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mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT190020_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT190020_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"><img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Avec un million d’habitants en 2017, Cologne (Köln en allemand) est la plus grande ville du Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie. Nœud de communication à la croisée du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Rhin, par son insertion dans un ensemble territorial qui a joué un rôle éminent dans le façonnement de la civilisation occidentale – européenne et mondiale –, n'a pas été uniquement générateur d'un imposant bassin fluvial, mais aussi de dynamiques socio-économiques d'avant-garde ainsi que de cadres de vie enviables, tant urbains que ruraux. Son image a une connotation séculaire..." title="Article : RHIN" href="/encyclopedie/rhin/">Rhin</a> et d’un axe ouest-est reliant façade atlantique et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Prolongeant vers l'est les fonds plats de la mer du Nord , un ensemble de vallées, collines et plaines s'étend sur la Hollande , le Danemark , l'Allemagne du Nord et la Pologne , coïncidant en gros avec la zone d'extension maximale de la calotte glaciaire (ou inlandsis) quaternaire , et caractérisé par l'omniprésence de formes glaciaires, périglaciaires et postglaciaires : au ..." title="Article : PLAINE GERMANO-POLONAISE" href="/encyclopedie/plaine-germano-polonaise/">plaine germano-polonaise</a>, Cologne s’est avant tout construite sur des activités commerciales et n’a jamais exercé de fonction politique d’envergure, hormis dans l’Antiquité.</p><p>Ville romaine, Cologne acquiert en 50 après J.-C. le statut de colonie (<em>Colonia Claudia Ara</em><em></em><em>Agrippinensi</em><em>um</em>) et devient en 85 après J.-C. la capitale de la province de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Germanie antique, qui s'étendait entre la mer du Nord, la Baltique, la Vistule, les Carpates, le Danube et le Rhin, était boisée et marécageuse ; mais depuis l'âge du bronze, la plaine ouverte du nord attirait les migrations. Elle parut aux Romains froide, humide, sauvage et déserte. L'océan surtout frappa leur imagination, avec ses marées. Il leur semblait impie de s'y aventurer.. L'e..." title="Article : GERMANIE" href="/encyclopedie/germanie/">Germanie</a> inférieure, chargée de protéger le <em>limes</em>. Ses fonctions administratives et militaires sont complétées par d’importantes activités artisanales et commerciales, à la croisée de plusieurs voies romaines. Sur la terrasse alluviale de la rive gauche du Rhin, la ville est organisée autour du <em>cardo</em><em></em>(axe nord-sud) et du <em>d</em><em>e</em><em>cumanus</em><em></em>(axe est-ouest), dont les actuelles Hohe Strasse et Schildergasse sont héritières.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH998780" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Cologne" href="/media/cologne-ph998780/"><img id="PH998780" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/0/csm_ph998780_f5765f1ecf.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Cologne - crédits : Noppasin/ Shutterstock" data-description="L'église Saint-Martin et la cathédrale de Cologne, Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Allemagne." data-copyright="Noppasin/ Shutterstock" width="1024" height="669" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Cologne </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Noppasin/ Shutterstock </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Du <span class="pc">x</span><sup>e</sup><sup></sup>au <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, Cologne, centre archiépiscopal, connaît une phase de forte croissance urbaine et devient une des plus grandes villes du Saint-Empire romain germanique (40 000 habitants à la fin du <span class="pc">xii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle). De cette période médiévale subsistent deux éléments structurants de l’organisation urbaine. Sur la rive gauche du Rhin se développe un quartier portuaire et commerçant, dont le tissu dense, les rues étroites et les nombreuses places de marché caractérisent toujours l’actuelle vieille ville (<em>Altstadt</em>), tandis que l’édification de couvents, d’églises romanes et de la cathédrale gothique (dont les flèches n’ont été achevées qu’au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle) marque le paysage urbain. L’essor économique et religieux de la ville la conduit à se déployer au-delà du mur de l’époque romaine : une nouvelle enceinte est construite sur un tracé en arc de cercle (<em>Kölner</em><em> Ring</em>) qui constitue la matrice des développements urbains ultérieurs. En 1388 est créée l’université et Cologne accède au statut de ville libre impériale en 1475.</p><p>À l’époque moderne, Cologne traverse une phase de stagnation et reste inscrite dans l’emprise délimitée par le Ring d’époque médiévale. Affaiblie par la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) a été longtemps considérée, mais trop étroitement, comme une guerre d' Allemagne, sur laquelle s'est greffée, à partir de 1635, une nouvelle phase de la lutte traditionnelle entre l' Espagne et la France. Commencée en Bohême par la défenestration de Prague (23 mai 1618) et terminée par la signature des traités de Westphalie , à Münst..." title="Article : GUERRE DE TRENTE ANS" href="/encyclopedie/guerre-de-trente-ans/">guerre de Trente Ans</a> (1618-1648), la ville catholique est marginalisée au sein du réseau hanséatique dominé par des villes protestantes, et les ports des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Deux fils conducteurs particuliers marquent l'histoire des Pays-Bas. D'une part, outre les changements des frontières politiques à l'est et au sud, qui constituent toujours une bonne partie de l'histoire d'un peuple, les Pays-Bas connaissent un problème spécifique : les invasions et les reconquêtes sur la mer qui, depuis deux mille ans, n'ont cessé de remodeler profondément les contours �..." title="Article : PAYS-BAS" href="/encyclopedie/pays-bas/">Pays-Bas</a> tendent à contrôler une part croissante du transport fluvial rhénan. Par ailleurs, ducs et princes électeurs délaissent la ville impériale et construisent leurs résidences de style baroque dans les petites villes des alentours (Bensberg, Brühl, Bonn) : Cologne est ainsi elle-même dépourvue d’édifice baroque d’importance.