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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_transformations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_transformations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Structural transformations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_transformations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Milling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Drying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metakaolin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metakaolin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Metakaolin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metakaolin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Spinel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platelet_mullite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platelet_mullite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Platelet mullite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platelet_mullite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Needle_mullite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Needle_mullite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Needle mullite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Needle_mullite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_genesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_genesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Synthesis and genesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis_and_genesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthesis and genesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_genesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_syntheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_syntheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Laboratory syntheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_syntheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Main</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cosmetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geophagy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geophagy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Geophagy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geophagy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geotechnical_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geotechnical_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Geotechnical engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geotechnical_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small-scale_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Small-scale uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Typical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaolinite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoliniet" title="Kaoliniet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaoliniet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كاولينيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاولينيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caol%C3%ADn" title="Caolín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caolín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="সাদামাটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাদামাটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolinita" title="Caolinita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caolinita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin" title="Kaolin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kaolin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoliniit" title="Kaoliniit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaoliniit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Καολίνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καολίνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolinita" title="Caolinita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caolinita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinito" title="Kaolinito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaolinito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinita" title="Kaolinita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaolinita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کائولینیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کائولینیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kaolinite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9_Sh%C3%ADneach" title="Cré Shíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cré Shíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolinita" title="Caolinita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caolinita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80" title="ચીનાઈ માટી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીનાઈ માટી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%B9%EC%84%9D" title="고령석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고령석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Կաոլինիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաոլինիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="चीनी मिट्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी मिट्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolinite" title="Caolinite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caolinite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98" title="קאוליניט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאוליניט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಚೀನೀ ಮಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನೀ ಮಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Каолинит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каолинит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri_gwynn" title="Pri gwynn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pri gwynn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Каолинит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каолинит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin%C4%ABts" title="Kaolinīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaolinīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinitas" title="Kaolinitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaolinitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Каолинит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каолинит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी माती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी माती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကာအိုလင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာအိုလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoliniet" title="Kaoliniet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaoliniet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="カオリナイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カオリナイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoliniit" title="Kaoliniit – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaoliniit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinitt" title="Kaolinitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaolinitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulinita" title="Caulinita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caulinita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caolinit" title="Caolinit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caolinit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Каолинит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каолинит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="කෙයලිනයිට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෙයලිනයිට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kaolinite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Каолинит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каолинит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoliniitti" title="Kaoliniitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaoliniitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="வெண்களிமண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்களிமண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinit" title="Kaolinit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaolinit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswuo" title="Tswuo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tswuo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Каолініт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каолініт" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phyllosilicate clay mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kaolin" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaolin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaolin (disambiguation)">Kaolin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">Aluminium silicate</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Kaolinite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg/210px-Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg/315px-Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg/420px-Kaolinite_from_Twiggs_County_in_Georgia_in_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phyllosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllosilicates">Phyllosilicates</a> <br />Kaolinite-<a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, or in oxide notation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>·2SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kln<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.ED.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Triclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinic">Triclinic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pedial (1) <br /><small>(same <a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>P</i>1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 5.13 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångstrom">Å</a>, b = 8.89 Å <br />c = 7.25 Å; α = 90° <br />β = 104.5°, γ = 89.8°; Z = 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">White to cream, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities and pale-yellow; also often stained various hues, tans and browns being common.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rarely as crystals, thin plates or stacked. More commonly as microscopic pseudohexagonal plates and clusters of plates, aggregated into compact, claylike masses.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Perfect on {001}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Flexible but inelastic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2–2.