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href="#Poetic_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Poetic form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpreting_a_ghazal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpreting_a_ghazal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interpreting a ghazal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpreting_a_ghazal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origins in Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spread_of_the_Arabian_ghazal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_the_Arabian_ghazal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Spread of the Arabian ghazal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_the_Arabian_ghazal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersion_into_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersion_into_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dispersion into Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersion_into_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Arabo-Persian_ghazals_(10th_to_11th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Arabo-Persian_ghazals_(10th_to_11th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Early Arabo-Persian ghazals (10th to 11th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Arabo-Persian_ghazals_(10th_to_11th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Persian_ghazal_poetry_(12th_to_early_13th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Persian_ghazal_poetry_(12th_to_early_13th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Early Persian ghazal poetry (12th to early 13th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Persian_ghazal_poetry_(12th_to_early_13th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Persian_poetry_in_the_Early_Mongol_Period_(1221–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Persian_poetry_in_the_Early_Mongol_Period_(1221–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Late Persian poetry in the Early Mongol Period (1221–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Persian_poetry_in_the_Early_Mongol_Period_(1221–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_into_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_into_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Introduction into Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_into_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unconditional,_superior_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconditional,_superior_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Unconditional, superior love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconditional,_superior_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_ghazal_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_ghazal_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Important ghazal poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_ghazal_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_and_performance_of_classical_ghazal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_and_performance_of_classical_ghazal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Translations and performance of classical ghazal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_and_performance_of_classical_ghazal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popularity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghazals_in_other_South_Asian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghazals_in_other_South_Asian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ghazals in other South Asian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghazals_in_other_South_Asian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_poets_who_composed_ghazals_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_poets_who_composed_ghazals_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notable poets who composed ghazals in English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_poets_who_composed_ghazals_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghazal_in_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghazal_in_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ghazal in Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghazal_in_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Ghazal</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1)" title="غزل (شعر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غزل (شعر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99z%C9%99l" title="Qəzəl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəzəl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2" title="গজল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গজল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BB" title="Ғәзәл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәзәл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2" title="ग़ज़ल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग़ज़ल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Газела (стихотворение) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Газела (стихотворение)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0)" title="Газель (строфа) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Газель (строфа)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghasel" title="Ghasel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghasel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseel" title="Gaseel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gaseel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazalo" title="Gazalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gazalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghazal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ghazal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%B2" title="ગઝલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગઝલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%98" title="가잘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가잘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Գազել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գազել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2" title="ग़ज़ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग़ज़ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazela_(lirska_pjesma)" title="Gazela (lirska pjesma) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gazela (lirska pjesma)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghazal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಝಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಝಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8E%D8%B2%D9%95%D9%84" title="غَزٕل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="غَزٕل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ғазал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғазал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazele_(dzeja)" title="Gazele (dzeja) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gazele (dzeja)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Газела (поезија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Газела (поезија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD" title="ഗസൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗസൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2" title="गझल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गझल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ghazal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="गजल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गजल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AB" title="ガザル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガザル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasel" title="Gasel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gasel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ghazal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B2" title="ଗଜଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଜଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBazal" title="Gʻazal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻazal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B4%C3%A1zzel" title="Ǵázzel – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ǵázzel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0)" title="Газель (строфа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газель (строфа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeli" title="Gazeli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazeli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඝසල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඝසල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghazal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazela_(pesem)" title="Gazela (pesem) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gazela (pesem)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Газел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Газел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" title="Gazal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gazal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseeli" title="Gaseeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaseeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghasel" title="Ghasel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ghasel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88)" title="கசல் (இசை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசல் (இசை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BB_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Газәл (жанр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Газәл (жанр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="గజల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గజల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ғазал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғазал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Газель (жанр) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газель (жанр)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84" title="غزل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غزل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseel" title="Gaseel – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gaseel" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%89%8E%E5%8B%92" title="加扎勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加扎勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Eazel" title="Ğazel – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ğazel" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%89%8E%E5%8B%92" title="加扎勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加扎勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q281111#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of poetry of many languages, originating in Arabic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the poetic form. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ghazal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ghazal (disambiguation)">Ghazal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ghazal" title="Special:EditPage/Ghazal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ghazal%22">"Ghazal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ghazal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ghazal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ghazal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ghazal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ghazal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ljs44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ljs44.jpg/220px-Ljs44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Ljs44.