Climate, cryosphere and oceans

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans","20200301173144","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1583083904"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, width=device-width, viewport-fit=cover"> <meta name="eGMS.accessibility" content="A"/> <meta name="eGMS.subject.category" content="Climate and weather"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@metoffice"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="208580322593329"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Met Office"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/_index_"/> <meta name="theme-color" content="#2a2a2a"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1920"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="958"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="LR7Q3483mkrmLcJJZpzIbl48mNnTbBDVzjA3GqT3Q2M"/> <meta name="google-translate-customization" content="f8c19e614cd5ee7e-37428b41ac444aca-gd1bc91f73b6940ae-14"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20200301173144cs_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/css/compiled/base.css" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20200301173144cs_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/css/compiled/components/feedback-banner.css" type="text/css"/> <title>Climate, cryosphere and oceans - Met Office</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Climate, cryosphere and oceans"/> <meta name="title" data-type="string" class="swiftype" content="Climate, cryosphere and oceans"/> <meta name="description" content="Improving our understanding of the role of the oceans and the cryosphere (ice) in the climate system."/> <meta property="og:description" content="Improving our understanding of the role of the oceans and the cryosphere (ice) in the climate system."/> <script src="/web/20200301173144js_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/js/minified/advertising.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20200301173144js_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/data/scripts/metoffice_responsive.js"></script> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.metoffice.advertising.addSlotConfiguration("ad-bottom","ad-bottom",false); //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.metoffice = window.metoffice || {}; window.metoffice.advertising = window.metoffice.advertising || {}; window.metoffice.advertising.addTargeting("env", "www"); window.metoffice.advertising.addTargeting("warnings", "true"); //]]> </script> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-b0fb8084-e6cf-4aa0-816a-91a627029e90 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-b0fb8084-e6cf-4aa0-816a-91a627029e90 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-b0fb8084-e6cf-4aa0-816a-91a627029e90 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-b0fb8084-e6cf-4aa0-816a-91a627029e90 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-50d202a6-8c8b-426d-a65d-136589ed931b { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-50d202a6-8c8b-426d-a65d-136589ed931b { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-50d202a6-8c8b-426d-a65d-136589ed931b { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-50d202a6-8c8b-426d-a65d-136589ed931b { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/methane-gas-frozen-into-ice.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-ba306d42-f688-4d9e-a4ba-1f369d9c3bdd { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-ba306d42-f688-4d9e-a4ba-1f369d9c3bdd { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-ba306d42-f688-4d9e-a4ba-1f369d9c3bdd { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-ba306d42-f688-4d9e-a4ba-1f369d9c3bdd { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/icebergs-in-the-ocean-photo-simon-maennling.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-6ae21b7a-5495-4bff-8b3d-d936e2364835 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-6ae21b7a-5495-4bff-8b3d-d936e2364835 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-6ae21b7a-5495-4bff-8b3d-d936e2364835 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-6ae21b7a-5495-4bff-8b3d-d936e2364835 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-7c992d63-ab96-41d9-bd1e-3233b2b71125 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/ocean-waves.jpg/ocean-waves.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-7c992d63-ab96-41d9-bd1e-3233b2b71125 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/ocean-waves.jpg/ocean-waves.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-7c992d63-ab96-41d9-bd1e-3233b2b71125 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/ocean-waves.jpg/ocean-waves.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-7c992d63-ab96-41d9-bd1e-3233b2b71125 { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/ocean-waves.jpg/ocean-waves.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-0fcb3dd2-a14f-4f48-be91-656c5d58eafc { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-0fcb3dd2-a14f-4f48-be91-656c5d58eafc { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-0fcb3dd2-a14f-4f48-be91-656c5d58eafc { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-0fcb3dd2-a14f-4f48-be91-656c5d58eafc { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/icecaps-in-antarctica-.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-a831f10e-46de-4896-a821-f7c25e0db01c { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-a831f10e-46de-4896-a821-f7c25e0db01c { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-a831f10e-46de-4896-a821-f7c25e0db01c { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-a831f10e-46de-4896-a821-f7c25e0db01c { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .preview-block-image-00139ef7-9f00-4680-9125-d511e8c081db { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockXSmall'); } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .preview-block-image-00139ef7-9f00-4680-9125-d511e8c081db { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockLarge'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { .preview-block-image-00139ef7-9f00-4680-9125-d511e8c081db { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockSmall'); } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { .preview-block-image-00139ef7-9f00-4680-9125-d511e8c081db { background-image: url('/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/weather/ocean/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/icebergs-photo-juha-lakaniemi.