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<li id="toc-Early_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruby_1.8_and_1.9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruby_1.8_and_1.9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ruby 1.8 and 1.9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruby_1.8_and_1.9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruby_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruby_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ruby 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruby_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruby_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruby_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ruby 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruby_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Semantics and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matz's_Ruby_interpreter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matz's_Ruby_interpreter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Matz's Ruby interpreter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matz's_Ruby_interpreter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Alternative implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Platform support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repositories_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repositories_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Repositories and libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repositories_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruby (programming language)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="روبي (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبي (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengache_de_programaci%C3%B3n_Ruby" title="Luengache de programación Ruby – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengache de programación Ruby" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="روبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="রুবি (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুবি (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programski_jezik)" title="Ruby (programski jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruby (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programmeringssprog)" title="Ruby (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruby (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(Programmiersprache)" title="Ruby (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruby (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="Ruby (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruby (programmeerimiskeel)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programlingvo)" title="Ruby (programlingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruby (programlingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="روبی (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روبی (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="루비 (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루비 (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruby (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Ruby (ծրագրավորման լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ruby (ծրագրավորման լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programski_jezik)" title="Ruby (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruby (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programifo-linguo)" title="Ruby (programifo-linguo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ruby (programifo-linguo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Ruby (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruby (bahasa pemrograman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Ruby (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ruby (linguage de programmation)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Ruby (linguaggio di programmazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruby (linguaggio di programmazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Ruby (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruby (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="റൂബി (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൂബി (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="रुबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Ruby (programming language)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programmeertaal)" title="Ruby (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruby (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" title="ରୁବୀ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୁବୀ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਰੂਬੀ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਬੀ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="روبی (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روبی (پروگرامنگ زبان)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="Ruby (język programowania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruby (język programowania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Ruby (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ruby (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(gjuh%C3%AB_programuese)" title="Ruby (gjuhë programuese) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ruby (gjuhë programuese)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruby (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Ruby (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruby (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ڕووبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ruby (програмски језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ruby (програмски језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubi_(programski_jezik)" title="Rubi (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rubi (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="ரூபி (நிரலாக்க மொழி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரூபி (நிரலாக்க மொழி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5)" title="Ruby (программа тәэминатын тасвирлау теле) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ruby (программа тәэминатын тасвирлау теле)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7)" title="రూబి (కంప్యూటర్ భాష) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రూబి (కంప్యూటర్ భాష)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษารูบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษารูบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="روبی (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روبی (پروگرامنگ زبان)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="Ruby (ngôn ngữ lập trình) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ruby (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Ruby 程式語言 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Ruby 程式語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161053#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Ruby</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ruby_logo.svg/121px-Ruby_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ruby_logo.svg/182px-Ruby_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ruby_logo.svg/242px-Ruby_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Yukihiro Matsumoto, et al.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1995<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.3.6 <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161053?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.3.0_Released_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.3.0_Released-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 5 November 2024<span class="noprint">; 17 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">5 November 2024</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">Duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lexical, sometimes dynamic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_License" title="Ruby License">Ruby License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.rb, .ru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">ruby-lang.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_MRI" title="Ruby MRI">Ruby MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/GraalVM#Language_and_Runtime_Support" title="GraalVM">TruffleRuby</a>, <a href="/wiki/YARV" title="YARV">YARV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a>, <a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a>, <a href="/wiki/RubyMotion" title="RubyMotion">RubyMotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mruby" title="Mruby">mruby</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nov2pro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nov2pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">Basic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-confreaks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confreaks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nov2pro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nov2pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nov2pro_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nov2pro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a><sup id="cite_ref-bini_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirah_(programming_language)" title="Mirah (programming language)">Mirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_(programming_language)" title="Nu (programming language)">Nu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Burks_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burks-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ring_and_other_languages_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring_and_other_languages-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rust_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-lattner2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ruby_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ruby Programming">Ruby Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ruby</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Primitive_data_type" title="Primitive data type">primitive data types</a>. It was developed in the mid-1990s by <a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p><p>Ruby is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamically typed</a> and uses <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a>. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>. According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-about_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-confreaks_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confreaks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ruby" title="History of Ruby">History of Ruby</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_concept">Early concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matsumoto has said that Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the <i>ruby-talk</i> mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had the smell of a <a href="/wiki/Toy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toy language">toy language</a> (it still has). The object-oriented language seemed very promising. I knew <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it was a true object-oriented language –  OO features appeared to be add-on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it.</p></blockquote> <p>Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a>, and practical utility like that of Perl.