofindia.nic.in%2Fsp050408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pres-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pres_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52">Past Presidents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505123715/http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52">Archived</a> 5 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> INC Official website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiserious.com/learning-the-use-of-symbolic-means-dalits-ambedkar-statues-and-the-state-in-uttar-pradesh-dde0565173f1">"Learning the Use of Symbolic Means: Dalits, Ambedkar Statues and the State in Uttar Pradesh"</a>. 18 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Use+of+Symbolic+Means%3A+Dalits%2C+Ambedkar+Statues+and+the+State+in+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantiserious.com%2Flearning-the-use-of-symbolic-means-dalits-ambedkar-statues-and-the-state-in-uttar-pradesh-dde0565173f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/hindu-mahasabha-i-resolutions-reports-presidential-addresses-constitution-app-eals-etc-and">"All-India Hindu Maha Sabha, 17th Session Poona, December 1935, Full Text Of Resolutions"</a>. <i>INDIAN CULTURE</i>. 1935. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDIAN+CULTURE&rft.atitle=All-India+Hindu+Maha+Sabha%2C+17th+Session+Poona%2C+December+1935%2C+Full+Text+Of+Resolutions&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Farchives%2Fhindu-mahasabha-i-resolutions-reports-presidential-addresses-constitution-app-eals-etc-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dev-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dev_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105023846/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm">"Jagjivan Ram an example of development politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 6 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram+an+example+of+development+politics&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F04%2F06%2Fstories%2F2007040624850500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CADIndia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADIndia_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163244/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram">"Jagjivan Ram"</a>. <i>Constituent Assembly Debates</i>. Centre for Law and Policy Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram">the original</a> on 15 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constituent+Assembly+Debates&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcadindia.clpr.org.in%2Fconstituent_assembly_members%2Fjagjivan_ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohli2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atul_Kohli" title="Atul Kohli">Kohli, Atul</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC&q=jagjivan+ram&pg=PA23"><i>The success of India's democracy</i></a>. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521805308" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521805308"><bdi>978-0521805308</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+success+of+India%27s+democracy&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521805308&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Atul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIo0NsnlRT6sC%26q%3Djagjivan%2Bram%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamat" class="citation web cs1">Kamat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/anugrah_narayan_sinha.htm">"Biography: Anugrah Narayan Sinha"</a>. Kamat's archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography%3A+Anugrah+Narayan+Sinha&rft.pub=Kamat%27s+archive&rft.au=Kamat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fdatabase%2Fbiographies%2Fanugrah_narayan_sinha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNehru1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru, Jawaharlal</a> (1984). <i>Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Volume 14, Part 2</i>. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. p. 340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+works+of+Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+Volume+14%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Jawaharlal+Nehru+Memorial+Fund&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2002" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jagdish Chandra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QkxBhRU2-AC&pg=PR7"><i>Indian prime ministership : a comprehensive study</i></a>. New Delhi: Concept. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170229247" title="Special:BookSources/9788170229247"><bdi>9788170229247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+prime+ministership+%3A+a+comprehensive+study&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788170229247&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QkxBhRU2-AC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaqqi1986" class="citation book cs1">Haqqi, Anwarul Haque (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7c6O2XlGwC&pg=PA114"><i>Indian Democracy at the Crossroads I</i></a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Democracy+at+the+Crossroads+I&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Haqqi&rft.aufirst=Anwarul+Haque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk7c6O2XlGwC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrass1994" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Paul R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PR10"><i>The Politics of India since Independence (The new Cambridge history of India.)</i></a> (2. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521453622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521453622"><bdi>978-0521453622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+India+since+Independence+%28The+new+Cambridge+history+of+India.%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0521453622&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtKe6XV8z7wC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032629/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040610400400.htm">"Babu Jagjivan Ram Bhavan to be built"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 6 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040610400400.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram+Bhavan+to+be+built&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F04%2F06%2Fstories%2F2007040610400400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blonnet.com/2005/06/25/stories/2005062501140900.htm">"Emergency: Memories of the dark midnight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a></i>. 25 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu%2C+Business+Line&rft.atitle=Emergency%3A+Memories+of+the+dark+midnight&rft.date=2005-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blonnet.com%2F2005%2F06%2F25%2Fstories%2F2005062501140900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirchandani2003" class="citation book cs1">Mirchandani, G.G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA178"><i>320 Million Judges</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3"><bdi>81-7017-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=320+Million+Judges&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7017-061-3&rft.aulast=Mirchandani&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xj0g8euumQC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Deputy_Prime_minister" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jagdish Chandra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QkxBhRU2-AC&pg=PR7"><i>Indian prime ministership : a comprehensive study</i></a>. New Delhi: Concept. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170229247" title="Special:BookSources/9788170229247"><bdi>9788170229247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+prime+ministership+%3A+a+comprehensive+study&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788170229247&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QkxBhRU2-AC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirchandani2003" class="citation book cs1">Mirchandani, G.G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA95"><i>320 Million Judges</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170170617" title="Special:BookSources/9788170170617"><bdi>9788170170617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=320+Million+Judges&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788170170617&rft.aulast=Mirchandani&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xj0g8euumQC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/niece-vs-aunt-in-battle-for-jagjivan-ram-legacy/">"Niece vs aunt in battle for Jagjivan Ram legacy"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i>. 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Niece+vs+aunt+in+battle+for+Jagjivan+Ram+legacy&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fpolitics%2Fniece-vs-aunt-in-battle-for-jagjivan-ram-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e334-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e334_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/original-sting-which-split-janata-party/articleshow/363327.cms?from=mdr">"Original sting which split Janata Party"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 17 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Original+sting+which+split+Janata+Party&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Foriginal-sting-which-split-janata-party%2Farticleshow%2F363327.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d784-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d784_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/news/bih-pat-sex-scandal-of-jagjivan-ram-son-suresh-ram-suresh-ram-sushma-scandal-4355500-pho.html">"जब 35 साल पहले अगस्त में सामने आया था एक राजनेता के बेटे का 'नंगा सच'!"</a>. <i>Dainik Bhaskar</i> (in Hindi). 24 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC+35+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%27%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%27%21&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fnews%2Fbih-pat-sex-scandal-of-jagjivan-ram-son-suresh-ram-suresh-ram-sushma-scandal-4355500-pho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen, Walter K.. <i>India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension</i>, published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II (Feb. 1982), pp. 119-135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirchandani,_G._G.2003" class="citation book cs1">Mirchandani, G. G. (2003). <i>320 Million Judges</i>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3"><bdi>81-7017-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=320+Million+Judges&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7017-061-3&rft.au=Mirchandani%2C+G.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jagjivanramfoundation.nic.in/bio-2.htm">"Babu Jagjivan Ram"</a>. <i>Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram+National+Foundation&rft.atitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjagjivanramfoundation.nic.in%2Fbio-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen, Walter K. (1982) <i>India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension</i>, published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II. pp. 119–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsgindia.org/">Bharat Scouts and Guides</a>. Bsgindia.org. Retrieved on 6 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042118/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm">"Confer Bharat Ratna on Jagjivan Ram: Naidu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 6 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Confer+Bharat+Ratna+on+Jagjivan+Ram%3A+Naidu&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F04%2F06%2Fstories%2F2006040613050500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083154/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm">"Tributes paid to Jagjivan Ram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 6 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tributes+paid+to+Jagjivan+Ram&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F04%2F06%2Fstories%2F2007040609940500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410131204/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm">"Jagjivan Ram's services recalled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 6 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Jagjivan+Ram%27s+services+recalled&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F04%2F06%2Fstories%2F2009040651390200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410005917/http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/babujagjivanram.pdf">"A brief on Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. socialjustice.nic.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/babujagjivanram.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+on+Babu+Jagjivan+Ram+National+Foundation&rft.pub=socialjustice.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialjustice.nic.in%2Fbabujagjivanram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,533,1011,1016">"Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)"</a>. <i>www.indianrailways.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indianrailways.gov.in&rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Railways+%28Railway+Board%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianrailways.gov.in%2Frailwayboard%2Fview_section.jsp%3Flang%3D0%26id%3D0%2C1%2C304%2C366%2C533%2C1011%2C1016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Events/jagjivanram/">"Reincarnation of WAM1 20202 Jagjivan Ram"</a>. <i>www.irfca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irfca.org&rft.atitle=Reincarnation+of+WAM1+20202+Jagjivan+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irfca.org%2Fgallery%2FEvents%2Fjagjivanram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095617/http://www.iteachschools.org/the-need.html">"The Need at iTeach Schools"</a>. iteachschools.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iteachschools.org/the-need.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Need+at+iTeach+Schools&rft.pub=iteachschools.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iteachschools.org%2Fthe-need.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_bibliography">Further reading and bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading and bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamShachi_Rani_Gurtu1951" class="citation book cs1">Ram, Jagjivan; Shachi Rani Gurtu (1951). <i>Jagjivan Ram on labour problems</i>. Ram.