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AcontentBlockMedium'); } } /*]]>*/ </style> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.metoffice.advertising.addSlotConfiguration("mpuOnly","mpuOnly",false); //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.metoffice.advertising.addSlotConfiguration("skyRight","skyRight",false); //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.metoffice.advertising.addSlotConfiguration("skyLeft","skyLeft",false); //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ window.metoffice.advertising.addSlotConfiguration("forecastLeader","forecastLeader",false); //]]> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20200301173144cs_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/css/compiled/article.css" type="text/css"/> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> </head> <body class="no-js user-tabbing"> <header id="header"> <div id="skiplink-container"> <a href="#content" id="skiplink" class="skiplink">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="upper"> <div class="upper-container container row middle-xs"> <div class="logo col-xs-8 col-lg-2"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/"><img class="mo-logo" src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/logos/mo-green-white.svg" alt="Met Office"/></a> </div> <div class="menu-button col-xs-4 hide-lg no-js-hide"> <button id="menu-button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lower-container">Menu</button> </div> <nav aria-label="first level" class="top-menu has-edit-button col-lg-10 show-lg hide-sm hide-xs"> <ul id="top-level-menu"> <li><a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather" data-topmenu-id="0" aria-controls="menu0">Weather & climate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research" data-topmenu-id="1" aria-controls="menu1" aria-expanded="true">Research programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services" data-topmenu-id="2" aria-controls="menu2">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us" data-topmenu-id="3" aria-controls="menu3">About us</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="lower"> <div id="lower-container" class="lower-container container row middle-lg" data-nav="false" data-second-nav="false" data-search="false"> <div class="logo-container"> <div class="logo col-xs-8 col-lg-2"> <a id="menu-open-logo" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/"><span class="mo-logo">Met Office</span></a> </div> <div class="menu-button col-xs-4 hide-lg no-js-hide"> <button id="close-menu-button" type="button" value="Close" aria-controls="lower-container" aria-label="Close menu"> <span class="icon" data-type="global" data-value="close" title="Close">Close</span> </button> </div> </div> <form id="site-search-form" class="search-form col-xs-12" role="search" action="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/search" method="get"> <label for="site-search-input" class="off-screen no-js-hide">Search site</label> <input id="site-search-input" type="search" class="col-sm-11" placeholder="Search" name="query" autocomplete="off" required> <button type="submit" tabindex="-1" value="Search" title="Search" class="col-sm-1 col-lg-offset-0"> <span class="icon" data-type="global" data-value="search">Search</span> </button> <button id="close-search-button" type="button" title="Close" value="Close" class="no-js-hide"> <span class="icon" data-type="global" data-value="close">x</span> </button> </form> <div class="third-level-back col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-12 col-lg-offset-0"> <span id="third-level-back" class="row middle-xs" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Back to second level menu"> <img src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/icons/common/chevron-right-grey.svg" alt="chevron" aria-hidden="true"> <span>Back</span> </span> </div> <nav aria-label="second level" id="secondary-nav" class="main-menu col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-11 col-lg-offset-0 no-js-show"> <div role="heading" aria-level="1" data-menu-id="0" data-toggle="false" class="menu-header hide-lg"> <a aria-describedby="menu-desc-0" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather">Weather & climate <img role="presentation" src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/icons/common/chevron-right-green.svg" alt="chevron" class="no-js-hide"> </a> </div> <div id="menu-desc-0" class="menu-desc hide-lg"> <span>Everything you need to know about the forecast, and making the most of the weather.</span> </div> <ul id="menu0" data-submenu-id="0" data-toggle="false"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" data-index="0">Find a forecast</a> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu0Sub1" data-index="1">Warnings & advice</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Warnings & advice</div> <ul id="menu0Sub1" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/uk-warnings" data-index="0">UK weather warnings</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/uk-storm-centre/index" data-index="1">UK Storm Centre</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/seasonal-advice" data-index="2">Seasonal advice</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/forecast/map#?beta" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu0Sub2" data-index="2">Maps & charts</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Maps & charts</div> <ul id="menu0Sub2" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/observation/rainfall-radar#?beta" data-index="0">Rainfall radar</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/forecast/map#?beta" data-index="1">UK weather map</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/maps-and-charts/surface-pressure" data-index="2">Surface pressure charts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate/index" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu0Sub3" data-index="3">Climate</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Climate</div> <ul id="menu0Sub3" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate-change/index" data-index="0">What is climate change?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate-change/causes-of-climate-change" data-index="1">Causes of climate change</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate-change/effects-of-climate-change" data-index="2">Effects of climate change</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate/uk-climate/index" data-index="3">UK climate</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate-change/science/index" data-index="4">Climate science</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/climate-and-climate-change/climate-change/organisations-and-reports/index" data-index="5">Organisations and reports</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/specialist-forecasts" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu0Sub4" data-index="4">Specialist forecasts</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Specialist forecasts</div> <ul id="menu0Sub4" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/specialist-forecasts/coast-and-sea" data-index="0">Coast and Sea</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/specialist-forecasts/mountain" data-index="1">Mountain</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/specialist-forecasts/space-weather" data-index="2">Space Weather</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu0Sub5" data-index="5">Learn about...