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th century collection of ghazals and <a href="/wiki/Ruba%CA%BFi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaʿi">rubāʻīyāt</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>ghazal</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of amatory poem or ode,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originating in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghazals often deal with topics of spiritual and romantic love and may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation from the beloved and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. The ghazal spread into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the 12th century due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystics and the courts of the new <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Sultanate">Islamic Sultanate</a>, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of the ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the <a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, the ghazal has proved capable of an extraordinary variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>ghazal</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غزل</span></span> (<i>ġazal</i>). This genre of Arabic poetry is derived from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غَزَل</span></span> (ḡazal) or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غَزِلَ</span></span> (ḡazila) - To sweet-talk, to flirt, to display amorous gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiktionary_Arabic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiktionary_Arabic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غزل</span></span> <i>ġazal</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈɣazal]</a></span>. In English, the word is pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetic_form">Poetic form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poetic form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ghazal is a short poem consisting of rhyming couplets, called <i>bayt</i> or <i>sher</i>. Most ghazals have between seven and twelve <i>bayts</i>. For a poem to be considered a true ghazal, it must have no fewer than five couplets. Almost all ghazals confine themselves to less than fifteen couplets (poems that exceed this length are more accurately considered as <i><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasidas</a></i>). Ghazal couplets end with the same rhyming pattern and are expected to have the same meter. The ghazal's uniqueness arises from its rhyme and refrain rules, referred to as the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i><a href="/wiki/Qafiya" title="Qafiya">qafiya</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> and <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i><a href="/wiki/Radif" title="Radif">radif</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> respectively. A ghazal's <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyming pattern">rhyming pattern</a> may be described as AA BA CA DA, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanda_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its strictest form, a ghazal must follow a number of rules: </p> <ol><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Matla%27" title="Matla'">Matla'</a></b></i>: The first <i>sher</i> in a ghazal is called the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>matla<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>. Both lines of the <i>matla<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> must contain the <i>qafiya</i> and <i>radif</i>. The <i>matla<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> sets the tone of the ghazal, as well as its rhyming and refrain pattern.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Radif" title="Radif">Radif</a></b></i>: The refrain word or phrase. Both lines of the <i>matla<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> and the second lines of all subsequent <i>shers</i> must end in the same refrain word called the <i>radif</i>.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Qafiya" title="Qafiya">Qafiya</a></b></i>: The rhyming pattern. The <i>radif</i> is immediately preceded by words or phrases with the same end rhyme pattern, called the <i>qafiya</i>.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maqta%27" title="Maqta'">Maqta'</a></b></i>: The last couplet of the ghazal is called the <i>maqta<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>. It is common in ghazals for the poet's <i>nom de plume</i>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">takhallus</a></i> to be featured in the <i>maqta<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>. The <i>maqta<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> is typically more personal than the other couplets in a ghazal. The creativity with which a poet incorporates homonymous meanings of their <i>takhallus</i> to offer additional layers of meaning to the couplet is an indicator of their skill.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bahr_(poetry)" title="Bahr (poetry)">Bahr</a></b></i>: Each line of a ghazal must follow the same metrical pattern and syllabic (or <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">morae</a>) count.</li></ol> <p>Other optional rules include: </p> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-misra-e-uulaa"><i><b>Misra-e-uulaa</b></i></a>: The first line of each verse must be a statement.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-misra-e-saanii"><i><b>Misra-e-sani</b></i></a>: The second line of each verse must be the proof of statement given in the first line.</li></ol> <p>Unlike in a <i><a href="/wiki/Nazm" title="Nazm">nazm</a></i>, a ghazal's couplets do not need a common theme or continuity. Each sher is self-contained and independent from the others, containing the complete expression of an idea. However, the <i>shers</i> all contain a thematic or tonal connection to each other, which may be highly allusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanda_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common conceit that traces its history to the origins of the ghazal form is that the poem is addressed to a beloved by the narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdolhamid_Ziaei" title="Abdolhamid Ziaei">Abdolhamid Ziaei</a> considers the content of old Persian ghazal to include four elements: love, mysticism, education or excellence, and Qalandari.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpreting_a_ghazal">Interpreting a ghazal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpreting a ghazal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ghazal tradition is marked by the poetry's ambiguity and simultaneity of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning the common tropes is key to understanding the ghazal. </p><p>There are several locations a Urdu <i>sher</i> might take place in:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Garden, where the poet often takes on the personage of the <a href="/wiki/Bulbul" title="Bulbul">bulbul</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbird</a>. The poet is singing to the beloved, who is often embodied as a <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>.</li></ul> <blockquote><p>hoon garmi-i-nishat-i-tasavvur se naghma sanj </p><p>Main andalib-i-gulshan-i-na afridah hoon </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a> </p><p><i>I sing from the warmth of the passionate joy of thought</i> </p> <p><i>I am the bulbul of a garden not yet created</i></p></blockquote> <ul><li>The Tavern, or the <i>maikhana</i>, where the poet drinks wine in search of enlightenment, union with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, and desolation of self.</li></ul> <blockquote><p>mir un neem-baaz ankhon men saari masti sharab ki si hai </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Mir_Taqi_Mir" title="Mir Taqi Mir">Mir Taqi Mir</a> </p><p><i> 'Mir' is in those half-closed eyes</i> <i>all flirtation is a bit like wine</i> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_Arabia">Origins in Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins in Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ghazal originated in Arabia in the 7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evolving from the <i><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasida</a></i>, a much older pre-Islamic Arabic poetic form.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanda_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Qaṣīdas</i> were typically much longer poems, with up to 100 couplets. Thematically, <i>qaṣīdas</i> did not include love, and were usually <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a> for a tribe or ruler, lampoons, or moral maxims. However, the <i>qaṣīda's</i> opening prelude, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">nasīb</a>,</i> was typically nostalgic and/or romantic in theme, and highly ornamented and stylized in form. In time, the <i>nasīb</i> began to be written as standalone, shorter poems, which became the ghazal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghazal came into its own as a poetic genre during the Umayyad era (661–750) and continued to flower and develop in the early Abbasid era. The Arabic ghazal inherited the formal verse structure of the <i>qaṣīda</i>, specifically, a strict adherence to meter and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Qafiya" title="Qafiya">qafiya</a>, a common end rhyme on each couplet (called a <i>bayt</i> in Arabic and a <i>sher</i> in Persian).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of the ghazals also changed to meet the demands of musical presentation, becoming briefer in length. Lighter poetic meters, such as <i>khafîf</i>, <i>ramal</i>, and <i>muqtarab</i> were preferred, instead of longer, more ponderous meters favored for <i><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qaṣīdas</a></i> (such as <i>kâmil</i>, <i>basît</i>, and <i>rajaz</i>). Topically, the ghazal focus also changed from nostalgic reminiscences of the homeland and loved ones, towards <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quotencaptions.com/sunset-quotes-instagram-best-romantic-sunrise-and-sunset-captions/">romantic</a> or erotic themes. These included sub-genres with themes of courtly love (<i>udharî</i>), eroticism (<i>hissî</i>), homoeroticism (<i>mudhakkar</i>), and as a highly stylized introduction to a larger poem (<i>tamhîdî</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Umayyad and early Abbasid eras, the ghazal blossomed. It inherited the structure of the qaṣīda, focusing on meter and end rhymes. With time, it adapted for musical presentation, becoming shorter. Lighter meters were preferred, and themes shifted towards romance and eroticism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spread_of_the_Arabian_ghazal">Spread of the Arabian ghazal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spread of the Arabian ghazal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabian</a> ghazal spread both westwards, into <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Spain</a>, as well as eastwards, into <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. The popularity of ghazals in a particular region was usually preceded by a spread of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> in that country. In medieval Spain, ghazals written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> have been found as far back as the <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a>. It is possible that ghazals were also written in the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic language</a>. Ghazals in the Arabic form have also been written in a number of major West African literary languages like <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersion_into_Persia">Dispersion into Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dispersion into Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Arabo-Persian_ghazals_(10th_to_11th_century)"><span id="Early_Arabo-Persian_ghazals_.2810th_to_11th_century.29"></span>Early Arabo-Persian ghazals (10th to 11th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Arabo-Persian ghazals (10th to 11th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, the most significant changes to the ghazal occurred in its introduction into Iran in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanda_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Persian ghazals largely imitated the themes and form of the Arabian ghazal. These "Arabo-Persian" ghazals introduced two differences compared to their Arabian poetic roots. Firstly, the Persian ghazals did not employ radical enjambment between the two halves of the couplet, and secondly, the Persian ghazals formalized the use of the common rhyme in both lines of the opening couplet (<i><a href="/wiki/Matla%27" title="Matla'">matla'</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imitation of Arabian forms in Persia extended to the <i>qaṣīda</i>, which was also popular in Persia. </p><p>Because