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id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Photo gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Architectural usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-terrorist_moats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-terrorist_moats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anti-terrorist moats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-terrorist_moats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_moats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_moats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Safety moats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_moats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_defence_moats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_defence_moats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Border defence moats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_defence_moats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_control_moats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_control_moats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pest control moats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_control_moats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="خندق مائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خندق مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rcova" title="Cárcova – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cárcova" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99nd%C9%99k_(h%C9%99rb)" title="Xəndək (hərb) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəndək (hərb)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82" title="خندق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خندق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9E_(%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Роў (фартыфікацыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роў (фартыфікацыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9E_(%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Роў (умацаваньне) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Роў (умацаваньне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbong" title="Atbong – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atbong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossat" title="Fossat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fossat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80" title="Ур – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ур" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADkop_(v%C3%A1le%C4%8Dnictv%C3%AD)" title="Příkop (válečnictví) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příkop (válečnictví)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldgrav" title="Voldgrav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Voldgrav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrgraben_(Befestigung)" title="Wehrgraben (Befestigung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wehrgraben (Befestigung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallikraav" title="Vallikraav – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vallikraav" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τάφρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάφρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foso" title="Foso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Foso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88irka%C5%ADfosa%C4%B5o" title="Ĉirkaŭfosaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉirkaŭfosaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubanarro" title="Lubanarro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lubanarro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82" title="خندق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خندق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douve_(foss%C3%A9)" title="Douve (fossé) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Douve (fossé)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foso" title="Foso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Foso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%9E%90" title="해자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="खंदक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खंदक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosato" title="Fosato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fosato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parit_(pertahanan)" title="Parit (pertahanan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parit (pertahanan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossato" title="Fossato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fossato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8" title="חפיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חפיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_op%D0%BBap" title="Танкіге қарсы opлap – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Танкіге қарсы opлap" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_castrensis" title="Fossa castrensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fossa castrensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizsarggr%C4%81vis" title="Aizsarggrāvis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizsarggrāvis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynybinis_griovys" title="Gynybinis griovys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gynybinis griovys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Шанец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шанец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="ကျုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slotgracht" title="Slotgracht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slotgracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%80" title="堀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vollgrav" title="Vollgrav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vollgrav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vollgrav" title="Vollgrav – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vollgrav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doga" title="Doga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Doga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82" title="خندق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خندق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosa" title="Fosa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosso" title="Fosso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fosso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98an%C8%9B_(fortifica%C8%9Bie)" title="Șanț (fortificație) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șanț (fortificație)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defensive ditch surrounding a fortification or town</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moat (disambiguation)">Moat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg/220px-Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg/330px-Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg/440px-Matsumoto_castle_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3137" /></a><figcaption>The moat surrounding <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_Castle" title="Matsumoto Castle">Matsumoto Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>moat</b> is a deep, broad ditch dug around a <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a>, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of <a href="/wiki/Defence_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence (military)">defence</a>. Moats can be dry or filled with water. In some places, moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a>. In older fortifications, such as <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillforts</a>, they are usually referred to simply as <a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">ditches</a>, although the function is similar. In later periods, moats or water defences may be largely ornamental. They could also act as a sewer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buhen3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Buhen3.jpg/250px-Buhen3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Buhen3.jpg/330px-Buhen3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Buhen3.jpg/500px-Buhen3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>North view of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest evidence of moats has been uncovered around <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> fortresses. One example is at <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a>, a settlement excavated in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. Other evidence of ancient moats is found in the ruins of Babylon, and in reliefs from ancient Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and other cultures in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of early moats around settlements has been discovered in many archaeological sites throughout Southeast Asia, including Noen U-Loke, Ban Non Khrua Chut, Ban Makham Thae and Ban Non Wat. The use of the moats could have been either for defensive or agriculture purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg/250px-Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg/330px-Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg/500px-Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>A medieval moat castle in <a href="/wiki/Steinfurt" title="Steinfurt">Steinfurt</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Moats were excavated around <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> and other fortifications as part of the defensive system as an obstacle immediately outside the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">walls</a>. In suitable locations, they might be filled with water. A moat made access to the walls difficult for siege weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a>, which needed to be brought up against a wall to be effective. A water-filled moat made the practice of <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">mining</a> – digging tunnels under the castles in order to effect a collapse of the defences – very difficult as well. <i>Segmented moats</i> have one dry section and one section filled with water. Dry moats that cut across the narrow part of a spur or peninsula are called <i><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">neck ditches</a></i>. Moats separating different elements of a castle, such as the inner and outer wards, are <i>cross ditches</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The word was adapted in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">motte</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mound, hillock</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and was first applied to the central mound on which a castle was erected (see <a href="/wiki/Motte_and_bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte and bailey">Motte and bailey</a>) and then came to be applied to the excavated ring, a 'dry moat'. The shared derivation implies that the two features were closely related and possibly constructed at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>moat</i> is also applied to natural formations reminiscent of the artificial structure and to similar modern architectural features.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_western_fortification">Later western fortification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later western fortification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden,_The_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/220px-NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/330px-NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/440px-NIMH_-_2011_-_3706_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Naarden%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>The 17th-century fortified town of <a href="/wiki/Naarden" title="Naarden">Naarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, showing bastions projecting into the wet moat</figcaption></figure> <p>With the introduction of siege <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, a new style of fortification emerged in the 16th century using low walls and projecting strong points called <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>, which was known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Trace_italienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace italienne">trace italienne</a></i>. The walls were further protected from infantry attack by wet or dry moats, sometimes in elaborate systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this style of fortification was superseded by lines of <a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">polygonal forts</a> in the mid-19th century, moats continued to be used for close protection.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Walls of Benin">Walls of Benin</a> were a combination of ramparts and moats, called Iya, used as a defence of the capital <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a> in present-day Edo State of Nigeria. It was considered the largest man-made structure lengthwise, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and the largest earthwork in the world. Recent work by Patrick Darling has established it as the largest man-made structure in the world, larger than <a href="/wiki/Sungbo%27s_Eredo" title="Sungbo's Eredo">Sungbo's Eredo</a>, also in Nigeria. It enclosed 6,500 km<sup>2</sup> (2,500 sq mi) of community lands. Its length was over 16,000 km (9,900 mi) of earth boundaries. It was estimated that earliest construction began in 800 and continued into the mid-15th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The walls are built of a ditch and dike structure, the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Benin Walls were ravaged by the British in 1897. Scattered pieces of the walls remain in Edo, with material being used by the locals for building purposes. The walls continue to be torn down for real-estate developments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> The Walls of Benin City were the world's largest man-made structure. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Pearce" title="Fred Pearce">Fred Pearce</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>:</p><blockquote><p>They extend for some 16,000 kilometres in all, in a mosaic of more than 500 interconnected settlement boundaries. They cover 6,500 square kilometres and were all dug by the Edo people. In all, they are four times longer than the Great Wall of China, and consumed a hundred times more material than the Great Pyramid of Cheops. They took an estimated 150 million hours of digging to construct, and are perhaps the largest single archaeological phenomenon on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png/250px-Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png/330px-Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png/500px-Imperial_Palace_Tokyo_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> and surrounding Gardens showing the elaborate moat system</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Japanese castles</a> often have very elaborate moats, with up to three moats laid out in concentric circles around the castle and a host of different patterns engineered around the landscape. The outer moat of a Japanese castle typically protects other support buildings in addition to the castle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As many Japanese castles