</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Learn about...</div> <ul id="menu0Sub5" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/past-uk-weather-events" data-index="0">Past UK weather events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather" data-index="1">Weather</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/how-forecasts-are-made" data-index="2">How forecasts are made</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/met-office-for-schools" data-index="3">Met Office for Schools</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> </ul> <div role="heading" aria-level="1" data-menu-id="1" data-toggle="true" class="menu-header hide-lg"> <a aria-describedby="menu-desc-1" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research" class=""selected"">Research programmes <img role="presentation" src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/icons/common/chevron-right-green.svg" alt="chevron" class="no-js-hide"> </a> </div> <div id="menu-desc-1" class="menu-desc hide-lg"> <span>The latest breakthroughs, research and news from the Met Office.</span> </div> <ul id="menu1" data-submenu-id="1" data-toggle="true"> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/index" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu1Sub0" data-index="0">Our approach</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Our approach</div> <ul id="menu1Sub0" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/overview" data-index="0">Overview by our Chief Scientist</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/how-met-office-science-is-reviewed" data-index="1">How Met Office science is reviewed</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration" data-index="2">Collaboration</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/modelling-systems" data-index="3">Modelling systems</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/monitoring" data-index="4">Monitoring</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/our-scientists/people" data-index="5">Our scientists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu1Sub1" data-index="1">Weather science</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Weather science</div> <ul id="menu1Sub1" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/atmospheric-dispersion" data-index="0">Atmospheric dispersion and air quality</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/data-assimilation" data-index="1">Data assimilation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/ensemble-forecasting" data-index="2">Ensemble forecasting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/observations-research" data-index="3">Observations research and development</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/ocean-forecasting" data-index="4">Ocean forecasting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/research-to-operations" data-index="5">Research to operations</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/satellite-applications" data-index="6">Satellite applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/verification-impacts-and-post-processing" data-index="7">Verification, impacts and post-processing</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/weather-science-it" data-index="8">Weather science IT</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true" class="selected"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu1Sub2" data-index="2">Climate science</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Climate science</div> <ul id="menu1Sub2" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li class="selected"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans" data-index="0">Climate, cryosphere and oceans</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-impacts" data-index="1">Climate impacts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-monitoring/index" data-index="2">Climate monitoring and attribution</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/earth-system-science" data-index="3">Earth system science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal" data-index="4">Monthly to decadal prediction</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data" data-index="5">UK climate maps and data</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/understanding-climate" data-index="6">Understanding climate change</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu1Sub3" data-index="3">Applied science</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Applied science</div> <ul id="menu1Sub3" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/aviation" data-index="0">Aviation applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/international" data-index="1">Climate information for international development</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/climate-security" data-index="2">Climate security</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/research-consulting/climate-service" data-index="3">Climate services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/defence" data-index="4">Defence applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/post-processing" data-index="5">Post-processing applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/science-for-impacts-resilience-and-adaptation" data-index="6">Science for Impacts, Resilience and Adaptation (SIRA)</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/applied/science-health-strategy" data-index="7">Science health strategy</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/foundation" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu1Sub4" data-index="4">Foundation science</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Foundation science</div> <ul id="menu1Sub4" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/foundation/parametrizations" data-index="0">Atmospheric processes and parametrizations</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/foundation/dynamics" data-index="1">Dynamic research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/foundation/global-modelling" data-index="2">Global modelling</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/foundation/observational-studies" data-index="3">Observation-based research</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/foundation/regional-model-evaluation-and-development/index" data-index="4">Regional model evaluation and development</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive" data-index="5">Library</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/news" data-index="6">News</a> </li> </ul> <div role="heading" aria-level="1" data-menu-id="2" data-toggle="false" class="menu-header hide-lg"> <a aria-describedby="menu-desc-2" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services">Services <img role="presentation" src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/icons/common/chevron-right-green.svg" alt="chevron" class="no-js-hide"> </a> </div> <div id="menu-desc-2" class="menu-desc hide-lg"> <span>Support your business with world-leading science and technology.