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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%AB-h%C5%8De_keng-l%C3%AD-l%C3%A2ng_ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA" title="Gī-hōe keng-lí-lâng chèng-hú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gī-hōe keng-lí-lâng chèng-hú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtvertretung_(Vereinigte_Staaten)" title="Stadtvertretung (Vereinigte Staaten) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stadtvertretung (Vereinigte Staaten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نظام شورا-مدیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظام شورا-مدیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_%C3%A0_g%C3%A9rance_municipale" title="Gouvernement à gérance municipale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement à gérance municipale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_dewan%E2%80%93pengelola" title="Pemerintah dewan–pengelola – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintah dewan–pengelola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E5%88%B6" title="シティー・マネージャー制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シティー・マネージャー制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Council–manager government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நகர் மன்றக்குழு-மேலாளர் அரசாங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகர் மன்றக்குழு-மேலாளர் அரசாங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_quy%E1%BB%81n_h%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng-qu%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c" title="Chính quyền hội đồng-quản đốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính quyền hội đồng-quản đốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83-%E7%B6%93%E7%90%86%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="議會-經理制政府 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="議會-經理制政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83-%E7%B6%93%E7%90%86%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="議會-經理制政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="議會-經理制政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q946819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Common forms of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Executive and legislature <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor - Council</a><br /> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Executive <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> elected by the people, elected legislative <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a></span> <br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council - Manager</a><br /> </p> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">city manager</a> hired by the elected City Council</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Executive and legislature <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fused</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City Commission</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Elected commission enacts laws and governs</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democratic forms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements" title="Executive arrangements">Executive arrangements</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Leader and cabinet<br /> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves</span> </p> <hr /> <p>Elected mayor and cabinet<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive mayor elected by the people</span> </p> <hr /> <p>Committee system<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves</span> </p> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_government_forms" title="Template:Local government forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Local_government_forms" title="Template talk:Local government forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Local_government_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Local government forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>council–manager government</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a> commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SvaraWinter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvaraWinter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">New Zealand regional councils</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Canadian municipalities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the council-manager government, an elected <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">city council</a> hires a manager to serve as chief <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>; this manager can be replaced by a simple majority at any time. It is used in roughly 40% of American cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The council-manager system is similar to the typical governance of a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the form, an elected governing body, usually called a <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a>, board of <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a>, or similar title, is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> functions such as establishing <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a>, passing <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">local ordinances</a>, voting <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">appropriations</a>, and developing an overall vision, similar to a corporate <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMAmain_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMAmain-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council or commission appoints a <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">city manager</a> to oversee the administrative operations, implement its policies, and advise it. The manager position is similar to that of a corporate <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> appointed by a board of directors. The position of "<a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>" present in this type of legislative body is a largely ceremonial title, and may be selected by the council from among its members or elected as an at-large council member with no executive functions,<sup id="cite_ref-5formsICMA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5formsICMA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to a non-executive <a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">chairperson</a> in a corporation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_City/County_Management_Association" title="International City/County Management Association">International City/County Management Association</a> (ICMA), a <a href="/wiki/Professional_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional organization">professional organization</a> for city managers, has listed at least three defining characteristics that distinguish a true council–manager government: </p> <ul><li>All governmental authority rests with the council or other elected body, except for certain executive or administrative duties that are assigned to the manager. However, the manager always is employed at the pleasure of the elected body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvaraNelson20087_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvaraNelson20087-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The manager is allocated their functions in codified form by the city charter or other law, not assigned them <i>ad hoc</i> by a mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvaraNelson20088_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvaraNelson20088-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The manager must be responsible to, hired by, and can be dismissed only by the entire council, not one individual, such as a mayor or chairperson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvaraNelson20088_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvaraNelson20088-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This system of government is used in 40.1% of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> cities with populations of 2,500 or more, according to the 2011 Municipal Yearbook published by ICMA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_the_United_States">History in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the council–manager form of government was a product of a confluence of the prevailing modes of thought during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-stillman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably the foremost influence was the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Movement</a>; following along the thought lines of the movement, the municipal reformers of that time wanted to rid municipalities of the pervasive "<a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a>" form of government and the abuses of the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>. The thought was to have a politically impartial administrator or manager to carry out the administrative function. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton, Virginia</a>, is credited as the first American city to appoint a city manager, which it did in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-SVAmanager_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVAmanager-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appointment attracted attention to the fledgling profession and caught the eye of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_S._Childs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard S. Childs (page does not exist)">Richard S. Childs</a>, who would become known as the "father" of the council–manager form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-stillman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first large city to adopt the council–manager form was <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, in 1913. <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressives</a> organizing for the city manager plan also prioritized <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> with adoption in <a href="/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula, Ohio">Ashtabula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council–manager form of government developed, at least in part, as a response to some perceived limitations of the <a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">city commission government</a> form. Since it relies on candidates being elected at-large, minority populations are often unable to elect candidates of their choice. In addition, it may concentrate too much power in individual commissioners, who also manage city departments. The council–manager form became the preferred alternative for progressive reform. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, few cities adopted the commission form and many cities using the commission plan switched to the council–manager form.<sup id="cite_ref-texashandbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texashandbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2001 there were 3,302 cities with a population over 2,500 and 371 counties using the council–manager system. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, is the largest city in the United States to retain a council–manager government.<sup id="cite_ref-PHOMayor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHOMayor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been studies about hybrid forms of local governments that take elements of both council–manager and <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council</a> forms. The cities that have modified their organizational structure from one of the pure forms have been called "adaptive" forms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland">History in the Republic of Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History in the Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_Manager_(Republic_of_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council Manager (Republic of Ireland)">Council Manager (Republic of Ireland)</a></div> <p>Following the turmoil of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), the <a href="/wiki/1916_rising" class="mw-redirect" title="1916 rising">1916 rising</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921), and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> (1921–1923), the Irish government found it necessary to remove the members of several local authorities and replace them temporarily by paid commissioners. </p><p>Both Dublin and Cork city councils were so removed. In both cities, there was a body of opinion that the services provided by the councils were delivered more efficiently and fairly under the commissioners than under the previous system, where the executive function had been, in effect, vested in the councils and their committees. </p><p>In 1926, a committee of commercial and industrial interests in Cork came together to consider a scheme of city government. Having regard to the city's experience of commissioners and recent experience in the United States a council–manager plan of city government was proposed. </p><p>After discussion between the minister for local government and local representatives, the minister, Richard Mulcahy, introduced as a government measure, the <i>Cork City Management Bill 1929</i> and it became law despite opposition. The minister proposed and the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> enacted similar provision for Dublin City in 1930. Similar laws were passed for Limerick in 1934 and Waterford in 1939 under the <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> government. </p><p>Under the <i>County Management Act 1940</i>, which was brought into operation in August 1942, a <i>county manager</i> is the manager of every <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> or <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a> in that county, but since the 1990s, has the power to delegate these functions to any other officer of that borough or town council. </p><p>The system was modified also in subsequent legislation, particularly the <i>City and County Management (Amendment) Act 1955</i>, which made some adjustments to give greater power to the council members, and the <i>Local Government Act 1985</i>, which provided for the council–manager system in <a href="/wiki/Galway_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Galway City">Galway City</a> once detached for local government purposes from <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>. </p><p>The above acts have been replaced since that time, in substantially the same form, by the <i><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2001" title="Local Government Act 2001">Local Government Act 2001</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_Germany">History in Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The council-manager form of local government was originally introduced into the West German states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> by post-WWII legislation. It was abolished in the mid-1990s when changes to local government law resulted in the adoption of the mayor-council system. The equivalent German term for the position of city manager was <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstadtdirektor" class="extiw" title="de:Oberstadtdirektor">Oberstadtdirektor</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SvaraWinter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SvaraWinter_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSvara2008" class="citation journal cs1">Svara, James H. 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"Strengthening Local Government Leadership and Performance: Reexamining and Updating the Winter Commission Goals". <i>Public Administration Review</i>. <b>68</b>: S37–S49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6210.2008.00977.x">10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00977.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Strengthening+Local+Government+Leadership+and+Performance%3A+Reexamining+and+Updating+the+Winter+Commission+Goals&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=S37-S49&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6210.2008.00977.x&rft.aulast=Svara&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil%E2%80%93manager+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlc.org/resource/forms-of-municipal-government/">"Cities 101 — Forms of Municipal Government"</a>. 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+101+%E2%80%94+Forms+of+Municipal+Government&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.org%2Fresource%2Fforms-of-municipal-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil%E2%80%93manager+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Council-manager_government">"Council-manager government"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council-manager+government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FCouncil-manager_government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil%E2%80%93manager+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093727/http://bookstore.icma.org/Municipal_Year_Book_2011_P2129C29.cfm?UserID=5821676&jsessionid=4e30e8fe942d46541687">"2011 Municipal Yearbook"</a>. 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(1974). <i>The Rise of the City Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVAmanager-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SVAmanager_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120051230/http://www.staunton.va.us/default.asp?pageID=B94197C5-F4F9-427D-938A-4CFCCF4929DF">"Staunton, Virginia: Birthplace of the Council Manager Form of Government"</a>. City of Staunton. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staunton.va.us/default.asp?pageID=B94197C5-F4F9-427D-938A-4CFCCF4929DF">the original</a> on November 20, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Adapted Cities Framework". <i>Urban Affairs Review</i>. <b>43</b> (6): 875–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1078087407311396">10.1177/1078087407311396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153593604">153593604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Affairs+Review&rft.atitle=The+Adapted+Cities+Framework&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=875-86&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1078087407311396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153593604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Jered+B.&rft.au=Karuppusamy%2C+Shanthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil%E2%80%93manager+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvaraNelson2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Svara, James H.; Nelson, Kimberly L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icma.org/documents/taking-stock-council-manager-form-100">"Taking Stock of the Council-Manager Form at 100"</a>. <i>Public Management</i>. August 2008: 6–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Management&rft.atitle=Taking+Stock+of+the+Council-Manager+Form+at+100&rft.volume=August+2008&rft.pages=6-15&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Svara&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Kimberly+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficma.org%2Fdocuments%2Ftaking-stock-council-manager-form-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil%E2%80%93manager+government" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council%E2%80%93manager_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citymayors.com/government/council_managers.html">City Mayors feature on US council managers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icma.org/">International City/County Management Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalcivicleague.org/">National Civic League</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council–manager_government&oldid=1257698143">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council–manager_government&oldid=1257698143</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_local_government" title="Category:Forms of local government">Forms of local government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Local government in the United States">Local government in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Category:Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Local government in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2017">Articles with dead external links from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2014">Articles needing additional references from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 06:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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