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id="toc-Flood_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Flood control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fortification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulk_bags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulk_bags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bulk bags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk_bags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84" title="كيس رمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيس رمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sands%C3%A6k" title="Sandsæk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sandsæk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandsack" title="Sandsack – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sandsack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saco_terrero" title="Saco terrero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saco terrero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac_de_sable" title="Sac de sable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sac de sable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%9E%98%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%A8" title="모래자루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모래자루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacco_di_sabbia" title="Sacco di sabbia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacco di sabbia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="שק חול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שק חול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C4%97lio_mai%C5%A1as" title="Smėlio maišas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smėlio maišas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandzak" title="Zandzak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zandzak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9A%A2" title="土嚢 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土嚢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worek_z_piaskiem" title="Worek z piaskiem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Worek z piaskiem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saco_de_areia" title="Saco de areia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saco de areia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Мешок с песком – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мешок с песком" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sands%C3%A4ck" title="Sandsäck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sandsäck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum_torbas%C4%B1" title="Kum torbası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kum torbası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Мішок з піском – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мішок з піском" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%8C%85" title="沙包 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙包" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%A2%8B" title="沙袋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙袋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q91398#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sandbag" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q91398" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sand_bag&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sturdy sack used in flood control and temporary military fortifications</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sandbag_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sandbag (disambiguation)">Sandbag (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sandbag" title="Special:EditPage/Sandbag">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sandbag%22">"Sandbag"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sandbag%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sandbag%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sandbag%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sandbag%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sandbag%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg/450px-FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg/600px-FEMA_-_3228_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_07-09-1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Residents and volunteers work to fill sandbags during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993" title="Great Flood of 1993">Mississippi and Missouri river floods of 1993</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg/300px-Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg/450px-Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg/600px-Georgia_National_Guard_filling_sandbags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_National_Guard" title="Georgia National Guard">Georgia National Guard</a> filling sandbags in preparation for floods.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sandbag</b> or <b>dirtbag</b> is a bag or sack made of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (cloth)">hessian (burlap)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> or other sturdy materials that is filled with <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and used for such purposes as <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>, military <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> in trenches and bunkers, shielding glass windows in war zones, <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(aviation)" title="Buoyancy compensator (aviation)">ballast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterweight" title="Counterweight">counterweight</a>, and in other applications requiring mobile fortification, such as adding improvised additional protection to armored vehicles or tanks. </p><p>The advantages are that the bags and sand are inexpensive. When empty, the bags are compact and lightweight for easy storage and transportation. They can be brought to a site empty and filled with local sand or soil. Disadvantages are that filling bags is labor-intensive. Without proper training, sandbag walls can be constructed improperly causing them to fail at a lower height than expected, when used in flood-control purposes. They can degrade prematurely in the sun and elements once deployed. They can also become contaminated by sewage in flood waters making them difficult to deal with after flood waters recede.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibenluft_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibenluft-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a military context, improvised up-armouring of tanks or armored personnel carriers with sandbags is not effective against cannons (though it may offer protection against some <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>). </p><p>Sandbags have traditionally been filled manually using <a href="/wiki/Shovel" title="Shovel">shovels</a>. Since the 1990s, machine filling has become more common, allowing the work to be done more quickly and efficiently. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk,_London,_May_1940._H1584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk%2C_London%2C_May_1940._H1584.jpg/220px-Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk%2C_London%2C_May_1940._H1584.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk%2C_London%2C_May_1940._H1584.jpg/330px-Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk%2C_London%2C_May_1940._H1584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk%2C_London%2C_May_1940._H1584.jpg/440px-Troops_from_the_Grenadier_Guards_constructing_sandbag_defences_around_government_buildings_in_Birdcage_Walk%2C_London%2C_May_1940._H1584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Troops from the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a> constructing sandbag defenses around government buildings in <a href="/wiki/Birdcage_Walk" title="Birdcage Walk">Birdcage Walk</a>, London, May 1940.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_control">Flood control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flood control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Properly stacked sandbags<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an effective deterrent against damaging <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> waters. Sandbags can be used to build <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">barricades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">dikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berms</a> to limit erosion from flooding. Sandbags can also be used to fortify existing flood control structures and limit the effects of <a href="/wiki/Sand_boil" title="Sand boil">sand boils</a>. Sandbag structures do not prevent water seepage and therefore should be built with the central purpose of diverting flood water around or away from buildings. </p><p>Properly filled sandbags for flood control are filled one-half to two-thirds full with clean washed sand. In an emergency, if clean sand is in limited supply, gravel or dirt can also be used with less effective end results. When filled sandbags are stacked or laid in place, the contents need to settle flat to the ground. Sandbags filled over two-thirds full will not form an adequate seal to the ground or structure. Likewise sandbags filled under one-half will generally also form an inadequate seal to the ground when placed. </p><p>The best practices for filling sandbags require a three-person team. One team member will crouch down and hold open the bag to form a collar opening. The second team member places the tip of a pointed shovel with sand into the opened sandbag. A square shovel is not recommended as the blade of the shovel will not fit into the sandbag when filling. The third team member will transport and stockpile the filled sandbags. </p><p>Properly placed sandbags will be set lengthwise and parallel to the water flow with the folded or open end of the sandbag facing upstream. All loose debris should be removed from the placement surface and the lowest areas are the first spots to be filled in with sandbags. Each bag must be set consecutively with the tightly packed bottom slightly overlapping the previously placed sandbag. Subsequent layers of bags should be offset by 1/2 the length of a sandbag to eliminate voids and improve the wall seal. Each placed bag should be tamped and flattened to improve the seal. </p><p>The two primary methods for stacking sandbags to build flood control structures are the (1) Single Stack placement, and; (2) Pyramid Placement Method.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortification">Fortification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fortification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military uses sandbags for field <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> and as a temporary measure to protect civilian structures. Because burlap and sand are inexpensive, large protective barriers can be erected cheaply. The friction created by moving soil or sand grains and tiny air gaps makes sandbags an efficient <a href="/wiki/Dissipation" title="Dissipation">dissipator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosive blast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common sizes for sandbags are 14 by 26 inches (36 by 66 cm) to 17 by 32 inches (43 by 81 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dimensions, and the weight of sand a bag this size can hold, allow for the construction of an interlocking wall like <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a>. </p><p>Individual filled bags are not too heavy to lift and move into place. They may be laid in excavated defences as <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a>, or as free-standing walls above ground where excavations are impractical. As plain burlap sandbags deteriorate fairly quickly, sandbag structures meant to remain in place for a long time may be painted with a <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">portland cement</a> <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> to reduce the effects of <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">rot</a> and abrasion. Cotton ducking sandbags last considerably longer than burlap and are hence preferable for long-term use. However, the vast majority of sandbags used by modern military and for flood prevention are made of circular woven <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. Some of the World War I memorial trenches were rebuilt with concrete sandbags after the First World War—although criticized as looking unnatural, they have lasted well. During World War II in Great Britain, some aircraft revetments and pillboxes were made from concrete filled sandbags, again these have lasted well. </p><p>Sandbag fortifications have been used since at least the late 16th century. For example, the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Jani_Beg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirza Jani Beg (page does not exist)">Mirza Jani Beg</a> used improvised sandbags made out of boat sails to construct a makeshift fort at <a href="/wiki/Unarpur" title="Unarpur">Unarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, in 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar_1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, British loyalists used sandbag and log fortifications in the 1781 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ninety-Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Ninety-Six">Siege of Ninety-Six</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> was familiar enough with the fortification technique to equip his troops with hooks to pull down the sandbag and log walls when they stormed the Star <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina" title="Ninety Six, South Carolina">Ninety Six, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient times, temporary sandbag forts known as an antestature were made out of sandbags.They were historically hastily established by a retreating force to slow the progress of the enemy. The word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>ante</i> ("before"), and <i>statūra</i> ("a standing").