</span> </div> <ul id="menu2" data-submenu-id="2" data-toggle="false"> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/government" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu2Sub0" data-index="0">Government</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Government</div> <ul id="menu2Sub0" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/government/defence-and-security" data-index="0">Defence and security</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/government/devolved-administrations" data-index="1">Devolved administrations</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/government/environmental-hazard-resilience" data-index="2">Environmental Hazard and Resilience Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/government/international-development" data-index="3">International development</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/government/met-office-hadley-centre-climate-programme" data-index="4">MO Hadley Centre Climate Programme</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu2Sub1" data-index="1">Transport</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Transport</div> <ul id="menu2Sub1" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/aviation/commercial" data-index="0">Aviation commercial</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/aviation/regulated" data-index="1">Aviation regulated</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/cav" data-index="2">CAV</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/marine" data-index="3">Marine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/rail" data-index="4">Rail</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/transport/road" data-index="5">Road</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu2Sub2" data-index="2">Business & industry</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Business & industry</div> <ul id="menu2Sub2" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/agriculture" data-index="0">Agriculture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/construction" data-index="1">Construction</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/energy" data-index="2">Energy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/event-management" data-index="3">Event management</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/legal-insurance" data-index="4">Legal and insurance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/media" data-index="5">Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/mining" data-index="6">Mining</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/retail" data-index="7">Retail</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/business-industry/water" data-index="8">Water</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/data" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu2Sub3" data-index="3">Data</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Data</div> <ul id="menu2Sub3" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/data" data-index="0">Weather and climate data</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/research-consulting" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu2Sub4" data-index="4">Research & consulting</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Research & consulting</div> <ul id="menu2Sub4" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/research-consulting/access-a-meteorologist" data-index="0">Access a meteorologist</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/research-consulting/climate-service" data-index="1">Climate service</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/research-consulting/international-programmes" data-index="2">International programmes</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/research-consulting/weather-climate-consultancy" data-index="3">Weather and climate consultancy</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> </ul> <div role="heading" aria-level="1" data-menu-id="3" data-toggle="false" class="menu-header hide-lg"> <a aria-describedby="menu-desc-3" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us">About us <img role="presentation" src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/icons/common/chevron-right-green.svg" alt="chevron" class="no-js-hide"> </a> </div> <div id="menu-desc-3" class="menu-desc hide-lg"> <span>Who we are, what we do and organisational news.</span> </div> <ul id="menu3" data-submenu-id="3" data-toggle="false"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/who" data-index="0">Who we are</a> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/supplying-the-met-office" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu3Sub1" data-index="1">Supplying the Met Office</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Supplying the Met Office</div> <ul id="menu3Sub1" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/supplying-the-met-office/advertising/sponsorship-opportunities" data-index="0">Advertising</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/supplying-the-met-office/procurement" data-index="1">Procurement</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu3Sub2" data-index="2">Press Office</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Press Office</div> <ul id="menu3Sub2" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate" data-index="0">Weather and climate news</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/corporate" data-index="1">Corporate news</a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://blog.metoffice.gov.uk/" data-index="2">News blog</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/media-resources/podcasts" data-index="3">Podcasts</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/contact-press-office" data-index="4">Contact the Press Office</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu3Sub3" data-index="3">Careers</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Careers</div> <ul id="menu3Sub3" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers/working-here" data-index="0">Working at the Met Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers/your-career" data-index="1">Your