<sup id="cite_ref-lisp-features_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lisp-features-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for the language.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially two names were proposed: "<a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a>". Matsumoto chose the latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka.<sup id="cite_ref-ruby-name_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-name-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby"–it was the <a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">birthstone</a> of one of his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-faq-name_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-name-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruby-talk-name_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-talk-name-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_releases">Early releases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a> on December 21, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-0.95_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0.95-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruby-history_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The release coincided with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese-language</a> <i>ruby-list</i> mailing list, which was the first mailing list for the new language. </p><p>Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> design, <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a> with inheritance, <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-features_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-features-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in these years: </p> <ul><li>Ruby 1.0: December 25, 1996<sup id="cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ruby 1.2: December 1998</li> <li>Ruby 1.4: August 1999</li> <li>Ruby 1.6: September 2000</li></ul> <p>In 1997, the first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the first English language mailing list <i>ruby-talk</i> began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxdevcenter-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote the first book on Ruby, <i>The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby</i> (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-programming-ruby_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-programming-ruby-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2000, the first English language book <i><a href="/wiki/Programming_Ruby" title="Programming Ruby">Programming Ruby</a></i> was printed, which was later freely released to the public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language <i>ruby-talk</i> mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language <i>ruby-list</i>, demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the non-Japanese speaking world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruby_1.8_and_1.9">Ruby 1.8 and 1.9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ruby 1.8 and 1.9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruby 1.8 was initially released August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-1.8.7-retirement_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.8.7-retirement-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although deprecated, there is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9. </p><p>Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> agency) for submission to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards_Committee" title="Japanese Industrial Standards Committee">Japanese Industrial Standards Committee</a> (JISC) and then to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO). It was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-JIS_X_3017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIS_X_3017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an international standard (ISO/IEC 30170) in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-IPA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEC_30170_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC_30170-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg/220px-Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg/330px-Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg/440px-Ruby_On_Rails_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web framework</a> written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby.<sup id="cite_ref-Devarticles_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devarticles-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_1.9.3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_1.9.3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license.<sup id="cite_ref-license-change_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-license-change-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party <a href="#Repositories_and_libraries">gems</a> to be rewritten. Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series. Examples include:<sup id="cite_ref-1-9-features_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-9-features-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">block local</a> variables (variables that are local to the <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">block</a> in which they are declared)</li> <li>an additional <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">lambda</a> syntax: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span></code></li> <li>an additional <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">Hash</a> literal syntax using colons for symbol keys: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{</span><span class="ss">symbol_key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"value"</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="ss">:symbol_key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"value"</span><span class="p">}</span></code></li> <li>per-string <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> are supported</li> <li>new socket API [<a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> support]</li> <li><code>require_relative</code> import security</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruby_2">Ruby 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ruby 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruby 2.0 was intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-2-0-release-incompatibilities_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2-0-release-incompatibilities-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">Method</a> keyword arguments</li> <li>A new method, <code>Module#prepend</code>, to extend a class</li> <li>A new literal to create an array of symbols</li> <li>New API for <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a> of Enumerables</li> <li>A new convention of using #to_h to convert objects to Hashes<sup id="cite_ref-Endoh_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endoh-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy changed to be more similar to <a href="/wiki/Semantic_versioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic versioning">semantic versioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-semantic-versioning_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semantic-versioning-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling – an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and the option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using <a href="/wiki/Vfork" class="mw-redirect" title="Vfork">vfork</a>(2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> 7.0 specification. Since version 2.2.1,<sup id="cite_ref-2-2-1-release_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2-2-1-release-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Matz's_Ruby_interpreter">Ruby MRI</a> performance on <a href="/wiki/Ppc64" title="Ppc64">PowerPC64</a> was improved.<sup id="cite_ref-2-2-1-changelog_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2-2-1-changelog-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pedrosa-1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedrosa-1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pedrosa-2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedrosa-2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions.<sup id="cite_ref-obsolete-or-gone-in-2.2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsolete-or-gone-in-2.2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruby 2.3.0 includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_2.3.0_NEWS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_2.3.0_NEWS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable changes include: </p> <ul><li>The ability to mark all <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literals</a> as frozen by default with a consequently large performance increase in string operations.<sup id="cite_ref-frozen-strings_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen-strings-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hash comparison to allow direct checking of key/value pairs instead of just keys.</li> <li>A new <a href="/wiki/Safe_navigation_operator" title="Safe navigation operator">safe navigation operator</a> <code>&.</code> that can ease nil handling (e.g. instead of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span></code>, we can use <code>if obj&.foo&.bar</code>).</li> <li>The <i>did_you_mean</i> gem is now bundled by default and required on startup to automatically suggest similar name matches on a <i>NameError</i> or <i>NoMethodError</i>.</li> <li><i>Hash#dig</i> and <i>Array#dig</i> to easily extract deeply nested values (e.g. given <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="n">profile</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">social</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Foo Baz'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span></code>, the value <i>Foo Baz</i> can now be retrieved by <code>profile.dig(:social, :wikipedia, :name)</code>).</li> <li><code>.grep_v(regexp)</code> which will match all negative examples of a given regular expression in addition to other new features.</li></ul> <p>Ruby 2.4.0 includes performance improvements to hash table, Array#max, Array#min, and instance variable access.