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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Süstemaatika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Süstemaatika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Süstemaatika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Süstemaatika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viirushaiguste_ennetamine_ja_ravi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viirushaiguste_ennetamine_ja_ravi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viirushaiguste ennetamine ja ravi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viirushaiguste_ennetamine_ja_ravi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Viirushaiguste ennetamine ja ravi"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viirushaiguste_ennetamine_ja_ravi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaktsineerimine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaktsineerimine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vaktsineerimine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaktsineerimine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viirushaiguste_ravi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viirushaiguste_ravi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Viirushaiguste ravi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viirushaiguste_ravi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tähtsus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tähtsus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tähtsus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tähtsus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Tähtsus"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tähtsus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viirused_ja_vähk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viirused_ja_vähk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Viirused ja vähk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viirused_ja_vähk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viirusvektorid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viirusvektorid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Viirusvektorid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viirusvektorid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viroloogia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 77 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الفيروسات – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفيروسات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusologiya" title="Virusologiya – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Virusologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাইরাসবিদ্যা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইরাসবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вірусалогія – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірусалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusologija" title="Virusologija – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Virusologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Вирусологи – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вирусологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology" title="Virology – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Virology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virolog%C3%ADa" title="Virología – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusscienco" title="Virusscienco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virusscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birologia" title="Birologia – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ویروس‌شناسی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروس‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virolox%C3%ADa" title="Viroloxía – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viroloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%99" title="바이러스학 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이러스학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վիրուսոլոգիա – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրուսոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विषाणु विज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विषाणु विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologija" title="Virologija – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologio" title="Virologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Virologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Veirufræði – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veirufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="וירולוגיה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვირუსოლოგია – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირუსოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusolo%C4%A3ija" title="Virusoloģija – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Virusoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusologija" title="Virusologija – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virusologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virol%C3%B3gia" title="Virológia – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вирологија – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вирологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="വൈറോളജി – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈറോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვირუსოლოგია – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვირუსოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E5%AD%A6" title="ウイルス学 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウイルス学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusologiya" title="Virusologiya – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Virusologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="وائرولوجی – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائرولوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirusologia" title="Wirusologia – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirusologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologjia" title="Virologjia – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="වෛරසවේදය – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛරසවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology" title="Virology – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virol%C3%B3gia" title="Virológia – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Virológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вирусологија – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вирусологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologija" title="Virologija – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birolohiya" title="Birolohiya – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вирусология – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вирусология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="วิทยาไวรัส – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาไวรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Virus học – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virus học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Вирусшиносӣ – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вирусшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroloji" title="Viroloji – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viroloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вірусологія – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірусологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="علم الوائرس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم الوائرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virolohiya" title="Virolohiya – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Virolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="病毒学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="וויראלאגיע – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויראלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%B8" title="病毒學 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="病毒學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="病毒学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7215#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">Prinditavat versiooni ei toetata enam ja selles võib olla viimistlusvigu. Palun uuenda enda brauseri järjehoidjad ja kasuta selle versiooni asemel brauseri harilikku prindifunktsiooni.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ebola_virus_virion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ebola_virus_virion.jpg/300px-Ebola_virus_virion.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ebola_virus_virion.jpg/450px-Ebola_virus_virion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ebola_virus_virion.jpg/600px-Ebola_virus_virion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3679" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ebola_viirus" title="Ebola viirus">Ebola viirus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Viroloogia</b> ehk <b>viirusõpetus</b> on <a href="/wiki/Viirused" title="Viirused">viirusi</a> uuriv <a href="/wiki/Teadusharu" title="Teadusharu">teadusharu</a>. </p><p>Viroloogia uurib viiruste struktuuri, liigitust ja evolutsiooni, <a href="/wiki/Peremeesorganism" title="Peremeesorganism">peremeesorganismi</a> rakkude nakatamise ja ärakasutamise viise ning mõju peremeesorganismile, <a href="/wiki/Viirushaigus" title="Viirushaigus">viirushaigusi</a>, viiruste eraldamist ja kasvatamist ning kasutamist teaduses ja meditsiinis. </p><p>Viroloogiat loetakse <a href="/wiki/Mikrobioloogia" title="Mikrobioloogia">mikrobioloogia</a> või <a href="/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin">meditsiini</a> alamdistsipliiniks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Süstemaatika"><span id="S.C3.BCstemaatika"></span>Süstemaatika</h2></div> <p>Viroloogia üheks oluliseks ülesandeks on viiruste klassifitseerimine. Viiruste jaotamiseks on mitmeid viise, neid võib süstematiseerida näiteks nakatatavate rakkude tüübi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapsiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapsiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">kapsiidi</a> olemasolu ja kuju või peremeesorganismi järgi. Kõige populaarsem klassifitseerimismeetod on <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%27i_klassifikatsioon" title="Baltimore'i klassifikatsioon">Baltimore'i meetod</a>, mis võtab aluseks <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genoomi</a> tüübi ja paljunemise mehhanismi.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samasse gruppi kuuluvad viirused ei pruugi olla evolutsiooniliselt lähedased. Viiruste päritolu ja tekkimine pole endiselt üheselt selge.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viirushaiguste_ennetamine_ja_ravi">Viirushaiguste ennetamine ja ravi</h2></div> <p>Viroloogia üks peamisi eesmärke on viiruste kui haigustekitajate uurimine ning viirushaiguste ennetamine ja ravi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Vaccination-polio-india.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vaccination-polio-india.jpg/220px-Vaccination-polio-india.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vaccination-polio-india.jpg/330px-Vaccination-polio-india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vaccination-polio-india.jpg/440px-Vaccination-polio-india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>Vaktsineerimine Indias</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaktsineerimine">Vaktsineerimine</h3></div> <p>Tänapäeval kasutatakse viirushaiguste ennetamiseks <a href="/wiki/Vaktsineerimine" title="Vaktsineerimine">vaktsineerimist</a>. Vaktsineerimine on <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismi</a> inokuleerimine nõrgestatud viiruse või selle osaga, mille tulemusel tekib <a href="/wiki/Humoraalne_immuunsus" title="Humoraalne immuunsus">humoraalne</a> ning mõnel juhul ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakuline_immuunsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakuline immuunsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">rakuline immuunsus</a> selle viiruse suhtes. <a href="/wiki/Vaktsiin" title="Vaktsiin">Vaktsiinid</a> jaotatakse nende toimeaine järgi elus-, inaktiveeritud, fraktsiooni- ja rekombinantseteks vaktsiinideks.