of its comparative brevity, thematic variety and suggestive richness, the ghazal soon eclipsed the <i>qaṣīda</i>, and became the most popular poetry form in Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanda_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like Arabian ghazals, early Persian ghazals typically employed more musical meters compared to other Persian poetry forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a> (858–941 CE) is considered the most important Persian ghazal poet of this period, and the founder of classical Persian literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Persian_ghazal_poetry_(12th_to_early_13th_century)"><span id="Early_Persian_ghazal_poetry_.2812th_to_early_13th_century.29"></span>Early Persian ghazal poetry (12th to early 13th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Persian ghazal poetry (12th to early 13th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Persian ghazal evolved into its own distinctive form between the 12th and 13th centuries. Many of those innovations created what we now recognize as the archetypical ghazal form. These changes occurred in two periods, separated by the Mongol Invasion of Persia from 1219 to 1221 AD. </p><p>The 'Early Persian poetry' period spanned approximately one century, from the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid era</a> (which lasted until 1187) till a little after the Mongol Invasion. Apart from the movement towards brevity, this period also saw two significant and lasting changes to the ghazal form. </p><p>The first change was the adoption of the <i><a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">Takhallus</a></i>, the practice of mentioning the poet's penname in the final couplet (called the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>maqta<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>). The adoption of the <i>takhallus</i> became a gradually accepted part of the ghazal form, and by the time of <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a> (1210–1291 AD), the most important ghazal poet of this period, it had become <i>de rigueur.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second marked change from Arabian ghazal form in Persian ghazals was a movement towards far greater autonomy between the couplets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Persian_poetry_in_the_Early_Mongol_Period_(1221–)"><span id="Late_Persian_poetry_in_the_Early_Mongol_Period_.281221.E2.80.93.29"></span>Late Persian poetry in the Early Mongol Period (1221–)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late Persian poetry in the Early Mongol Period (1221–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ghazal later spread throughout the Middle East and South Asia. It was famous all around the Indian subcontinent in the 18th and 19th centuries <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_into_Indian_subcontinent">Introduction into Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Introduction into Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urdu_ghazal" title="Urdu ghazal">Urdu ghazal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir_Khusro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Amir_Khusro.jpg/220px-Amir_Khusro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Amir_Khusro.jpg/330px-Amir_Khusro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Amir_Khusro.jpg/440px-Amir_Khusro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of <i>Majlis al-Ushshaq</i> by <a href="/wiki/Husayn_Bayqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn Bayqarah">Husayn Bayqarah</a>. Amir Khusrow is considered the first Urdu poet</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Excerpt from <a href="/wiki/The_Div%C4%81n_of_Hafez" title="The Divān of Hafez">Divan-e-Hafez</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>Vin bahs bā salāse-ye ghassāle miravad<br /> <i>And with the three washers (cups of wine), this dispute goeth.</i><br /> Shekkar-shekan shavand hame tutiān-e <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Hind</a><br /> <i>Sugar-shattering (excited), have become all the parrots (poets) of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hind">Hind</a>,</i><br /> Zin qand-e Pārsi ke be Bangāle miravad.<br /> <i>That this <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a> candy [ode], that to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> goeth.</i> </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> – Jointly penned by <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The ghazal was spread from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> in the 12th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystics and the courts of the new Islamic sultanates<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>. This period coincided with the early Islamic Sultanates in India, through the wave of Islamic invasions into the region in that period. </p><p>The 13th century <a href="/wiki/Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishti">Chishti</a> Sufi poet <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Sijzi" title="Hasan Sijzi">Hasan Sijzi</a> is regarded as the originator of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> ghazal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sijzi's contemporary, the poet and musician <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Ameer Khusrow</a> is not only credited as the first Urdu poet but also created <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> as we know today by merging <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">braj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khadi_boli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadi boli">khadhi boli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and other local dialects. </p><p>During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Bengal">Sultan of Bengal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a> became an important centre of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete ghazal by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said that <a href="/wiki/Atul_Prasad_Sen" title="Atul Prasad Sen">Atul Prasad Sen</a> pioneered the introduction of Bengali ghazals.<sup id="cite_ref-garland_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garland-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residing in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, he was inspired by Persian ghazals and experimented with a stream of Bengali music which was later enriched profusely by the contribution of <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moniruddin_Yusuf" title="Moniruddin Yusuf">Moniruddin Yusuf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-som_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-som-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOF2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOF2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The ghazal was initially composed to a purely religious theme".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now in this era ghazals are more likely to have romantic themes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconditional,_superior_love"><span id="Unconditional.2C_superior_love"></span>Unconditional, superior love</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unconditional, superior love"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg/220px-Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg/330px-Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg/440px-Bodleian_MS._Ouseley_Add._166_fol_13b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Layla visits Majnun in the wilderness; the story of <a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a> is one of the most famous Arabic tales of unrequited, unconditional love</figcaption></figure> <p>Can usually be interpreted for a higher being or for a mortal beloved. Love is always viewed as something that will complete a human being, and if attained will lift him or her into the ranks of the wise or will bring satisfaction to the soul of the poet. Traditional ghazal law may or may not have an explicit element of sexual desire in it, and the love may be spiritual. The love may be directed to either a man or a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghazal is always written from the point of view of the unrequited lover whose beloved is portrayed as unattainable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>. Most often, either the beloved has not returned the poet's love or returns it without sincerity or else the societal circumstances do not allow it. The lover is aware and resigned to this fate but continues loving nonetheless; the lyrical impetus of the poem derives from this tension. Representations of the lover's powerlessness to resist his feelings often include lyrically exaggerated violence. The beloved's power to captivate the speaker may be represented in extended metaphors about the "arrows of his eyes", or by referring to the beloved as an assassin or a killer. Take, for example, the following couplets from <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusro" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusro">Amir Khusro</a>'s Persian ghazal <i>Nemidanam che manzel būd shab</i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">namidanam chi manzil būd shab jayi ke man būdam;<br /> be har sū raqs eh besmel būd shab jayi ke man būdam.<br /> pari paikar negar eh sarv qaad e lalhaa rokhsar;<br /> sarapa afat-e del būd shab jayi ke man būdam.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>I wonder what was the place where I was last night,<br /> All around me were half-slaughtered victims of love, tossing about in agony.<br /> There was a nymph-like beloved with cypress-like form and tulip-like face,<br /> Ruthlessly playing havoc with the hearts of the lovers. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the major historical ghazal poets were either avowed Sufis themselves (like <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Shirazi">Hafiz</a>), or were sympathizers with Sufi ideas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Somewhat like <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">melancholy</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, most ghazals can be viewed in a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> context, with the Beloved being a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> or the poet's spiritual master. It is the intense Divine Love of Sufism that serves as a model for all the forms of love found in ghazal poetry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most ghazal scholars today recognize that some ghazal couplets are exclusively about <a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Divine Love</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">ishq-e-haqiqi</i></span>). Others are about <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">earthly love</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">ishq-e-majazi</i></span>), but many can be interpreted in either context. </p><p>Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical questions</a>, ghazals are often sung by Afghan, Pakistani, and Indian musicians. The form has roots in seventh-century Arabia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and gained prominence in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz, and later to Indian poets such as <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a>. In the eighteenth century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu. Among these poets, <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a> is the recognized master<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_ghazal_poets">Important ghazal poets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Important ghazal poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghazals were written by <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Shirazi">Hafiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> poets <a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> (1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during the 19th century; the form was used extensively by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_R%C3%BCckert" title="Friedrich Rückert">Friedrich Rückert</a> (1788–1866) and <a href="/wiki/August_von_Platen" class="mw-redirect" title="August