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulk_bags">Bulk bags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bulk bags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg/220px-Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg/330px-Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg/440px-Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Plastic geotextile bags</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Bulk bags</a>, also known as big bags, are much larger than traditional sandbags. Moving a bag of this size typically requires a <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">forklift truck</a>. Bulk bags are usually made of woven or non-woven <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextiles</a>. </p><p>Large bags of sand are often used in flood control and making temporary patches to water barriers. For example, Thailand utilized bulk bags filled with sand to erect temporary walls to protect against the <a href="/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Thailand floods">2011 Thailand floods</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_40429_-_Mennonite_volunteers_fill_sand_bags_in_Minnesota_in_Minnesota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>Sandbags being filled using a ladder on sawhorses with <a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">traffic cones</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chute_(gravity)" title="Chute (gravity)">chutes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Funnel" title="Funnel">funnels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorhead,_Minnesota" title="Moorhead, Minnesota">Moorhead, Minnesota</a>, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sandbags are also used for disposable ballast in <a href="/wiki/Gas_balloon" title="Gas balloon">gas balloons</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Counterweight" title="Counterweight">counterweights</a> for <a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">theatre sets</a>. Some temporary construction signs or advertising signs are held in place and secured against being blown over with sandbags. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, sandbags were also used as extemporized "soft armor" on American tanks, with the goal of protecting the tanks from German anti-tank rounds,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were largely ineffective. </p><p>Sandbags can also be carried within vehicles to provide improved traction during inclement weather (typically stored above the drive wheels where the increased weight improves traction). If ever stuck, sand can be removed and placed directly onto the slippery surface thereby providing greatly improved traction. Sandbags are also used by off-road enthusiasts instead of sand plates or sand ladders to assist the vehicle to get traction and momentum after being stuck in soft sand. The same sandbags can be used to bridge deep holes or ditches. Apart from being very light and taking very little space (when empty), the sandbags are a much cheaper option than any of the other options (sand plates, sand ladders, multipurpose bags, etc.). </p><p>Sandbags are often used to temporarily stabilize soil from erosion, such as oceanfront structures whose foundations have been undermined by heavy waves. Sandbags are also used in <a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">earthbag construction</a> to make inexpensive, environmentally <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> homes. In addition, sandbags are often used when shooting a long gun, specifically a rifle or sniper rifle, from a rest, as it provides support for the weapon, allowing for less movement during shooting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sandbags of various sizes and weights can be used for exercise or <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">resistance training</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandbags are used for safety in film, video and theatrical production. Sandbags are often used as easily portable weight to lower the center of gravity of a Light stand or a C-Stand where heavy items are placed at the top of a high stand often having a small base. Shot bags are another type of flexible weight used for the same purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-005_Seaman_Aaron_Honeycutt,_assigned_to_Transient_Personnel_Unit_Great_Lakes,_shovels_sand_into_a_sandbags_held_by_Seaman_Katie_Waterman_and_Seaman_Joshua_Tyson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manual filling of sandbags."><img alt="Manual filling of sandbags." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-005_Seaman_Aaron_Honeycutt%2C_assigned_to_Transient_Personnel_Unit_Great_Lakes%2C_shovels_sand_into_a_sandbags_held_by_Seaman_Katie_Waterman_and_Seaman_Joshua_Tyson.jpg/88px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-005_Seaman_Aaron_Honeycutt%2C_assigned_to_Transient_Personnel_Unit_Great_Lakes%2C_shovels_sand_into_a_sandbags_held_by_Seaman_Katie_Waterman_and_Seaman_Joshua_Tyson.jpg/132px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-005_Seaman_Aaron_Honeycutt%2C_assigned_to_Transient_Personnel_Unit_Great_Lakes%2C_shovels_sand_into_a_sandbags_held_by_Seaman_Katie_Waterman_and_Seaman_Joshua_Tyson.jpg/175px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manual filling of sandbags.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040525-N-5576W-001_Builder_1st_Class_Sean_Rigg,_assigned_to_Construction_Battalion_Unit_401_(CBU-401),_Naval_Station_Great_Lakes,_upper_left,_helps_speed_up_the_sand_bagging_process.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Improvised method of sandbag filling."><img alt="Improvised method of sandbag filling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_040525-N-5576W-001_Builder_1st_Class_Sean_Rigg%2C_assigned_to_Construction_Battalion_Unit_401_%28CBU-401%29%2C_Naval_Station_Great_Lakes%2C_upper_left%2C_helps_speed_up_the_sand_bagging_process.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_040525-N-5576W-001_Builder_1st_Class_Sean_Rigg%2C_assigned_to_Construction_Battalion_Unit_401_%28CBU-401%29%2C_Naval_Station_Great_Lakes%2C_upper_left%2C_helps_speed_up_the_sand_bagging_process.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_040525-N-5576W-001_Builder_1st_Class_Sean_Rigg%2C_assigned_to_Construction_Battalion_Unit_401_%28CBU-401%29%2C_Naval_Station_Great_Lakes%2C_upper_left%2C_helps_speed_up_the_sand_bagging_process.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Improvised method of sandbag filling.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandbags being filled using improvised methods, lumber and traffic cones as chutes, Iowa City, Iowa, 2008."