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable changes include: </p> <ul><li>Binding#irb: Start a REPL session similar to binding.pry</li> <li>Unify <i>Fixnum</i> and <i>Bignum</i> into <i>Integer</i> class</li> <li>String supports Unicode case mappings, not just ASCII</li> <li>A new method, Regexp#match?, which is a faster Boolean version of Regexp#match</li> <li>Thread deadlock detection now shows threads with their backtrace and dependency</li></ul> <p>A few notable changes in Ruby 2.5.0 include <i>rescue</i> and <i>ensure</i> statements automatically use a surrounding <i>do-end</i> block (less need for extra <i>begin-end</i> blocks), method-chaining with <i>yield_self</i>, support for branch coverage and method coverage measurement, and easier Hash transformations with <i>Hash#slice</i> and <i>Hash#transform_keys</i> On top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing (3 times faster), faster Mutexes, faster ERB templates and improvements on some concatenation methods. </p><p>A few notable changes in Ruby 2.6.0 include an experimental <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> (JIT), and <i>RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree</i> (experimental). </p><p>A few notable changes in Ruby 2.7.0 include pattern Matching (experimental), REPL improvements, a compaction GC, and separation of positional and keyword arguments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruby_3">Ruby 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ruby 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruby 3.0.0 was released on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> Day in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.0.0_Released-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known as Ruby 3x3 which means that programs would run three times faster in Ruby 3.0 comparing to Ruby 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some had already implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3. To achieve 3x3, Ruby 3 comes with MJIT, and later YJIT, Just-In-Time Compilers, to make programs faster, although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default (enabled by flags at runtime). </p><p>Another goal of Ruby 3.0 is to improve <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> and two more utilities Fibre Scheduler, and experimental Ractor facilitate the goal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.0.0_Released-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ractor is light-weight and thread-safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects. </p><p>Ruby 3.0 introduces RBS language to describe the types of Ruby programs for <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.0.0_Released-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is separated from general Ruby programs. </p><p>There are some syntax enhancements and library changes in Ruby 3.0 as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.0.0_Released-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruby 3.1 was released on December 25, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.1.0_Released_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.1.0_Released-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes YJIT, a new, experimental, Just-In-Time Compiler developed by <a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a>, to enhance the performance of real world business applications. A new <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> is also included. There are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release. Network libraries for <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAP">IMAP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a> are moved from default gems to bundled gems.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruby 3.2 was released on December 25, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.2.0_Released_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.2.0_Released-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brings support for being run inside of a <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> environment via a WASI interface. <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">Regular expressions</a> also receives some improvements, including a faster, <a href="/wiki/Memoization" title="Memoization">memoized</a> matching algorithm to protect against certain <a href="/wiki/ReDoS" title="ReDoS">ReDoS</a> attacks, and configurable timeouts for regular expression matching. Additional debugging and syntax features are also included in this release, which include syntax suggestion, as well as error highlighting. The MJIT compiler has been re-implemented as a standard library module, while the YJIT, a <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a> compiler now supports more architectures on Linux. </p><p>Ruby 3.3 was released on December 25, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_3.3.0_Released_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_3.3.0_Released-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby 3.3 introduces significant enhancements and performance improvements to the language. Key features include the introduction of the Prism parser for portable and maintainable parsing, the addition of the pure-Ruby JIT compiler RJIT, and major performance boosts in the YJIT compiler. Additionally, improvements in memory usage, the introduction of an M:N thread scheduler, and updates to the standard library contribute to a more efficient and developer-friendly Ruby ecosystem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics_and_philosophy">Semantics and philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Semantics and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yukihiro_Matsumoto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Yukihiro_Matsumoto.JPG/220px-Yukihiro_Matsumoto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Yukihiro_Matsumoto.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, the creator of Ruby</figcaption></figure> <p>Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> design.<sup id="cite_ref-informit_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-informit-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 he said, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in the world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language."<sup id="cite_ref-googletechtalk_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googletechtalk-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs:<sup id="cite_ref-artima_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artima-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively. By doing this, the machine will something something something." They are focusing on machines. But in fact we need to focus on humans, on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines. We are the masters. They are the slaves. </p> </blockquote> <p>Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_astonishment" title="Principle of least astonishment">principle of least astonishment</a> (POLA) to the design of Ruby;<sup id="cite_ref-artima_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artima-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyweeklynews_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyweeklynews-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matsumoto defined it this way in an interview:<sup id="cite_ref-artima_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artima-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Everyone has an individual background. Someone may come from Python, someone else may come from Perl, and they may be surprised by different aspects of the language. Then they come up to me and say, 'I was surprised by this feature of the language, so Ruby violates the principle of least surprise.' Wait. Wait. The principle of least surprise is not for you only. The principle of least surprise means principle of least <i>my</i> surprise. And it means the principle of least surprise after you learn Ruby very well. For example, I was a C++ programmer before I started designing Ruby. I programmed in C++ exclusively for two or three years. And after two years of C++ programming, it still surprises me. </p> </blockquote> <p>Ruby is <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>: every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integers</a>, Booleans, and "<a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a>"). Because everything in Ruby is an object, everything in Ruby has certain built-in abilities called methods. Every <a href="/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">function</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">method</a> and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of the Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch">dynamic dispatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a> and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single <a href="/wiki/Instance_(computer_science)" title="Instance (computer science)">instance</a> rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a>, classes can import <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modules</a> as mixins. </p><p>Ruby has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>: it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> (it has <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continuation" title="Continuation">continuations</a>; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for <a href="/wiki/Introspection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Introspection (computer science)">introspection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a>, and interpreter-based <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a>. Ruby features <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">dynamic typing</a>, and supports <a href="/wiki/Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">parametric polymorphism</a>. </p><p>According to the Ruby FAQ, the syntax is similar to <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>'s and the semantics are similar to <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk's</a>, but the design philosophy differs greatly from <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-faq-comparison_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-comparison-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> with <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclasses</a><sup id="cite_ref-stewart_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewart-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a></li> <li>Everything is an <a href="/wiki/Expression_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expression (programming)">expression</a> (even <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a>) and everything is executed <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperatively</a> (even <a href="/wiki/Declaration_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration (computer science)">declarations</a>)</li> <li>Succinct and flexible syntax<sup id="cite_ref-venners-productivity_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-productivity-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that minimizes <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_noise" title="Syntactic noise">syntactic noise</a> and serves as a foundation for <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-specific languages">domain-specific languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-fowler-dsl_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-dsl-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dynamic <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language#Object_runtime_alteration" title="Dynamic programming language">alteration</a> of objects to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a><sup id="cite_ref-codeproject-dynamic_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codeproject-dynamic-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">Lexical closures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Ruby_syntax#Blocks_and_iterators" title="Ruby syntax">block syntax</a><sup id="cite_ref-venners-closures_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-closures-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Literal notation for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_array" title="Dynamic array">arrays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">hashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(Lisp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (Lisp)">symbols</a></li> <li>Embedding code in strings (<a href="/wiki/Variable_interpolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable interpolation">interpolation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Default_argument" title="Default argument">Default arguments</a></li> <li>Four levels of variable scope (<a href="/wiki/Global_variable" title="Global variable">global</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_variable" title="Class variable">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instance_variable" title="Instance variable">instance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local</a>) denoted by <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(computer_programming)" title="Sigil (computer programming)">sigils</a> or the lack thereof</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-class_continuation" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class continuation">First-class continuations</a></li> <li>Strict Boolean <a href="/wiki/Implicit_type_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Implicit type conversion">coercion</a> rules (everything is <i>true</i> except <code>false</code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">nil</a></code>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exception handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">Operator overloading</a><sup id="cite_ref-Methods_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Methods-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Built-in support for <a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a></li> <li>Custom dispatch behavior (through <code>method_missing</code> and <code>const_missing</code>)</li> <li>Native <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a> and cooperative <a href="/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">fibers</a> (fibers are a 1.9/<a href="/wiki/YARV" title="YARV">YARV</a> feature)</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and multiple <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a>.</li> <li>Native <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-in</a> API in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li>Interactive Ruby Shell, an interactive command-line interpreter that can be used to test code quickly (<a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">REPL</a>)</li> <li>Centralized package management through <a href="/wiki/RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a></li> <li>Implemented on all major platforms</li> <li>Large standard library, including modules for <a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)" title="Curses (programming library)">curses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zlib" title="Zlib">zlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tk_(software)" title="Tk (software)">Tk</a><sup id="cite_ref-stdlib-2.0.0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stdlib-2.0.0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time compilation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_syntax" title="Ruby syntax">Ruby syntax</a></div> <p>The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with a <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(computer_programming)" title="Sigil (computer programming)">sigil</a>. When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between <a href="/wiki/Expression_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expression (programming)">expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-while_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-while-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-precedence_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precedence-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant. </p><p>One of the differences from Python and Perl is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to the class and only exposes them through accessor methods (<code>attr_writer</code>, <code>attr_reader</code>, etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a>; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of C++ and Java. As invocation of these methods does not require the use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and <a href="/wiki/VB.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="VB.NET">VB.NET</a> property members. </p><p>Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a trade-off in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes the implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare <code>set</code> and <code>get</code> methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses the internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_MRI#Operating_systems" title="Ruby MRI">Ruby MRI § Operating systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ruby_compilers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ruby compilers">List of Ruby compilers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matz's_Ruby_interpreter"><span id="Matz.27s_Ruby_interpreter"></span>Matz's Ruby interpreter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Matz's Ruby interpreter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original Ruby <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter (computer software)">interpreter</a> is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ruby_MRI" title="Ruby MRI">Matz's Ruby Interpreter</a> or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. </p><p>The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 <a href="/wiki/Ruby_MRI" title="Ruby MRI">implementation</a> was written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, as a single-pass <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1.8.7-retirement_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.8.7-retirement-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above, the official Ruby interpreter has been <a href="/wiki/YARV" title="YARV">YARV</a> ("Yet Another Ruby VM"), and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of MRI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_implementations">Alternative implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternative implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are a number of alternative implementations of Ruby, including <a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mruby" title="Mruby">mruby</a>. Each takes a different approach, with JRuby and Rubinius providing <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> and mruby also providing <a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time compilation</a>. </p><p>Ruby has three major alternative implementations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a>, a mixed <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and Ruby implementation that runs on the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a>. JRuby currently targets Ruby 3.1.x.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TruffleRuby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TruffleRuby (page does not exist)">TruffleRuby</a>, a Java implementation using the Truffle language implementation framework with <a href="/wiki/GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> bytecode virtual machine that uses <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> to compile to machine code at runtime. The bytecode compiler and most core classes are written in pure Ruby. Rubinius currently targets Ruby 2.3.1.</li></ul> <p>Other Ruby implementations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MagLev_(software)" title="MagLev (software)">MagLev</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> implementation that runs on <a href="/wiki/GemTalk_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="GemTalk Systems">GemTalk Systems</a>' <a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">GemStone/S</a> VM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruby" title="Mruby">mruby</a>, an implementation designed to be embedded into C code, in a similar vein to <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>. It is currently being developed by <a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a> and others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGSS" class="mw-redirect" title="RGSS">RGSS</a>, or Ruby Game Scripting System, a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> implementation that is used by the <a href="/wiki/RPG_Maker" title="RPG Maker">RPG Maker</a> series of software for game design and modification of the RPG Maker engine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julializer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julializer (page does not exist)">julializer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transpiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpiler">transpiler</a> (partial) from Ruby to <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>. It can be used for a large speedup over e.g. Ruby or JRuby implementations (may only be useful for numerical code).<sup id="cite_ref-virtual-module_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtual-module-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topaz_(Ruby)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topaz (Ruby) (page does not exist)">Topaz</a>, a Ruby implementation written in <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opal_(Ruby)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opal (Ruby) (page does not exist)">Opal</a>, a web-based interpreter that compiles Ruby to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li></ul> <p>Other now defunct Ruby implementations were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacRuby" title="MacRuby">MacRuby</a>, a <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> implementation on the <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> runtime. Its iOS counterpart is called <a href="/wiki/RubyMotion" title="RubyMotion">RubyMotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a> an implementation on the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li>Cardinal, an implementation for the <a href="/wiki/Parrot_virtual_machine" title="Parrot virtual machine">Parrot virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Enterprise_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Enterprise Edition">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>, often shortened to <i>ree</i>, an implementation optimized to handle large-scale <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotRuby" title="HotRuby">HotRuby</a>, a <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby programming language">Ruby programming language</a></li></ul> <p>The maturity of Ruby implementations tends to be measured by their ability to run the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> (Rails) framework, because it is complex to implement and uses many Ruby-specific features. The point when a particular implementation achieves this goal is called "the Rails singularity". The reference implementation, JRuby, and Rubinius<sup id="cite_ref-Rubinius_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubinius-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are all able to run Rails unmodified in a production environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_support">Platform support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Platform support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matsumoto originally developed Ruby on the <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">4.3BSD</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">Sony NEWS-OS</a> 3.x, but later migrated his work to <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> 