BBC - Autos - Six battlegrounds in the global war on cars

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It's encouraged cities like Sydney to Seoul to revamp old rail and roads into ambling parks.","SynopsisShort":"NYC","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/3z/t5/p03zt586.jpg","Title":"GettyImages-569929489.jpg","CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p03zt586","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p03zt586","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p03zt586","_id":"5d953682ca09cdf445eb1e05"}],"AssetSelect":"","AssetVideoIb2":null,"AssetVideoMps":null,"Author":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":null,"Description":"","Email":"","Links":null,"Name":"Jim Motavalli","PrimaryVertical":"wwautos","CreationDateTime":"2016-06-28T15:26:24.058254Z","Entity":"author","Guid":"4d87be3e-0413-4ca1-82de-a5219b873c99","Id":"wwautos/author/jim-motavalli","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-06-28T15:26:24.058254Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"jim-motavalli"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-06-28T15:26:24.058254Z","Entity":"author","Guid":"4d87be3e-0413-4ca1-82de-a5219b873c99","Id":"wwautos/author/jim-motavalli","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-06-28T15:26:24.058254Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"jim-motavalli"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwautos/author/jim-motavalli","_id":"5d94c1daca09cdf445721cbc"}],"BodyHtml":"<p><strong>IN 2010, THE NUMBER OF CARS IN THE WORLD</strong> <strong>SOARED</strong> past the 1b mark, and the automotive population has been increasing rapidly since then. So it may seem absurd to talk about the rise of car-free places. But our planet is full of paradoxes, and the world’s wholehearted embrace of the privately owned automobile is countered by a growing movement to create (or maintain) sanctuaries without the internal-combustion engine.</p><p>From Beijing to Mexico City to Dehli, car ownership has skyrocketed, leading to widespread congestion and pollution. These huge metros have taken steps to fight the problem: Temporarily banning cars. Forcing a switch from diesel to natural gas. More sales tax for new car owners. One thing is clear: Cars are increasingly unwelcome. Here are six more places where the war on cars is raging.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03zt4rw\"}}</p><p><strong>Paris.</strong><br /> As of 1 July 2016, Paris will no longer allow cars registered before 1997 to enter the city on weekdays between 0800 and 2000. (Classic vehicles at least 30 years old and bearing a Carte Grise de Collection collector-car sticker will be exempt from the ban.) By 2020, those older cars will be banned entirely, and only 2011 and newer cars will be allowed. Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo’s antipathy toward polluting tailpipes has become a hallmark of her administration: Last September, Paris tried out a “day without cars” across large swaths of the city, and this year, Hidalgo expanded her “Paris Respire” (Paris Breathes) air quality improvement programme by turning the busy Avenues des Champs-Élysées into a tourist-friendly pedestrian walkway on the first Sunday of each month (to coincide with the Parisian museums’ monthly free-admission day).</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03zt0bn\"}}</p><p><strong>Oslo, Norway.</strong><br />The Norwegian capital’s centre city could be car-free as early as 2019 to reduce pollution, assuming the plans don’t succumb to the opposition of business owners, who complain that such a ban would remove automobiles from 11 of 57 shopping centres. JH Crawford, who founded the advocacy website <a href=\"http://www.carfree.com\">CarFree.com</a> in 1996, said that Oslo would be the first world capital to ban the automobile. “In Europe, car-free conversion tends to be a relatively slow, growing process with little or no going back,” he said. That’s not the case everywhere. Crawford recently moved to Bhaktapur, Nepal, because it was supposed to be going car-free, but he said the promise hasn’t been kept. “Ninety percent of the problem is motorcycles,” says Crawford. But Oslo’s looking to fashion a town centre devoid of motos and cars alike, catering to pedestrians and cyclists — but the centre will still be serviced by buses and trams, reports say.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03zt2n2\"}}</p><p><strong>Great City, China.</strong> <br />China is now the world’s largest car market, with far more annual Buick sales than the US. This planned satellite city of Chengdu in southwest China, with a projected population of 80,000, is a departure from that headlong embrace of the private automobile. Only half of Great City’s roads would allow any motorized vehicles, according to <a href=\"http://smithgill.com/media/pdfs/Great_City_Chengdu_Master_Plan_for_web_2.pdf\">plans by Chicago architects Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill</a>. The team expects the city to generate 60% less carbon dioxide than communities of a similar population, and significantly slashing the amount of cars on the road is one way of achieving that goal. Public transit will get commuters to nearby Chengdu, and many residents will be able to walk to work in the dense, high-rise community itself. But Great City, which could be a model for other urban developments in China, has to be built first — a plan to finish it by 2020 ran into some zoning problems.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03zt26r\"}}</p><p><strong>Hydra, Greece.</strong> <br />In 1960, the Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen bought a house on the Greek island of Hydra, writing to his mother, “I live on a hill and life has been going on here exactly the same for hundreds of years.” That’s still true. Hydra, on the Aegean Sea, maintains a time-honored way of life, and one of the most effective preservatives is its ban on vehicles (other than small garbage trucks). The cobbled streets are for slow-paced contemplative walking, or maybe rides on the donkeys that also do the local hauling. Hydra’s charm is not destroyed by parking lots or gas stations, and a prohibition against new construction preserves its beautiful architecture. And for an out-of-the-way paradise, Hydra has been surprisingly busy over the years. The writer Henry Miller visited in 1939, and proclaimed, “Aesthetically it is perfect.” The Sophia Loren movie Boy on a Dolphin was filmed there in 1957, and visitors have reportedly included Richard Burton, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, members of Pink Floyd, Joan Collins and Jackie Onassis.