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elusvaktsiinid koosnevad nõrgestatud viirusosakestest, mis tekitavad organismis <a href="/wiki/Immuunvastus" title="Immuunvastus">immuunvastuse</a>, kuid on avirulentsed ja ei põhjusta haiguse sümptomite teket.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nende tootmiseks paljundatakse viirust talle mitteomastes peremeesrakkudes või optimaalsest erineval temperatuuril. Selle tulemusel kohastub viirus normaalsest erinevate tingimustega ning ei saa enam oma peremeesorganismis paljuneda.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erandiks on rõugevaktsiin, kus kasutatakse pühvli rõugeviirusega suguluses olevat <a href="/wiki/Vaktsiinia_viirus" title="Vaktsiinia viirus">vaktsiinia viirust</a>, mis inimesel <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmptom" title="Sümptom">sümptomeid</a> ei tekita.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elusvaktsiinide puudus on, et nad võivad ohtlikuks tüveks tagasi muteeruda. Samuti nende temperatuuritundlikkus, mis tekitab probleeme peamiselt arengumaades, kus leidub elektriühenduseta piirkondi.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kõige enam kasutatakse nüüdisajal inaktiveeritud vaktsiine. Nende valmistamiseks kasvatatakse virulentset viirustüve rakukultuuris ning saadud viirusosakesi töödeldakse mõne kemikaaliga või kõrgel temperatuuril, mis muudab nad nakatusvõimetuks. Inaktiveeritud vaktsiinides sisalduvad viirusosakesed ei ole võimelised organismis paljunema ja ei saa seega erinevalt elusvaktsiinidest haiguspuhanguid põhjustada. Samas on nende tulemusel tekkinud immuunreaktsioon nõrgem, tihti peab sama vaktsiini manustama mitu korda.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kutsar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutsar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allühik- ehk fraktsioonivaktsiinid sisaldavad ühte või mitut haigustekitaja <a href="/wiki/Valk" class="mw-redirect" title="Valk">valku</a> või <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%BCsahhariid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polüsahhariid">polüsahhariidi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kutsar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kutsar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Need eraldatakse kas viirusest endast või toodetakse rekombinantse viirusvektori abil. Laialdaselt kasutusel fraktsioonivaktsiin on <a href="/wiki/B-hepatiit" title="B-hepatiit">B-hepatiidi</a> vastane vaktsiin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rekombinantsete vektorvaktsiinide valmistamiseks viiakse immuunvastust põhjustavate viirusvalkude <a href="/wiki/Geen" title="Geen">geenid</a> mõne teise ohutu viiruse genoomi. Enamasti kasutatakse vaktsiinia viirust. Sellised vaktsiinid ei saa ohtlikeks viirusteks tagasi muteeruda, kuid ei tekita rakulist immuunvastust.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viirushaiguste_ravi">Viirushaiguste ravi</h3></div> <p>Viirusvastaseid ravimeid on vähe, kokku umbes kolmkümmend.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enamik neist on kasutusel <a href="/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>-i ja <a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">herpese</a> ravis. Viirushaiguste ravi teeb keeruliseks asjaolu, et viiruse elutsükkel on tihedalt seotud peremeesrakuga. Ravimite loomiseks tuleb leida viiruse protsessid ja <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekulid</a>, mis erinevad raku omadest. Samuti kulgevad viirusinfektsioonid tihti väga kiiresti ning sümptomite tekkimise ajaks on <a href="/wiki/Replikatsioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Replikatsioon">replikatsioon</a> juba läbi ja ravimi manustamiseks liiga hilja.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Üks tuntumaid viirusvastaseid aineid on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ats%C3%BCkloguanosiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atsükloguanosiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">atsükloguanosiin</a> (ravim Acyclovir). See on kasutusel herpese ravis ja pärsib viiruse replikatsiooni.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nagu <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4hk_(haigus)" title="Vähk (haigus)">vähi</a> korral, nii kasutatakse tänapäeval ka AIDS-i vastu kombineeritud ravi. Mitme ravimi koos kasutamine aitab vähendada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistentsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistentsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">resistentsete</a> viirustüvede kujunemise tõenäosust.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tähtsus"><span id="T.C3.A4htsus"></span>Tähtsus</h2></div> <p>Viirused on rakusisesed <a href="/wiki/Parasiit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasiit">parasiidid</a> ja sõltuvad paljunemisel peremeesraku struktuurist ja ressurssidest. Kuna viirused on rakuga tihedalt seotud, on nende uurimine andnud panuse ka laiemate bioloogiliste protsesside mõistmiseks. Näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restriktsioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restriktsioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">restriktsiooni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonukleaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endonukleaas (pole veel kirjutatud)">endonukleaasid</a> avastati <a href="/wiki/Bakter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakter">bakterites</a> viirusvastase kaitsevahendina. Need on <a href="/wiki/Ens%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Ensüüm">ensüümid</a>, mida kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> lõikamiseks. Endonukleaasid lõikavad DNAd mingi kindla järjestuse kohalt ning on seetõttu <a href="/wiki/Molekulaarbioloogia" title="Molekulaarbioloogia">molekulaarbioloogias</a> väga olulised ja laialdaselt kasutusel. Selle avastusega andis viroloogia panuse molekulaarbioloogia ja -<a href="/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika">geneetika</a> uurimissuundade arengusse.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samuti aitas töö viirustega seletada immuunvastuse olemust ja rakkudevahelise infovahetuse mehhanisme.