4.x, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stodte_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stodte-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-initial-development_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial-development-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1999, Ruby was known to work across many different <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. Modern Ruby versions and implementations are available on all major desktop, mobile and server-based operating systems. Ruby is also supported across a number of cloud hosting platforms like <a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a> and others. </p><p>Tools such as <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Version_Manager" title="Ruby Version Manager">RVM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=RBEnv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RBEnv (page does not exist)">RBEnv</a>, facilitate installation and partitioning of multiple ruby versions, and multiple 'gemsets' on one machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repositories_and_libraries">Repositories and libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Repositories and libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a> is Ruby's package manager. A Ruby package is called a "gem" and can be installed via the command line. Most gems are libraries, though a few exist that are applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruby-toolbox_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-toolbox-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are over 100,000 Ruby gems hosted on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubygems.org/">RubyGems.org</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many new and existing Ruby libraries are hosted on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, a service that offers <a href="/wiki/Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">version control</a> repository hosting for <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a>. </p><p>The Ruby Application Archive, which hosted applications, documentation, and libraries for Ruby programming, was maintained until 2013, when its function was transferred to RubyGems.<sup id="cite_ref-raa-retirement_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raa-retirement-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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Rails</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ruby_3.3.0_Released-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_3.3.0_Released_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_3.3.0_Released_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2023/12/25/ruby-3-3-0-released/">"Ruby 3.3.0 Released"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225071449/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2023/12/25/ruby-3-3-0-released/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruby+3.3.0+Released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F25%2Fruby-3-3-0-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nov2pro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nov2pro_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nov2pro_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nov2pro_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2009" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Peter (2009). <i>Beginning Ruby: From Novice to Professional</i>. Beginning from Novice to Professional (2nd ed.). Berkeley: APress. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-2363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-2363-4"><bdi>978-1-4302-2363-4</bdi></a>. <q>To a lesser extent, Python, LISP, Eiffel, Ada, and C++ have also influenced Ruby.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Ruby%3A+From+Novice+to+Professional&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Beginning+from+Novice+to+Professional&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=APress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-2363-4&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-confreaks-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-confreaks_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-confreaks_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDnOBXD167k">"Reasons behind Ruby"</a>. <i>Ruby Conference 2008</i>. Confreaks (YouTube). 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ruby+Conference+2008&rft.atitle=Reasons+behind+Ruby&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvDnOBXD167k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bini-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bini_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bini_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bini_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bini_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bini_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bini_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBini2007" class="citation book cs1">Bini, Ola (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3"><i>Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: Bringing Ruby on Rails to Java</i></a>. Berkeley: APress. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-881-8"><bdi>978-1-59059-881-8</bdi></a>. <q>It draws primarily on features from Perl, Smalltalk, Python, Lisp, Dylan, and CLU.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+JRuby+on+Rails+Web+2.0+Projects%3A+Bringing+Ruby+on+Rails+to+Java&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=APress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-881-8&rft.aulast=Bini&rft.aufirst=Ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticaljrubyon0000bini%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Julia_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025550/https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/">"Julia 1.0 Documentation: Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/">the original</a> on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julia+1.0+Documentation%3A+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.julialang.org%2Fen%2Fstable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burks-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burks_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks" class="citation web cs1">Burks, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://programming.nu/about">"About Nu™"</a>. <i>Programming Nu™</i>. Neon Design Technology, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131630/http://programming.nu/about%0A%20">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Programming+Nu%E2%84%A2&rft.atitle=About+Nu%E2%84%A2&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprogramming.nu%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring_and_other_languages-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ring_and_other_languages_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing_Team2017" class="citation web cs1">Ring Team (3 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages">"Ring and other languages"</a>. <i>ring-lang.net</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring-lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring-lang (page does not exist)">ring-lang</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ring-lang.net&rft.atitle=Ring+and+other+languages&rft.date=2017-12-03&rft.au=Ring+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fring-lang.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc1.6%2Fintroduction.html%23ring-and-other-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rust-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rust_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html">"Influences - The Rust Reference"</a>. <i>The Rust Reference</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126051127/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Reference&rft.atitle=Influences+-+The+Rust+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Finfluences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lattner2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lattner2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1">Lattner, Chris (2014-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre/">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-03</span></span>. <q>The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/">"About Ruby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009090312/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Ruby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lisp-features-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lisp-features_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumoto2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Matsumoto, Yukihiro</a> (13 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027195101/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/179642">"Re: Ruby's lisp features"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/179642">the original</a> on 2018-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Ruby%27s+lisp+features.&rft.date=2006-02-13&rft.aulast=Matsumoto&rft.aufirst=Yukihiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-talk%2F179642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubyconf-history-of-ruby-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubyconf-history-of-ruby_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nicksieger.com/articles/2006/10/20/rubyconf-history-of-ruby">"History of Ruby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714181409/http://blog.nicksieger.com/articles/2006/10/20/rubyconf-history-of-ruby">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Ruby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nicksieger.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F10%2F20%2Frubyconf-history-of-ruby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruby-name-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruby-name_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717205734/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/88819">"[FYI: historic] The decisive moment of the language name Ruby. (Re: [ANN] ruby 1.8.1)"</a> (E-mail from Hiroshi Sugihara to ruby-talk). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/88819">the original</a> on 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BFYI%3A+historic%5D+The+decisive+moment+of+the+language+name+Ruby.+%28Re%3A+%5BANN%5D+ruby+1.8.1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-talk%2F88819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faq-name-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faq-name_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ruby-doc-bundle/FAQ/FAQ.html">"1.3 Why the name 'Ruby'?"</a>. <i>The Ruby Language FAQ</i>. Ruby-Doc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528140926/http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ruby-doc-bundle/FAQ/FAQ.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ruby+Language+FAQ&rft.atitle=1.3+Why+the+name+%27Ruby%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-doc.org%2Fdocs%2Fruby-doc-bundle%2FFAQ%2FFAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruby-talk-name-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruby-talk-name_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYukihiro_Matsumoto1999" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a> (June 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131629/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/394%0A%20">"Re: the name of Ruby?"