career</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers/vacancies" data-index="2">Vacancies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers/rewards-and-benefits" data-index="3">Rewards and benefits</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers/diversity-and-equality" data-index="4">Diversity and equality</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/careers/graduates-and-placements" data-index="5">Graduates and placements</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> <li data-children="true"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/contact" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu3Sub4" data-index="4">Contact us</a> <nav aria-label="third level" class="third-level" data-toggle="false"> <div class="third-level-inner row"> <div role="heading" aria-level="2" class="third-level-header col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-2 col-lg-offset-1">Contact us</div> <ul id="menu3Sub4" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/contact" data-index="0">Contact details</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/forms/website-feedback" data-index="1">Feedback form</a> </li> <li> <a class="last" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/contact/in-exeter" data-index="2">How to find us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> <hr class="main-menu-divider col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 hide-lg"> <div id="nav-control" class="nav-control col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 col-lg-1 col-lg-offset-0"> <div id="nav-control-buttons" class="nav-control-buttons"> <div> <button id="settings-button" class="no-js-hide" onclick="window.metoffice.base.delayEditPreferences('dlgSettings', this)"> <span class="icon" data-type="global" data-value="settings" role="img" title="Settings"></span><span class="icon-label">Settings</span> </button> </div> <div role="search"> <a role="button" id="search-button" href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/search"> <span class="icon" role="img" data-type="global" data-value="search" title="Expand search"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="affiliate-links" class="affiliate-links col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 hide-lg"></div> </div> </div> <div class="print-header" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/logos/mo-logo-black.svg" alt="Met Office Logo"> </div> </header> <main id="content"> <div class="advert-container"> <div class="draggable-advert forecastLeader" id="forecastLeader"></div> </div> <div class="hero"> <img src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroMedium" srcset="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroXXLarge 1920w, /web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroXLarge 1600w, /web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroLarge 1366w, /web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroMedium 1024w, /web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroSmall 768w, /web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroXSmall 640w" title="Broken icebergs in the ocean" alt="Broken icebergs in the ocean" sizes="100vw"/> </div> <div class="wrap-3-col"> <div class="wrap-3-left"> <div class="advert-container"> <div class="draggable-advert skyLeft" id="skyLeft"></div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-3-mid"> <div class="content-container"> <article class="has-edit-button content"> <div class="article-content"> <h1 class="article-heading">Climate, cryosphere and oceans</h1> <div class="share-line"><hr></div> <div class="row content-top"> <div class="col"> <p class="learn-article-tagline" data-swiftype-name="tagline" data-swiftype-type="text">Improving our understanding of the role of the oceans and the cryosphere (ice) in the climate system.</p> <div data-swiftype-name="body" data-swiftype-type="text"> <div class="article-body"><h2>Key aims</h2> <ul> <li>Improving ocean and ice modelling capability.</li> <li>Providing advice to government regarding climate mitigation.</li> <li>Understanding how the oceans, sea-ice and land-ice could be affected by climate change and how these changes could feed back onto the climate system.</li> </ul> <p> </p></div> <div class="article-body"></div> </div> </div> <div class="mpu-col"> <div class="advert-container"> <div class="draggable-advert mpuOnly" id="mpuOnly"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <section class="learn-articles-block preview-block no-print" aria-labelledby="child-articles-heading"> <h2 id="child-articles-heading">Featured</h2> <ul class="items"> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/ice-prediction" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-b0fb8084-e6cf-4aa0-816a-91a627029e90"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Land and sea-ice prediction</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/biogeochemistry" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-50d202a6-8c8b-426d-a65d-136589ed931b"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Ocean biogeochemistry</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/model-development" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-ba306d42-f688-4d9e-a4ba-1f369d9c3bdd"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Ocean and ice model development</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/sea-level-rise" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-6ae21b7a-5495-4bff-8b3d-d936e2364835"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Sea level rise and shelf seas</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/ocean-circulation" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-7c992d63-ab96-41d9-bd1e-3233b2b71125"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Global ocean circulation</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/sea-ice/index" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-0fcb3dd2-a14f-4f48-be91-656c5d58eafc"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Sea ice in the climate system</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/sea-ice/overview" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-a831f10e-46de-4896-a821-f7c25e0db01c"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">Sea ice : an overview</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="preview-block-component"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans/sea-ice/measure" class="item"> <div class="image preview-block-image-00139ef7-9f00-4680-9125-d511e8c081db"></div> <h3 class="title title-row-1">How we measure sea ice</h3> <div class="read-more-text"> <span class="icon" data-type="preview-block" data-value="article"></span><span>Read</span> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="related-links-container"> <h2>Related