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03zt743\"}} </p><p><strong>Michigan, US.</strong><br />It is ironic that the traditional centre of the US car industry would be home to the country’s only car-free state highway, the eight-mile M-185 on Mackinac Island, in Lake Huron. With a permanent population of only 500 (but many more tourists in the summer), the island has made its views on cars clear since 1898, when it banned “the running of horseless carriages within the limits of the village.” Aversion to new-fangled automobiles was rampant at the turn of the century, as was legislation against them, but Mackinac Island never repealed its law. These days, as ever, visitors and locals alike get around on foot, on bicycles and even by horse-drawn carriages.</p><p>Not far from Detroit, the Michigan city of Ann Arbor is home to something a bit more futuristic, but no less disruptive to driving: The University of Michigan’s sprawling Mcity testing facility is a self-contained mini-town built to develop autonomous vehicles, complete with simulated buildings, multi-lane roads and traffic signals. The rise of self-driving vehicles and ride-sharing programs could be a death knell for car-crowded cities.</p><p>“It is entirely possible that cities will become increasingly free of private automobiles as shared automated taxis, public transit and walking become the primary modes,” says Susan Shaheen, co-director of the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley. “With automated vehicles, there is a reduced need for parking in the urban core, so parking can be re-purposed for other land uses. European cities are particularly suitable for this because they already have compact cities, high densities and narrow streets.”</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03zt586\"}}</p><p><strong><em>BONUS:</em><br />New York City.</strong> Manhattan is <a href=\"https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/dynamic_pop_manhattan.pdf\">visited by more than a million and a half cars every weekday</a>, so it’s hardly car-free. But its <a href=\"https://placesjournal.org/article/above-grade-on-the-high-line/?gclid=Cj0KEQjw-YO7BRDwi6Stp7T296ABEiQAD6iWMdOH5VF420BDMljJimQEh2acoL-HZyP9dXUfnl1sTzMaAmil8P8HAQ\">High Line pedestrian promenade</a>, built on a defunct 1930s-era elevated rail line and extending 1.45 miles from the Greenwich Village neighbourhood to 34th Street, has won universal acclaim for encouraging city dwellers to skip taxicabs in favour of a flower-lined stroll, 30ft above Manhattan’s West Side. “People do performance art and get married up there,” said Deborah Gordon, director of the Carnegie Endowment Energy and Climate Program, and co-author of the book Two Billion Cars. And other cities — including <a href=\"http://www.the606.org/\">Chicago</a>, <a href=\"http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/sydney-Our_places_and_projects-Our_projects-The_Goods_Line.htm\">Sydney</a> and <a href=\"https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/seoul-skygarden\">Seoul</a>, South Korea — have introduced plans to replace old highways and railways for aerial parks of their own.</p><p><em>If you would like to comment on this or anything else you have seen on BBC Autos, head over to our <a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/BBCAutos\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook</a> page or message us on <a href=\"https://twitter.com/bbc_autos\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter</a>. And while you're at it, join the BBC Autos community on <a href=\"https://www.instagram.com/bbc_autos/\" target=\"_blank\">Instagram</a>.</em></p><p><em>And if you liked this story, </em><a href=\"http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=aut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</em></a><em>, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Autos, Future, Earth, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.</em></p>","BusinessUnit":"worldwide","CalloutBody":"","CalloutPosition":"","CalloutSubtitle":"","CalloutTitle":"","Campaign":null,"Collection":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":[{"Content":{"Copyright":"","FileSizeBytes":327120,"MimeType":"image/jpeg","SourceHeight":1080,"SourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://deltaorigin.bbc.co.uk/images/live/p0/2c/8r/p02c8rx3.jpg","SourceWidth":1920,"SynopsisLong":"(iFPE GmbH & Co.KG / manicx.de)","SynopsisMedium":"(iFPE GmbH & Co.KG / manicx.de)","SynopsisShort":"Scrooser","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/2c/8r/p02c8rx3.jpg","Title":"Scrooser_hero.jpg","CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p02c8rx3","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p02c8rx3","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p02c8rx3","_id":"5d94c216ca09cdf445743121"}],"Campaign":null,"CollectionOverrides":null,"CollectionType":"column","Description":"A grassroots look at alternative-fuel transportation: the automobiles, the technologies and the people.","Name":"Alt-Green","Partner":null,"PrimaryVertical":"wwautos","Title":"Alt-Green","CreationDateTime":"2015-08-25T08:31:25.665081Z","Entity":"collection","Guid":"411fab68-0720-4d53-9ca4-ebfbd0aa0357","Id":"wwautos/column/alt-green","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-06-22T09:05:31.080239Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"column/alt-green"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2015-08-25T08:31:25.665081Z","Entity":"collection","Guid":"411fab68-0720-4d53-9ca4-ebfbd0aa0357","Id":"wwautos/column/alt-green","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-06-22T09:05:31.080239Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"column/alt-green"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:wwautos/column/alt-green","_id":"5d94c1dcca09cdf445722eda"}],"DisableAdverts":false,"DisplayDate":"2016-06-28T19:25:15.614Z","Geolocation":null,"HeadlineLong":"Six battlegrounds in the global war on cars","HeadlineShort":"Six battlegrounds in the war on cars","HideRelated":false,"Horizontal":null,"HyperHorizontal":null,"Intro":"As cities fight pollution and congestion, the car-free movement gathers speed.","IsSyndicated":true,"Latitude":"","Location":null,"Longitude":"","Option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option/publish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option/publish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5d94c272ca09cdf445773829"}],"Partner":null,"PrimaryVertical":"wwautos","Programme":null,"RelatedStory":[{"Content":{"AssetCustom":"","AssetIbroadcast":null,"AssetImage":[{"Content":{"Copyright":"Enzo Figueres / Getty