</a>. <i>Ruby-Talk</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/394">the original</a> on December 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+the+name+of+Ruby%3F&rft.date=1999-06-11&rft.au=Yukihiro+Matsumoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-talk%2F394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0.95-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0.95_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106023204/http://eigenclass.org/hiki/ruby+0.95">"More archeolinguistics: unearthing proto-Ruby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eigenclass.org/hiki/ruby+0.95">the original</a> on 6 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+archeolinguistics%3A+unearthing+proto-Ruby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feigenclass.org%2Fhiki%2Fruby%2B0.95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruby-history-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruby-history_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716133016/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/382">"[ruby-talk:00382] Re: history of ruby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/382">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Bruby-talk%3A00382%5D+Re%3A+history+of+ruby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-talk%2F382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tutorial-features-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tutorial-features_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030524071004/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-list/124">"[ruby-list:124] TUTORIAL — ruby's features"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-list/124">the original</a> on 24 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Bruby-list%3A124%5D+TUTORIAL+%E2%80%94+ruby%27s+features&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-list%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linuxdevcenter-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208092724/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+the+Creator+of+Ruby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2001%2F11%2F29%2Fruby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-programming-ruby-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-programming-ruby_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYukihiro_Matsumoto2000" class="citation web cs1">Yukihiro Matsumoto (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruby-doc.com/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/foreword.html">"Programming Ruby: Forward"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131631/http://ruby-doc.com/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/foreword.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programming+Ruby%3A+Forward&rft.date=2000-10&rft.au=Yukihiro+Matsumoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruby-doc.com%2Fdocs%2FProgrammingRuby%2Fhtml%2Fforeword.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1.8.7-retirement-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1.8.7-retirement_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1.8.7-retirement_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/06/30/we-retire-1-8-7/">"We retire Ruby 1.8.7"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606075059/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/06/30/we-retire-1-8-7/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+retire+Ruby+1.8.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2013%2F06%2F30%2Fwe-retire-1-8-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JIS_X_3017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JIS_X_3017_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202010444/http://www.ipa.go.jp/about/press/20110322.html">"IPA 独立行政法人情報処理推進機構：プレス発表プログラム言語RubyのJIS規格（JIS X 3017）制定について"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipa.go.jp/about/press/20110322.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPA+%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA+%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%EF%BC%9A%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E7%99%BA%E8%A1%A8+%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9ERuby%E3%81%AEJIS%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%EF%BC%88JIS+X+3017%EF%BC%89%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipa.go.jp%2Fabout%2Fpress%2F20110322.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201213420/http://www.ipa.go.jp/about/press/20120402_2.html">"IPA 独立行政法人情報処理推進機構：プレス発表プログラム言語Ruby、国際規格として承認"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipa.go.jp/about/press/20120402_2.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPA+%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA+%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%EF%BC%9A%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E7%99%BA%E8%A1%A8+%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9ERuby%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipa.go.jp%2Fabout%2Fpress%2F20120402_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC_30170-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEC_30170_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/59579.html">"ISO/IEC 30170:2012"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312073333/https://www.iso.org/standard/59579.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+30170%3A2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F59579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devarticles-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Devarticles_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devarticles.com/c/a/Ruby-on-Rails/Web-Development-Ruby-on-Rails/">Web Development: Ruby on Rails</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224055407/http://www.devarticles.com/c/a/Ruby-on-Rails/Web-Development-Ruby-on-Rails/">Archived</a> 2009-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Devarticles.com (2007-03-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruby_1.9.3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_1.9.3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2011/10/31/ruby-1-9-3-p0-is-released/">"Ruby 1.9.3 p0 is released"</a>. ruby-lang.org. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114080108/http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2011/10/31/ruby-1-9-3-p0-is-released/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruby+1.9.3+p0+is+released&rft.pub=ruby-lang.org&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2011%2F10%2F31%2Fruby-1-9-3-p0-is-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-license-change-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-license-change_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106023210/http://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/tags/v1_9_3_0/NEWS">"v1_9_3_0/NEWS"</a>. <i>Ruby <a href="/wiki/Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">Subversion</a> source repository</i>. ruby-lang.org. September 17, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.ruby-lang.org/repos/ruby/tags/v1_9_3_0/NEWS">the original</a> on November 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ruby+Subversion+source+repository&rft.atitle=v1_9_3_0%2FNEWS&rft.date=2011-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvn.ruby-lang.org%2Frepos%2Fruby%2Ftags%2Fv1_9_3_0%2FNEWS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1-9-features-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1-9-features_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slideshow.rubyforge.org/ruby19.html">Ruby 1.9: What to Expect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304020712/http://slideshow.rubyforge.org/ruby19.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. slideshow.rubyforge.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2-0-release-incompatibilities-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2-0-release-incompatibilities_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endoh, Yusuke. (2013-02-24) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/#label-8">Ruby 2.0.0-p0 is released</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227014031/http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/#label-8">Archived</a> 2013-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ruby-lang.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endoh-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Endoh_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endoh, Yusuke. (2013-02-24) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/">Ruby 2.0.0-p0 is released</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117182509/http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/02/24/ruby-2-0-0-p0-is-released/">Archived</a> 2016-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ruby-lang.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semantic-versioning-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-semantic-versioning_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213000634/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/12/21/semantic-versioning-after-2-1-0/">"Semantic Versioning starting with Ruby 2.1.0"</a>. December 21, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/12/21/semantic-versioning-after-2-1-0/">the original</a> on February 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specifying+non+volatile+registers+for+increase+performance+in+ppc64&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Gustavo+Frederico+Temple+Pedrosa%2C+Vitor+de+Lima%2C+Leonardo+Bianconi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugs.ruby-lang.org%2Fissues%2F9997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedrosa-2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedrosa-2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavo_Frederico_Temple_Pedrosa,_Vitor_de_Lima,_Leonardo_Bianconi2014" class="citation web cs1">Gustavo Frederico Temple Pedrosa, Vitor de Lima, Leonardo Bianconi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10081">"Specifying MACRO for increase performance in ppc64"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917192140/https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10081">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ruby-lang.org&rft.atitle=Ruby+2.4.0+Released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F25%2Fruby-2-4-0-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruby_3.0.0_Released-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_3.0.0_Released_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2020/12/25/ruby-3-0-0-released/">"Ruby 3.0.0 Released"</a>. <i>Ruby Programming Language</i>. 2020-12-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225060348/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2020/12/25/ruby-3-0-0-released/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ruby+Programming+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fp%3D18225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-googletechtalk-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-googletechtalk_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEkJvvGEtB4"><span class="plainlinks">Google Tech Talks – Ruby 1.9</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artima-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artima_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artima_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artima_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Venners" class="citation web cs1">Bill Venners. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/intv/ruby4.html">"The Philosophy of Ruby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705113402/https://www.artima.com/intv/ruby4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Ruby&rft.au=Bill+Venners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fintv%2Fruby4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubyweeklynews-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubyweeklynews_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704073422/http://www.rubyweeklynews.org/20050529">"Welcome to RUBYWEEKLYNEWS.ORG"</a>. 4 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+RUBYWEEKLYNEWS.ORG&rft.date=2017-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rubyweeklynews.org%2F20050529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faq-comparison-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faq-comparison_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootr.net/rubyfaq-2.html">"The Ruby Language FAQ: How Does Ruby Stack Up Against...?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508051623/http://www.rootr.net/rubyfaq-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ruby+Language+FAQ%3A+How+Does+Ruby+Stack+Up+Against...%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootr.net%2Frubyfaq-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stewart-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stewart_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Stewart2001" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Stewart (29 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+the+Creator+of+Ruby&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2001-11-29&rft.au=Bruce+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2001%2F11%2F29%2Fruby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-venners-productivity-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-venners-productivity_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Venners" class="citation web cs1">Bill Venners. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/intv/tuesday3.html">"Dynamic Productivity with Ruby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905122654/http://www.artima.com/intv/tuesday3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Productivity+with+Ruby&rft.au=Bill+Venners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fintv%2Ftuesday3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler-dsl-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler-dsl_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/languageWorkbench.html">"Language Workbenches: The Killer-App for Domain Specific Languages?"</a>. <i>martinfowler.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502155445/https://martinfowler.com/articles/languageWorkbench.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=martinfowler.com&rft.atitle=Language+Workbenches%3A+The+Killer-App+for+Domain+Specific+Languages%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinfowler.com%2Farticles%2FlanguageWorkbench.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-codeproject-dynamic-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-codeproject-dynamic_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeproject.com/useritems/Ruby_Dynamic_Methods.asp">"Ruby – Add class methods at runtime"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922232049/http://www.codeproject.com/useritems/Ruby_Dynamic_Methods.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruby+%E2%80%93+Add+class+methods+at+runtime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeproject.com%2Fuseritems%2FRuby_Dynamic_Methods.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-venners-closures-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-venners-closures_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Venners" class="citation web cs1">Bill Venners. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/intv/closures.html">"Blocks and Closures in Ruby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418162505/http://www.artima.com/intv/closures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blocks+and+Closures+in+Ruby&rft.au=Bill+Venners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fintv%2Fclosures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Methods-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Methods_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/faq/7/">"Methods"</a>. <i>Official Ruby FAQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628194402/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/faq/7/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Ruby+FAQ&rft.atitle=Methods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fdocumentation%2Ffaq%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stdlib-2.0.0-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stdlib-2.0.0_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt" class="citation web cs1">Britt, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/">"Ruby 2.0.0 Standard Library Documentation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002837/http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruby+2.0.0+Standard+Library+Documentation&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-doc.org%2Fstdlib-2.0.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-while-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-while_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717205553/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/1120">"[ruby-talk:01120] Re: The value of while..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/1120">the original</a> on 2011-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-06</span></span>. <q>In Ruby's syntax, statement is just a special case of an expression that cannot appear as an argument (e.g. multiple assignment).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Bruby-talk%3A01120%5D+Re%3A+The+value+of+while...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-talk%2F1120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-precedence-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-precedence_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040722094000/http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/2460">"[ruby-talk:02460] Re: Precedence question"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/2460">the original</a> on 2004-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-06</span></span>. <q>statement [...] can not be part of expression unless grouped within parentheses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Bruby-talk%3A02460%5D+Re%3A+Precedence+question&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblade.nagaokaut.ac.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fscat.rb%2Fruby%2Fruby-talk%2F2460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virtual-module-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-virtual-module_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/remore/virtual_module">"remove/virtual_module: Born to make your Ruby Code more than 3x faster. Hopefully"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 21 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301202355/https://github.com/remore/virtual_module">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=remove%2Fvirtual_module%3A+Born+to+make+your+Ruby+Code+more+than+3x+faster.+Hopefully.&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fremore%2Fvirtual_module&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubinius-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubinius_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Cooper2010" class="citation web cs1">Peter Cooper (2010-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rubyinside.com/the-why-what-and-how-of-rubinius-1-0-s-release-3261.html">"The Why, What, and How of Rubinius 1.0's Release"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524122253/http://www.rubyinside.com/the-why-what-and-how-of-rubinius-1-0-s-release-3261.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Why%2C+What%2C+and+How+of+Rubinius+1.0%27s+Release&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.au=Peter+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rubyinside.com%2Fthe-why-what-and-how-of-rubinius-1-0-s-release-3261.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stodte-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stodte_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Stodte2000" class="citation web cs1">Maya Stodte (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818164241/http://www-4.ibm.com/software/developer/library/ruby.html">"IBM developerWorks – Ruby: a new language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-4.ibm.com/software/developer/library/ruby.html">the original</a> on August 18, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+developerWorks+%E2%80%93+Ruby%3A+a+new+language&rft.date=2000-02&rft.au=Maya+Stodte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-4.ibm.com%2Fsoftware%2Fdeveloper%2Flibrary%2Fruby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-initial-development-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-initial-development_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYukihiro_Matsumoto2002" class="citation web cs1">Yukihiro Matsumoto (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osdir.com/ml/lang-ruby-general/2002-08/msg02494.html">"lang-ruby-general: Re: question about Ruby initial development"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303174016/http://osdir.com/ml/lang-ruby-general/2002-08/msg02494.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lang-ruby-general%3A+Re%3A+question+about+Ruby+initial+development&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=Yukihiro+Matsumoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosdir.com%2Fml%2Flang-ruby-general%2F2002-08%2Fmsg02494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruby-toolbox-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruby-toolbox_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/">"The Ruby Toolbox"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403032259/https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ruby+Toolbox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-toolbox.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubygems.org/stats">"Stats RubyGems.org your community gem host"</a>. <i>rubygems.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210161811/https://rubygems.org/stats">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rubygems.org&rft.atitle=Stats+RubyGems.org+your+community+gem+host&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubygems.org%2Fstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raa-retirement-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raa-retirement_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/08/08/rip-raa/">"We retire raa.ruby-lang.org"</a>. 2013-08-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231151747/http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2013/08/08/rip-raa/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+retire+raa.ruby-lang.org&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-lang.