</p><p>L’occupation française (1794-1814) se traduit peu dans le tissu urbain, hormis par la destruction d’édifices religieux. Elle affecte néanmoins durablement l’organisation socio-économique de la ville à travers l’instauration du Code civil (en vigueur jusqu’en 1899), la fermeture de l’université, le démantèlement des corporations et la création de la première chambre de commerce. Le contexte est favorable aux minorités juive et protestante, qui participent à l’affirmation des fonctions commerciales et bancaires de la ville, toujours prégnantes aujourd’hui.</p><p>Le congrès de Vienne en 1815 avalise l’occupation de Cologne par le royaume de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un État qui se forme lentement, péniblement, par le développement parallèle de deux territoires pauvres à l'est de l' Allemagne. Une dynastie qui réunit ces territoires en 1618 et qui en fait, en près de trois siècles, une grande puissance allemande, européenne, mondiale. Une fin misérable et brutale qui raye de la carte le nom même de cet État : telle apparaît l'histoire de la Pru..." title="Article : PRUSSE" href="/encyclopedie/prusse/">Prusse</a>. La ville se militarise avec l’édification de longues fortifications intérieures et extérieures. Au-delà du Ring, la trame viaire radiale est planifiée, de nouveaux quartiers émergent, des places, jardins et parcs sont aménagés. La navigation à vapeur sur le Rhin à partir de 1816, puis le chemin de fer à partir de 1843 stimulent les activités marchandes. Située entre régions minières de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Rivière de 235 kilomètres de longueur, affluent de la rive droite du Rhin , dans lequel elle se jette à Duisburg. La Ruhr a donné son nom au plus puissant bassin industriel du monde (Ruhrgebiet). Les besoins en eau des villes et des usines de celui-ci ont entraîné l'établissement de barrages-réservoirs dans son cours amont, dans le Sauerland : barrage de la Bigge (140 millions de mètre..." title="Article : RUHR" href="/encyclopedie/ruhr/">Ruhr</a> et de la Wallonie, Cologne devient un nœud important du réseau de chemin de fer prussien. 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Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT190020_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Art et artistes par continents et pays" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/"> Art et artistes par continents et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Art en Europe" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/art-en-europe/"> Art en Europe </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Art allemand"> <a title="Classification : Art allemand" 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src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998780" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Cologne" href="/media/cologne-ph998780/"> <img id="PH998780" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/0/csm_ph998780_f5765f1ecf.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Cologne - crédits : Noppasin/ Shutterstock" data-description="L'église Saint-Martin et la cathédrale de Cologne, Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Allemagne." data-copyright="Noppasin/ Shutterstock" width="1024" height="669" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Cologne </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Noppasin/ Shutterstock </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH999072" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Pont du Rhin détruit à Cologne, vers 1946" href="/media/pont-du-rhin-detruit-a-cologne-vers-1946-ph999072/"> <img id="PH999072" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/c/csm_ph999072_30de043074.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pont du Rhin détruit à Cologne, vers 1946 - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Subissant des raids aériens depuis 1942 (raid des mille bombardiers), Cologne fut particulièrement touchée par le pilonnage systématique des voies de communication opéré par les Alliés à la fin de la guerre et visant à réduire la capacité de manœuvre de la Wehrmacht." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="1006" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pont du Rhin détruit à Cologne, vers 1946 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT190020_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-medievale/#c1484"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Allemagne médiévale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre-Roger GAUSSIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 138 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (Histoire) - Allemagne m&eacute;di&eacute;vale" href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-medievale/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne, X<sup>e</sup> siècle - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/4/csm_ca040367_a8f6d9b96b.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...urbain prenait d'ailleurs de plus en plus d'ampleur en Allemagne. Les villes déjà anciennes, qui remontaient à l'époque romaine, se développaient, comme Cologne, « mère des villes allemandes », en plein essor après les invasions normandes, ou Augsbourg. Dans les villes plus récentes, nées de la réunion... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/belgique-histoire/#c1484"> <span class="rg">BELGIQUE - </span><span class="rm">Histoire</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Guido PEETERS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">20 675 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">16 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BELGIQUE - Histoire" href="/encyclopedie/belgique-histoire/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Léopold I<sup>er</sup> - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/b/csm_ph993815_2858838020.