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pearly to dull earthy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.16–2.68</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (–)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>α</sub> = 1.553–1.565, <br />n<sub>β</sub> = 1.559–1.569,<br /> n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.569–1.570</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/2V_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="2V angle">2V angle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Measured: 24° to 50°, Calculated: 44°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Kaolinite</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAY</span>-ə-lə-nyte, -⁠lih-</i></a>; also called <b>kaolin</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay mineral</a>, with the chemical composition: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>5</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH</a>)<sub>4</sub>. It is a layered <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate mineral</a>, with one <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedral</a> sheet of silica (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) linked through <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> to one <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedral</a> sheet of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">alumina</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">AlO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeerHowieZussman1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeerHowieZussman1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white, mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>), produced by the chemical weathering of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">aluminium silicate</a> minerals like <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>. It has a low <a href="/wiki/Shrink%E2%80%93swell_capacity" title="Shrink–swell capacity">shrink–swell capacity</a> and a low <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation-exchange capacity</a> (1–15 meq/100 g). </p><p>Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and <a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">halloysite</a>, are known as <b>kaolin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>china clay</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>, giving it a distinct <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> hue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide yield the white, yellow, or light orange colors of kaolin. Alternating lighter and darker layers are sometimes found, as at <a href="/wiki/Providence_Canyon_State_Park" title="Providence Canyon State Park">Providence Canyon State Park</a> in Georgia, United States. </p><p>Kaolin is an important <a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">raw material</a> in many industries and applications. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as powder, lumps, semi-dried noodle or <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a>. Global production of kaolin in 2021 was estimated to be 45 million tonnes,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a total market value of US $4.24 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> name <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaolin#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:kaolin">kaolin</a></i> was <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic borrowing">borrowed</a> in 1727 from <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_d%27Entrecolles" title="François Xavier d'Entrecolles">François Xavier d'Entrecolles</a>'s 1712 <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> reports on the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain" title="Jingdezhen porcelain">Jingdezhen porcelain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D'Entrecolles was transcribing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> term <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:高嶺土">高嶺土</a></span></span>, now <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanized</a> as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gāolǐngtǔ</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, taken from the name of the village of Gaoling ("High Ridge") near Ehu in <a href="/wiki/Fuliang_County" title="Fuliang County">Fuliang County</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi Province">Jiangxi Province</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingdezhen Prefecture">Jingdezhen Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder-2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham_&_al.2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmabcHwmAD5oCpgPA220_220]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham_&_al.2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmabcHwmAD5oCpgPA220_220]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area around the village had become the main source of Jingdezhen's kaolin over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham_&_al.2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmabcHwmAD5oCpgPA220_220]_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham_&_al.2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmabcHwmAD5oCpgPA220_220]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogical</a> suffix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ite" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ite">-ite</a></i> was later added to generalize the name to cover nearly identical minerals from other locations. </p><p>Kaolinite is also occasionally discussed under the <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic names</a> <b>lithomarge</b> and lithomarga from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lithomarga</i></span>, a combination of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">litho-</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λίθος">λίθος</a></span></span>，<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">líthos</i></span>, "stone") and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">marga</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a>"). In more proper modern use, lithomarge now refers specifically to a compacted and massive form of kaolin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation">Notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> for kaolinite as written in <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">ceramics</a> applications the same formula is typically written in terms of oxides, thus giving <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>·2SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg/220px-Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg/330px-Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg/440px-Beevers_crystal_structure_model_of_Kaolinite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Kaolinite structure, showing the interlayer hydrogen bonds</figcaption></figure> <p>Compared with other clay minerals, kaolinite is chemically and structurally simple. It is described as a 1:1 or <i>TO</i> clay mineral because its crystals consist of stacked <i>TO</i> layers. Each <i>TO</i> layer consists of a tetrahedral (<i>T</i>) sheet composed of silicon and oxygen ions bonded to an octahedral (<i>O</i>) sheet composed of oxygen, aluminium, and hydroxyl ions. The <i>T</i> sheet is so called because each silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions forming a tetrahedron. The <i>O</i> sheet is so called because each aluminium ion is surrounded by six oxygen or hydroxyl ions arranged at the corners of an octahedron. The two sheets in each layer are strongly bonded together via shared oxygen ions, while layers are bonded via <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a> between oxygen on the outer face of the <i>T</i> sheet of one layer and hydroxyl on the outer face of the <i>O</i> sheet of the next layer.<sup id="cite_ref-nesse_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mica_T.png" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the structure of the tetrahedral (T) sheet of kaolinite"><img alt="View of the structure of the tetrahedral (T) sheet of kaolinite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mica_T.png/120px-Mica_T.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mica_T.png/180px-Mica_T.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mica_T.png/240px-Mica_T.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the structure of the tetrahedral (<i>T</i>) sheet of kaolinite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mica_dO.png" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the structure of the octahedral (O) sheet of kaolinite"><img alt="View of the structure of the octahedral (O) sheet of kaolinite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mica_dO.png/113px-Mica_dO.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mica_dO.png/169px-Mica_dO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mica_dO.png/225px-Mica_dO.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the structure of the octahedral (<i>O</i>) sheet of kaolinite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaolinite crystal structure looking along the layers"><img alt="Kaolinite crystal structure looking along the layers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png/120px-Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png/180px-Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png/240px-Kaolinite_crystal_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaolinite crystal structure looking along the layers</div> </li> </ul> <p>A kaolinite layer has no net electrical charge and so there are no large cations (such as calcium, sodium, or potassium) between layers as with most other clay minerals. This accounts for kaolinite's relatively low ion exchange capacity. The close hydrogen bonding between layers also hinders water molecules from infiltrating between layers, accounting for kaolinite's nonswelling character.<sup id="cite_ref-nesse_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When moistened, the tiny platelike crystals of kaolinite acquire a layer of water molecules that cause crystals to adhere to each other and give kaolin clay its cohesiveness. The bonds are weak enough to allow the plates to slip past each other when the clay is being molded, but strong enough to hold the plates in place and allow the molded clay to retain its shape. When the clay is dried, most of the water molecules are removed, and the plates hydrogen bond directly to each other, so that the dried clay is rigid but still fragile. If the clay is moistened again, it will once more become plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_transformations">Structural transformations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structural transformations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaolinite group clays undergo a series of phase transformations upon thermal treatment in air at atmospheric pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milling">Milling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Milling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-energy milling of kaolin results in the formation of a mechanochemically amorphized phase similar to <a href="/wiki/Metakaolin" title="Metakaolin">metakaolin</a>, although the properties of this solid are quite different.