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viirusi on kasutatud <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5%C3%B5rliik" title="Võõrliik">võõrliikide</a> hävitamiseks. 1950. aastatel nakatati <a href="/wiki/Austraalia" title="Austraalia">Austraalias</a> <a href="/wiki/Euroopa" title="Euroopa">Euroopast</a> pärit küülikupopulatsiooni neile surmava <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxoma_viirusega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxoma viirusega (pole veel kirjutatud)">Myxoma viirusega</a>. Algselt tappis viirus üle 99% nakatunud loomadest, kuid <a href="/wiki/Looduslik_valik" title="Looduslik valik">loodusliku valiku</a> tulemusel muutus see vähem surmavaks ning jäneste vastupanuvõime haigusele kasvas. Sellele vaatamata on jäneste arvukus tänapäeva <a href="/wiki/Austraalia" title="Austraalia">Austraalias</a> palju väiksem kui enne viiruse kasutuselevõttu. Samuti aitas eespool kirjeldatud eksperiment teadlastel paremini mõista <a href="/wiki/Patogeen" title="Patogeen">patogeeni</a> ja tema peremeesorganismi <a href="/wiki/Koevolutsioon" title="Koevolutsioon">koevolutsiooni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97TCu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97TCu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viirused_ja_vähk"><span id="Viirused_ja_v.C3.A4hk"></span>Viirused ja vähk</h3></div> <p>Viirused mängisid olulist rolli vähiuuringutes. <a href="/wiki/Onkogeen" title="Onkogeen">Onkogeenid</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kasvaja_supressorgeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasvaja supressorgeen">kasvaja supressorgeenid</a> avastati vähki tekitavate <a href="/wiki/DNA-viirused" title="DNA-viirused">DNA</a>- ja <a href="/wiki/RNA-viirused" title="RNA-viirused">RNA-viiruste</a> uurimise käigus<sup id="cite_ref-Debyser_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debyser-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ja viirusi kasutatakse ka vähiravis. Viirusi, mis nakatavad organismis eelistatult vähirakke, kutsutakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkol%C3%BC%C3%BCtilised_viirused&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onkolüütilised viirused (pole veel kirjutatud)">onkolüütilisteks</a>. Esialgsed katsed neid ravieesmärgil kasutada ei olnud edukad, kuid viimase paarikümne aasta jooksul on tehtud edusamme. Tänapäeva onkolüütilised viirused on enamasti rekombinantsed ja neid kasutatakse koos <a href="/wiki/Keemiaravi" title="Keemiaravi">keemia-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kiiritusravi" title="Kiiritusravi">kiiritusraviga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7bJTU_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7bJTU-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkoviirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onkoviirus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Onkoviirused</a>, erinevalt onkolüütilistest viirustest, põhjustavad kasvajaid, nende hulka kuuluvad näiteks <a href="/wiki/Inimese_papilloomiviirus" title="Inimese papilloomiviirus">inimese papilloomiviirus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/C-hepatiidi_viirus" title="C-hepatiidi viirus">C-</a> ning <a href="/wiki/B-hepatiit" title="B-hepatiit">B-hepatiidi</a> viirused. Viirused põhjustavad umbes 12% vähijuhtudest.<sup id="cite_ref-Khlrb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khlrb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viirusvektorid">Viirusvektorid</h3></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viirusvektorid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viirusvektorid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Viirusvektorid</a> on geneetiliselt modifitseeritud viirused, mida kasutatakse geneetilise info rakkudesse viimiseks ja ekspresseerimiseks peamiselt <a href="/wiki/Geeniteraapia" title="Geeniteraapia">geeniteraapias</a>. Kõige esimesed viirusvektorid põhinesid hiire retroviirustel. Tänapäeval on kasutusel palju erinevaid vektoreid. Tööks sobiva vektori valikul peavad teadlased arvestama rakku viidava DNA suurust, ekspressiooni aega, raku tüüpi ja ka bioohutust.<sup id="cite_ref-Debyser_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debyser-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Näiteks <i>herpes simplex</i> võimaldab üle kanda suuremahulist DNAd, <a href="/wiki/Adenoviirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoviirus">adenoviirusel</a> põhinevad vektorid aga on sobilikud mitmesuguste erinevate rakkude nakatamiseks.<sup id="cite_ref-RxZ3t_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxZ3t-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Viirused_inimkonna_ajaloos" title="Viirused inimkonna ajaloos">Viirused inimkonna ajaloos</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Edward_Jenner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edward_Jenner.jpg/220px-Edward_Jenner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edward_Jenner.jpg/330px-Edward_Jenner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edward_Jenner.jpg/440px-Edward_Jenner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>Edward Jenner</figcaption></figure> <p>Viirushaigusi tuntakse juba antiikajast peale, kuid nende põhjustajad avastati alles 20. sajandil. Siiski tunti meetodeid viirustega võitlemiseks juba varem. </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4his-Ida" title="Lähis-Ida">Lähis-Idas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina">Hiinas</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Aafrika" title="Aafrika">Aafrikas</a> kasutati <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B5ugeviirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rõugeviirus (pole veel kirjutatud)">rõugeviiruse</a>vastase immuunsuse tekitamiseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Variolatsiooni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Variolatsiooni (pole veel kirjutatud)">variolatsiooni</a>. Selle käigus nakatati inimesi rõugehaige paranevatest haavanditest saadud materjaliga, tekkinud infektsiooni suremus oli alla ühe protsendi ja see tagas eluaegse immuunsuse. Nüüdisajal on teada, et paranevatest haavanditest pärit viirusosakesed on osaliselt inaktiveeritud ja seega ohutumad.