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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2011_–_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_–_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 2011 – formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_–_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defectors_from_the_Syrian_Arab_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defectors_from_the_Syrian_Arab_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Defectors from the Syrian Arab Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defectors_from_the_Syrian_Arab_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defections_and_checkpoint_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defections_and_checkpoint_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Defections and checkpoint raids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defections_and_checkpoint_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damascus_intelligence_complex_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damascus_intelligence_complex_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Damascus intelligence complex attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damascus_intelligence_complex_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homs_airbase_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homs_airbase_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Homs airbase attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homs_airbase_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_convoy_ambushes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_convoy_ambushes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Army convoy ambushes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_convoy_ambushes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idlib_intelligence_building_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idlib_intelligence_building_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Idlib intelligence building raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idlib_intelligence_building_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalating_clashes_in_Daraa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalating_clashes_in_Daraa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Escalating clashes in Daraa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalating_clashes_in_Daraa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_fighting_in_Homs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_fighting_in_Homs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Urban fighting in Homs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_fighting_in_Homs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_defection_in_Idlib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_defection_in_Idlib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Unsuccessful defection in Idlib </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_defection_in_Idlib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_ethnic_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_ethnic_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Religious and ethnic character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_ethnic_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_–_Height_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_–_Height_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2012 – Height of the Free Syrian Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_–_Height_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January/February_–_high-ranked_officer_defections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January/February_–_high-ranked_officer_defections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 January/February – high-ranked officer defections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January/February_–_high-ranked_officer_defections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Methods and tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-March_to_December_–_issues_of_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_to_December_–_issues_of_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 March to December – issues of organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_to_December_–_issues_of_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_2012_command_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_2012_command_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Late 2012 command structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_2012_command_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_–_Rise_of_Islamists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_–_Rise_of_Islamists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 2013 – Rise of Islamists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_–_Rise_of_Islamists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_–_FSA_decline,_rise_of_ISIL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_–_FSA_decline,_rise_of_ISIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 2014 – FSA decline, rise of ISIL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_–_FSA_decline,_rise_of_ISIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_–_Russian_intervention,_rise_of_SDF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_–_Russian_intervention,_rise_of_SDF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2015 – Russian intervention, rise of SDF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_–_Russian_intervention,_rise_of_SDF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_–_end_of_Battle_of_Aleppo,_Turkish_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_–_end_of_Battle_of_Aleppo,_Turkish_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 2016 – end of Battle of Aleppo, Turkish intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_–_end_of_Battle_of_Aleppo,_Turkish_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FSA_in_Turkish-led_operations_against_ISIL_and_SDF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FSA_in_Turkish-led_operations_against_ISIL_and_SDF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 FSA in Turkish-led operations against ISIL and SDF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FSA_in_Turkish-led_operations_against_ISIL_and_SDF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_in_Aleppo_offensives_(September–December)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_in_Aleppo_offensives_(September–December)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Participation in Aleppo offensives (September–December) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_in_Aleppo_offensives_(September–December)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_–_internal_divisions,_rise_of_Syrian_National_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_–_internal_divisions,_rise_of_Syrian_National_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 2017 – internal divisions, rise of Syrian National Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_–_internal_divisions,_rise_of_Syrian_National_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_–_FSA_moved_from_pockets_to_North,_Syrian_National_Army_conquers_new_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_–_FSA_moved_from_pockets_to_North,_Syrian_National_Army_conquers_new_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 2018 – FSA moved from pockets to North, Syrian National Army conquers new territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_–_FSA_moved_from_pockets_to_North,_Syrian_National_Army_conquers_new_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_–_SNA_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_–_SNA_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 2019 – SNA offensive into north-eastern Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_–_SNA_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_–_FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa_and_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_–_FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa_and_Nagorno-Karabakh_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 2020 – FSA clashes with government troops in Daraa and Nagorno-Karabakh war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_–_FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa_and_Nagorno-Karabakh_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13.1 FSA clashes with government troops in Daraa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagorno-Karabakh_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13.2 Nagorno-Karabakh war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagorno-Karabakh_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_–_continued_clashes_between_FSA_and_government_troops_in_Daraa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_–_continued_clashes_between_FSA_and_government_troops_in_Daraa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 2021 – continued clashes between FSA and government troops in Daraa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_–_continued_clashes_between_FSA_and_government_troops_in_Daraa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.17 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_groups_with_the_Free_Syrian_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_groups_with_the_Free_Syrian_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Armed groups with the Free Syrian Army </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Armed_groups_with_the_Free_Syrian_Army-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Armed groups with the Free Syrian Army subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Armed_groups_with_the_Free_Syrian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_FSA_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_FSA_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Original FSA units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_FSA_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_groups_who_have_been_part_of_the_FSA_at_some_point_in_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_groups_who_have_been_part_of_the_FSA_at_some_point_in_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Prominent groups who have been part of the FSA at some point in time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_groups_who_have_been_part_of_the_FSA_at_some_point_in_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northwestern_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwestern_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Northwestern Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwestern_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Democratic_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Democratic_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Syrian Democratic Forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Democratic_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Southern Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previously" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previously"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.1 Previously </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previously-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_support_for_Free_Syrian_Army_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_support_for_Free_Syrian_Army_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 International support for Free Syrian Army groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_support_for_Free_Syrian_Army_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International support for Free Syrian Army groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_support_for_Free_Syrian_Army_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms_deliveries_from_U.S.,_Turkey,_Qatar,_Saudi_Arabia,_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_deliveries_from_U.S.,_Turkey,_Qatar,_Saudi_Arabia,_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Arms deliveries from U.S., Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_deliveries_from_U.S.,_Turkey,_Qatar,_Saudi_Arabia,_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign combatants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralised_fighting_force:_2015–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralised_fighting_force:_2015–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Decentralised fighting force: 2015–present </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decentralised_fighting_force:_2015–present-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Decentralised fighting force: 2015–present subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Decentralised_fighting_force:_2015–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperation_with_Russia_in_fight_on_ISIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_with_Russia_in_fight_on_ISIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cooperation with Russia in fight on ISIS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_with_Russia_in_fight_on_ISIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Accusations of war crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accusations_of_war_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accusations of war crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Child soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Free Syrian Army</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="الجيش السوري الحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش السوري الحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Suriya_Ordusu" title="Azad Suriya Ordusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azad Suriya Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сірыйская свабодная армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сірыйская свабодная армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_Lliure_de_S%C3%ADria" title="Exèrcit Lliure de Síria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit Lliure de Síria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%A1_syrsk%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Svobodná syrská armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodná syrská armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Frie_Syriske_H%C3%A6r" title="Den Frie Syriske Hær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Frie Syriske Hær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Syrische_Armee" title="Freie Syrische Armee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freie Syrische Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ελεύθερος Συριακός Στρατός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερος Συριακός Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Libre_Sirio" title="Ejército Libre Sirio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Libre Sirio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriako_Armada_Askea" title="Siriako Armada Askea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siriako Armada Askea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ارتش آزاد سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش آزاد سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_syrienne_libre" title="Armée syrienne libre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée syrienne libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EA%B5%B0" title="자유 시리아군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유 시리아군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Սիրիայի ազատ բանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիայի ազատ բանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_sirijska_vojska" title="Slobodna sirijska vojska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodna sirijska vojska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Pembebasan_Suriah" title="Tentara Pembebasan Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Pembebasan Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercito_siriano_libero" title="Esercito siriano libero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercito siriano libero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99" title="הצבא הסורי החופשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצבא הסורי החופשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%ABv%C4%81_S%C4%ABrijas_armija" title="Brīvā Sīrijas armija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brīvā Sīrijas armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisvoji_Sirijos_armija" title="Laisvoji Sirijos armija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laisvoji Sirijos armija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabad_Sz%C3%ADriai_Hadsereg" title="Szabad Szíriai Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabad Szíriai Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ഫ്രീ സിറിയൻ ആർമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രീ സിറിയൻ ആർമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrij_Syrisch_Leger" title="Vrij Syrisch Leger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrij Syrisch Leger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%BB%8D" title="自由シリア軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由シリア軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_frie_syriske_arm%C3%A9" title="Den frie syriske armé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den frie syriske armé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Siriana_Liura" title="Armada Siriana Liura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armada Siriana Liura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="آزاد شامی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزاد شامی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolna_Armia_Syrii" title="Wolna Armia Syrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolna Armia Syrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Livre_da_S%C3%ADria" title="Exército Livre da Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Livre da Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Sirian%C4%83_Liber%C4%83" title="Armata Siriană Liberă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armata Siriană Liberă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Свободная сирийская армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободная сирийская армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%A8rcitu_Sirianu_Libbiru" title="Asèrcitu Sirianu Libbiru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Asèrcitu Sirianu Libbiru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free Syrian Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodn%C3%A1_s%C3%BDrska_arm%C3%A1da" title="Slobodná sýrska armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slobodná sýrska armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سوپای ئازادی سووریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپای ئازادی سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Слободна сиријска армија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слободна сиријска армија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_sirijska_armija" title="Slobodna sirijska armija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slobodna sirijska armija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaan_Syyrian_armeija" title="Vapaan Syyrian armeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaan Syyrian armeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fria_syriska_arm%C3%A9n" title="Fria