have historically been a very central part of their cities, the moats have provided a vital waterway to the city. Even in modern times the moat system of the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōkyo">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> consists of a very active body of water, hosting everything from rental boats and fishing ponds to restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern Japanese castles have moats filled with water, but castles in the feudal period more commonly had 'dry moats' <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">karabori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">空堀</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">empty moat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trench</a>. A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatebori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竪堀</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">vertical moat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> is a dry moat dug into a slope. A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">unejo tatebori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">畝状竪堀</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">furrowed shape empty moat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> is a series of parallel trenches running up the sides of the excavated mountain, and the earthen wall, which was also called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">doi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土居</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">earth mount</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, was an outer wall made of earth dug out from a moat. Even today it is common for mountain Japanese castles to have dry moats. A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mizubori</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">水堀</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">water moat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> is a moat filled with water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Moats were also used in the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> in China; in <a href="/wiki/Vellore_Fort" title="Vellore Fort">Vellore Fort</a> in India; <a href="/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>; and in Southeast Asia, such as at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only moated fort ever built in Australia was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lytton" title="Fort Lytton">Fort Lytton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>. As Brisbane was much more vulnerable to attack than either Sydney or Melbourne a series of coastal defences was built throughout <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a>, Fort Lytton being the largest. Built between 1880 and 1881 in response to fear of a Russian invasion, it is a pentagonal fortress concealed behind grassy embankments and surrounded by a water-filled moat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Moat" title="Special:EditPage/Moat">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Moats were developed independently by <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">indigenous people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> as the outer defence of some fortified villages. The remains of a 16th-century moat are still visible at the <a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Archeological State Park</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya people</a> also used moats, for example in the city of <a href="/wiki/Becan" title="Becan">Becan</a>. </p><p>European colonists in the Americas often built dry ditches surrounding forts built to protect important landmarks, harbours or cities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jay" title="Fort Jay">Fort Jay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photo_gallery">Photo gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photo gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muiderslot_september_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Muiderslot, Netherlands"><img alt="Muiderslot, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muiderslot_september_2007.JPG/120px-Muiderslot_september_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muiderslot_september_2007.JPG/250px-Muiderslot_september_2007.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muiderslot" class="mw-redirect" title="Muiderslot">Muiderslot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_moat_around_Fort_Pulaski,_Savannah,_GA_IMG_4673.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Moat surrounding Fort Pulaski National Monument near Savannah, Georgia"><img alt="Moat surrounding Fort Pulaski National Monument near Savannah, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_moat_around_Fort_Pulaski%2C_Savannah%2C_GA_IMG_4673.JPG/120px-The_moat_around_Fort_Pulaski%2C_Savannah%2C_GA_IMG_4673.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_moat_around_Fort_Pulaski%2C_Savannah%2C_GA_IMG_4673.JPG/250px-The_moat_around_Fort_Pulaski%2C_Savannah%2C_GA_IMG_4673.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moat surrounding <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument" title="Fort Pulaski National Monument">Fort Pulaski National Monument</a> near <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Matsumoto Castle, a Japanese Castle in Nagano Prefecture"><img alt="Matsumoto Castle, a Japanese Castle in Nagano Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG/120px-Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG/180px-Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG/240px-Keep_of_Matsumoto_Castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_Castle" title="Matsumoto Castle">Matsumoto Castle</a>, a Japanese Castle in <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano Prefecture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodiam Castle, a 14th-century castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex, England"><img alt="Bodiam Castle, a 14th-century castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/120px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/250px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bodiam_Castle" title="Bodiam Castle">Bodiam Castle</a>, a 14th-century castle near <a href="/wiki/Robertsbridge" title="Robertsbridge">Robertsbridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caerlaverock Castle, a 13th-century castle in southern Scotland"><img alt="Caerlaverock Castle, a 13th-century castle in southern Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg/120px-Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg/180px-Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg/240px-Caerlaverock_Castle_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caerlaverock_Castle" title="Caerlaverock Castle">Caerlaverock Castle</a>, a 13th-century castle in southern Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Forbidden City, Beijing: North-western angle"><img alt="The Forbidden City, Beijing: North-western angle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG/120px-Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG/180px-Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG/240px-Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">The Forbidden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>: North-western angle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor-Wat-from-the-air.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Angkor Wat, Cambodia"><img alt="Angkor Wat, Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Angkor-Wat-from-the-air.JPG/120px-Angkor-Wat-from-the-air.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Angkor-Wat-from-the-air.JPG/250px-Angkor-Wat-from-the-air.