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variolatsioon on ohtlik meetod ning väike osa sellisel viisil nakatatud inimestest suri, seetõttu ei muutunud see kunagi väga populaarseks ning oli paljudes riikides isegi seadusega keelatud.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B5ugevaktsiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rõugevaktsiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rõugevaktsiin</a> oli esimene tõeline vaktsiin. 18. sajandi lõpul teati, et lehmarõuged läbi põdenud inimesed tõelistesse rõugetesse ei nakatunud. 1796. aastal katsetas seda teooriat <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>. Ta nakatas üheksa-aastast James Phippsi kõigepealt lehmarõugeviirusega (viirusega meie vaatepunktist, sest viirustest ei teatud tolle aja teaduse arengu kontekstis veel midagi) ja seejärel päris rõugetega. Poiss rõugetesse ei haigestunud.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viroloogia loojaks loetakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Willem Beijerinck (pole veel kirjutatud)">Martinus Beijerincki</a>, kuigi Beijerinck ise tunnistas uue haigustekitaja esmaavastajaks Vene teadlast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ivanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Ivanovski (pole veel kirjutatud)">Dmitri Ivanovskit</a>. Beijerinck kordas 1898. aastal D. Ivanovski 1892. aastal tehtud katset. Ivanovski näitas, et tubakataimedel esinevat haigust (mis hiljem sai nime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubaka_mosaiikviirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubaka mosaiikviirus (pole veel kirjutatud)">tubaka mosaiikviirus</a>) põhjustav osake pääseb läbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamberlandi_filter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamberlandi filter (pole veel kirjutatud)">Chamberlandi filtri</a>, mis on peenete pooridega keraamiline filter, mida enamik baktereid oma suuruse tõttu läbida ei saa. Beijerinck, kes jõudis samade tulemusteni järeldas, et tubaka mosaiikviirust põhjustab uut liiki väga väikesemõõduline haigustekitaja, mis on nii väike, et suudab filtri poore läbida ja erinevalt Ivanovskit jõudis Beijerinck tõdemuseni, et haiguse põhjustaja suudab paljuneda ainult (tubakataime) elusrakkudes.<sup id="cite_ref-KnLGY_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnLGY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta nimetas haigustekitaja ladinakeelse nimega <i>Contagium vivum fluidum</i> (nakatav elus vedelik) ja taaselustas sõna "viirus", andes sellele sõnale kaasaegselt kasutatava tähenduse. Viiruste olemasolu oli raske üheselt tõestada, sest nende üliväikeste mõõtmete tõttu pole neid enamasti võimalik <a href="/wiki/Valgusmikroskoop" title="Valgusmikroskoop">valgusmikroskoobi</a> abil vaadelda, erinevalt paljudest bakteritest. Kui bakterid on üldjuhul valguslainete pikkustest suuremad, siis viirused on üldjuhul valguslaine pikkustest väiksemad. (See on põhjus, miks viirusi ei saa valgusmikroskoobiga näha. Selleks, et viirusi otseselt tuvastada, oli vaja jõuda teaduse ja tehnika arenguga sinnamaani, kus sai kasutada röntgenikiiri ja elektronmikroskoopi, selleks kulus veel kümneid aastaid.) Tollel ajal levinud arusaama järgi olid kõik haigused bakteriaalse päritoluga ning Beijerincki teooria ei leidnud teadlaste hulgas laialdast toetust.<sup id="cite_ref-Meštrović_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meštrović-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiljem selgus, et taolised filtreeruvad elemendid põhjustavad haigusi ka loomadel ja inimestel.<sup id="cite_ref-Meštrović_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meštrović-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baktereid nakatavad viirused avastasid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Twort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Twort (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frederick Twort</a> (1911. aastal) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_d%27Herelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix d'Herelle (pole veel kirjutatud)">Felix d'Herelle</a> (1917. aastal), kes nimetas neid <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofaag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriofaag">bakteriofaagideks</a>. Bakteriofaagide uurimisel tehti edaspidi palju olulisi geneetika-, viroloogia- ja molekulaarbioloogiaalaseid avastusi.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esimesed <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgendifraktsioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgendifraktsioon">röntgendifraktsiooni</a> pildid tegi tubaka mosaiikviirusest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Stanley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell Stanley (pole veel kirjutatud)">Wendell Stanley</a> 1935. aastal, muutes sellega võimalikuks viiruste <a href="/wiki/Struktuur" title="Struktuur">struktuuri</a> uurimise.<sup id="cite_ref-69BkJ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69BkJ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aastatel 1948–1955 sai viroloogiast tänapäevane laboriteadus. Sel ajal töötati välja <a href="/wiki/HeLa_rakuliin" title="HeLa rakuliin">HeLa rakuliin</a> ning leiti meetodid rakukultuuris paljude viiruste paljundamiseks.