Images","FileSizeBytes":238018,"MimeType":"image/jpeg","SourceHeight":1080,"SourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/live-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6/p0/3q/17/p03q17hm.jpg","SourceWidth":1920,"SynopsisLong":"","SynopsisMedium":"","SynopsisShort":"(Credit: Enzo Figueres / Getty Images)","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/3q/17/p03q17hm.jpg","Title":"(Credit: Enzo Figueres / Getty Images)"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p03q17hm","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p03q17hm","_id":"5d94c234ca09cdf445752fce"}],"AssetImagePromo":[{"Content":{"Copyright":"","FileSizeBytes":291369,"MimeType":"image/jpeg","SourceHeight":1080,"SourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/live-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6/p0/3q/24/p03q243w.jpg","SourceWidth":1920,"SynopsisLong":"","SynopsisMedium":"","SynopsisShort":"Getty Images 157694268","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/3q/24/p03q243w.jpg","Title":"Getty Images 157694268","CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p03q243w","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p03q243w","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p03q243w","_id":"5d94c234ca09cdf4457532d8"}],"AssetInfographic":"","AssetInline":[{"Content":{"Copyright":"ChinaFotoPress / Getty Images","FileSizeBytes":315527,"MimeType":"image/jpeg","SourceHeight":1080,"SourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/live-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6/p0/3q/22/p03q225n.jpg","SourceWidth":1920,"SynopsisLong":"","SynopsisMedium":"Thanks to strict limits on car use, Beijing saw blue skies for the Victory Day military parade on 3 September 2015. (Credit: ChinaFotoPress / Getty Images)","SynopsisShort":"(Credit: ChinaFotoPress / Getty Images)","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/3q/22/p03q225n.jpg","Title":"GettyImages-486293186.jpg"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p03q225n","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p03q225n","_id":"5d95319eca09cdf445e687b3"}],"AssetSelect":"","AssetVideoIb2":null,"AssetVideoMps":null,"Author":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":null,"Description":"<p>Editor of BBC Autos, Matthew is a former editor at Automobile Magazine and the creator of the digital-only Roadtrip Magazine. His automotive and travel writing has appeared in such magazines as Wired, Popular Science, The Robb Report and Caribbean Travel + Life. He lives in Los Angeles with his wonderful wife and four-year-old daughter.</p><p> </p>","Email":"","Links":null,"Name":"Matthew Phenix","PrimaryVertical":"wwautos"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:29:09Z","Entity":"author","Guid":"b32dbfe9-4960-4a16-bfb1-a4ba050706b0","Id":"wwautos/author/matthew-phenix","ModifiedDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:29:09Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"matthew-phenix"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwautos/author/matthew-phenix","_id":"5d94c1daca09cdf445722088"}],"BodyHtml":"<p>Mexico City sits on an inland plateau hemmed in by a ring of volcanic peaks. This pollution-trapping topography makes air quality a constant concern for the 23m people who live here.</p><p>Last week, the country took a decisive step toward improving air quality by enacting a temporary periodic ban on private and federal vehicles in the city. The rule — which will be in effect from 5 April through 30 June — prohibits driving in the city one day each week and one Saturday each month. Hybrid and electric vehicles are exempt from the ban, as are government service vehicles, public transport options and school buses.</p><blockquote><p> The rule — which will be in effect from 5 April through 30 June — prohibits driving in the city one day each week and one Saturday each month. </p></blockquote><p>The strategy isn't a new one to Mexico; the city has employed variations of the so-called \"no circulation\" tactic for close to 30 years. And Mexico City isn't the first urban centre to dabble in car-free living. Paris, a city with some air-pollution challenges of its own, <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20150923-on-27-september-paris-goes-car-free\" target=\"_blank\">slowed to pedal-powered speed on 27 September last year</a> for an event that was designed to raise awareness for a citizens collective called Paris Sans Voiture (Paris Without Cars), itself inspired by the popular Car-Free Sundays in Brussels. But Mexico City's ban is more than an awareness-raiser; the ban was enacted with the direct aim of mitigating air pollution. Last month, the city sank into a deep brown haze of smog when pollution levels, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality Index scale (see graphic below), passed the 200 mark, prompting officials to issue the metropolitan zone's first air-pollution alert in 11 years. The city ordered some 1.1m of the area's 4.7m cars — and close to half a million of them in the city centre — off the streets and offered free bus and subway rides as a further incentive to leave cars parked.</p><p>Mexico City's temporary vehicle ban and events like those in Paris and Brussels raise questions about the best ways to improve urban air quality. India, whose urban dwellers breathe some of the world's dirtiest air, has tried a variety of solutions — not the least of which was a decision in 1998 to switch smog-shrouded Delhi's 1,600 city buses and 25,000 auto-rickshaws from diesel to cleaner compressed natural gas. Last year, Delhi officials unveiled a plan that would allow vehicles with licence plates ending in odd and even numbers to operate only on alternate days — this following a decision to ban diesel vehicles older than 10 years. And earlier this year, in an effort to curb congestion (and, by extension, cut pollution) by discouraging car-ownership, the Indian government instituted a 4% sales tax on new-car purchases.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p03q225n\"}}</p><p>Notoriously smoggy Beijing also has experience with modulating roadway congestion to clean the air. The city instituted alternate-day rules in advance of the 2008 Olympic games and before last year's <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20160324-the-story-behind-chinas-minecraft-military-camo\">globally publicised Victory Day military parade</a>. Both efforts produced dramatic, if short-lived, results — the Victory Day event's dazzling skies earned the nickname \"parade blue\". The day after, the vehicle-use restrictions were lifted and the blue faded back to gray.