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egeskov_Slot_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egeskov Castle, Denmark"><img alt="Egeskov Castle, Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Egeskov_Slot_08.jpg/120px-Egeskov_Slot_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Egeskov_Slot_08.jpg/250px-Egeskov_Slot_08.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Egeskov_Castle" title="Egeskov Castle">Egeskov Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castle of Lissingen"><img alt="Castle of Lissingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg/120px-LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg/180px-LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg/240px-LissingenEugenBracht1880BurgLissingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Lissingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Lissingen">Castle of Lissingen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigiriya moat, Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sigiriya moat, Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg/120px-Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg/180px-Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg/240px-Sigiriya_moat_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a> moat, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_City_Wall_-_south_of_the_west_gate_-_looking_S_-_P1050985.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Frozen moat of the walled city of Qufu, China"><img alt="Frozen moat of the walled city of Qufu, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Qufu_City_Wall_-_south_of_the_west_gate_-_looking_S_-_P1050985.JPG/120px-Qufu_City_Wall_-_south_of_the_west_gate_-_looking_S_-_P1050985.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Qufu_City_Wall_-_south_of_the_west_gate_-_looking_S_-_P1050985.JPG/250px-Qufu_City_Wall_-_south_of_the_west_gate_-_looking_S_-_P1050985.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frozen moat of the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortbourtange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Bourtange, a late 16th-century star fort in Groningen, Netherlands"><img alt="Fort Bourtange, a late 16th-century star fort in Groningen, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg/120px-Fortbourtange.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg/180px-Fortbourtange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg/240px-Fortbourtange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bourtange" title="Fort Bourtange">Fort Bourtange</a>, a late 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Brockhurst a mid-19th-century polygonal fort in Hampshire, England"><img alt="Fort Brockhurst a mid-19th-century polygonal fort in Hampshire, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg/120px-Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg/180px-Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg/240px-Fort_Brockhurst_4-Gosport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_693238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Brockhurst" title="Fort Brockhurst">Fort Brockhurst</a> a mid-19th-century polygonal fort in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castello_esterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Castello Estense of Ferrara, Italy"><img alt="The Castello Estense of Ferrara, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Castello_esterno.jpg/120px-Castello_esterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Castello_esterno.jpg/250px-Castello_esterno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Castello_Estense" title="Castello Estense">Castello Estense</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas, Florida"><img alt="Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg/120px-Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg/180px-Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg/240px-Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jefferson,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Jefferson, Florida">Fort Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Tortugas">Dry Tortugas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moat_Castle_Steinfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moat with civic houses bordering on it in Steinfurt"><img alt="Moat with civic houses bordering on it in Steinfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Moat_Castle_Steinfurt.jpg/120px-Moat_Castle_Steinfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Moat_Castle_Steinfurt.jpg/250px-Moat_Castle_Steinfurt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moat with civic houses bordering on it in Steinfurt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beijing ancient city gate and moat"><img alt="Beijing ancient city gate and moat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg/120px-Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg/180px-Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg/240px-Beijing_ancient_city_gate_and_moat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> ancient city gate and moat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vellorefort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vellore Fort Moat, in Tamil Nadu, India"><img alt="Vellore Fort Moat, in Tamil Nadu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vellorefort.jpg/120px-Vellorefort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vellorefort.jpg/180px-Vellorefort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vellorefort.jpg/240px-Vellorefort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Fort" title="Vellore Fort">Vellore Fort</a> Moat, in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Daalsesingel, a part of the moat that surrounds the city center of Utrecht, Netherlands"><img alt="The Daalsesingel, a part of the moat that surrounds the city center of Utrecht, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg/57px-Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg/85px-Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg/113px-Daalsesingel-Utrecht-2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Daalsesingel</i>, a part of the moat that surrounds the city center of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hikone-Castle-canal-cherry-blossom-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hikone Castle moat"><img alt="Hikone Castle moat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hikone-Castle-canal-cherry-blossom-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg/120px-Hikone-Castle-canal-cherry-blossom-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hikone-Castle-canal-cherry-blossom-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg/250px-Hikone-Castle-canal-cherry-blossom-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hikone_Castle" title="Hikone Castle">Hikone Castle</a> moat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forbidden City moat"><img alt="Forbidden City moat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg/120px-Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg/180px-Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg/240px-Gate-of-Divine-Might-Forbidden-City-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> moat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landskrona Citadel with mid 15th-century dual moat construction"><img alt="Landskrona Citadel with mid 15th-century dual moat construction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg/120px-Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg/180px-Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg/240px-Landskrona_citadell_fr%C3%A5n_luften.