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagjivan+Ram+on+labour+problems&rft.pub=Ram&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Jagjivan&rft.au=Shachi+Rani+Gurtu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRam1980" class="citation book cs1">Ram, Jagjivan (1980). <i>Caste challenge in India</i>. Vision Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+challenge+in+India&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Jagjivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1974" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Devendra Prasad (1974). <i>Jagjivan Ram: the man and the times</i>. Indian Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagjivan+Ram%3A+the+man+and+the+times&rft.pub=Indian+Book+Co.&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Devendra+Prasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanchreek1975" class="citation book cs1">Chanchreek, Kanhaiyalal (1975). <i>Jagjivanram: a select bibliography, 1908–1975</i>. <a href="/wiki/S._Chand" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Chand">S. Chand</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagjivanram%3A+a+select+bibliography%2C+1908%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Chanchreek&rft.aufirst=Kanhaiyalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1977" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nau Nihal (1977). <i>Jagjivan Ram: symbol of social change</i>. Sundeep Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagjivan+Ram%3A+symbol+of+social+change&rft.pub=Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nau+Nihal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRam1977" class="citation book cs1">Ram, Jagjivan (1977). <i>Four decades of Jagjivan Ram's parliamentary career</i>. S. Chand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+decades+of+Jagjivan+Ram%27s+parliamentary+career&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Jagjivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra2003" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh Chandra, Sangh Mittra (2003). <i>Jagjivan Ram And His Times</i>. Commonwealth Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7169-737-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7169-737-2"><bdi>81-7169-737-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagjivan+Ram+And+His+Times&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7169-737-2&rft.aulast=Ramesh+Chandra&rft.aufirst=Sangh+Mittra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSecretariat2005" class="citation book cs1">Secretariat, Lok Sabha (2005). <i>Babu Jagjivan Ram in parliament: a commemorative volume</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> Secretariat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram+in+parliament%3A+a+commemorative+volume&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Secretariat&rft.aufirst=Lok+Sabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurya" class="citation book cs1">Maurya, Dr. Omprakash. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicationsdivision.nic.in/Hindi-Roman/Au-Wise/HRB06.HTM"><i>Babu Jagjivan Ram</i></a>. Publications Division, <a href="/wiki/Govt._of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Govt. of India">Govt. of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft.aulast=Maurya&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Omprakash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicationsdivision.nic.in%2FHindi-Roman%2FAu-Wise%2FHRB06.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDr.U." class="citation book cs1">Dr.U., Subramanian. <i>Babu Jagjivan Ram</i>. Tamilvendanpathippagam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babu+Jagjivan+Ram&rft.pub=Tamilvendanpathippagam&rft.aulast=Dr.U.&rft.aufirst=Subramanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp050408.html">"Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function"</a>. <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> website. 5 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valedictory+Centenary+Lecture+by+President+of+India+on+Jagjivan+Ram+Centenary+Function&rft.pub=President+of+India+website&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresidentofindia.nic.in%2Fsp050408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icar.org.in/news/Jagjivan-Ram-Centenary.htm">"PM's Address at Babu Jagjivan Ram Centenary Seminar on Agriculture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">ICAR</a>. 7 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM%27s+Address+at+Babu+Jagjivan+Ram+Centenary+Seminar+on+Agriculture&rft.pub=ICAR&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icar.org.in%2Fnews%2FJagjivan-Ram-Centenary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagjivan+Ram" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jagjivan_Ram" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jagjivanram.com/">Babu Jagjivan Ram, Tribute website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409012621/http://babujagjivanram.com/">Babu Jagjivan Ram, Info website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202173551/http://jagjivanramonline.com/">Babu Jagjivan Ram, a Centenary Celebrations Special</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram">http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163244/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram">Archived</a> 15 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a> </b><br />1977–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a> </b><br />1979–1979 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Swaran_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Swaran Singh">Sardar Swaran Singh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a> </b><br />1970–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Swaran_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Swaran Singh">Sardar Swaran Singh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/The_Bharat_Scouts_and_Guides" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bharat Scouts and Guides">Bharat Scouts and Guides</a> </b><br />1976–1983 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Nehru_ministry24" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Template:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Template talk:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Nehru_ministry24" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">External Affairs</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Patel</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Home Affairs</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Singh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">Chetty</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Azad</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resource_Development_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resource Development (India)">Education</a>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ram</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and Employment (India)">Labour</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Law and Justice (India)">Law</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhar_Vishnu_Gadgil" title="Narhar Vishnu Gadgil">Gadgil</a> <small>(Public Works, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Power</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Kidwai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Communications</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mookerjee</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Industry</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Kaur</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)">Health</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthai" title="John Matthai">Matthai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways (India)">Railways</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Defence_ministers_of_India152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defence_ministers_of_India" title="Template:Defence ministers of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defence_ministers_of_India" title="Template talk:Defence ministers of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defence_ministers_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defence ministers of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Defence_ministers_of_India152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence ministers of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar" title="N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Pant" title="K. C. Pant">K. C. Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)" title="Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)">Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_(India)" title="Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)">Directorate General of Civil Aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Civil_Aviation_Security" title="Bureau of Civil Aviation Security">Bureau of Civil Aviation Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Railway_Safety" title="Commission of Railway Safety">Commission of Railway Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Accident_Investigation_Bureau_(India)" title="Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)">Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Rashtriya_Uran_Akademi" title="Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi">Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UDAN" title="UDAN">UDAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vande_Bharat_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Vande Bharat Mission">Vande Bharat Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Infrastructure_Pipeline" title="National Infrastructure Pipeline">National Infrastructure Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Department_RG-1_Rohini" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Air Department RG-1 Rohini">Civil Air Department RG-1 Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_MG-1" title="Civil Aviation Department MG-1">Civil Aviation Department MG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_Mrigasheer" title="Civil Aviation Department Mrigasheer">Civil Aviation Department Mrigasheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_Revathi" title="Civil Aviation Department Revathi">Civil Aviation Department Revathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ardhra" title="Hindustan Ardhra">Hindustan Ardhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pradeep_Singh_Kharola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pradeep Singh Kharola (page does not exist)">Pradeep Singh Kharola</a><span style="font-size: 85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a><i>(Minister of Transport)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar" title="N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a><i>(Minister of Transport and Railways)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a><i>(Minister of Railways and Transport)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a><i>(Minister of Transport and Communications)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a><i>(Minister of Transport and Communications)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Subbarayan" title="P. Subbarayan">P. Subbarayan</a><i>(Minister of Transport and Communications)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagjivan Ram</a><i>(Minister of Transport and Communications)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Kanungo" title="Nityanand Kanungo">Nityanand Kanungo</a><i>(As MoS)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjeeva_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy">Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy</a><i>(Minister of Transport, Aviation, Shipping, and Tourism)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bahadur" title="Raj Bahadur">Raj Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Raghuramaiah" title="Kotha Raghuramaiah">Kotha Raghuramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Kaushik" title="Purushottam Kaushik">Purushottam Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shafi_Qureshi" title="Mohammad Shafi Qureshi">Mohammad Shafi Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Ballabh_Patnaik" title="Janaki Ballabh Patnaik">Janaki Ballabh Patnaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Prasad_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Prasad Sharma">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwat_Jha_Azad" title="Bhagwat Jha Azad">Bhagwat Jha Azad</a> <i>(MoS, IC)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurshed_Alam_Khan" title="Khurshed Alam Khan">Khurshed Alam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Tytler" title="Jagdish Tytler">Jagdish Tytler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivraj_Patil" title="Shivraj Patil">Shivraj Patil</a> <i>(MoS, IC)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Mohammed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arif Mohammed Khan">Arif Mohammed Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmohan_Dhawan" title="Harmohan Dhawan">Harmohan Dhawan</a><i>(MoS, IC)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_Scindia" title="Madhavrao Scindia">Madhavrao Scindia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Dhananjaya_Kumar" class="mw-redirect" title="V. Dhananjaya Kumar">V. Dhananjaya Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Ibrahim" title="C. M. Ibrahim">C. M. Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananth_Kumar" title="Ananth Kumar">Ananth Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Yadav" title="Sharad Yadav">Sharad Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahnawaz_Hussain" title="Syed Shahnawaz Hussain">Syed Shahnawaz Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Pratap_Rudy" title="Rajiv Pratap Rudy">Rajiv Pratap Rudy</a> <i>(MoS, IC)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praful_Patel" title="Praful Patel">Praful Patel</a> <i>(MoS, IC)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Ravi" title="Vayalar Ravi">Vayalar Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(politician,_born_1939)" title="Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)">Ajit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Gajapathi_Raju" title="Ashok Gajapathi Raju">Ashok Gajapathi Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Puri" title="Hardeep Singh Puri">Hardeep Singh Puri</a><i>(MoS, IC)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotiraditya_Scindia" title="Jyotiraditya Scindia">Jyotiraditya Scindia</a><span style="font-size: 85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Bhawan" title="Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan">Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Ministry of Communications (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Disputes_Settlement_and_Appellate_Tribunal" title="Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal">Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal</a> (TDSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a> (TRAI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA)</li> <li>Director General Telecom (DGT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Engineering_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication Engineering Center">Telecommunication Engineering Center</a> (TEC)</li> <li>Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Monitoring_Organisation" title="Wireless Monitoring Organisation">Wireless Monitoring Organisation</a> (WMO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Telematics" title="Centre for Development of Telematics">Centre for Development of Telematics</a> (C-DOT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)</li> <li>National Institute of Communication Finance (NICF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Telecom_Technology_and_Management" title="Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management">Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management</a></li> <li>Digital Communications Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Enforcement_Resource_and_Monitoring" title="Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring">Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring</a> (TERM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Advisory_Committees" title="Telephone Advisory Committees">Telephone Advisory Committees</a> (TAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Planning_%26_Coordination_Wing" title="Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing">Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing</a> (WPC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Broadband_Network" title="Bharat Broadband Network">Bharat Broadband Network Limited</a> (BBNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSNL" title="BSNL">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a> (BSNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries Limited</a> (ITI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limited" title="Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited">Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited</a> (MTNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Consultants_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Consultants India Limited">Telecommunications Consultants India Limited</a> (TCIL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Service" title="Indian Telecommunication Service">Indian Telecommunication Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Radio_Regulatory_Service" title="Indian Radio Regulatory Service">Indian Radio Regulatory Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Postal_Service_(India)" title="Army Postal Service (India)">Army Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post_Payments_Bank" title="India Post Payments Bank">India Post Payments Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telegraph_Act,_1885" title="Indian Telegraph Act, 1885">The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885</a></li> <li>The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940</li> <li>The Indian Post Office Act, 1898</li> <li>The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bahadur" title="Raj Bahadur">Raj Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Subbarayan" title="P. Subbarayan">P. Subbarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Varma" title="Brij Lal Varma">Brij Lal Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyam Nandan Mishra">Shyam Nandan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Narain_Singh" title="Bhishma Narain Singh">Bhishma Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">C. M. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Prasad_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Prasad Sharma">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Bahadur_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Bahadur Singh">Bir Bahadur Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Unnikrishnan" title="K. P. Unnikrishnan">K. P. Unnikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Prasad_Verma" title="Beni Prasad Verma">Beni Prasad Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Paswan" title="Ram Vilas Paswan">Ram Vilas Paswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayanidhi_Maran" title="Dayanidhi Maran">Dayanidhi Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Sibal" title="Kapil Sibal">Kapil Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw" title="Ashwini Vaishnaw">Ashwini Vaishnaw</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Shamrao_Dhotre" title="Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre">Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devusinh_Jesingbhai_Chauhan" title="Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan">Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Preceding Ministry:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Ministry of Communications and Information Technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_The_Emergency_of_1975–1977180" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Template:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Template talk:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_The_Emergency_of_1975–1977180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency of 1975–1977</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh_(Sinha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basawon Singh (Sinha)">Basawon Singh (Sinha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Achutha_Menon" title="C. Achutha Menon">C. Achutha Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devakanta_Barua" class="mw-redirect" title="Devakanta Barua">Devakanta Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">H. N. Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohanlal_Sinha" title="Jagmohanlal Sinha">Jagmohanlal Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency in India">State of Emergency in India</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_gate_demolition_and_rioting" title="Turkman gate demolition and rioting">Turkman gate demolition and rioting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Commission" title="Shah Commission">Shah Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian general election, 1977">Indian general election, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px553" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sessions_of_the_All_India_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sessions of the All India Congress Committee">AICC Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional <br />Congress <br /> Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1462" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471625#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084123024">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/115315115">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18236/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWRKyxy4CWc8cY76rwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131982389">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50056964">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946471r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946471r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2014844454&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069150656">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/131982389.