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2013%2F08%2F08%2Frip-raa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackLeo2019" class="citation cs2">Black, David; Leo, Joseph (March 15, 2019), <i>The Well-Grounded Rubyist</i> (Third ed.), <a href="/wiki/Manning_Publications" title="Manning Publications">Manning Publications</a>, p. 584, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1617295218" title="Special:BookSources/978-1617295218"><bdi>978-1617295218</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Well-Grounded+Rubyist&rft.pages=584&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Manning+Publications&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1617295218&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Leo%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz2018" class="citation cs2">Metz, Sandi (August 22, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informit.com/store/practical-object-oriented-design-an-agile-primer-using-9780134456478"><i>Practical Object-Oriented Design: An Agile Primer Using Ruby</i></a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Professional">Addison-Wesley Professional</a>, p. 288, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-445647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-445647-8"><bdi>978-0-13-445647-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213161150/https://www.informit.com/store/practical-object-oriented-design-an-agile-primer-using-9780134456478">archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Object-Oriented+Design%3A+An+Agile+Primer+Using+Ruby&rft.pages=288&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0-13-445647-8&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Sandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Fstore%2Fpractical-object-oriented-design-an-agile-primer-using-9780134456478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2016" class="citation cs2">Cooper, Peter (July 12, 2016), <i>Beginning Ruby: From Novice to Professional</i> (Third ed.), <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>, p. 492, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1484212790" title="Special:BookSources/978-1484212790"><bdi>978-1484212790</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Ruby%3A+From+Novice+to+Professional&rft.pages=492&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1484212790&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonRichardson2015" class="citation cs2">Carlson, Lucas; Richardson, Leonard (April 3, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9781449373719"><i>Ruby Cookbook: Recipes for Object-Oriented Scripting</i></a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, p. 963, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449373719" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449373719"><bdi>978-1449373719</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruby+Cookbook%3A+Recipes+for+Object-Oriented+Scripting&rft.pages=963&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1449373719&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2F9781449373719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFultonArko2015" class="citation cs2">Fulton, Hal; Arko, André (March 2, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informit.com/store/ruby-way-solutions-and-techniques-in-ruby-programming-9780321714633"><i>The Ruby Way: Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming</i></a> (Third ed.), <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Professional">Addison-Wesley Professional</a>, p. 816, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-71463-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-71463-3"><bdi>978-0-321-71463-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213161150/https://www.informit.com/store/ruby-way-solutions-and-techniques-in-ruby-programming-9780321714633">archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruby+Way%3A+Solutions+and+Techniques+in+Ruby+Programming&rft.pages=816&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.isbn=978-0-321-71463-3&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft.au=Arko%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Fstore%2Fruby-way-solutions-and-techniques-in-ruby-programming-9780321714633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasFowlerHunt2013" class="citation cs2">Thomas, Dave; Fowler, Chad; Hunt, Andy (July 7, 2013), <i>Programming Ruby 1.9 & 2.0: The Pragmatic Programmers' Guide</i> (Fourth ed.), <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>, p. 888, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1937785499" title="Special:BookSources/978-1937785499"><bdi>978-1937785499</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Ruby+1.9+%26+2.0%3A+The+Pragmatic+Programmers%27+Guide&rft.pages=888&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Pragmatic+Bookshelf&rft.date=2013-07-07&rft.isbn=978-1937785499&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Chad&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAnallyArkin2009" class="citation cs2">McAnally, Jeremy; Arkin, Assaf (March 28, 2009), <i>Ruby in Practice</i> (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/Manning_Publications" title="Manning Publications">Manning Publications</a>, p. 360, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933988474" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933988474"><bdi>978-1933988474</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruby+in+Practice&rft.pages=360&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Manning+Publications&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1933988474&rft.aulast=McAnally&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Arkin%2C+Assaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganMatsumoto2008" class="citation cs2">Flanagan, David; Matsumoto, Yukihiro (January 25, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubyprogrammingl00davi/page/446"><i>The Ruby Programming Language</i></a> (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubyprogrammingl00davi/page/446">446</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51617-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51617-8"><bdi>978-0-596-51617-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruby+Programming+Language&rft.pages=446&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-596-51617-8&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Yukihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frubyprogrammingl00davi%2Fpage%2F446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2007" class="citation cs2">Baird, Kevin (June 8, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nostarch.com/rubyex"><i>Ruby by Example: Concepts and Code</i></a> (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/No_Starch_Press" title="No Starch Press">No Starch Press</a>, p. 326, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593271480" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593271480"><bdi>978-1593271480</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113062530/https://nostarch.com/rubyex">archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruby+by+Example%3A+Concepts+and+Code&rft.pages=326&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1593271480&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnostarch.com%2Frubyex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2007" class="citation cs2">Fitzgerald, Michael (May 14, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learningruby0000fitz/page/255"><i>Learning Ruby</i></a> (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learningruby0000fitz/page/255">255</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52986-4"><bdi>978-0-596-52986-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Ruby&rft.pages=255&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52986-4&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearningruby0000fitz%2Fpage%2F255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuby+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruby_programming_language" title="Template:Ruby programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruby_programming_language" title="Template talk:Ruby programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruby_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruby programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruby_programming_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruby programming language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_MRI" title="Ruby MRI">Ruby MRI</a>; <a href="/wiki/YARV" title="YARV">YARV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruby" title="Mruby">mruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RubyMotion" title="RubyMotion">RubyMotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacRuby" title="MacRuby">MacRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li>XRuby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotRuby" title="HotRuby">HotRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagLev_(software)" title="MagLev (software)">MagLev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_logo_64x64.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Ruby_logo_64x64.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptana_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aptana Studio">Aptana Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RubyMine" class="mw-redirect" title="RubyMine">RubyMine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software_programmed_in_Ruby" title="Category:Free software programmed in Ruby">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capistrano_(software)" title="Capistrano (software)">Capistrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackety_Hack" title="Hackety Hack">Hackety Hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Ruby_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive Ruby Shell">Interactive Ruby Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pry_(software)" title="Pry (software)">Pry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(software)" title="Rake 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhearsion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhearsion (page does not exist)">Adhearsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERuby" title="ERuby">eRuby</a> (RHTML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merb" title="Merb">Merb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padrino_(web_framework)" title="Padrino (web framework)">Padrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RubyCocoa" title="RubyCocoa">RubyCocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoes_(GUI_toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoes (GUI toolkit)">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_(software)" title="Sinatra (software)">Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtRuby" class="mw-redirect" title="QtRuby">QtRuby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> software</th><td 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title="Why the lucky stiff">why the lucky stiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(programmer)" title="Dave Thomas (programmer)">Dave Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Document_format" title="Ruby Document format">Document format</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why%27s_(poignant)_Guide_to_Ruby" title="Why's (poignant) Guide to Ruby">why's (poignant) Guide to Ruby</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Central" title="Ruby Central">Ruby Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RubyKaigi" title="RubyKaigi">RubyKaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RubyForge" title="RubyForge">RubyForge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_License" title="Ruby License">Ruby License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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