<sup id="cite_ref-kaol_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high-energy milling process is highly inefficient and consumes a large amount of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drying">Drying</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buell_dryer" title="Buell dryer">Buell dryer</a></div> <p>Below 100 °C, exposure to low humidity air will result in the slow evaporation of any liquid water in the kaolin. At low moisture content the mass can be described <i>leather dry</i>, and at near 0% moisture it is referred to as <i>bone dry</i>. </p><p>Above 100 °C any remaining free water is lost. Above around 400 °C hydroxyl ions (OH<sup>-</sup>) are lost from the kaolinite crystal structure in the form of water: the material cannot now be plasticised by absorbing water.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is irreversible, as are subsequent transformations; this is referred to as <i>calcination</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metakaolin">Metakaolin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metakaolin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endothermic dehydration of kaolinite begins at 550–600 °C producing disordered <a href="/wiki/Metakaolin" title="Metakaolin">metakaolin</a>, but continuous <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> loss is observed up to 900 °C (1,650 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-b1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although historically there was much disagreement concerning the nature of the metakaolin phase, extensive research has led to a general consensus that metakaolin is not a simple mixture of amorphous silica (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) and alumina (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>), but rather a complex amorphous structure that retains some longer-range order (but not <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">strictly crystalline</a>) due to stacking of its hexagonal layers.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Al2Si2O5(OH)4 -> Al2Si2O7 + 2 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Si</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Si</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Al2Si2O5(OH)4 -> Al2Si2O7 + 2 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9a9c08b0154c7597b8f7a0d72ac4c851ab30db3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.106ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Al2Si2O5(OH)4 -> Al2Si2O7 + 2 H2O}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spinel">Spinel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spinel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further heating to 925–950 °C converts metakaolin to an aluminium-silicon <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a> which is sometimes also referred to as a gamma-alumina type structure: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Al2Si2O7 -> Si3Al4O12 + SiO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Si</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Si</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Al2Si2O7 -> Si3Al4O12 + SiO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6534f90ccd3d229845ed8cdd1ef9bea1ad20d623" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.71ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Al2Si2O7 -> Si3Al4O12 + SiO2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platelet_mullite">Platelet mullite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Platelet mullite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon calcination above 1050 °C, the spinel phase nucleates and transforms to <a href="/wiki/Mullite" title="Mullite">platelet mullite</a> and highly crystalline <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Si3Al4O12 -> 2 (3 Al2O3 . 2 SiO2) + 5 SiO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Si</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Si3Al4O12 -> 2 (3 Al2O3 . 2 SiO2) + 5 SiO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6577ab878887f07021aef68530b2012f1296996" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.205ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Si3Al4O12 -> 2 (3 Al2O3 . 2 SiO2) + 5 SiO2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Needle_mullite">Needle mullite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Needle mullite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finally, at 1400 °C the "needle" form of <a href="/wiki/Mullite" title="Mullite">mullite</a> appears, offering substantial increases in structural strength and heat resistance. This is a structural but not chemical transformation. See <a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a> for more information on this form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg/200px-Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg/300px-Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg/400px-Kazn%C4%9Bjov_-_kaolin_quarry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Kaolin mine in Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaolinite is one of the most common minerals; it is mined, as kaolin, in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mantles of kaolinite are common in Western and Northern Europe. The ages of these mantles are <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> to Early Cenozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaolinite clay occurs in abundance in <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> that have formed from the chemical <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of rocks in hot, moist <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>; for example in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> areas. Comparing soils along a gradient towards progressively cooler or drier climates, the proportion of kaolinite decreases, while the proportion of other clay minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a> (in cooler climates) or <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a> (in drier climates) increases. Such climatically related differences in clay mineral content are often used to infer changes in climates in the geological past, where ancient soils have been buried and preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg/200px-China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg/300px-China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg/400px-China_Clay_Silos_near_Par_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>A kaolin processing plant</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Agronomic_Study_of_the_Belgian_Congo" title="National Institute for Agronomic Study of the Belgian Congo">Institut National pour l'Étude Agronomique au Congo Belge</a></i> (INEAC) classification system, soils in which the clay fraction is predominantly kaolinite are called <i>kaolisol</i> (from kaolin and soil).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the main kaolin deposits are found in central <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, on a stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard fall line">Atlantic Seaboard fall line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>. This area of thirteen counties is called the "white gold" belt; <a href="/wiki/Sandersville,_Georgia" title="Sandersville, Georgia">Sandersville</a> is known as the "Kaolin Capital of the World" due to its abundance of kaolin.<sup id="cite_ref-sandersville-ga_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandersville-ga-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bitter-southerner_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitter-southerner-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1800s, an active kaolin surface-mining industry existed in the extreme southeast corner of Pennsylvania, near the towns of <a href="/wiki/Landenberg,_Pennsylvania" title="Landenberg, Pennsylvania">Landenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaolin,_Pennsylvania" title="Kaolin, Pennsylvania">Kaolin</a>, and in what is present-day White Clay Creek Preserve. The product was brought by train to <a href="/wiki/Newark,_Delaware" title="Newark, Delaware">Newark, Delaware</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy_and_Newark_Railroad" title="Pomeroy and Newark Railroad">Newark-Pomeroy</a> line, along which can still be seen many open-pit clay mines. The deposits were formed between the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, about 100 to 45 million years ago, in sediments derived from weathered <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> and metakaolin rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder-2018_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaolin production in the United States during 2011 was 5.5 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buell_Dryer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buell_Dryer.jpg/200px-Buell_Dryer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buell_Dryer.jpg/300px-Buell_Dryer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buell_Dryer.jpg/400px-Buell_Dryer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Buell_dryer" title="Buell dryer">Buell dryer</a> in the UK, which is used to dry processed kaolin</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> sediments deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Espluga_Freda" title="Espluga Freda">Espluga Freda</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> were enriched with kaolinite from a <a href="/wiki/Detrital" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrital">detrital</a> source due to <a href="/wiki/Denudation" title="Denudation">denudation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis_and_genesis">Synthesis and genesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Synthesis and genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Difficulties are encountered when trying to explain kaolinite formation under atmospheric conditions by extrapolation of thermodynamic data from the more successful high-temperature syntheses.