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...Bruges à Cologne qui passait par leurs terres. Pour la contrôler tout entière, ils prenaient le risque de conflits avec Liège, Gueldre et l'archevêque de Cologne. En 1288, le duc de Brabant Jean I<sup>er</sup> et ses alliés gagnèrent la bataille de Woeringen, près de Cologne. Les bourgeois de Cologne combattirent... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cathedrale-de-cologne/"> <span class="rg">COLOGNE </span><span class="pc">CATHÉDRALE DE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Anne PRACHE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">326 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : COLOGNE CATH&Eacute;DRALE DE" href="/encyclopedie/cathedrale-de-cologne/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Cologne - crédits : Noppasin/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/0/csm_ph998780_02e9fe20bc.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Dès le haut Moyen Âge, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec un million d’habitants en 2017, Cologne (Köln en allemand) est la plus grande ville du Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie. Nœud de communication à la croisée du Rhin et d’un axe ouest-est reliant façade atlantique et plaine germano-polonaise , Cologne s’est avant tout construite sur des activités commerciales et n’a jamais exercé de fonction politique d’envergure, hor..." title="Article : COLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/cologne/">Cologne</a> eut une cathédrale. Des fouilles ont révélé le dispositif occidental de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Édifice religieux chrétien, la cathédrale est, ou a été, l' église de l' évêque d'un diocèse . L'évêque y a son siège réservé, cathedra en latin, origine du mot cathédrale. Depuis le concile de Nicée en 325, le principe de l'établissement de l'évêque dans une ville, chef-lieu de la cité romaine, a eu pour conséquence de localiser la cathédrale dans un site urbain. Les mo..." title="Article : CATHÉDRALE" href="/encyclopedie/cathedrale/">cathédrale</a> carolingienne (810 env.-870), ou ottonienne (<span class="pc">x</span><sup>e</sup> s.), avec un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Terme qui désigne, dans l'architecture religieuse médiévale et moderne, une nef transversale, divisée intérieurement en un ou plusieurs vaisseaux ; le transept croise perpendiculairement la nef de l'édifice en avant du chœur ou de l'abside et détermine donc deux bras. Il est généralement placé à l'est, mais il peut être, assez rarement il est vrai, à l'ouest (Saint-Georges de Cologn..." title="Article : TRANSEPT" href="/encyclopedie/transept/">transept</a> et une abside contournée d'un atrium, comme à Saint-Gall. La cathédrale actuelle fut commencée en 1248...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/ecole-de-cologne/"> <span class="rg">COLOGNE </span><span class="pc">ÉCOLE DE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Victor BEYER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 228 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : COLOGNE &Eacute;COLE DE" href="/encyclopedie/ecole-de-cologne/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="<it>La Pêche miraculeuse</it>, K. Witz - crédits : Bridgeman Images " width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/2/csm_ph992597_e673593c33.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Les antécédents de l'école de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec un million d’habitants en 2017, Cologne (Köln en allemand) est la plus grande ville du Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie. Nœud de communication à la croisée du Rhin et d’un axe ouest-est reliant façade atlantique et plaine germano-polonaise , Cologne s’est avant tout construite sur des activités commerciales et n’a jamais exercé de fonction politique d’envergure, hor..." title="Article : COLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/cologne/">Cologne</a> sont à rechercher dans la peinture romane, mais aussi dans l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La notion d'orfèvrerie ne peut se réduire à une définition simple. En effet, s'il est vrai que cet art est intimement lié au travail des métaux précieux, dont il sera nécessaire également de proposer une définition rigoureuse, il n'en est pas moins vrai que la seule présence de ces matériaux ne saurait constituer une définition absolue ; ainsi, les monnaies et médailles, souvent fra..." title="Article : ORFÈVRERIE" href="/encyclopedie/orfevrerie/">orfèvrerie</a> et dans le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « vitrail » a pris peu à peu un sens précis et désigne actuellement une clôture de baie, généralement de fenêtre, faite de verre à vitre découpé suivant une composition décorative ou figurative et assemblée au moyen de plombs. Par ce principe d' assemblage, le vitrail se distingue des clôtures en vitres non découpées (vitrages), des assemblages, au moyen de ciment ..." title="Article : VITRAIL" href="/encyclopedie/vitrail/">vitrail</a> produits dans la région située entre Rhin et Meuse. Elle ne prend cependant sa physionomie véritable qu'à l'orée du <span class="pc">xiv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/cologne/"> Afficher les 15 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT190020_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, économie" href="/index/allemagne-economie/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">économie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, géographie" href="/index/allemagne-geographie/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">géographie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VILLE, urbanisme et architecture" href="/index/ville-urbanisme-et-architecture/"> <span class="rg">VILLE, </span><em class="it">urbanisme et architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, histoire, du Moyen Âge à 1806" href="/index/allemagne-histoire-du-moyen-age-a-1806/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">histoire, du Moyen Âge à 1806</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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