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Landskrona_Citadel" title="Landskrona Citadel">Landskrona Citadel</a> with mid 15th-century dual moat construction </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_usage">Architectural usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architectural usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG/170px-Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG/255px-Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG/340px-Farley_dry_moat_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Dry moat at the James Farley Post Office in New York City.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry moats were a key element used in French <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a> dwellings, both as decorative designs and to provide discreet access for service. Excellent examples of these can be found in Newport, Rhode Island at <a href="/wiki/Miramar_(mansion)" title="Miramar (mansion)">Miramar (mansion)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Elms_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)" title="The Elms (Newport, Rhode Island)">The Elms</a>, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Carolands" title="Carolands">Carolands</a>, outside of San Francisco, California, and at <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada. Additionally, a dry moat can allow light and fresh air to reach basement workspaces, as for example at the <a href="/wiki/James_Farley_Post_Office#Construction_and_design" class="mw-redirect" title="James Farley Post Office">James Farley Post Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-terrorist_moats">Anti-terrorist moats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-terrorist moats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst moats are no longer a significant tool of warfare, modern architectural building design continues to use them as a defence against certain modern threats, such as terrorist attacks from <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_fighting_vehicle" title="Improvised fighting vehicle">improvised fighting vehicles</a>. For example, the new location of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London" title="Embassy of the United States, London">Embassy of the United States in London</a>, opened in 2018, includes a moat among its security features - the first moat built in England for more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern moats may also be used for aesthetic or ergonomic purposes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catawba_Nuclear_Station" title="Catawba Nuclear Station">Catawba Nuclear Station</a> has a concrete moat around the sides of the plant <a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">not bordering</a> a lake. The moat is a part of precautions added to such sites after the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_moats">Safety moats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safety moats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moats, rather than fences, separate animals from spectators in many modern <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a> installations. Moats were first used in this way by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Hagenbeck" title="Tierpark Hagenbeck">Tierpark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure, with a vertical outer retaining wall rising direct from the moat, is an extended usage of the <a href="/wiki/Ha-ha" title="Ha-ha">ha-ha</a> of English landscape gardening.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_defence_moats">Border defence moats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Border defence moats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, plans were suggested for a two-mile moat across the southern border of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> to prevent tunnelling from Egyptian territory to the border town of <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, city officials in <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a> planned to dig out a two-mile stretch of a 180-hectare (440-acre) wetland known as Hunters Hole to control immigrants coming from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_control_moats">Pest control moats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pest control moats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers of <a href="/wiki/Jumping_spider" title="Jumping spider">jumping spiders</a>, which have excellent vision and adaptable tactics,<sup id="cite_ref-HarlandJackson2000Cats_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlandJackson2000Cats-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built water-filled miniature moats, too wide for the spiders to jump across. Some specimens were rewarded for jumping then swimming and others for swimming only. <i><a href="/wiki/Portia_fimbriata" title="Portia fimbriata">Portia fimbriata</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> generally succeeded, for whichever method they were rewarded.<sup id="cite_ref-JacksonEtc2001ConfinProb_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JacksonEtc2001ConfinProb-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When specimens from two different populations of <i><a href="/wiki/Portia_labiata" title="Portia labiata">Portia labiata</a></i> were set the same task, members of one population determined which method earned them a reward, whilst members of the other continued to use whichever method they tried first and did not try to adapt.<sup id="cite_ref-JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a basic method of pest control in <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>, a moat may be used to restrict access of crawling insects to the bonsai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht">Gracht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha-ha" title="Ha-ha">Ha-ha</a> wall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moated_settlements" title="Moated settlements">Moated settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a> (sometimes written as Moat Hill)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullengraben" title="Bullengraben">Bullengraben</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122827/http://www.sabi-abyad.nl/tellsabiabyad/resultaten/index/0_38/0_38/?language=en">"Archaeology in Syria Tell Sabi Abyad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabi-abyad.nl/tellsabiabyad/resultaten/index/0_38/0_38/?language=en">the original</a> on March 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+Syria+Tell+Sabi+Abyad&rft.pub=Rijksmuseum+van+Oudheden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabi-abyad.nl%2Ftellsabiabyad%2Fresultaten%2Findex%2F0_38%2F0_38%2F%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span> article on Netherlands National Museum of Antiquities website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOredsson2000" class="citation web cs1">Oredsson, Dag (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/m/moat8921.htm">"Moats in Ancient Palestine"</a>. Almqvist & Wiksell International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210534/http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/m/moat8921.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moats+in+Ancient+Palestine&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell+International&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Oredsson&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coronetbooks.com%2Fbooks%2Fm%2Fmoat8921.