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Iglesia and Van Oosterwijk-Gastuche (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thought that the conditions under which kaolinite will nucleate can be deduced from stability diagrams, based as they are on dissolution data. Because of a lack of convincing results in their own experiments, La Iglesia and Van Oosterwijk-Gastuche (1978) had to conclude, however, that there were other, still unknown, factors involved in the low-temperature nucleation of kaolinite. Because of the observed very slow crystallization rates of kaolinite from solution at room temperature Fripiat and Herbillon (1971) postulated the existence of high activation energies in the low-temperature nucleation of kaolinite. </p><p>At high temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> thermodynamic models appear to be satisfactory for the description of kaolinite dissolution and <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a>, because the thermal energy suffices to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Energy_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy barrier">energy barriers</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> process. The importance of syntheses at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure towards the understanding of the mechanism involved in the nucleation of clay minerals lies in overcoming these energy barriers. As indicated by Caillère and Hénin (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-Caillère-1960_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caillère-1960-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the processes involved will have to be studied in well-defined experiments, because it is virtually impossible to isolate the factors involved by mere deduction from complex natural physico-chemical systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> environment. Fripiat and Herbillon (1971),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a review on the formation of kaolinite, raised the fundamental question how a <a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">disordered</a> material (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> fraction of tropical soils) could ever be transformed into a corresponding ordered structure. This transformation seems to take place in soils without major changes in the environment, in a relatively short period of time, and at ambient <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>). </p><p>Low-temperature synthesis of clay minerals (with kaolinite as an example) has several aspects. In the first place the silicic acid to be supplied to the growing crystal must be in a monomeric form, i.e., silica should be present in very dilute solution (Caillère et al., 1957;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caillère and Hénin, 1960;<sup id="cite_ref-Caillère-1960_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caillère-1960-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wey and Siffert, 1962;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millot, 1970<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In order to prevent the formation of <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gels</a> precipitating from supersaturated solutions without reacting with the <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> to form crystalline <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid">silicic acid</a> must be present in concentrations below the maximum solubility of amorphous silica. The principle behind this prerequisite can be found in structural chemistry: "Since the polysilicate ions are not of uniform size, they cannot arrange themselves along with the metal ions into a regular crystal lattice." (Iler, 1955, p. 182<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The second aspect of the low-temperature synthesis of kaolinite is that the <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> cations must be hexacoordinated with respect to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (Caillère and Hénin, 1947;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caillère et al., 1953;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hénin and Robichet, 1955<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Gastuche et al. (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Caillère and Hénin (1962) have concluded that kaolinite can only ever be formed when the aluminium hydroxide is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gibbsite" title="Gibbsite">gibbsite</a>. Otherwise, the precipitate formed will be a "mixed alumino-silicic gel" (as Millot, 1970, p. 343 put it). If it were the only requirement, large amounts of kaolinite could be harvested simply by adding gibbsite powder to a silica solution. Undoubtedly a marked degree of adsorption of the silica in solution by the gibbsite surfaces will take place, but, as stated before, mere adsorption does not create the layer lattice typical of kaolinite crystals. </p><p>The third aspect is that these two initial components must be incorporated into one mixed crystal with a layer structure. From the following equation (as given by Gastuche and DeKimpe, 1962)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for kaolinite formation </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Al(OH)3 + 2H4SiO4 -> Si2O5 . Al2(OH)4 + 5H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Al</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Si</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Al(OH)3 + 2H4SiO4 -> Si2O5 . Al2(OH)4 + 5H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f28292eb8b216236fe1f4ea6e8e8f49436d850b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.829ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Al(OH)3 + 2H4SiO4 -> Si2O5 . Al2(OH)4 + 5H2O}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>it can be seen that five molecules of water must be removed from the reaction for every <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> of kaolinite formed. Field evidence illustrating the importance of the removal of water from the kaolinite reaction has been supplied by Gastuche and DeKimpe (1962). While studying <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">soil formation</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> rock in <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaïre">Zaïre</a>), they noted how the occurrence of kaolinite depended on the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"degrée de drainage"</i></span> of the area involved. A clear distinction was found between areas with good <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> (i.e., areas with a marked difference between wet and dry seasons) and those areas with poor <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennially</a> <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampy</a> areas). Kaolinite was only found in the areas with distinct seasonal alternations between wet and dry. The possible significance of alternating wet and dry conditions on the transition of <a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">allophane</a> into kaolinite has been stressed by Tamura and Jackson (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of alternations between wetting and drying on the formation of kaolinite has also been noted by Moore (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_syntheses">Laboratory syntheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Laboratory syntheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntheses of kaolinite at high temperatures (more than 100 °C [212 °F]) are relatively well known. There are for example the syntheses of Van Nieuwenberg and Pieters (1929);<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noll (1934);<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noll (1936);<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norton (1939);<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy and Osborn (1954);<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy (1961);<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawkins and Roy (1962);<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tomura et al. (1985);<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satokawa et al. (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Huertas et al. (1999).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatively few low-temperature syntheses have become known (cf. Brindley and DeKimpe (1961);<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DeKimpe (1969);<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bogatyrev et al. (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Laboratory syntheses of kaolinite at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have been described by DeKimpe et al. (1961).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From those tests the role of periodicity becomes convincingly clear. DeKimpe et al. (1961) had used daily additions of <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> (as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">AlCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>·6 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_silicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl silicate">ethyl silicate</a>) during at least two months. In addition, adjustments of the pH took place every day by way of adding either <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>. Such daily additions of Si and Al to the solution in combination with the daily titrations with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> during at least 60 days will have introduced the necessary element of periodicity. Only now the actual role of what has been described as the "aging" (<i>Alterung</i>) of amorphous alumino-silicates (as for example Harder, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had noted) can be fully understood. As such, time is not bringing about any change in a closed system at equilibrium; but a series of alternations of periodically changing conditions (by definition, taking place in an open system) will bring about the low-temperature formation of more and more of the stable phase kaolinite instead of (ill-defined) amorphous alumino-silicates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main">Main</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Main"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, up to 70% of kaolin was used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. Following reduced demand from the paper industry, resulting from both competing minerals and the effect of digital media, in 2016 the market share was reported to be: paper, 36%; ceramics, 31%; paint, 7% and other, 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceramics'_F._Hart_2019._Pg.28_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceramics'_F._Hart_2019._Pg.28-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>, in 2021 the global production of kaolin was estimated to be around 45 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Paper</b> applications require high-brightness, low abrasion and delaminated kaolins. For paper coatings it is used to enhance the gloss, brilliance, smoothness and receptability to inks; it can account for 25% of mass of the paper. As a paper filler it is used as a pulp extender, and to increase opacity; it can account for 15% of mass.