</p><p>And then there is London's oft-derided congestion charge, instituted in 2003. The charge (presently £11.50, up from £5 in 2003) has yielded billions of pounds of revenue (a good portion of which has gone toward public-transport and infrastructure improvements), but it has also had a measurable effect on air quality. Within a year of congestion-charge implementation, Transport for London reported that nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter levels fell by more than 13%.</p><p>For now, Mexico City — named by the United Nations as the most polluted city on the planet in 1992 as its AQI number touched 398 — can look forward to the late-June start of the region's rainy season, when daily showers will help scrub the atmosphere of ground-level ozone and airborne particulates.</p><p>How is your city doing? Check the <a href=\"http://waqi.info/\">real-time World Air Quality Index map</a> created by the Beijing-based advocacy group, World Air Quality.</p><p><img style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"//cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/773671364639850496/1024/10/scaletowidth#tl-773671364639850496;1043138249'\" class=\"alwaysThinglink\"/><script async charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"//cdn.thinglink.me/jse/embed.js\"><\/script></p><p><em>If you would like to comment on this or anything else you have seen on BBC Autos, head over to our <a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/BBCAutos\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook</a> page or message us on <a href=\"https://twitter.com/bbc_autos\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter</a>. And while you're at it, join the BBC Autos community on <a href=\"https://www.instagram.com/bbc_autos/\" target=\"_blank\">Instagram</a>.</em></p><p><em>And if you liked this story, </em><a href=\"http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=aut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</em></a><em>, called “</em><em>If You Only Read 6 Things This Week</em><em>”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Autos, Future, Earth, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.</em></p>","BusinessUnit":"worldwide","CalloutBody":"","CalloutPosition":"","CalloutSubtitle":"","CalloutTitle":"","Campaign":null,"Collection":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":[],"Campaign":null,"CollectionOverrides":null,"CollectionType":"column","Description":"Industry news, product debuts and motoring curiosities from around the web.","Name":"The Roundabout Blog","Partner":null,"PrimaryVertical":"wwautos","Title":"The Roundabout Blog","CreationDateTime":"2015-08-25T08:31:34.123591Z","Entity":"collection","Guid":"ce30640c-e47c-4750-9485-77fbe2044397","Id":"wwautos/column/roundabout-blog","ModifiedDateTime":"2015-08-25T08:31:34.123591Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"column/roundabout-blog"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2015-08-25T08:31:34.123591Z","Entity":"collection","Guid":"ce30640c-e47c-4750-9485-77fbe2044397","Id":"wwautos/column/roundabout-blog","ModifiedDateTime":"2015-08-25T08:31:34.123591Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"column/roundabout-blog"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:wwautos/column/roundabout-blog","_id":"5d94c1dcca09cdf445723300"}],"DisableAdverts":false,"DisplayDate":"2016-04-04T19:49:23.866Z","Geolocation":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":[],"CountryCode":"MX","Description":"","GeolocationType":"","Id":"","InternalName":"Mexico City, Mexico","IsEnabled":true,"Name":"Mexico City","Parent":[],"Path":"","WeatherId":"3530597"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2015-06-25T07:31:03+01:00","Entity":"geolocation","Guid":"386f4476-b953-4b9e-90fa-4d5533d512c9","Id":"geolocation/mexico-city","ModifiedDateTime":"2015-08-18T11:21:07.270491Z","Project":"","Slug":"mexico-city"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:geolocation:geolocation/mexico-city","_id":"5d94c1e9ca09cdf44572a4e8"}],"HeadlineLong":"Should cities be car-free zones?","HeadlineShort":"Big cities' new war on cars","HideRelated":false,"Horizontal":null,"HyperHorizontal":null,"Intro":"As smog-shrouded Mexico City enacts a temporary ban on cars, questions about the smartest ways to improve urban air quality.","IsSyndicated":true,"Latitude":"","Location":null,"Longitude":"","Option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option/publish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option/publish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5d94c272ca09cdf445773829"}],"Partner":null,"PrimaryVertical":"wwautos","Programme":null,"RelatedStory":null,"RelatedTag":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":null,"Description":"Buses, trains, transport services, infrastructure and urban planning","LinkUrl":"","Name":"Public Transport"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2015-09-03T15:52:34.741807Z","Entity":"tag","Guid":"903c3477-53b9-4e74-acf0-8d5934b611e9","Id":"tag/public-transit","ModifiedDateTime":"2015-09-03T15:52:34.741807Z","Project":"","Slug":"public-transit"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag/public-transit","_id":"5d94c318ca09cdf445792d63"}],"StoryType":"image","SummaryLong":"As smog-shrouded Mexico City enacts a temporary ban on cars, questions about the smartest ways to improve urban air quality.","SummaryShort":"To combat air pollution, some urban areas are making life difficult for drivers","SuperSection":null,"Tag":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":null,"Description":"Stories about the machines and services we use to get around in the big city.","LinkUrl":"","Name":"Urban 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Sonnet / Getty Images","FileSizeBytes":289498,"MimeType":"image/jpeg","SourceHeight":1080,"SourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://deltaorigin.bbc.co.uk/images/live/p0/33/9l/p0339lwv.jpg","SourceWidth":1920,"SynopsisLong":"(Credit: Sylvain Sonnet / Getty Images)","SynopsisMedium":"(Credit: Sylvain Sonnet / Getty 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Voiture)","SynopsisShort":"Paris Sans Voiture","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/33/9l/p0339lxc.jpg","Title":"74176.jpeg"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p0339lxc","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0339lxc","_id":"5d94c229ca09cdf44574d465"}],"AssetSelect":"","AssetVideoIb2":null,"AssetVideoMps":null,"Author":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":null,"Description":"<p>Editor of BBC Autos, Matthew is a former editor at Automobile Magazine and the creator of the digital-only Roadtrip Magazine. His automotive and travel writing has appeared in such magazines as Wired, Popular Science, The Robb Report and Caribbean Travel + Life. He lives in Los Angeles with his wonderful wife and four-year-old daughter.