von Platen">August von Platen</a> (1796–1835). The <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahid_Ali" title="Agha Shahid Ali">Agha Shahid Ali</a> was a proponent of the form, both in English and in other languages; he edited a volume of "real Ghazals in English". Ghazals were also written by <a href="/wiki/Motiram_Bhatta" title="Motiram Bhatta">Moti Ram Bhatta</a> (1866–1896), the pioneer of Nepali ghazal writing in <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghazals were also written by <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Shinwari</a>, He is known as the father of <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> Ghazals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations_and_performance_of_classical_ghazal">Translations and performance of classical ghazal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Translations and performance of classical ghazal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enormous collections of ghazal have been created by hundreds of well-known poets over the past thousand years in Persian, Turkish, and Urdu as well as in the Central Asian Turkic languages. Ghazal poems are performed in Uzbek-Tajik <a href="/wiki/Shashmakom" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashmakom">Shashmakom</a>, Turkish <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">Makam</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a> and Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a>. There are many published translations from Persian and Turkish by <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">Arthur John Arberry</a> and many others. </p><p>Ghazal "Gayaki", the art of singing or performing the ghazal in the Indian classical tradition, is very old. Singers like Ustad Barkat Ali and many other singers in the past used to practice it, but the lack of historical records make many names anonymous. It was with <a href="/wiki/Begum_Akhtar" title="Begum Akhtar">Begum Akhtar</a> and later on Ustad <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hassan" title="Mehdi Hassan">Mehdi Hassan</a> that classical rendering of ghazals became popular in the masses. The categorization of ghazal singing as a form of "light classical" music is a misconception.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (December 2020)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Classical ghazals are difficult to render because of the varying moods of the "shers" or couplets in the ghazal. <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amanat_Ali_Khan" title="Amanat Ali Khan">Amanat Ali Khan</a>, Begum Akhtar, <a href="/wiki/Talat_Mahmood" title="Talat Mahmood">Talat Mahmood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hassan" title="Mehdi Hassan">Mehdi Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh" title="Jagjit Singh">Jagjit Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farida_Khanum" title="Farida Khanum">Farida Khanum</a> and Ustad <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_(Ghazal_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)">Ghulam Ali</a>, Moinuddin Ahamed, are popular classical ghazal singers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ghazal has historically been one of the most popular poetic forms across the Middle East and South Asia. Even into the modern era the ghazal has retained its extreme popularity among South Asian royalty and nobility, among whom its education and patronisation has traditionally found shelter, especially with several Indian rulers including several <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Indian Emperors</a> being profound composers of ghazals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century ghazals gained popularity in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> with <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s translations, as well as with Spanish ghazal writers such as <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>. Despite often being written in strong Urdu and rendered with classical Indian Ragas along with complex terminology most usually accessible to the upper classes, in South Asia ghazals are nonetheless popular among all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most popular in Turkey and South Asia, and readings or musical renditions of ghazals—such as at <i><a href="/wiki/Mehfil" title="Mehfil">mehfils</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">mushairas</a></i>—are well attended in these countries, even by the laity. Ghazals are popular in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">South Asian film music</a>. The ragas to which ghazals are sung are usually chosen to be in consonance with their lyrical content. </p><p>The ghazal's beauty goes beyond rich or poor, or where you come from. Whether it's spoken in fancy places or sung in everyday life, its powerful words touch deep inside, staying with us for a long time. </p><p>Understanding the complex lyrics of traditional ghazals required education typically available only to the upper classes. The traditional classical <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">rāgas</a></i> in which the lyrics were rendered were also difficult to understand. The ghazal has undergone some simplification in recent years, in terms of words and phrasings, which helps it to reach a larger audience around the world. Modern <a href="/wiki/Shayar_(poet)" title="Shayar (poet)">shayars</a> (poets) are also moving towards a less strict adherence to form and rules, using simpler language and words (sometimes even incorporating words from other languages, such as English - see <a href="/wiki/Parveen_Shakir" title="Parveen Shakir">Parveen Shakir</a>), and moving away from a strictly male narrator. </p><p>Most of the ghazals are now sung in styles that are not limited to <i><a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">khayāl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">thumri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">rāga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">tāla</a></i> and other classical and light classical genres. However, those forms of the ghazal are looked down on by purists of the Indian classical tradition. </p><p>In Pakistan,<a href="/wiki/Saleem_Raza_(singer)" title="Saleem Raza (singer)">Saleem Raza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hassan" title="Mehdi Hassan">Mehdi Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan" title="Noor Jehan">Noor Jehan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Bano" title="Iqbal Bano">Iqbal Bano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farida_Khanum" title="Farida Khanum">Farida Khanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_(singer)" title="Ghulam Ali (singer)">Ghulam Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rushdi" title="Ahmed Rushdi">Ahmed Rushdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Amanat_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustad Amanat Ali Khan">Ustad Amanat Ali Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parvez_Mehdi" title="Parvez Mehdi">Parvez Mehdi</a> are known for ghazal renditions. Indian Singers like <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagjit Singh (singer)">Jagjit Singh</a> (who first used a <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> in ghazals), <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_and_Mohammed_Hussain" title="Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain">Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)" title="Hariharan (singer)">Hariharan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adithya_Srinivasan_(Singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adithya Srinivasan (Singer)">Adithya Srinivasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Udhas" title="Pankaj Udhas">Pankaj Udhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbayee" title="Umbayee">Umbayee</a> and many others have been able to give a new shape to the ghazal by incorporating elements of Western music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghazals_in_other_South_Asian_languages">Ghazals in other South Asian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ghazals in other South Asian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, ghazals have been very popular in the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati language</a>. For around a century, starting with <a href="/wiki/Balashankar_Kantharia" title="Balashankar Kantharia">Balashankar Kantharia</a>, there have been many notable Gujarati ghazal writers including <a href="/wiki/Kalapi" title="Kalapi">Kalapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkat_Virani" title="Barkat Virani">Barkat Virani</a> 'Befaam', <a href="/wiki/Asim_Randeri" title="Asim Randeri">Asim Randeri</a>, Shunya Palanpuri, <a href="/wiki/Amrut_Ghayal" title="Amrut Ghayal">Amrut Ghayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Dhantejvi" title="Khalil Dhantejvi">Khalil Dhantejvi</a> and many more. Some notable ghazals of those prominent writers have been sung by Bollywood playback singer <a href="/wiki/Manhar_Udhas" title="Manhar Udhas">Manhar Udhas</a>. </p><p>Renowned ghazal singer, and pioneer of Telugu ghazals, <a href="/wiki/Ghazal_Srinivas" title="Ghazal Srinivas">Ghazal Srinivas</a> popularized the ghazal in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghazals in the <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> language were pioneered in the 1960s by poet Shantarasam, though recordings of their poetry only began to be made in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legendary musician <a href="/wiki/Umbayee" title="Umbayee">Umbayee</a> composed ghazals in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and popularized this form of music across <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Bhat" title="Suresh Bhat">Suresh Bhat</a> popularized ghazals in the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>. Some of his amazing ghazals were sung by famous artists like <a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosale" class="mw-redirect" title="Asha Bhosale">Asha Bhosale</a>. He was known as <i>Ghazal Samrat</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> of ghazals) for his exposition of the ghazal form of poetry and its adaptation to the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>. His disciple <a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Jamadar" title="Ilahi Jamadar">Ilahi Jamadar</a> continued the tradition, blending Urdu and Marathi verses in his work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> brought ghazals to the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>, composing numerous poems which are still famous in both <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teg_Ali_Teg" title="Teg Ali Teg">Teg Ali Teg</a> introduced ghazals in <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojpuri Language">Bhojpuri</a>, his ghazals collection <a href="/wiki/Badmash_Darpan" title="Badmash Darpan">Badmash Darpan</a> was published in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motiram_Bhatta" title="Motiram Bhatta">Motiram Bhatta</a> was the pioneer & the one who introduced the ghazal in the world of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali literature</a> due to which he is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal_Samrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghazal Samrat (page does not exist)">Ghazal Samrat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Literature">Nepali Literature</a>. They have become an important part of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After nearly a century of "false starts," the early experiments of <a href="/wiki/James_Clarence_Mangan" title="James Clarence Mangan">James Clarence Mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Elroy_Flecker" title="James Elroy Flecker">James Elroy Flecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Webb" title="Phyllis Webb">Phyllis Webb</a>, etc., many of whom did not adhere wholly or in part to the traditional principles of the form, experiments dubbed as "the bastard Ghazal,"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ghazal finally began to be recognized as a viable closed form in poetry of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> some time in the early to mid-1990s. It came about largely as a result of serious, true-to-form examples being published by noted American poets <a href="/wiki/John_Hollander" title="John Hollander">John Hollander</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">W. S. Merwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elise_Paschen" title="Elise Paschen">Elise Paschen</a> as well as by Kashmiri-American poet <a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahid_Ali" title="Agha Shahid Ali">Agha Shahid Ali</a>, who had been teaching and spreading word of the Ghazal at American universities over the previous two decades. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Harrison" title="Jim Harrison">Jim Harrison</a> created his own free-form Ghazal true to his poetic vision in <i>Outlyer and Ghazals</i> (1971).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Ali compiled and edited the world's first anthology of English-language ghazals, published by <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a> in 2000, as <i>Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English</i>. (Fewer than one in ten of the ghazals collected in <i>Real Ghazals in English</i> observe the constraints of the form.) </p><p>A ghazal is composed of couplets, five or more. The couplets may have nothing to do with one another except for the formal unity derived from a strict rhyme and rhythm pattern. </p><p>A ghazal in English observes the traditional restrictions of the form: </p> <blockquote> <p>Where are you now? Who lies beneath your spell tonight?<br /> Whom else from rapture's road will you expel tonight?<br /> <br /> Those "Fabrics of Cashmere—" "to make Me beautiful—"<br /> "Trinket"— to gem– "Me to adorn– How– tell"— tonight?<br /> <br /> I beg for haven: Prisons, let open your gates–<br /> A refugee from Belief seeks a cell tonight.<br /> <br /> God's vintage loneliness has turned to vinegar–<br /> All the archangels– their wings frozen– fell tonight.<br /> <br /> Lord, cried out the idols, Don't let us be broken<br /> Only we can convert the infidel tonight.<br /> <br /> Mughal ceilings, let your mirrored convexities<br /> multiply me at once under your spell tonight.<br /> <br /> He's freed some fire from ice in pity for Heaven.<br /> He's left open– for God– the doors of Hell tonight.<br /> <br /> In the heart's veined temple, all statues have been smashed<br /> No priest in saffron's left to toll its knell tonight.<br /> <br /> God, limit these punishments, there's still Judgment Day–<br /> I'm a mere sinner, I'm no infidel tonight.<br /> <br /> Executioners near the woman at the window.<br /> Damn you, Elijah, I'll bless Jezebel tonight.<br /> <br /> The hunt is over, and I hear the Call to Prayer<br /> fade into that of the wounded gazelle tonight.<br /> <br /> My rivals for your love– you've invited them all?<br /> This is mere insult, this is no farewell tonight.<br /> <br /> And I, Shahid, only am escaped to tell thee–<br /> God sobs in my arms. <a href="/wiki/Call_me_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Call me Ishmael">Call me Ishmael</a> tonight. </p><p>— <a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahid_Ali" title="Agha Shahid Ali">Agha Shahid Ali</a> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_poets_who_composed_ghazals_in_English">Notable poets who composed ghazals in English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable poets who composed ghazals in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahid_Ali" title="Agha Shahid Ali">Agha Shahid Ali</a>, "Ghazal ('...exiles')"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bly" title="Robert Bly">Robert Bly</a>, <i>The Night Abraham Called to the Stars</i> and <i>My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Brabazon" title="Francis Brabazon">Francis Brabazon</a>, <i>In Dust I Sing</i> (Beguine Library, 1974).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_G._Z._Carr" title="Fern G. Z. Carr">Fern G. Z. Carr</a>, "Ghazal for M."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.S._Sharat_Chandra" class="mw-redirect" title="G.S. Sharat Chandra">G.S. Sharat Chandra</a>, "The Anonymous Lover"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Chumbley" title="Andrew D. Chumbley">Andrew D. Chumbley</a>, "Qutub" (Xoanon), 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryann_Corbett" title="Maryann Corbett">Maryann Corbett</a>, "Storybook Ghazal" <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Crozier" title="Lorna Crozier">Lorna Crozier</a>, "Bones in Their Wings"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdarshan_Dhaliwal" title="Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal">Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal</a>, "Ghazals at Twilight" (SD Publications), 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Fitzgerald" title="Judith Fitzgerald">Judith Fitzgerald</a>, <i>Twenty-Six Ways Out of This World</i> (Oberon), 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Hacker" title="Marilyn Hacker">Marilyn Hacker</a>, <i>A Stranger's Mirror: New and Selected Poems 1994 - 2014 (2015) ISBN 978-0-393-24464-9</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Harrison" title="Jim Harrison">Jim Harrison</a>, <i>Outlyer and Ghazals</i> (Touchstone), 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hollander" title="John Hollander">John Hollander</a>, "Ghazal On Ghazals"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_Kinnell" title="Galway Kinnell">Galway Kinnell</a>, "Sheffield Ghazal 4: Driving West", "Sheffield Ghazal 5: Passing the Cemetery" (Mariner Books), 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Krysl" title="Marilyn Krysl">Marilyn Krysl</a>, "Ghazals for the Turn of the Century"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Kumin" title="Maxine Kumin">Maxine Kumin</a>, "On the Table"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lowbury" title="Edward Lowbury">Edward Lowbury</a>, "A Ghazel (for Pauline)" (1968); "Prometheus: a ghazel" (1976); "Remembering Nine (a ghazel for Peter Russell)" (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Matthews_(poet)" title="William Matthews (poet)">William Matthews</a>, "Guzzle", "Drizzle"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">W. S. Merwin</a>, "The Causeway"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Paschen" title="Elise Paschen">Elise Paschen</a>, "Sam's Ghazal"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a>, "The Hall"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Reece" title="Spencer Reece">Spencer Reece</a>, <i>Florida Ghazals</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a>, <i>Ghazals: Homage to Ghalib</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(Canadian_poet)" title="John Thompson (Canadian poet)">John Thompson</a>, "Stilt Jack" (Anansi), 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Trethewey" title="Natasha Trethewey">Natasha Trethewey</a>, "Miscegenation", 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Webb" title="Phyllis Webb">Phyllis Webb</a>, <i>Water and Light: Ghazals and Anti Ghazals</i> (Coach House), 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a>, "Lost Letter"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Wilner" title="Eleanor Wilner">Eleanor Wilner</a>, "Ghazal on What's to Lose, or Not"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Winger" title="Rob Winger">Rob Winger</a>, "The Chimney Stone" (Nightwood Editions), 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghazal_in_Music">Ghazal in Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ghazal in Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghazals has been used in music throughout South Asia and has become a genre of its own, simply called "Ghazal" which refers to the music genre. The Ghazal music genre is most popular in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable Afghan ghazal singers are (Persian/Pashtu): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarahang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarahang">Sarahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfat" title="Ulfat">Ulfat</a></li></ul> <p>Some notable Pakistani and Indian ghazal singers are (Urdu/Hindi): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rushdi" title="Ahmed Rushdi">Ahmed Rushdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sethi" title="Ali Sethi">Ali Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Parvez" title="Amjad Parvez">Amjad Parvez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Paudwal" title="Anuradha Paudwal">Anuradha Paudwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anup_Jalota" title="Anup Jalota">Anup Jalota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataullah_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataullah Khan">Ataullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateeq_Hussain_Khan" title="Ateeq Hussain Khan">Ateeq Hussain Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salma_Agha" title="Salma Agha">Salma Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiran_Ahluwalia" title="Kiran Ahluwalia">Kiran Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Akhtar" title="Begum Akhtar">Begum Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_(Ghazal_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)">Ghulam Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Aziz" title="Talat Aziz">Talat Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbahar_Bano" title="Gulbahar Bano">Gulbahar Bano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Bano" title="Iqbal Bano">Iqbal Bano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Sharma_Barua" title="Beauty Sharma Barua">Beauty Sharma Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munni_Begum" title="Munni Begum">Munni Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Dard" title="Rahmatullah Dard">Rahmatullah Dard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandan_Dass" title="Chandan Dass">Chandan Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Udhas" title="Pankaj Udhas">Pankaj Udhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)" title="Hariharan (singer)">Hariharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hassan" title="Mehdi Hassan">Mehdi Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_and_Mohammed_Hussain" title="Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain">Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Khan" title="Cassius Khan">Cassius Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad_Amanat_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustad Amanat Ali Khan">Ustad Amanat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Amanat_Ali_Khan" title="Asad Amanat Ali Khan">Asad Amanat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafqat_Amanat_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan">Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal" title="Shreya Ghoshal">Shreya Ghoshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Bade Fateh Ali Khan">Bade Fateh Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Ali_Khan" title="Hamid Ali Khan">Hamid Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabaz_Aman" title="Shahabaz Aman">Shahabaz Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haider" title="Khalil Haider">Khalil Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farida_Khanum" title="Farida Khanum">Farida Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runa_Laila" title="Runa Laila">Runa Laila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Madan" title="Master Madan">Master Madan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Mahmood" title="Talat Mahmood">Talat Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahwash" title="Mahwash">Mahwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaz_Masani" title="Penaz Masani">Penaz Masani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Mian" title="Aziz Mian">Aziz Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Wali_Mohammad" title="Habib Wali Mohammad">Habib Wali Mohammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukesh_(singer)" title="Mukesh (singer)">Mukesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonu_Nigam" title="Sonu Nigam">Sonu Nigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizami Brothers">Nizami Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayyara_Noor" title="Nayyara Noor">Nayyara Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorjehan" class="mw-redirect" title="Noorjehan">Noorjehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Panchale" title="Bhimrao