><img alt="Sandbags being filled using improvised methods, lumber and traffic cones as chutes, Iowa City, Iowa, 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg/120px-FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg/180px-FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg/240px-FEMA_-_35673_-_Residents_work_to_fill_sand_bags_in_Iowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="2497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sandbags being filled using improvised methods, lumber and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">traffic cones</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chute_(gravity)" title="Chute (gravity)">chutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City, Iowa</a>, 2008.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-004_Tony_Yarbrough,_a_retired_chief_petty_officer_and_resident_of_Gurnee,_Ill.,_assists_Hospitalman_Apprentice_Christopher_Rollins_with_filling_sandbags_for_delivery_to_local_homes_and_businesses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manual filling of sandbags from a hopper or silo"><img alt="Manual filling of sandbags from a hopper or silo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-004_Tony_Yarbrough%2C_a_retired_chief_petty_officer_and_resident_of_Gurnee%2C_Ill.%2C_assists_Hospitalman_Apprentice_Christopher_Rollins_with_filling_sandbags_for_delivery_to_local_homes_and_businesses.jpg/79px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-004_Tony_Yarbrough%2C_a_retired_chief_petty_officer_and_resident_of_Gurnee%2C_Ill.%2C_assists_Hospitalman_Apprentice_Christopher_Rollins_with_filling_sandbags_for_delivery_to_local_homes_and_businesses.jpg/118px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_070823-N-0606B-004_Tony_Yarbrough%2C_a_retired_chief_petty_officer_and_resident_of_Gurnee%2C_Ill.%2C_assists_Hospitalman_Apprentice_Christopher_Rollins_with_filling_sandbags_for_delivery_to_local_homes_and_businesses.jpg/157px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manual filling of sandbags from a hopper or <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manual filling with a conveyor belt and a 12 direction sandbag filler called "The Sandbagger" capable of filling over 5,000 sandbags an hour.[12]"><img alt="Manual filling with a conveyor belt and a 12 direction sandbag filler called "The Sandbagger" capable of filling over 5,000 sandbags an hour.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg/120px-FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg/180px-FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg/240px-FEMA_-_43193_-_Sandbag_filling_operation_in_North_Dakota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manual filling with a <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belt</a> and a 12 direction sandbag filler called "The Sandbagger" capable of filling over 5,000 sandbags an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filling multiple sandbags with a front-end loader."><img alt="Filling multiple sandbags with a front-end loader." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg/120px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg/180px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg/240px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_110605-A-6297J-025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filling multiple sandbags with a <a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">front-end loader</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A German, roller container mounted, sandbag filling machine"><img alt="A German, roller container mounted, sandbag filling machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG/120px-AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG/180px-AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG/240px-AB-SaSaF%C3%BC2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A German, <a href="/wiki/Roller_container" title="Roller container">roller container</a> mounted, sandbag filling machine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Afghan_Local_Police_(ALP)_officer_carriers_empty_sandbags_during_a_construction_project_to_build_an_ALP_checkpoint_in_Helmand_province,_Afghanistan,_March_30,_2013_130330-M-BO337-031.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Afghan Local Police officer carries a bundle of empty sandbags during a checkpoint construction project"><img alt="An Afghan Local Police officer carries a bundle of empty sandbags during a checkpoint construction project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/An_Afghan_Local_Police_%28ALP%29_officer_carriers_empty_sandbags_during_a_construction_project_to_build_an_ALP_checkpoint_in_Helmand_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_30%2C_2013_130330-M-BO337-031.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/An_Afghan_Local_Police_%28ALP%29_officer_carriers_empty_sandbags_during_a_construction_project_to_build_an_ALP_checkpoint_in_Helmand_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_30%2C_2013_130330-M-BO337-031.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/An_Afghan_Local_Police_%28ALP%29_officer_carriers_empty_sandbags_during_a_construction_project_to_build_an_ALP_checkpoint_in_Helmand_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_30%2C_2013_130330-M-BO337-031.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Afghan Local Police officer carries a bundle of empty sandbags during a checkpoint construction project</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sandbag levee in North Dakota"><img alt="A sandbag levee in North Dakota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg/120px-FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg/180px-FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg/240px-FEMA_-_40653_-_Sand_Bag_Levee_in_a_North_Dakota_neighborhood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sandbag levee in North Dakota</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TBSB.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A sandbag wall to limit erosion, wave damage and flooding"><img alt="A sandbag wall to limit erosion, wave damage and flooding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/TBSB.JPG/120px-TBSB.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/TBSB.JPG/180px-TBSB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/TBSB.JPG/240px-TBSB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sandbag wall to limit erosion, wave damage and flooding</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm/120px--Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California,_2010-09-30.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm/Sandbag_operation_at_Venice_Beach_California%2C_2010-09-30.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sandbag operation at Venice Beach pier in California. September 30, 2010.