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrathBoyd2001" class="citation journal cs1">McGrath, R.; Boyd, W. (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/chronology-of-the-iron-age-moats-of-northeast-thailand/44CCFD383CC58BACE0439BB5643E4086">"The chronology of the Iron Age 'moats' of Northeast Thailand"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>75</b> (288): <span class="nowrap">349–</span>360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00061007">10.1017/S0003598X00061007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+chronology+of+the+Iron+Age+%27moats%27+of+Northeast+Thailand&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=288&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00061007&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchronology-of-the-iron-age-moats-of-northeast-thailand%2F44CCFD383CC58BACE0439BB5643E4086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriar2003" class="citation book cs1">Friar, Stephen (2003). <i>The Sutton Companion to Castles</i>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3994-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3994-2"><bdi>978-0-7509-3994-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutton+Companion+to+Castles&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3994-2&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLepage2009" class="citation book cs1">Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (December 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103015935/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA46"><i>French Fortifications, 1715-1815: An Illustrated History</i></a>. McFarland. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786458073" title="Special:BookSources/9780786458073"><bdi>9780786458073</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA46">the original</a> on January 3, 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Fortifications%2C+1715-1815%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft.isbn=9780786458073&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Jean-Denis+G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeVAPShsbTMC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrass2011" class="citation web cs1">Barrass, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025235/http://www.fsgfort.com/uploads/pdfs/Public/Introduction%20to%20Fortifications%20P.pdf">"An Introduction to Artillery Fortification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearce1999" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, Fred (1999-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16322035-100-the-african-queen/">"The African queen"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+African+queen&rft.date=1999-09-11&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg16322035-100-the-african-queen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028001234/http://www.japantoday.com/jp/shukan/358">"Imperial Palace moats illegally occupied by businesses"</a>. <i>Japan Today</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=US+embassy%3A+America+shows+off+its+Thames+fortress&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Fworld%2Fus-world%2Farticle%2Fus-embassy-america-shows-off-its-thames-fortress-6n2kjmcvq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2004/10/13/78e7ff40-6c57-4696-afb7-982106ec6d06.html">"Nuclear Power Plants to Continue MOX Program"</a>. Nuclear Threat Initiative. October 13, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901040311/http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2004/10/13/78e7ff40-6c57-4696-afb7-982106ec6d06.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Power+Plants+to+Continue+MOX+Program&rft.date=2004-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fd_newswire%2Fissues%2F2004%2F10%2F13%2F78e7ff40-6c57-4696-afb7-982106ec6d06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRene_S._Ebersole2001" class="citation news cs1">Rene S. Ebersole (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html">"The New Zoo"</a>. <i>Audubon Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+Zoo&rft.date=2001-11&rft.au=Rene+S.+Ebersole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faudubonmagazine.org%2Ffeatures0111%2Fnewzoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2004" class="citation news cs1">Urquhart, Conal (June 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,2763,1241836,00.html">"Two-mile Gaza moat to foil tunnels to Egypt"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902041602/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/14/usa.mexico">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cimbebasia&rft.atitle=%22Eight-legged+cats%22+and+how+they+see%3A+a+review+of+recent+research+on+jumping+spiders+%28Araneae%3A+Salticidae%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Harland%2C+D.P.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+R.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogs.susx.ac.uk%2Fccnr%2FPapers%2FDownloads%2FHarland_Cimb2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacksonEtc2001ConfinProb-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JacksonEtc2001ConfinProb_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacksonChris_M._CarterMichael_S._Tarsitano2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Robert R.; Chris M. Carter; Michael S. Tarsitano (2001). "Trial-and-error solving of a confinement problem by a jumping spider, <i>Portia fimbriata</i>". <i>Behaviour</i>. <b>138</b> (10). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill: <span class="nowrap">1215–</span>1234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685390152822184">10.1163/15685390152822184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-7959">0005-7959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4535886">4535886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.atitle=Trial-and-error+solving+of+a+confinement+problem+by+a+jumping+spider%2C+Portia+fimbriata&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1215-%3C%2Fspan%3E1234&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0005-7959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4535886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685390152822184&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft.au=Chris+M.+Carter&rft.au=Michael+S.+Tarsitano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JacksonEtc2006ConfineProb_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_R._JacksonFiona_R._CrossChris_M._Carter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert R. Jackson; Fiona R. Cross; Chris M. Carter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/53c3x1w9;jsessionid=34833B994B69E2CA4DA97613EA34F531#page-1">"Geographic Variation in a Spider's Ability to Solve a Confinement Problem by Trial and Error"</a>. <i>International Journal of Comparative Psychology</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">282–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46867%2FIJCP.2006.19.03.06">10.46867/IJCP.2006.19.03.06</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093528/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/53c3x1w9;jsessionid=34833B994B69E2CA4DA97613EA34F531#page-1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comparative+Psychology&rft.atitle=Geographic+Variation+in+a+Spider%27s+Ability+to+Solve+a+Confinement+Problem+by+Trial+and+Error&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46867%2FIJCP.2006.19.03.06&rft.au=Robert+R.+Jackson&rft.au=Fiona+R.+Cross&rft.au=Chris+M.+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F53c3x1w9%3Bjsessionid%3D34833B994B69E2CA4DA97613EA34F531%23page-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moats">Moats</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fortifications" title="Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fortifications" title="Template talk:Fortifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fortifications332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">Parapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fortification" title="Category:Fortification">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox579" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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