links</h2> <ul class="row"> <li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/our-scientists/cryosphere-oceans"><span>Climate, cryosphere and ocean scientists</span></a> </li> <li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/monitoring/sea-ice"><span>Arctic sea ice briefs</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="advert-container"> <div class="draggable-advert ad-bottom" id="ad-bottom"></div> </div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-3-right"> <div class="advert-container"> <div class="draggable-advert skyRight" id="skyRight"></div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="content-container" role="contentinfo" aria-label="feedback banner"> <section class="feedback-banner-component"> <h2 class="feedback-banner-header">Help us improve our website</h2> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/feedback">Take our short survey</a> </section></div> <footer role="contentinfo" aria-label="footer"> <div class="upper"> <div class="content-container row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-lg-2"> <img class="mo-logo" src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/logos/mo-green-white.svg" alt="Met Office"/> </div> <div class="link-column col-xs-12 col-lg-10"> <div class="row"> <div class="left col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="has-edit-button"> <ul id="footer-1"> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://college.metoffice.gov.uk/">Met Office College</a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://library.metoffice.gov.uk/">National Meteorological Library & Archive</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/data">Data</a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://wow.metoffice.gov.uk/">Weather Observations Website (WOW)</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="right col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="has-edit-button"> <ul id="footer-2"> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/website/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/legal/privacy">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/legal/cookies">Cookie policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/legal">Legal</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/guide-to-emails">Email updates</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/guide/weather/rss">RSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="lower"> <div class="content-container row"> <div class="app-badges col-sm-5 col-xs-12"> <a class="google-play" rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=uk.gov.metoffice.weather.android&referrer=utm_source%3DMet%2520Office%2520Desktop%2520site%2520apps%2520page"> <img src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/app-badges/google-play-badge.svg" class="google-play-badge" alt="Get it on Google Play"> </a> <a class="app-store" rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://itunes.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1068146838?mt=8"> <img src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/app-badges/apple-store-badge.svg" class="apple-store-badge" alt="Download on the App Store"> </a> </div> <div class="follow-icons col-sm-5 col-xs-12 last-sm"> <ul class="horizontal-list"> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.facebook.com/metoffice" title="Follow us on Facebook"><span class="icon" data-type="follow-light" data-value="facebook"></span></a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://twitter.com/metoffice" title="Follow us on Twitter"><span class="icon" data-type="follow-light" data-value="twitter"></span></a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.youtube.com/user/TheMetOffice" title="Follow us on YouTube"><span class="icon" data-type="follow-light" data-value="youtube"></span></a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.instagram.com/metoffice/" title="Follow us on Instagram"><span class="icon" data-type="follow-light" data-value="instagram"></span></a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.snapchat.com/add/metoffice" title="Follow us on Snapchat"><span class="icon" data-type="follow-light" data-value="snapchat"></span></a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.linkedin.com/company/met-office/" title="Follow us on LinkedIn"><span class="icon" data-type="follow-light" data-value="linkedin"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="copyright col-sm-2 col-xs-12"> <small><a href="/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/legal#licences">漏 Crown Copyright</a></small> </div> </div> </div> <div class="print-footer"> <img src="/web/20200301173144im_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/images/logos/mo-logo-black.svg" alt="Met Office Logo"/> <p>漏 Crown Copyright</p> </div> </footer> <div id="settings-container"></div> <script src="/web/20200301173144js_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/webfiles/1582024315589/js/minified/global.min.js"></script> <script type="application/ld+json"> //<![CDATA[ { "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/http://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans" }, "author": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Met Office" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Met Office", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/static/images/logo/default_card_315.jpg" } }, "headline": "Climate, cryosphere and oceans", "image": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/gallery/metofficegovuk/hero-images/climate-change/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/broken-icebergs-in-the-ocean.jpg/metofficegovuk%3AheroXXLarge", "description": "Improving our understanding of the role of the oceans and the cryosphere (ice) in the climate system.", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/cryosphere-oceans" } //]]> </script> <script src="/web/20200301173144js_/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/gdpr-consent/script.js" async></script> <noscript aria-hidden="true"> <iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NG48PDS&noscript=true" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <script type="as-oil" data-managed="as-oil" data-type="text/javascript">//<!CDATA[ (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l !== 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173144/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NG48PDS'); //]]></script> <div id="editPreference" class="off-screen">/webfiles/1582024315589/js/minified/edit-preferences.min.js</div> <div id="dialogSCSS" class="off-screen">/webfiles/1582024315589/css/scss/partials/_dialog.scss</div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Climate, cryosphere and oceans - Met Office