</p><p> </p>","Email":"","Links":null,"Name":"Matthew Phenix","PrimaryVertical":"wwautos"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:29:09Z","Entity":"author","Guid":"b32dbfe9-4960-4a16-bfb1-a4ba050706b0","Id":"wwautos/author/matthew-phenix","ModifiedDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:29:09Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"matthew-phenix"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwautos/author/matthew-phenix","_id":"5d94c1daca09cdf445722088"}],"BodyHtml":"<p>On Sunday, 27 September, Paris will be a car-free zone. Not just one little road like the lovely Rue Cremieux, or even a big one like the Champs-Élysées, but great bustling swathes of the city.</p><p>Between the hours of 1100 to 1800 on Sunday, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th arrondissements — the very heart of the city — will be strictly car-free. A smattering of small areas away from the center, including the Left Bank between the Pont de Sully and the Pont de la Concorde bridges, the Champs-Élysées between Place de la Concorde and the George V Métro station) and the tourist area of Montmartre will also be part of the motor-free festivities.</p><p>Elsewhere in the city, cars will be \"tolerated\" with a poodling speed limit of 20kph (12mph). Naturally, some exceptions exist, including taxis, emergency vehicles and delivery trucks.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p0339lxc\"}}</p><p>The event comes after a vigorous lobbying from a citizens collective called <a href=\"http://parissansvoiture.fr/en/\">Paris Sans Voiture</a> (Paris Without Cars). The group — \"made up of scientists and high-profile individuals, residents aged 7 to 89 years old\" — sent a proposal for a pedestrian-and-cyclist-only day to Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo back in August 2014, citing the success of the annual Car-free Sunday in Brussels, which dates to 2008. Hidalgo was impressed, and subsequent meetings with the city's head of transport went well, to no one's surprise: Christophe Najdovski is a proven proponent of a cyclist-friendly Paris, presently pushing an ambitious plan to stretch cycle lanes from 700km to 1,400km by 2020. The Paris police were more difficult to convince, and the <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237\">attack on the Charlie Hebdo offices</a> in January 2015 complicated the discussion. But on 5 March, the decision was made and a triumphant Hidalgo <a href=\"https://twitter.com/Anne_Hidalgo/status/573422526694604800\">tweeted</a>: \"Une journée sans voiture à Paris le 27 septembre.\" (“A car-free day in Paris on 27 September.”)</p><p>The city has planned a vast schedule of pedestrian- and cyclist-friendly live events, but rest assured, this is more than a feel-good street festival for Paris. Back in March, the city <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32016730\">briefly became the world's most polluted city</a>, and undoing that bad press has become a top priority for the mayor's office. Hildago expressed frustration with the French government for limiting the car-free event's geographic scope. \"I would, of course, have preferred a more ambitious event to respect the democratic will of the Parisians to go faster and further in the fight against pollution.\"</p><p>There's always next year.</p><p>For more information in the 2015 Journée Sans Voiture, including a larger version of the map above, click <a href=\"http://www.paris.fr/actualites/le-27-septembre-journee-sans-voitures-2817#les-secteurs-concernes_4\">here</a>. </p><p><em>Will you be in Paris on Sunday for the Journée Sans Voiture? Share your experience on our <a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/BBCAutos\">Facebook</a> page, or send us a message via <a href=\"https://twitter.com/bbc_autos\">Twitter</a>. </em></p>","BusinessUnit":"worldwide","CalloutBody":"","CalloutPosition":"","CalloutSubtitle":"","CalloutTitle":"","Campaign":null,"Collection":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":[],"Campaign":null,"CollectionOverrides":null,"CollectionType":"column","Description":"Industry news, product debuts and motoring curiosities from around the web.","Name":"The Roundabout Blog","Partner":null,"PrimaryVertical":"wwautos","Title":"The Roundabout 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(Matthew Phenix)","SynopsisShort":"The autonomous ULTra pods of London's Heathrow airport","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/26/fc/p026fc48.jpg","Title":"Photo Sep 09, 12 47 26 AM (1).jpg"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p026fc48","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p026fc48","_id":"5d94c214ca09cdf445741e32"},{"Content":{"Copyright":"","FileSizeBytes":208780,"MimeType":"image/jpeg","SourceHeight":1080,"SourceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://deltaorigin.bbc.co.uk/images/live/p0/26/fc/p026fc3z.jpg","SourceWidth":1920,"SynopsisLong":"(Matthew Phenix)","SynopsisMedium":"Pods wait in the station at Heathrow's Terminal 5. (Matthew Phenix)","SynopsisShort":"The autonomous ULTra pods of London's Heathrow airport","TemplateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/$recipe/images/live/p0/26/fc/p026fc3z.jpg","Title":"Photo Sep 09, 12 54 06 AM.jpg"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Entity":"","Guid":"","Id":"p026fc3z","ModifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","Project":"","Slug":""},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p026fc3z","_id":"5d94c214ca09cdf445741db4"}],"AssetSelect":"","AssetVideoIb2":null,"AssetVideoMps":null,"Author":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":null,"Description":"<p>Editor of BBC Autos, Matthew is a former editor at Automobile Magazine and the creator of the digital-only Roadtrip Magazine. His automotive and travel writing has appeared in such magazines as Wired, Popular Science, The Robb Report and Caribbean Travel + Life. He lives in Los Angeles with his wonderful wife and four-year-old daughter.</p><p> </p>","Email":"","Links":null,"Name":"Matthew Phenix","PrimaryVertical":"wwautos"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:29:09Z","Entity":"author","Guid":"b32dbfe9-4960-4a16-bfb1-a4ba050706b0","Id":"wwautos/author/matthew-phenix","ModifiedDateTime":"2014-11-13T08:29:09Z","Project":"wwautos","Slug":"matthew-phenix"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwautos/author/matthew-phenix","_id":"5d94c1daca09cdf445722088"}],"BodyHtml":"<p>Since 2011, on a closed course between the terminal and the Business Car Park, 2.4 miles away, a fleet of 21 diminutive passenger pods have ferried as many as 1,000 passengers each day, quietly logging well more than 1m autonomous miles in the process. It’s a small-scale experiment, commissioned by Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited and built by UK-based <a href=\"http://www.ultraglobalprt.com\">Ultra Global PRT</a> (for <em>Personal Rapid Transit</em>), but its success – measured by cost savings, environmental impact and user-friendliness – may help define locomotion in the city of tomorrow.