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markets_And_Industry_Outlook_2013._Pg._332_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markets_And_Industry_Outlook_2013._Pg._332-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In whiteware <b>ceramic</b> bodies, kaolin can constitute up to 50% of the raw materials. In unfired bodies it contributes to the green strength, plasticity and rheological properties, such as the casting rate. During firing it reacts with other body components to form the crystal and glass phases. With suitable firing schedules it is key to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Mullite" title="Mullite">mullite</a>. The most valued grades have low contents of chromophoric oxides such that the fired material has high whiteness.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markets_And_Industry_Outlook_2013._Pg._332_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markets_And_Industry_Outlook_2013._Pg._332-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In glazes it is primarily used as a rheology control agent, but also contributes some green strength. In both glazes and frits it contributes some SiO<sub>2</sub> as a glass network former, and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as both a network former and modifier.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industrial">Other industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As a raw material for the production of an insulation material called Kaowool (a form of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool#Kaowool" title="Mineral wool">mineral wool</a>).</li> <li>An additive to some <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a> to extend the <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">TiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) white pigment and modify gloss levels.</li> <li>An additive to modify the properties of <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanization</a>.</li> <li>An additive to adhesives to modify <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In its altered <a href="/wiki/Metakaolin" title="Metakaolin">metakaolin</a> form, as a <a href="/wiki/Pozzolan" title="Pozzolan">pozzolan</a>; when added to a concrete mix, metakaolin accelerates the hydration of <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> and takes part in the <a href="/wiki/Pozzolanic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozzolanic reaction">pozzolanic reaction</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Portlandite" title="Portlandite">portlandite</a> formed in the hydration of the main cement minerals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alite" title="Alite">alite</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metakaolin" title="Metakaolin">Metakaolin</a> is also a base component for <a href="/wiki/Geopolymer" title="Geopolymer">geopolymer</a> compounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>To soothe an upset <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, similar to the way <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> (and later, humans) in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> originally used it<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (more recently, industrially produced).</li> <li>Kaolin-based preparations are used for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.</li> <li>An ingredient in 'pre-work' skin protection and <a href="/wiki/Barrier_cream" title="Barrier cream">barrier creams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To induce and accelerate blood clotting. In April 2008 the US <a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Institute">Naval Medical Research Institute</a> announced the successful use of a kaolinite-derived <a href="/wiki/Aluminosilicate" title="Aluminosilicate">aluminosilicate</a> infusion in traditional <a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">gauze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is still the hemostat of choice for all branches of the US military. See <a href="/wiki/Kaolin_clotting_time" title="Kaolin clotting time">Kaolin clotting time</a></li> <li>As a mild abrasive in <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cosmetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As a filler in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>.</li> <li>For facial masks or soap.</li> <li>for spa body treatments, such as body wraps, cocoons, or spot treatments.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As an indicator in <a href="/wiki/Radiological_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiological dating">radiological dating</a> since kaolinite can contain very small traces of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geophagy">Geophagy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Geophagy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Humans sometimes eat kaolin for pleasure or to suppress hunger,<sup id="cite_ref-Balengou_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balengou-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Geophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophagy">geophagy</a>. In Africa, kaolin used for such purposes is known as <i>kalaba</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Balengou_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balengou-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>calaba</i>, and <i>calabachop</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>). Consumption is greater among women, especially during pregnancy,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its use is sometimes said by women of the region to be a habit analogous to cigarette smoking among men. The practice has also been observed within a small population of African-American women in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, likely brought with the traditions of the aforementioned Africans via <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clay_Eating_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clay_Eating-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the kaolin is called <i>white dirt</i>, <i>chalk</i> or <i>white clay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clay_Eating_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clay_Eating-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geotechnical_engineering">Geotechnical engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geotechnical engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Research results show that the utilization of kaolinite in <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a> can be alternatively replaced by safer illite, especially if its presence is less than 10.8% of the total rock mass.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-scale_uses">Small-scale uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Small-scale uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As a light-diffusing material in white <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Kaolin_spray" title="Kaolin spray">spray</a> applied to crops to deter <a href="/wiki/Codling_moth" title="Codling moth">insect</a> damage, and in the case of apples, to prevent sun scald.</li> <li>As <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewash</a> in traditional stone masonry homes in Nepal.</li> <li>As a filler in <a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Edison Diamond Discs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_output">Production output</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Production output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global production of kaolin by country in 2012 was estimated to be:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <caption>'000 tonnes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Global - total</th> <th>26,651 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Egypt </th> <td>275 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nigeria </th> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Algeria </th> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tanzania </th> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sudan </th> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Uganda </th> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Africa </th> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ethiopia </th> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kenya </th> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Africa - total </th> <td>583 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>China </th> <td>3,950 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Korea </th> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vietnam </th> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malaysia </th> <td>450 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thailand </th> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indonesia' </th> <td>175 </td></tr> <tr> <th>India </th> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bangladesh </th> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Taiwan </th> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pakistan </th> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sri Lanka </th> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Japan </th> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Philippines </th> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Asia - total </th> <td>6,348 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Germany </th> <td>4,800 </td></tr> <tr> <th>UK </th> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech Republic </th> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Italy </th> <td>625 </td></tr> <tr> <th>France </th> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Portugal </th> <td>325 