<sup id="cite_ref-Meštrović_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meštrović-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viiruse rakkudes levimise matemaatilise baasmudeli pakkus koos kaastöölistega 1996. aastal <a href="/wiki/Martin_Andreas_Nowak" title="Martin Andreas Nowak">Martin Andreas Nowak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore%27i_klassifikatsioon" title="Baltimore'i klassifikatsioon">Baltimore'i klassifikatsioon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCnteetilised_viirused" title="Sünteetilised viirused">Sünteetilised viirused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viiruste_loend" title="Viiruste loend">Viiruste loend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroloog" title="Viroloog">Viroloog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2></div> <div class="reflist mw-references-columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-0">1,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-1">1,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-2">1,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-3">1,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-4">1,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-5">1,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-6">1,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-7">1,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-8">1,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-9">1,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-10">1,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-11">1,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-12">1,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_1-13">1,13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, E. K. and Hewlett, M. J. (2004). Basic Virology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/1405103469" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4051-0346-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flint-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-3">2,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-4">2,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-5">2,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-6">2,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-7">2,7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_2-8">2,8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint, S. J. Enquist, L. W. Racaneiello, V. R. and Skalka, A. M. (2004). Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/1555812597" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55581-259-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutsar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kutsar_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kutsar_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kutsar, K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/kairipikk/docs/raamat_vaktsiinidjavaktsineerimine%7C">Vaktsiinid ja vaktsineerimine. Vaktsineerija käsiraamat</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuli 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. 2 trükk. AS Atlex, Tallinn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97TCu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97TCu_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenner, F. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/218/1212/259.full.pdf">Biological control as exemplified by smallpox eradication and myxomatosis</a>. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 218: 259–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debyser-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Debyser_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Debyser_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Debyser, Z. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohsu.edu/nod/documents/week1/short.vectorology.pdf%7C">A Short Course on Virology / Vectorology / Gene Therapy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuli 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. Curr. Gene. Ther. 3: 495–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7bJTU-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7bJTU_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alemany, R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12094-012-0951-7%7C">Viruses in cancer treatment</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuli 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. Clin Transl Oncol 15 (3): 182–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khlrb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Khlrb_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller, J. T. and Lowy, D. R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134019%7C">Vaccines to Prevent Infections by Oncoviruses</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuli 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 64: 23–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RxZ3t-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RxZ3t_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, P. D. Ghivizzani, S. C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725898000205%7CViral">Vectors for Gene Therapy. Pharmacol</a>. Therapeut. 80 (1): 35–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnLGY-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KnLGY_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraenkel-Conrat, H. 1988. Tobacco Mosaic Virus, p. 111–123. In F. Fenner, A. Gibbs (ed.), Portraits of Viruses – A History of Virology, S. Karger AG, Basel. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/3805548192" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8055-4819-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meštrović-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meštrović_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meštrović_10-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meštrović_10-2">10,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Meštrović, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-medical.net/health/Virology-History.aspx%7CVirology">History</a>. News Medical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69BkJ-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69BkJ_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019073205/http://virologyhistory.wustl.edu/highlights.htm">"Some Historical Highlights: Structural Virology and Virology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virologyhistory.wustl.edu/highlights.htm">Originaali</a> arhiivikoopia seisuga 19. oktoober 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 12. novembril 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Historical+Highlights%3A+Structural+Virology+and+Virology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvirologyhistory.wustl.edu%2Fhighlights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AViroloogia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2></div> <ul><li>"Viroloogia. I osa. Viroloogia alused". 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