</p><p>This is no miniature railway; Ultra pods are real cars, with rubber tires and untethered, battery-driven powertrains. Although they offer space for as many as six people and their luggage, they are compact, measuring 12ft long, 5ft wide and 6ft tall; and lightweight, tipping the scales at just 1,870lbs, including a 141lb battery pack. At its 25mph top speed, the pod draws only 2kW of electricity and hums along at 35dB (quieter than a refrigerator). Pods self-monitor battery level, occasionally excusing themselves at station stops for “opportunity charging”.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p026fc3z\"}}</p><p>More than a novelty, the Heathrow pod network boasts some impressive environmental claims. The system already meets Kyoto Protocol 2050 projections, delivering a 50% reduction in per-passenger carbon emissions compared with diesel-powered buses and 70% compared with cars. By Heathrow’s estimate, the pods replace some 70,000 bus journeys each year. And unlike a shuttle bus, the average wait time for a pod is less than 10 seconds (80% of passengers have no wait at all).</p><p>Operation is splendidly simple. In the station, touch-screens allow riders to select their destination (Heathrow’s system offers only two outbound options). The doors open and a mellifluous recorded voice welcomes the rider and begins narrating the experience. After the passenger presses the “Close doors” and “Start” buttons, the pod autonomously backs out of its parking spot and hums away from the station.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p026fc40\"}}</p><p>It’s a five-minute ride from end to end, and the experience is altogether delightful. Crossing over seven roads and two rivers, a journey by Heathrow pod is more like a theme-park ride than a car-park transfer.</p><p>Of course, building a closed-course autonomous vehicle is decidedly easier than building one for the open road, à la the <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27587558\">Google self-driving car</a>, which must negotiate such obstacles as complex roadway interchanges, pedestrians and non-autonomous vehicles. But simplicity has its advantages. The pods themselves, which use mostly off-the-shelf automotive hardware, have proven highly reliable, and the system’s lightweight infrastructure – slender, easily installed trackways and flyovers – is, says Ultra, between six and 10 times more resource-efficient than typical road or rail systems.</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p026fc3x\"}}</p><p>And Ultra has big plans for its little pods. Working with investors in India, the company intends to build a 4.8-mile elevated circuit in the city of Amritsar, about 285 miles north of New Delhi. This network will include seven stations and more than 200 pods capable of transporting some 50,000 passengers a day. And in November 2013, Ultra Global PRT and Taiwan-based China Engineering Consultants completed a feasibility study for the implementation of a sprawling PRT system New Taipei City, population 6.9m. </p><p>While it is not difficult to imagine specific pod applications – within city centres, for example, or between cities and airports – an all-pod future is a decidedly loftier proposition. A pod network like Heathrow’s works because riders can grab any pod, at any time, with no waiting. And while the service is personal, it isn’t private. The question is, will future drivers be willing relinquish the privilege of owning the cars of their choice – and the freedom of driving those cars themselves – for the convenience of a hands-off motoring future?</p><p>{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p026fc48\"}}</p><p><em>If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Autos, head over to our </em><a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/BBCAutos\"><em>Facebook</em></a><em> page or message us on </em><a href=\"https://twitter.com/bbc_autos\"><em>Twitter</em></a><em>.</em></p>","BusinessUnit":"worldwide","CalloutBody":"","CalloutPosition":"","CalloutSubtitle":"","CalloutTitle":"","Campaign":null,"Collection":[{"Content":{"AssetImage":[],"Campaign":null,"CollectionOverrides":null,"CollectionType":"column","Description":"Quick drives of production vehicles that have received a nip, tuck or total powertrain 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</div> </div> <div id="page"> <div id="page-lining">   <div id="story-page" class=" story-type-image">  <div class="hero-unit " data-hero-unit="true"> <div class="hero-unit-image-wrapper"> <div class="responsive-image-wrapper"> <img data-fixed-width-format="wwfeatures-1280-640" width="130" height="73" title="Paris hero " alt="Paris hero " class="responsive-hero" data-caption="" data-caption-title="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/130_73/images/live/p0/3z/t2/p03zt2pw.jpg" data-landscape/> </div> </div> <div class="hero-unit-overlay"> <div class="hero-unit-image-overlay-1"></div> <div class="hero-unit-image-overlay-2"></div> <div class="hero-unit-image-overlay-3"></div> </div> <div class="hero-unit-lining"> <div class="hero-unit-header-wrapper"> <div class="primary-header-wrapper"> <div class="primary-header primary-header-with-context"> <ul class="seperated-list context-heading-list"> <li class="seperated-list-item"> <span class="context-heading"> <a href="/web/20191003042000/http://www.bbc.com/autos/columns/alt-green" title="View Alt-Green"> Alt-Green</a> </span> </li> <li class="seperated-list-item"> <span class="context-heading"> <a href="/web/20191003042000/http://www.bbc.com/autos/tags/green" title="View Green"> Green</a> </span> </li> <li class="seperated-list-item"> <span class="context-heading"> <a href="/web/20191003042000/http://www.bbc.com/autos/tags/urban-mobility" title="View Urban Mobility"> Urban Mobility</a> </span> </li> </ul> <h1 class="primary-heading" role="heading">Six battlegrounds in the global war on cars</h1> </div> </div> <div class="secondary-header-wrapper"> <div id="bbccom_sponsor_section_4" class="bbccom_slot" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="bbccom_advert"> <script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.slotAsync) { bbcdotcom.slotAsync('sponsor_section', [4], false, 'IN ASSOCIATION WITH'); } /*]]>*/ </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://plus.google.