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spain </th> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia–Herzegovina</a> </th> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgaria </th> <td>225 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russia </th> <td>170 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poland </th> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ukraine </th> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Serbia </th> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Austria </th> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Denmark </th> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Europe - total </th> <td>9,078 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>USA </th> <td>5,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mexico </th> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <th>N. America - total </th> <td>6,020 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iran </th> <td>1,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Turkey </th> <td>725 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jordan </th> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Saudi Arabia </th> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iraq </th> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Middle East - total </th> <td>2,398 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Australia </th> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <th>New Zealand </th> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Oceania - total </th> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Brazil </th> <td>1,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Argentina </th> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Paraguay </th> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chile </th> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colombia </th> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Peru </th> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ecuador </th> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Venezuela </th> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Guatemala </th> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>S. & C. America - total </th> <td>2,173 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_properties">Typical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Typical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some selected typical properties of various ceramic grade kaolins are:<sup id="cite_ref-Ceramics'_F._Hart_2019._Pg.28_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceramics'_F._Hart_2019._Pg.28-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Product name</th> <th>SSP</th> <th>Premium</th> <th>Longyan 325#</th> <th>Zettlitz 1A</th> <th>OKA </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <td>UK</td> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>China</td> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td>Germany </td></tr> <tr> <th>Manufacturer </th> <td>Imerys</td> <td>Imerys</td> <td>Logyan</td> <td>Sedlecky</td> <td>AKW </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>% < 2 μm </th> <td>85</td> <td>97</td> <td>25</td> <td>56</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <th>% <1 μm </th> <td>50</td> <td>88</td> <td>15</td> <td>41</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>SiO<sub>2</sub>, % </th> <td>48.0</td> <td>49.5</td> <td>49.3</td> <td>48.0</td> <td>49.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, % </th> <td>37.0</td> <td>35.5</td> <td>35.5</td> <td>37.0</td> <td>35.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, % </th> <td>0.44</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>0.68</td> <td>0.43 </td></tr> <tr> <th>TiO<sub>2</sub>, % </th> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>CaO, % </th> <td>0.10</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>MgO, % </th> <td>0.25</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th>K<sub>2</sub>O, % </th> <td>1.25</td> <td>-</td> <td>1.90</td> <td>0.92</td> <td>0.30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Na<sub>2</sub>O, % </th> <td>0.15</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th>LOI, % </th> <td>12.8</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>13.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kaolinite, % </th> <td>95</td> <td>-</td> <td>40</td> <td>89</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Halloysite, % </th> <td>-</td> <td>92</td> <td>40</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mica, % </th> <td>4</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>Quartz, % </th> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Smectite, % </th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cristobalite, % </th> <td>-</td> <td>4</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 12em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFCB66; font-size: 98%;"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a><br /><i>safety square</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><sup id="cite_ref-MSDS_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSDS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Kaolin</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kaolin is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a>, but may cause mild irritation of the skin or mucous membranes. Kaolin products may also contain traces of <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline silica">crystalline silica</a>, a known <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> if inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-MSDS_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSDS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for kaolin exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure and 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_stone" title="China stone">China stone</a> – Type of altered granite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">Clay pit</a> – Open-pit mining for the extraction of clay minerals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickite" title="Dickite">Dickite</a> – Phyllosilicate mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">Halloysite</a> – Aluminosilicate clay mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolin_Deposits_of_Charentes_Basin,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin Deposits of Charentes Basin, France">Kaolin Deposits of Charentes Basin, France</a> – Sedimentary clay deposits in France<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolin_spray" title="Kaolin spray">Kaolin spray</a> – Kaolin-based pest control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_clay" title="Medicinal clay">Medicinal clay</a> – Use of clay for health reasons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacrite" title="Nacrite">Nacrite</a> – Phyllosilicate mineral: group of kaolinite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_China_Clay_Branches" title="Cornish China Clay Branches">Cornish China Clay Branches</a> – Railway branch lines in England</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mindat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=2156"><i>Kaolinite</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindat.org" title="Mindat.org">Mindat.org</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaolinite&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fshow.php%3Fid%3D2156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webmin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webmin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Kaolinite.shtml"><i>Kaolinite Mineral Data</i></a>, WebMineral.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaolinite+Mineral+Data&rft.pub=WebMineral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmineral.com%2Fdata%2FKaolinite.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyBideauxBladhNichols1995" class="citation book cs1">Anthony JW, Bideaux RA, Bladh KW, et al., eds. 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NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt&rft.atitle=The+Old+And+Mysterious+Practice+of+Eating+Dirt%2C+Revealed&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.au=Chen+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2014%2F04%2F02%2F297881388%2Fthe-old-and-mysterious-practice-of-eating-dirt-revealed%3Ft%3D1553254886529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupandiZakariaSukiyahSudradjat2019" class="citation journal cs1">Supandi, Supandi; Zakaria, Zufialdi; Sukiyah, Emi; Sudradjat, Adjat (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fgeo-2019-0035">"The Influence of Kaolinite - Illite toward mechanical properties of Claystone"</a>. <i>Open Geosciences</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 440–446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019OGeo...11...35S">2019OGeo...11...35S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fgeo-2019-0035">10.1515/geo-2019-0035</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Geosciences&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Kaolinite+-+Illite+toward+mechanical+properties+of+Claystone&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=440-446&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fgeo-2019-0035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019OGeo...11...35S&rft.aulast=Supandi&rft.aufirst=Supandi&rft.au=Zakaria%2C+Zufialdi&rft.au=Sukiyah%2C+Emi&rft.au=Sudradjat%2C+Adjat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fgeo-2019-0035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGracyk_T2006" class="citation web cs1">Gracyk T (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracyk.com/diamonddisc.shtml">"Edison Diamond Discs: 1912 - 1929"</a>. <i>Tim Gracyk's Phonographs, Singers, & Old Records</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tim+Gracyk%27s+Phonographs%2C+Singers%2C+%26+Old+Records&rft.atitle=Edison+Diamond+Discs%3A+1912+-+1929&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Gracyk+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracyk.com%2Fdiamonddisc.