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A First Balkan War Bulgarian foxhole"><img alt="A First Balkan War Bulgarian foxhole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg/120px-BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg/180px-BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg/240px-BASA-3K-7-411-14-First_Balkan_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> Bulgarian foxhole</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A defensive fighting position made with sandbags"><img alt="A defensive fighting position made with sandbags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg/120px-Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg/180px-Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg/240px-Dominion_and_Empire_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">defensive fighting position</a> made with sandbags</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command,_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandbagged aircraft revetment"><img alt="Sandbagged aircraft revetment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg/120px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg/180px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg/240px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH5840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sandbagged aircraft <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World War II aircraft revetments made of concrete filled sandbags, as seen decades later in 2009."><img alt="World War II aircraft revetments made of concrete filled sandbags, as seen decades later in 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg/120px-WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg/180px-WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg/240px-WWII_aircraft_revetments_-_Martlesham_Heath_airfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1118095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World War II aircraft revetments made of concrete filled sandbags, as seen decades later in 2009.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HydroSack" title="HydroSack">HydroSack</a>, brand name of an alternative sandless sandbag for <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalith" title="Metalith">Metalith</a>, brand name/manufacturer of an alternative flood control technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbagging_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sandbagging (disambiguation)">Sandbagging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leibenluft-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leibenluft_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeibenluft2008" class="citation web cs1">Leibenluft, Jacob (2008-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2008/06/the_25cent_flood_protection_device.html">"The 25-Cent Flood Protection Device"</a>. <i>Slate.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate.com&rft.atitle=The+25-Cent+Flood+Protection+Device&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft.aulast=Leibenluft&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fexplainer%2F2008%2F06%2Fthe_25cent_flood_protection_device.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moellman, Mark (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interbulkexpress.quora.com/Sandbags-for-Flood-Control-8-Things-you-Need-To-Know">Sandbags for Flood Control - 8 Things you Need To Know</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16021coll11/id/0/rec/4">"US Army Corps of Engineers, Northwest Division"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Army+Corps+of+Engineers%2C+Northwest+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp16021coll11%2Fid%2F0%2Frec%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">War Office. Military Training Pamphlet No 30, Part V: Protective Works. 1941. p. 39 specifies 20 inches (510 mm) of sand in bags as proof against armour piercing bullets and bomb fragments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim Williamson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/sandbag1.htm">How Sandbags Work</a>. Answers.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly Hart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/faqs/bags.htm">Type of Earthbags to Use</a>. EarthbagBuilding.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar_1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_1983_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar1983" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11279"><i>Shāhjahānī of Yūsuf Mīrak (1044/1634) Sind under the Mughuls: an introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Maẓhar-i Shāhjahānī of Yūsuf Mīrak (1044/1634)</i></a>. pp. 108–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25911%2F5d74e2bda15ab">10.25911/5d74e2bda15ab</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F11279">1885/11279</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C4%81hjah%C4%81n%C4%AB+of+Y%C5%ABsuf+M%C4%ABrak+%281044%2F1634%29+Sind+under+the+Mughuls%3A+an+introduction+to%2C+translation+of+and+commentary+on+the+Ma%E1%BA%93har-i+Sh%C4%81hjah%C4%81n%C4%AB+of+Y%C5%ABsuf+M%C4%ABrak+%281044%2F1634%29&rft.pages=108-113&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F11279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25911%2F5d74e2bda15ab&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Saleem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1885%2F11279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanning2009" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael Lee (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdKUoL7Z4nIC&pg=PA319"><i>The American Revolution 100: The Battles, People, and Events of the American War for Independence, Ranked by Their Significance</i></a>. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402247309" title="Special:BookSources/9781402247309"><bdi>9781402247309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution+100%3A+The+Battles%2C+People%2C+and+Events+of+the+American+War+for+Independence%2C+Ranked+by+Their+Significance&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781402247309&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdKUoL7Z4nIC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1819" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Abraham (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59683"><i>The cyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature</i></a>. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown [etc.] <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.59683">10.5962/bhl.title.59683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cyclop%C3%A6dia%3B+or%2C+Universal+dictionary+of+arts%2C+sciences%2C+and+literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+%26+Brown+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.59683&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.59683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunnicut, R.P. "Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-080-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-080-5">0-89141-080-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muscleandfitness.com/workouts/workout-tips/add-sandbag-training-your-workout">"Add Sandbag Training to Your Workout"</a>. <i>Muscle & Fitness</i>. May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muscle+%26+Fitness&rft.atitle=Add+Sandbag+Training+to+Your+Workout&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muscleandfitness.com%2Fworkouts%2Fworkout-tips%2Fadd-sandbag-training-your-workout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation web cs1">White, Patrick (2009-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aggregateresearch.com/articles/15985/79-year-old-ex-Quarry-Manager-invents-Sandbagger.aspx">"79 year old ex Quarry Manager invents Sandbagger"</a>. <i>Aggregateresearch.com and <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aggregateresearch.com+and+The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=79+year+old+ex+Quarry+Manager+invents+Sandbagger&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aggregateresearch.com%2Farticles%2F15985%2F79-year-old-ex-Quarry-Manager-invents-Sandbagger.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandbag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandbag&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sandbags" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sandbags">Sandbags</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sandbags.online/blogs/news/everything-you-ever-needed-to-know-about-sandbags-but-were-too-afraid-to-ask">A guide from Sandbags Online: Everything you ever wanted to know about sandbags, but were too afraid to ask</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.water.ca.gov/floodmgmt/docs/brochure_floodfightingathome.pdf">California Department of Water Resources - Flood Fighting at home, How to fill and place sandbags</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.water.ca.gov/floodmgmt/docs/flood_fight_methods.pdf">California Department of Water Resources and the California Conservation Corps - Flood fighting Methods</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.usace.army.mil/Portals/27/docs/emergency/NWD_Sandbag_Pamphlet.pdf">US Army Corps of Engineers Sandbagging pamphlet</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1849-25045-6764/cert_floodresponseforcerts_pm_july_2012.pdf">FEMA - Flood Response manual for Community Emergency Response Teams, including sandbagging techniques</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/Publications/quickcard/flooding-sandbags.html">US OSHA recommendations for safely Filling, Moving and Placing Sandbags During Flooding Disasters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bags_and_flexible_containers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bags" title="Template:Bags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bags" title="Template talk:Bags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bags" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bags"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bags_and_flexible_containers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bags</a> and flexible <a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">containers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carried</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayong" title="Bayong">Bayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindle" title="Bindle">Bindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briefcase" title="Briefcase">Briefcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugout_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugout bag">Bugout bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillybag" title="Dillybag">Dillybag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromedary bag">Dromedary bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_bag" title="Flight bag">Flight bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaji_bag" title="Gaji bag">Gaji bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Grocery bag">Grocery bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hambiliya" title="Hambiliya">Hambiliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Handbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haversack" title="Haversack">Haversack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-white-blue_bag" title="Red-white-blue bag">Laundry bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_bag" title="Medical bag">Medical bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_bag" title="Money bag">Money bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_briefcase" title="Nuclear briefcase">Nuclear briefcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Plastic shopping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_box_(government)" title="Red box (government)">Red box (government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)" title="Reticule (handbag)">Reticule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag" title="Reusable shopping bag">Reusable shopping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_purse" title="Shell purse">Shell purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_bag" title="Shopping bag">Shopping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bag" title="String bag">String bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival bag">Survival bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swag_(bedroll)" title="Swag (bedroll)">Swag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tote_bag" title="Tote bag">Tote bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_bag" title="Tucker bag">Tucker bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worn</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backpack" title="Backpack">Backpack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canoe_pack" title="Canoe pack">Canoe pack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duluth_pack" title="Duluth pack">Duluth pack</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandolier_bag" title="Bandolier bag">Bandolier bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">Bivouac sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Book bag">Book bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_pack" title="Fanny pack">Fanny pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf bag">Golf bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Rucksack" title="Lightweight Rucksack">Lightweight Rucksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_bag" title="Medicine bag">Medicine bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_bag" title="Messenger bag">Messenger bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_basket" title="Pack basket">Pack basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiking" title="Pasiking">Pasiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randoseru" title="Randoseru">Randoseru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabretache" title="Sabretache">Sabretache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchel" title="Satchel">Satchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporran" title="Sporran">Sporran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takiding" title="Takiding">Takiding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Luggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-out_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug-out bag">Bug-out bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_bag" title="Carpet bag">Carpet bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_bag" title="Diaper bag">Diaper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">Diplomatic bag / pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffel_bag" title="Duffel bag">Duffel bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garment_bag" title="Garment bag">Garment bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_bag" title="Gig bag">Gig bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone_bag" title="Gladstone bag">Gladstone bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobo_bag" title="Hobo bag">Hobo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdall" title="Holdall">Holdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic bag">Nomadic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_cases" title="Norfolk cases">Norfolk case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_(luggage)" title="Portmanteau (luggage)">Portmanteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddlebag" title="Saddlebag">Saddlebag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suitcase" title="Suitcase">Suitcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toiletry_bag" title="Toiletry bag">Toiletry bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_case" title="Train case">Train case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_pack" title="Travel pack">Travel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(luggage)" title="Trunk (luggage)">Trunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catcher_pouch" title="Catcher pouch">Catcher pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_bag" title="Mail bag">Mail bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail pouch">Mail pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail sack">Mail sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_satchel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail satchel">Mail satchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_mochila" title="Pony Express mochila">Mochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_(mail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau (mail)">Portmanteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_bag" title="Bin bag">Bin bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bota_bag" title="Bota bag">Bota bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_bladder" title="Fuel bladder">Fuel bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashk" title="Mashk">Mashk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfleche" title="Parfleche">Parfleche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_bag" title="Pastry bag">Pastry bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_bag" title="Pipe bag">Pipe bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag" title="Reusable shopping bag">Reusable shopping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_bag" title="Shopping bag">Shopping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pouch" title="Tobacco pouch">Tobacco pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Trash bag">Trash bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wineskin" title="Wineskin">Wineskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag" title="Zipper storage bag">Zipper storage bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Purses/handbags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayong" title="Bayong">Bayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkin_bag" title="Birkin bag">Birkin bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_purse" title="Coin purse">Coin purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening bag">Evening bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaji_bag" title="Gaji bag">Gaji bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gucci_Diana" title="Gucci Diana">Gucci Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Handbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_bag" title="It bag">It bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_bag" title="Kelly bag">Kelly bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinchaku" title="Kinchaku">Kinchaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Dior" title="Lady Dior">Lady Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_bag" title="Messenger bag">Messenger bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaudi%C3%A8re" title="Minaudière">Minaudière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_bag" title="Money bag">Money bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)" title="Reticule (handbag)">Reticule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tote_bag" title="Tote bag">Tote bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag#Types_of_handbags" title="Handbag">Wristlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_bag" title="Body bag">Body bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_bag" title="Burn bag">Burn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_bedroll" title="Cowboy bedroll">Cowboy bedroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggy_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Doggy bag">Doggy bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_bag" title="Dry bag">Dry bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag" title="Electronic flight bag">Electronic flight bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbag" title="Feedbag">Feedbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamow_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamow bag">Gamow bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poop_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Poop bag">Poop bag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schult%C3%BCte" title="Schultüte">Schultüte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showbag" title="Showbag">Showbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_bag" title="Sleeping bag">Sleeping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_sack" title="Stuff sack">Stuff sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_bag" title="Throw bag">Throw bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fortifications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fortifications" title="Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fortifications" title="Template talk:Fortifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fortifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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