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fautos%2Fstory%2F20160628-six-battlegrounds-in-the-global-war-on-cars%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.googleplus" data-share-destination="google" data-tracking-id="google" target="_blank"> <span class="share-icon-wrapper share-icon-wrapper--social"> <span class="icon gelicon--google-plus"></span> </span> <span class="share-item-text">Share on Google+</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="share-item"> <div class="share-item-lining"> <a class="share-button email" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/mailto:/?subject=Shared from BBC:Six%20battlegrounds%20in%20the%20global%20war%20on%20cars&body=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fautos%2Fstory%2F20160628-six-battlegrounds-in-the-global-war-on-cars%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" data-share-destination="email" data-tracking-id="email" target="_blank"> <span class="share-icon-wrapper share-icon-wrapper--social"> <span class="icon gelicon--mail"></span> </span> <span class="share-item-text">Share by Email</span> </a> </div> </li></ul> </div> </div>   <div class="mid-unit"> </div>   <div class="bottom-unit"> <div class="byline"> <span class="byline-heading"></span> <div class="source-attribution-wrapper"> <div class="source-attribution-detail"> <ul class="seperated-list source-attribution"> <li class="seperated-list-item source-attribution-author"><span class="index-body">By Jim Motavalli</span></li> </ul> <span class="publication-date index-body">28 June 2016</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="body-content"> <p><strong>IN 2010, THE NUMBER OF CARS IN THE WORLD</strong> <strong>SOARED</strong> past the 1b mark, and the automotive population has been increasing rapidly since then. So it may seem absurd to talk about the rise of car-free places. But our planet is full of paradoxes, and the world’s wholehearted embrace of the privately owned automobile is countered by a growing movement to create (or maintain) sanctuaries without the internal-combustion engine.</p><p>From Beijing to Mexico City to Dehli, car ownership has skyrocketed, leading to widespread congestion and pollution. These huge metros have taken steps to fight the problem: Temporarily banning cars. Forcing a switch from diesel to natural gas. More sales tax for new car owners. One thing is clear: Cars are increasingly unwelcome. Here are six more places where the war on cars is raging.</p><p><div class="inline-media inline-image"> <a data-replace-url="" data-anchor-title="Paris" data-caption="China dominates the world in bike-sharing schemes, with five of its cities in the top six — but among those six is Paris, which squeezes in nearly 24,000 city bicycles for rent." data-caption-title="" data-replace-image="true" data-is-portrait="false" class="replace-image" title="Paris " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/3z/t4/p03zt4rw.jpg"> View image of Paris </a></div></p><p><strong>Paris.</strong><br/> As of 1 July 2016, Paris will no longer allow cars registered before 1997 to enter the city on weekdays between 0800 and 2000. (Classic vehicles at least 30 years old and bearing a Carte Grise de Collection collector-car sticker will be exempt from the ban.) By 2020, those older cars will be banned entirely, and only 2011 and newer cars will be allowed. Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo’s antipathy toward polluting tailpipes has become a hallmark of her administration: Last September, Paris tried out a “day without cars” across large swaths of the city, and this year, Hidalgo expanded her “Paris Respire” (Paris Breathes) air quality improvement programme by turning the busy Avenues des Champs-Élysées into a tourist-friendly pedestrian walkway on the first Sunday of each month (to coincide with the Parisian museums’ monthly free-admission day).</p><p><div class="inline-media inline-image"> <a data-replace-url="" data-anchor-title="Oslo" data-caption="Oslo's 12km-long 'Stranden' waterfront promenade offers pedestrians car-free walks; during Norway's biting winters, the special pavement withstands temperatures of -25 degrees." data-caption-title="" data-replace-image="true" data-is-portrait="false" class="replace-image" title="Oslo " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/3z/t0/p03zt0bn.jpg"> View image of Oslo </a></div></p><p><strong>Oslo, Norway.</strong><br/>The Norwegian capital’s centre city could be car-free as early as 2019 to reduce pollution, assuming the plans don’t succumb to the opposition of business owners, who complain that such a ban would remove automobiles from 11 of 57 shopping centres. JH Crawford, who founded the advocacy website <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://www.carfree.com/">CarFree.com</a> in 1996, said that Oslo would be the first world capital to ban the automobile. “In Europe, car-free conversion tends to be a relatively slow, growing process with little or no going back,” he said. That’s not the case everywhere. Crawford recently moved to Bhaktapur, Nepal, because it was supposed to be going car-free, but he said the promise hasn’t been kept. “Ninety percent of the problem is motorcycles,” says Crawford. But Oslo’s looking to fashion a town centre devoid of motos and cars alike, catering to pedestrians and cyclists — but the centre will still be serviced by buses and trams, reports say.</p><p><div class="inline-media inline-image"> <a data-replace-url="" data-anchor-title="China" data-caption="Despite the country's catapulting car ownership, this planned city in China's Chengdu province aims to cap the amount of autos on the road in the name of environmentalism." data-caption-title="" data-replace-image="true" data-is-portrait="false" class="replace-image" title="China " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/3z/t2/p03zt2n2.jpg"> View image of China </a></div></p><p><strong>Great City, China.</strong> <br/>China is now the world’s largest car market, with far more annual Buick sales than the US. This planned satellite city of Chengdu in southwest China, with a projected population of 80,000, is a departure from that headlong embrace of the private automobile. Only half of Great City’s roads would allow any motorized vehicles, according to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://smithgill.com/media/pdfs/Great_City_Chengdu_Master_Plan_for_web_2.pdf">plans by Chicago architects Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill</a>. The team expects the city to generate 60% less carbon dioxide than communities of a similar population, and significantly slashing the amount of cars on the road is one way of achieving that goal. Public transit will get commuters to nearby Chengdu, and many residents will be able to walk to work in the dense, high-rise community itself. But Great City, which could be a model for other urban developments in China, has to be built first — a plan to finish it by 2020 ran into some zoning problems.