Panchale">Bhimrao Panchale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishir_Parkhie" title="Shishir Parkhie">Shishir Parkhie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malika_Pukhraj" title="Malika Pukhraj">Malika Pukhraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi" title="Mohammed Rafi">Mohammed Rafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roop_Kumar_Rathod" class="mw-redirect" title="Roop Kumar Rathod">Roop Kumar Rathod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunali_Rathod" title="Sunali Rathod">Sunali Rathod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reshma" title="Reshma">Reshma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Rahat Fateh Ali Khan">Rahat Fateh Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabri_Brothers" title="Sabri Brothers">Sabri Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh" title="Jagjit Singh">Jagjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Ali" title="Sajjad Ali">Sajjad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hussain_Sarahang" title="Mohammad Hussain Sarahang">Mohammad Hussain Sarahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shajarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shajarian">Mohammad Reza Shajarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_(musician)" title="Bhupinder Singh (musician)">Bhupinder and Mitali Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasvinder_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasvinder Singh">Jasvinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal_Srinivas" title="Ghazal Srinivas">Ghazal Srinivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adithya_Srinivasan" title="Adithya Srinivasan">Adithya Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahira_Syed" title="Tahira Syed">Tahira Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhar_Udhas" title="Manhar Udhas">Manhar Udhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Udhas" title="Nirmal Udhas">Nirmal Udhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Udhas" title="Pankaj Udhas">Pankaj Udhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Wadkar" title="Suresh Wadkar">Suresh Wadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Wali" title="Ahmad Wali">Ahmad Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alka_Yagnik" title="Alka Yagnik">Alka Yagnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbayee" title="Umbayee">Umbayee</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_playback_singers" title="Category:Indian playback singers">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_film_singers" title="Category:Pakistani film singers">Pakistani film singers</a> are famous for singing ghazals, such as these: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rushdi" title="Ahmed Rushdi">Ahmed Rushdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)" title="Hariharan (singer)">Hariharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hassan" title="Mehdi Hassan">Mehdi Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh" title="Jagjit Singh">Jagjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan" title="Noor Jehan">Noor Jehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Mahmood" title="Talat Mahmood">Talat Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srilekha_Parthasarathy" title="Srilekha Parthasarathy">Srilekha Parthasarathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Rafi">Mohammad Rafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Batish" title="Shiv Dayal Batish">Shiv Dayal Batish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal" title="Shreya Ghoshal">Shreya Ghoshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_(Ghazal_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)">Ghulam Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundan_Lal_Saigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundan Lal Saigal">K. L. Saigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleem_Raza_(singer)" title="Saleem Raza (singer)">Saleem Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Singh" title="Chitra Singh">Chitra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Sani" title="Tina Sani">Tina Sani</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malay singers</a> are famous for singing Ghazal, such as these: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Abdillah" title="Jamal Abdillah">Jamal Abdillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifah_Aini" title="Sharifah Aini">Sharifah Aini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosiah_Chik" title="Rosiah Chik">Rosiah Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noraniza_Idris" title="Noraniza Idris">Noraniza Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoma_Irama" title="Rhoma Irama">Rhoma Irama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Nasir" title="M. Nasir">M. Nasir</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmi-ghazal" title="Filmi-ghazal">Filmi-ghazal</a>, Indian filmi music based on ghazal poetry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a>, a music genre from South Asia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غَزَل</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">গজল</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a>: <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ग़ज़ल</span></span>/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غَزَل</span>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">غزل</span>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">qəzəl</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">gazel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">gazal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">gʻazal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">ગઝલ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ</span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fallon/">"A new Hindustani-English dictionary"</a>. <i>dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu</i>. 1879<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=A+new+Hindustani-English+dictionary&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Ffallon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-gazal">"Meaning of ghazal in English"</a>. <i>Rekhta Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rekhta+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+ghazal+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekhtadictionary.com%2Fmeaning-of-gazal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/glossary-terms/ghazal">"Ghazal"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i>. 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ghazal&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Flearn%2Fglossary-terms%2Fghazal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalajel" class="citation web cs1">Jalajel, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517040244/http://ghazalpage.net/prose/notes/short_history_of_the_ghazal.html">"A Short History of the Ghazal"</a>. <i>The Ghazal Page Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazalpage.net/prose/notes/short_history_of_the_ghazal.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ghazal+Page+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Ghazal&rft.aulast=Jalajel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazalpage.net%2Fprose%2Fnotes%2Fshort_history_of_the_ghazal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urdumark.com/">"Types of Urdu mark: Ghazal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102061226/https://www.urdumark.com/">Archived</a> 2020-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,"Urdu Mark",August 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiktionary_Arabic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiktionary_Arabic_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216090800/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84">"غزل"</a>. March 17, 2023. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84&oldid=71756741">the original</a> on December 16, 2020 – via Wiktionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B2%25D9%2584%26oldid%3D71756741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanda-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanda_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanda_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanda_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanda_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanda_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanda1992" class="citation book cs1">Kanda, K.C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUKKvNDYyUEC&pg=PA2"><i>Masterpieces of Urdu Ghazal from the 17th to the 20th Century</i></a>. Sterling Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1195-2"><bdi>978-81-207-1195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+Urdu+Ghazal+from+the+17th+to+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1195-2&rft.aulast=Kanda&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUKKvNDYyUEC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSells1996" class="citation book cs1">Sells, Michael (1996). <i>Early Islamic Mysticism</i>. New York: Paulist Press. pp. 56–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809136193" title="Special:BookSources/9780809136193"><bdi>9780809136193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Mysticism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56-61&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780809136193&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mehrnews.com/amp/5353920/">"Neoclassical ghazal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neoclassical+ghazal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mehrnews.com%2Famp%2F5353920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Safdar (June 2012). "Literary Romanticism and Islamic Modernity: The Case of Urdu Poetry". <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 434–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2011.633300">10.1080/00856401.2011.633300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401">0085-6401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144687955">144687955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Literary+Romanticism+and+Islamic+Modernity%3A+The+Case+of+Urdu+Poetry&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=434-455&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144687955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0085-6401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856401.2011.633300&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Safdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchett2004" class="citation book cs1">Pritchett, Frances W. (2004). <i>Nets of awareness : Urdu poetry and its critics</i>. Katha Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87649-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-87649-65-8"><bdi>81-87649-65-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/419075128">419075128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nets+of+awareness+%3A+Urdu+poetry+and+its+critics&rft.pub=Katha+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F419075128&rft.isbn=81-87649-65-8&rft.aulast=Pritchett&rft.aufirst=Frances+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghazal">"Ghazal – Islamic literature"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghazal+%E2%80%93+Islamic+literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fghazal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dayf, Shawqî. <i>Târîkh al-Adab al-Islâmî: 2 – al-`Asr al-Islâmî</i> (A History of Arab Literature: 2- The Islamic Era). Cairo: Dâr al-Ma`ârif. 1963. (pp. 347–348)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">"Persian - Banglapedia"</a>. En.banglapedia.org. 15 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911055911/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+-+Banglapedia&rft.pub=En.banglapedia.org&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, Rebecca Ruth (April 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2767030">"Hasan Sijzi of Dehli and the Persian Ghazal"</a>. <i>The Sufi Journal</i> (90 (Winter 2016)): 46–51<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sufi+Journal&rft.atitle=Hasan+Sijzi+of+Dehli+and+the+Persian+Ghazal&rft.issue=90+%28Winter+2016%29&rft.pages=46-51&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2767030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">"Persian – Banglapedia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102112117/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+%E2%80%93+Banglapedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garland-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garland_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Alison (2000). <i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 851. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4946-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4946-2"><bdi>0-8240-4946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=851&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8240-4946-2&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-som-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-som_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSom2002" class="citation book cs1">Som, Shovan (2002). <i>Atul Prasad Sen'er Shreshtha Kabita</i>. Bharbi. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atul+Prasad+Sen%27er+Shreshtha+Kabita&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Bharbi&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Som&rft.aufirst=Shovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2012" class="citation web cs1">Hussain, Azfar (3 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bf9nvzmIVvY">"Rereading Kazi Nazrul Islam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video lecture)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/bf9nvzmIVvY">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Rereading+Kazi+Nazrul+Islam&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Azfar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dbf9nvzmIVvY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2014" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Sarwat (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184010/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/firoza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal/">"A taste of Bengal"</a>. <i>The News International</i>. The News on Sunday. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tns.thenews.com.pk/firoza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal/">the original</a> on 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>Firoza Begum too sang these Bengali ghazals of Nazrul Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+Bengal&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Sarwat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftns.thenews.com.pk%2Ffiroza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2007" class="citation web cs1">Islam, Mohammad Shafiqul (25 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm">"Nazrul: An ardent lover of humanity"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123949/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>He is best known for his songs, in which he pioneered new forms such as Bengali ghazals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Nazrul%3A+An+ardent+lover+of+humanity&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Shafiqul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2007%2F05%2F25%2Fd70525140299.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOF2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MOF2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2006" class="citation web cs1">Chaudhuri, Dilip (22 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021105092034/http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0899/f1608991.html">"Nazrul Islam: The unparalleled lyricist and composer of Bengal"</a>. Press Information Bureau, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0899/f1608991.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazrul+Islam%3A+The+unparalleled+lyricist+and+composer+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Press+Information+Bureau%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Ffeature%2Ffe0899%2Ff1608991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nazrul.com.bd/nazrul/works_on_nazrul/articles/chaudhuri_lyricist.htm">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628183857/http://nazrul.com.bd/nazrul/works_on_nazrul/articles/chaudhuri_lyricist.htm">Archived</a> 2018-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hattangadi, Vidya.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drvidyahattangadi.com/listen-timeless-ghazals/.html">"Listen to some of the Timeless Ghazals"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>,"drvidyahattangadi",August 16, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duniyawi.com/">"Ghazal Singers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110182550/https://www.duniyawi.com/">Archived</a> 2020-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,"Urdu Duniya"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052816/http://www.shayaribox.com/"><i>Shayari Network</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shayaribox.com/">the original</a> on 2018-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shayari+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shayaribox.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918110221/http://www.weallnepali.com/sahitya-sumana/motiram-bhatta">"Hamza Sinwari Bhatta – We All Nepali"</a>. <i>www.weallnepali.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weallnepali.com/sahitya-sumana/motiram-bhatta">the original</a> on 2020-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weallnepali.com&rft.atitle=Hamza+Sinwari+Bhatta+%E2%80%93+We+All+Nepali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weallnepali.com%2Fsahitya-sumana%2Fmotiram-bhatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnandi" class="citation book cs1">Anandi, Sita Ram. <i>Women in India: A Social and Cultural History</i>. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+India%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=215&rft.aulast=Anandi&rft.aufirst=Sita+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2018" class="citation web cs1">Karsh (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/arz-kia-hai-guru/evolution-of-ghazal-the-most-popular-form-of-poetry-in-21st-century-fd8d6a236fce">"Evolution of "Ghazal" — The Most popular form of Poetry in 21st Century"</a>. <i>Medium</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+%22Ghazal%22+%E2%80%94+The+Most+popular+form+of+Poetry+in+21st+Century&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.au=Karsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Farz-kia-hai-guru%2Fevolution-of-ghazal-the-most-popular-form-of-poetry-in-21st-century-fd8d6a236fce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazalcharitabletrust.com/telugu_ghazal.php">"Ghazal Charitable Trust"</a>. <i>www.ghazalcharitabletrust.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ghazalcharitabletrust.com&rft.atitle=Ghazal+Charitable+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazalcharitabletrust.com%2Ftelugu_ghazal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-ghazals-to-take-centre-stage/articleshow/18191184.cms">"Kannada ghazals to take centre stage | Bengaluru News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. TNN. Jan 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kannada+ghazals+to+take+centre+stage+%7C+Bengaluru+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbengaluru%2Fkannada-ghazals-to-take-centre-stage%2Farticleshow%2F18191184.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2018" class="citation web cs1">Nair, Malini (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/magazine/890155/how-kerala-came-to-embrace-the-alien-form-of-ghazals">"How Kerala came to embrace the unfamiliar musical genre of ghazals"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=How+Kerala+came+to+embrace+the+unfamiliar+musical+genre+of+ghazals&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Malini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Fmagazine%2F890155%2Fhow-kerala-came-to-embrace-the-alien-form-of-ghazals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pañcadaś Lokbhāṣā Nibandhāvalī</i>. Bihar rashtrabhasha parishad. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pa%C3%B1cada%C5%9B+Lokbh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81+Nibandh%C4%81val%C4%AB&rft.pub=Bihar+rashtrabhasha+parishad&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215734/http://wordsters.net/poetics/poetics01/01weaverprint.html">"wordsters.net"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordsters.net/poetics/poetics01/01weaverprint.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wordsters.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordsters.net%2Fpoetics%2Fpoetics01%2F01weaverprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1971" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Jim (1971). <i>Outlyer and Ghazals</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671208527" title="Special:BookSources/0671208527"><bdi>0671208527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlyer+and+Ghazals&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0671208527&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.setumag.com/2016/10/celebrating-inability-canadas-bizarre.html">https://www.setumag.com/2016/10/celebrating-inability-canadas-bizarre.html</a>. Retrieved on March 14, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ballastjournal.com/maryann-corbett">"Maryann Corbett"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maryann+Corbett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballastjournal.com%2Fmaryann-corbett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Paul (28 May 2015). <i>Anthology of the Ghazal in the Sufi Poetry of Afghanistan</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1512363326" title="Special:BookSources/978-1512363326"><bdi>978-1512363326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthology+of+the+Ghazal+in+the+Sufi+Poetry+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.isbn=978-1512363326&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agha Shahid Ali (ed.). <i>Ravishing Disunities: Real Ghazals in English</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6437-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6437-0">0-8195-6437-0</a></li> <li>Agha Shahid Ali. <i>Call Me Ishmael Tonight: A Book of Ghazals</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05195-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05195-1">0-393-05195-1</a></li> <li>Bailey, J. O. <i>The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A handbook and Commentary</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1135-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1135-1">0-8078-1135-1</a></li> <li>de Brujn, “ḠAZAL i. HISTORY”, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. 2012.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gazal-1-history">[1]</a></li> <li>Doty, Gene (ed. 1999–2014) and Jensen, Holly (ed. 2015-today). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazalpage.com/"><i>The Ghazal Page</i></a>; various postings, 1999—today</li> <li>Kanda, K.C., editor. Masterpieces of the Urdu Ghazal: From the 17th to the 20th Century. Sterling Pub Private Ltd., 1991</li> <li>Mufti, Aamir. "Towards a Lyric History of India." boundary 2, 31: 2, 2004</li> <li>Reichhold, Jane (ed.). <i>Lynx</i>; various issues, 1996–2000</li> <li>Sells, Michael A. <i>Early Islamic Mysticism</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809136193" title="Special:BookSources/9780809136193">9780809136193</a></li> <li>Watkins, R. W. (ed.). <i>Contemporary Ghazals</i>; Nos. 1 and 2, 2003–2004</li> <li>Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal Movements", Century, May 23, 1964</li> <li>Lall, Inder jit. "Heightened sensibility" The Economic Times, December 31, 1978</li> <li>Lall, Inder jit. "The Ghazal – Evolution & Prospects", The Times of India, November 8, 1970</li> <li>Lall, Inder Jit. "The New Ghazal", The Times of India, July 3, 1971</li> <li>Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal: A Sustainer of Spasms", Thought, May 20, 1967</li> <li>Lall, Inder jit. "Tuning into modern ghazals", Sunday Herald, January 29, 1989</li> <li>Lall, Inder Jit. "Ghazal: Melodies and minstrels", Sunday Patriot, June 29, 1986</li> <li>Lall, Inder jit. "Charm of ghazal lies in lyricism", Hindustan Times, August 8, 1985</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghazals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ghazals">Ghazals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlachèreBausani1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blachère, R. & Bausani, A. (1965). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghazal-COM_0232?s.num=9&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=cawgan">"G̲h̲azal"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%CC%B2h%CC%B2azal&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Blach%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Bausani%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fghazal-COM_0232%3Fs.num%3D9%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3Dcawgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhazal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/ghazal_index.html">A Desertful of Roses</a> The Divan-e Ghalib – in Urdu, with Devanagari and Roman transliterations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazalradio.com/">Ghazal Radio</a> dedicated ghazal radio.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ranjish.com/poets">Ghazal poets</a> A list of ghazal writers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaana.com/song/mere-rashke-qamar">Mere Rashke Qamar</a> One of the Best ghazal of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/user-poet/naqi-naqvi-29474.html">One of the Best ghazal of Naqi Naqvi</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ghazals Manuscript, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/medren/pageturn.html?q=ljs%2044&fq=collection_facet%3A%22Lawrence%20J.%20Schoenberg%20Collection%22&id=MEDREN_5404714&">Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania LJS 44</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404203201/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/medren/pageturn.html?q=ljs%2044&fq=collection_facet%3A%22Lawrence%20J.%20Schoenberg%20Collection%22&id=MEDREN_5404714&">Archived</a> 2017-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urdu_poetry" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Maqta%27" title="Maqta'">Maqta'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matla%27" title="Matla'">Matla'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavra_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavra (poetry)">Mavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misra%27" title="Misra'">Misra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qafiya" title="Qafiya">Qafiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif" title="Radif">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sher (poetry)">Sher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayar_(poet)" title="Shayar (poet)">Shayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Shayari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Tah-Tul-Lafz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">Takhallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Tarannum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triveni_(poetry)" title="Triveni (poetry)">Triveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_(poetry)" title="Doha (poetry)">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geet_(poetry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geet (poetry) (page does not exist)">Geet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Hazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Hijv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Madah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manqabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manqabat (page does not exist)">Manqabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsiya" title="Marsiya">Marsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi_(poetic_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathnawi (poetic form)">Masnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Munajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaddas" title="Musaddas">Musaddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhammas" title="Mukhammas">Mukhammas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%60at" class="mw-redirect" title="Na`at">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazm" title="Nazm">Nazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noha" title="Noha">Noha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Qat'ã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubai_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubai (poetry)">Rubai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salaam_(poetry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salaam (poetry) (page does not exist)">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehra_(poetry)" title="Sehra (poetry)">Sehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr_Ashob" title="Shahr Ashob">Shehr a'ashob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaz_(poetry)" title="Soaz (poetry)">Soz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayari">Wasokht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tazkira_(poetry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tazkira (poetry) (page does not exist)">Tazkira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu-language poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poetic_forms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poetic_forms" title="Template:Poetic forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poetic_forms" title="Template talk:Poetic forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poetic_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poetic forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poetic_forms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetic form">Poetic forms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">Stanzas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcaic_stanza" title="Alcaic stanza">Alcaic stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_stanza" title="Ballad stanza">Ballad stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biolet">Biolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_stanza" title="Burns stanza">Burns stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubola" title="Chaubola">Chaubola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquain" title="Cinquain">Cinquain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">Couplet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatorzain" title="Quatorzain">Quatorzain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">Quatrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintain_(poetry)" title="Quintain (poetry)">Quintain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyme_royal" title="Rhyme royal">Rhyme royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestain" title="Sestain">Sestain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestet" title="Sestet">Sestet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_rhyme" title="Tail rhyme">Tail rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tercet" title="Tercet">Tercet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triolet" title="Triolet">Triolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">Terza rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_paragraph" title="Verse paragraph">Verse paragraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">Rhymes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">Alliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">Assonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_rhyme" title="Broken rhyme">Broken rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">Consonance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_rhyme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross rhyme (page does not exist)">Cross rhyme</a></li> <li>Forced/Oblique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_and_imperfect_rhymes" title="Perfect and imperfect rhymes">Perfect and imperfect rhymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holorime" title="Holorime">Holorime</a></li> <li>Imperfect/Near</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_rhyme" title="Internal rhyme">Internal rhyme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off-centered_rhyme" title="Off-centered rhyme">Off-centered rhyme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorhyme" title="Monorhyme">Monorhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pararhyme" title="Pararhyme">Pararhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_rhyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect rhyme">Perfect rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">Rhyme scheme</a></li> <li>Semirhyme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_rhyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rhyme">Syllabic</a></li> <li>Weak/Unaccented</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindustani_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindustani_Classical_Music_page_end" title="Template:Hindustani Classical Music page end"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindustani_Classical_Music_page_end" title="Template talk:Hindustani Classical Music page end"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani_Classical_Music_page_end" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani Classical Music page end"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindustani_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Swara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaat" title="Thaat">That</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargam_(music)" title="Sargam (music)"> Sargam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandish" title="Bandish">Bandish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharana" title="Gharana">Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goddess Saraswati"><img alt="Goddess Saraswati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/85px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/128px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/170px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7953" data-file-height="10936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhavaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">Dhrupad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamar_(music)" title="Dhamar (music)">Dhamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">Khyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadra_(music)" title="Sadra (music)">Sadra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-classical genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra (music)">Dadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappa" title="Tappa">Tappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajari" title="Kajari">Kajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiti" title="Chaiti">Chaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawani" title="Sawani">Sawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hori_(music)" title="Hori (music)">Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhang" title="Abhang">Abhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak" title="Sangeet Natak">NatyaSangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghazal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thaat" title="Thaat">Thaats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaval_(thaat)" title="Bilaval (thaat)">Bilaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamaj_(thaat)" title="Khamaj (thaat)">Khamaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafi_(thaat)" title="Kafi (thaat)">Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asavari_(thaat)" title="Asavari (thaat)">Asavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairav_(thaat)" title="Bhairav (thaat)">Bhairav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi_(thaat)" title="Bhairavi (thaat)">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todi_(thaat)" title="Todi (thaat)">Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvi_(thaat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purvi (thaat)">Purvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marva_(thaat)" title="Marva (thaat)">Marva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_(thaat)" title="Kalyan (thaat)">Kalyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281111#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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