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027419355">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&oldid=1269814093">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&oldid=1269814093</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Category:First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1908_births" title="Category:1908 births">1908 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1986_deaths" title="Category:1986 deaths">1986 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1952%E2%80%931957" title="Category:India MPs 1952–1957">India MPs 1952–1957</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1957%E2%80%931962" title="Category:India MPs 1957–1962">India MPs 1957–1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1962%E2%80%931967" title="Category:India MPs 1962–1967">India MPs 1962–1967</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1967%E2%80%931970" title="Category:India MPs 1967–1970">India MPs 1967–1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1971%E2%80%931977" title="Category:India MPs 1971–1977">India MPs 1971–1977</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1977%E2%80%931979" title="Category:India MPs 1977–1979">India MPs 1977–1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1980%E2%80%931984" title="Category:India MPs 1980–1984">India MPs 1980–1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_MPs_1984%E2%80%931989" title="Category:India MPs 1984–1989">India MPs 1984–1989</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banaras_Hindu_University_alumni" title="Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni">Banaras Hindu University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_defence_of_India" title="Category:Ministers of defence of India">Ministers of defence of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_deputy_prime_ministers" title="Category:Indian deputy prime ministers">Indian deputy prime ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists_from_Bihar" title="Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar">Indian independence activists from Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India">Members of the Constituent Assembly of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sasaram" title="Category:People from Sasaram">People from Sasaram</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Janata_Party_politicians" title="Category:Janata Party politicians">Janata Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents of the Indian National Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_ministers_of_India" title="Category:Railway ministers of India">Railway ministers of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labour_ministers_of_India" title="Category:Labour ministers of India">Labour ministers of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scouting_and_Guiding_in_India" title="Category:Scouting and Guiding in India">Scouting and Guiding in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Calcutta_alumni" title="Category:University of Calcutta alumni">University of Calcutta alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_writers_from_India" title="Category:English-language writers from India">English-language writers from India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Hindus" title="Category:Indian Hindus">Indian Hindus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lok_Sabha_members_from_Bihar" title="Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar">Lok Sabha members from Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pro_tem_speakers_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Category:Pro tem speakers of the Lok Sabha">Pro tem speakers of the Lok Sabha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_ministers_of_India" title="Category:Agriculture ministers of India">Agriculture ministers of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congress_for_Democracy_politicians" title="Category:Congress for Democracy politicians">Congress for Democracy politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress_(U)_politicians" title="Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians">Indian National Congress (U) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Council_of_the_Governor_General_of_India" title="Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India">Members of the Council of the Governor General of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)" title="Category:CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)">CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2023">Use Indian English from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2021">Use dmy dates from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2025, at 14:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jagjivan Ram</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-wwvwh","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.209","walltime":"1.508","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18666,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":284805,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16849,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":258837,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1296.292 1 -total"," 37.70% 488.664 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 22.93% 297.252 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.53% 162.437 22 Template:Cite_web"," 11.93% 154.588 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 10.59% 137.318 11 Template:Navbox"," 6.78% 87.900 21 Template:Cite_book"," 6.05% 78.427 1 Template:Marriage"," 5.79% 75.061 1 Template:First_Indian_Cabinet"," 4.85% 62.931 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.668","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11928250,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-wkfvc","timestamp":"20250326151005","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jagjivan Ram","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jagjivan_Ram","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1471625","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1471625","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-06T08:07:54Z","dateModified":"2025-01-16T14:59:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/36\/Jagjivan_Ram_stamp_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Indian independence activist and politician (1908-1986)"}</script> </body> </html>