</p><p><div class="inline-media inline-image"> <a data-replace-url="" data-anchor-title="Hydra" data-caption="Besides your own two feet, horses and mules are the de facto transport on the Greek isle of Hydra, where cars and motorcycles are prohibited." data-caption-title="" data-replace-image="true" data-is-portrait="false" class="replace-image" title="Hydra " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/3z/t2/p03zt26r.jpg"> View image of Hydra </a></div></p><p><strong>Hydra, Greece.</strong> <br/>In 1960, the Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen bought a house on the Greek island of Hydra, writing to his mother, “I live on a hill and life has been going on here exactly the same for hundreds of years.” That’s still true. Hydra, on the Aegean Sea, maintains a time-honored way of life, and one of the most effective preservatives is its ban on vehicles (other than small garbage trucks). The cobbled streets are for slow-paced contemplative walking, or maybe rides on the donkeys that also do the local hauling. Hydra’s charm is not destroyed by parking lots or gas stations, and a prohibition against new construction preserves its beautiful architecture. And for an out-of-the-way paradise, Hydra has been surprisingly busy over the years. The writer Henry Miller visited in 1939, and proclaimed, “Aesthetically it is perfect.” The Sophia Loren movie Boy on a Dolphin was filmed there in 1957, and visitors have reportedly included Richard Burton, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, members of Pink Floyd, Joan Collins and Jackie Onassis.</p><p><div class="inline-media inline-image"> <a data-replace-url="" data-anchor-title="Mcity" data-caption="Last year, Ford and the University of Michigan started to test self-driving cars at Mcity, the uni's artificial micro town filled with benches, tunnels, and roundabouts." data-caption-title="" data-replace-image="true" data-is-portrait="false" class="replace-image" title="Mcity " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/3z/t7/p03zt743.jpg"> View image of Mcity </a></div> </p><p><strong>Michigan, US.</strong><br/>It is ironic that the traditional centre of the US car industry would be home to the country’s only car-free state highway, the eight-mile M-185 on Mackinac Island, in Lake Huron. With a permanent population of only 500 (but many more tourists in the summer), the island has made its views on cars clear since 1898, when it banned “the running of horseless carriages within the limits of the village.” Aversion to new-fangled automobiles was rampant at the turn of the century, as was legislation against them, but Mackinac Island never repealed its law. These days, as ever, visitors and locals alike get around on foot, on bicycles and even by horse-drawn carriages.</p><p>Not far from Detroit, the Michigan city of Ann Arbor is home to something a bit more futuristic, but no less disruptive to driving: The University of Michigan’s sprawling Mcity testing facility is a self-contained mini-town built to develop autonomous vehicles, complete with simulated buildings, multi-lane roads and traffic signals. The rise of self-driving vehicles and ride-sharing programs could be a death knell for car-crowded cities.</p><p>“It is entirely possible that cities will become increasingly free of private automobiles as shared automated taxis, public transit and walking become the primary modes,” says Susan Shaheen, co-director of the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley. “With automated vehicles, there is a reduced need for parking in the urban core, so parking can be re-purposed for other land uses. European cities are particularly suitable for this because they already have compact cities, high densities and narrow streets.”</p><p><div class="inline-media inline-image"> <a data-replace-url="" data-anchor-title="NYC" data-caption="Pedestrians swap taxis and Uber rides for 20-block strolls along New York's High Line. It's encouraged cities like Sydney to Seoul to revamp old rail and roads into ambling parks." data-caption-title="" data-replace-image="true" data-is-portrait="false" class="replace-image" title="NYC " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/624_351/images/live/p0/3z/t5/p03zt586.jpg"> View image of NYC </a></div></p><p><strong><em>BONUS:</em><br/>New York City.</strong> Manhattan is <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/dynamic_pop_manhattan.pdf">visited by more than a million and a half cars every weekday</a>, so it’s hardly car-free. But its <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://placesjournal.org/article/above-grade-on-the-high-line/?gclid=Cj0KEQjw-YO7BRDwi6Stp7T296ABEiQAD6iWMdOH5VF420BDMljJimQEh2acoL-HZyP9dXUfnl1sTzMaAmil8P8HAQ">High Line pedestrian promenade</a>, built on a defunct 1930s-era elevated rail line and extending 1.45 miles from the Greenwich Village neighbourhood to 34th Street, has won universal acclaim for encouraging city dwellers to skip taxicabs in favour of a flower-lined stroll, 30ft above Manhattan’s West Side. “People do performance art and get married up there,” said Deborah Gordon, director of the Carnegie Endowment Energy and Climate Program, and co-author of the book Two Billion Cars. And other cities — including <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://www.the606.org/">Chicago</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/sydney-Our_places_and_projects-Our_projects-The_Goods_Line.htm">Sydney</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/seoul-skygarden">Seoul</a>, South Korea — have introduced plans to replace old highways and railways for aerial parks of their own.</p><p><em>If you would like to comment on this or anything else you have seen on BBC Autos, head over to our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://www.facebook.com/BBCAutos" target="_blank">Facebook</a> page or message us on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://twitter.com/bbc_autos" target="_blank">Twitter</a>. And while you're at it, join the BBC Autos community on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/https://www.instagram.com/bbc_autos/" target="_blank">Instagram</a>.</em></p><p><em>And if you liked this story, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003042000/http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=aut.bbc.email.we.email-signup" target="_blank"><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</em></a><em>, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. 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