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Kaolin - Global Markets And Industry Outlook' 13th edition. Roskill Information Services, 2013. Pgs. 28-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSDS-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSDS_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSDS_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conncoll.edu/media/website-media/offices/ehs/envhealthdocs/Tile-6_Kaolin.pdf">"Material Safety Data Sheet: Kaolin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Connecticut College</i>. Imerys Pigments and Additives Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connecticut+College&rft.atitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet%3A+Kaolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conncoll.edu%2Fmedia%2Fwebsite-media%2Foffices%2Fehs%2Fenvhealthdocs%2FTile-6_Kaolin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0364.html">"Kaolin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft.atitle=Kaolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreck1984" class="citation book cs1">Breck, D. W. (1984). <i>Zeolite Molecular Sieves</i>. <a href="/wiki/Malabar,_Florida" title="Malabar, Florida">Malabar</a>: R.E. Krieger Publishing Co. pp. 314–315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898746485" title="Special:BookSources/0898746485"><bdi>0898746485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeolite+Molecular+Sieves&rft.place=Malabar&rft.pages=314-315&rft.pub=R.E.+Krieger+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0898746485&rft.aulast=Breck&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerHowieZussman1992" class="citation book cs1">Deer, W. A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1992). <a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Rock-Forming_Minerals" title="An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals"><i>An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals</i></a> (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582300940" title="Special:BookSources/0582300940"><bdi>0582300940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Rock-Forming+Minerals&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0582300940&rft.aulast=Deer&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft.au=Howie%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Zussman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurlbut_&_al.1985" class="citation book cs1">Hurlbut, C. S.; et al. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/428"><i>Manual of Mineralogy...</i></a></span> (20th ed.). Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/428">428–429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471805807" title="Special:BookSources/0471805807"><bdi>0471805807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Mineralogy...&rft.pages=428-429&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0471805807&rft.aulast=Hurlbut&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft.au=C.+Klein&rft.au=J.D.+Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofmineralo00klei%2Fpage%2F428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham_&_al.2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>; et al. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mabcHwmAD5oC&pg=PA184">"Chinese Porcelain and the City of Ching-te-chen"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mabcHwmAD5oC"><i>Science and Civilisation in China, </i>Vol. 5:<i> Chemistry and Chemical Technology, </i>Part XII:<i> Ceramic Technology</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mabcHwmAD5oC&pg=PA184">184–240</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83833-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83833-9"><bdi>0-521-83833-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Porcelain+and+the+City+of+Ching-te-chen&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Vol.+5%3A+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+XII%3A+Ceramic+Technology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=184-240&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-83833-9&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Rose+Kerr&rft.au=Nigel+Wood&rft.au=Ts%27ai+Mei-fen&rft.au=Zhang+Fukang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmabcHwmAD5oC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder_&_al.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, Paul A.; et al., eds. (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elementsmagazine.org/toc/toc_v10n3.pdf">"Kaolin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Elements</i>. <b>10</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements&rft.atitle=Kaolin&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elementsmagazine.org%2Ftoc%2Ftoc_v10n3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaolinite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0364.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminoceladonite" title="Aluminoceladonite">Aluminoceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandite" title="Anandite">Anandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annite" title="Annite">Annite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspidolite" title="Aspidolite">Aspidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balestraite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balestraite (page does not exist)">Balestraite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bityite" title="Bityite">Bityite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">Biotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boromuscovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boromuscovite (page does not exist)">Boromuscovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bramallite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bramallite (page does not exist)">Bramallite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celadonite" title="Celadonite">Celadonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernykhite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernykhite (page does not exist)">Chernykhite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromphyllite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromphyllite (page does not exist)">Chromphyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clintonite" title="Clintonite">Clintonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastonite (page does not exist)">Eastonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesite" title="Ephesite">Ephesite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroaluminoceladonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroaluminoceladonite (page does not exist)">Ferroaluminoceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroceladonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroceladonite (page does not exist)">Ferroceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorannite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorannite (page does not exist)">Fluorannite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorokinoshitalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorokinoshitalite (page does not exist)">Fluorokinoshitalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica#Substitutes" title="Mica">Fluorophlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorotetraferriphlogopite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorotetraferriphlogopite (page does not exist)">Fluorotetraferriphlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garmite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garmite (page does not exist)">Garmite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauconite" title="Glauconite">Glauconite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorbunovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorbunovite (page does not exist)">Gorbunovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendricksite" title="Hendricksite">Hendricksite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">Illite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinoshitalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinoshitalite (page does not exist)">Kinoshitalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">Lepidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luanshiweiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luanshiweiite (page does not exist)">Luanshiweiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiceladonite" title="Manganiceladonite">Manganiceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarite" title="Margarite">Margarite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masutomilite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masutomilite (page does not exist)">Masutomilite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montdorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montdorite (page does not exist)">Montdorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">Muscovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanpingite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanpingite (page does not exist)">Nanpingite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrishite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norrishite (page does not exist)">Norrishite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlovite (page does not exist)">Orlovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyphlogopite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxyphlogopite (page does not exist)">Oxyphlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonite" title="Paragonite">Paragonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phengite" title="Phengite">Phengite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">Phlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylithionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylithionite">Polylithionite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preiswerkite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preiswerkite (page does not exist)">Preiswerkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoelite" title="Roscoelite">Roscoelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderophyllite" title="Siderophyllite">Siderophyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhailite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhailite (page does not exist)">Suhailite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tainiolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tainiolite (page does not exist)">Tainiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraferriannite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraferriannite (page does not exist)">Tetraferriannite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilithionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilithionite">Trilithionite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voloshinite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voloshinite (page does not exist)">Voloshinite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wonesite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wonesite (page does not exist)">Wonesite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangzhumingite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangzhumingite (page does not exist)">Yangzhumingite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talcs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesotaite" title="Minnesotaite">Minnesotaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willemseite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willemseite (page does not exist)">Willemseite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferripyrophyllite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferripyrophyllite (page does not exist)">Ferripyrophyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaolinites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismutoferrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismutoferrite (page does not exist)">Bismutoferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickite" title="Dickite">Dickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">Halloysite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisingerite" title="Hisingerite">Hisingerite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaolinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacrite" title="Nacrite">Nacrite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">Serpentines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesite" title="Amesite">Amesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigorite" title="Antigorite">Antigorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthierine" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthierine">Berthierine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brindleyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brindleyite (page does not exist)">Brindleyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopilite" title="Caryopilite">Caryopilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysotile" title="Chrysotile">Chrysotile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronstedtite" title="Cronstedtite">Cronstedtite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraipontite" title="Fraipontite">Fraipontite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenalite" title="Greenalite">Greenalite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guidottiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guidottiite (page does not exist)">Guidottiite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kellyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kellyite (page does not exist)">Kellyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizardite" title="Lizardite">Lizardite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manandonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manandonite (page does not exist)">Manandonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pouite" title="Népouite">Népouite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinite" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinite">Odinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecoraite" title="Pecoraite">Pecoraite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrensite (page does not exist)">Corrensites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliettite" title="Aliettite">Aliettite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinrobertsite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinrobertsite (page does not exist)">Brinrobertsite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrensite (page does not exist)">Corrensite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dozyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dozyite (page does not exist)">Dozyite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrobiotite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrobiotite (page does not exist)">Hydrobiotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpinskite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpinskite (page does not exist)">Karpinskite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulkeite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulkeite (page does not exist)">Kulkeite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunijianlaite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunijianlaite (page does not exist)">Lunijianlaite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rectorite (page does not exist)">Rectorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliotite" title="Saliotite">Saliotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosudite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosudite (page does not exist)">Tosudite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">Smectites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beidellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beidellite (page does not exist)">Beidellite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrosaponite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrosaponite (page does not exist)">Ferrosaponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontronite" title="Nontronite">Nontronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponite" title="Saponite">Saponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauconite" title="Sauconite">Sauconite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swinefordite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swinefordite (page does not exist)">Swinefordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkonskoite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkonskoite (page does not exist)">Volkonskoite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakhontovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakhontovite (page does not exist)">Yakhontovite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">Chlorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baileychlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Baileychlore">Baileychlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borocookeite" class="mw-redirect" title="Borocookeite">Borocookeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamosite" title="Chamosite">Chamosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinochlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinochlore">Clinochlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookeite" title="Cookeite">Cookeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbassite">Donbassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonyerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonyerite">Gonyerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimite">Nimite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennantite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantite">Pennantite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudoite" title="Sudoite">Sudoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogolite" title="Imogolite">Imogolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neotocite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neotocite (page does not exist)">Neotocite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcondoite" title="Falcondoite">Falcondoite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrisepiolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrisepiolite (page does not exist)">Ferrisepiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrosmalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrosmalite (page does not exist)">Pyrosmalites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedelite" title="Friedelite">Friedelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mcgillite" title="Mcgillite">Mcgillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelenite" title="Nelenite">Nelenite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrosmalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrosmalite (page does not exist)">Pyrosmalite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schallerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schallerite (page does not exist)">Schallerite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stilpnomelane" title="Stilpnomelane">Stilpnomelanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannisterite" title="Bannisterite">Bannisterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklinphilite" title="Franklinphilite">Franklinphilite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennilenapeite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennilenapeite (page does not exist)">Lennilenapeite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsettensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsettensite (page does not exist)">Parsettensite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpnomelane" title="Stilpnomelane">Stilpnomelane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified</li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clay_minerals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clay_minerals" title="Template:Clay minerals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clay_minerals" title="Template talk:Clay minerals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clay_minerals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clay minerals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clay_minerals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">Clay minerals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">Chlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickite" title="Dickite">Dickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">Halloysite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectorite" title="Hectorite">Hectorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">Illite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogolite" title="Imogolite">Imogolite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaolinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacrite" title="Nacrite">Nacrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontronite" title="Nontronite">Nontronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">Palygorskite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponite" title="Saponite">Saponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">Smectite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4163233-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaolinite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16708810n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaolinite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16708810n">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&oldid=1258091380">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaolinite&oldid=1258091380</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aluminium_minerals" 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