syriska armén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fria syriska armén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayang_Hukbo_ng_Siria" title="Malayang Hukbo ng Siria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malayang Hukbo ng Siria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_Suriye_Ordusu" title="Özgür Suriye Ordusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgür Suriye Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вільна сирійська армія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільна сирійська армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="آزاد سوری فوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد سوری فوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_Syria_T%E1%BB%B1_do" title="Quân đội Syria Tự do – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quân đội Syria Tự do" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%8D" title="敘利亞自由軍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="敘利亞自由軍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由叙利亚军" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surij%C9%99_Ozod%C9%99_L%C9%99%C5%A1%C7%A7%C9%99r" title="Surijə Ozodə Ləšǧər – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Surijə Ozodə Ləšǧər" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Free Syrian Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">الجيش السوري الحر</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg/200px-Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg/300px-Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg/400px-Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="236" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founding leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riad_Mousa_al-As%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad Mousa al-As'ad">Riad Mousa al-As'ad</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Unified Leadership (2011–2015) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> (29 July 2011 – 8 December 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a> (8 December 2012 – 16 February 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Ilah_al-Bashir_al-Noeimi" title="Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir al-Noeimi">Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir al-Noeimi</a> (16 February 2014 – October 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Berri" title="Ahmed Berri">Ahmed Berri</a> (October 2014 – December 2014)</li> <li>Abdelkarim al-Ahmed (December 2014-July 2015)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leadership</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Unified under <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Syria)" title="Supreme Military Council (Syria)">Supreme Military Council</a> (2012–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Syrian Revolutionary Command Council">Syrian Revolutionary Command Council</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> Decentralised (2015–present): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front</a> (2015–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="New Syrian Army">New Syrian Army</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (2015–present)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>29 July 2011 – 2015 (central organization)</li> <li>2015 – present (decentralisation of organization, ad hoc use of the FSA identity)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/AANES" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES">AANES</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Armed_groups_with_the_Free_Syrian_Army">See section</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Big_Tent" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Tent">Big Tent</a> Anti-<a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadism</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a> Factions: <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-Khatib_2023_193-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a><a href="#cite_note-hawarnews.com-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">25,000 (late 2011)<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegrNov2011-13">[13]</a> 75,000 (mid-2012)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> 40,000–50,000 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-Center_for_American_Progress_2013-15">[15]</a> 35,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-ISWDec2015-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data">State allies <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li></ul> Non-state allies <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="299" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg/26px-Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg/39px-Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg/52px-Jaysh_Al_Islam_white_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/23px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/35px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/46px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Sham_Islamic_Union" title="Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union">Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_(Syria).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Army (Syria)">Army of Mujahedeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_Sham_Legion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/23px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/35px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/46px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Other rebel groups</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Future_Movement.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Future_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Future_Movement.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Future_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Future_Movement.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Future_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-beirut-33">[33]</a> (in Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (sometimes)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data">State opponents <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (until 2017)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> Non-state opponents <hr /> Syrian-affiliated groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="643" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg/25px-Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg/38px-Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg/50px-Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg/25px-Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg/38px-Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg/50px-Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1318" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Al-Quds" class="mw-redirect" title="Liwa Al-Quds">Liwa Al-Quds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Arab_National_Guard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Guard" title="Arab Nationalist Guard">Arab Nationalist Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_(1921-1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%281921-1936%29.svg/25px-Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%281921-1936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%281921-1936%29.svg/38px-Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%281921-1936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%281921-1936%29.svg/50px-Civil_flag_of_Jabal_ad-Druze_%281921-1936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li></ul> <hr /> Shi'ite groups <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG/23px-Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG/35px-Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG/46px-Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="385" /> <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg/25px-Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg/38px-Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg/50px-Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="421" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Abbas_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Abbas Brigade">Al-Abbas Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a></li></ul> <hr /> YPG and Allies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/25px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/38px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/50px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/23px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/35px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/46px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/25px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/38px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/50px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (sometimes)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flag</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Free Syrian Army (FSA; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجيش السوري الحر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) is a big-tent coalition of <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> rebel groups in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a><a href="#cite_note-WallSt.5-10-11-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldTr.3-8-11-35">[35]</a> founded on 29 July 2011 by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> and six officers who defected from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Land.29-7-11-37">[37]</a> The officers announced that the immediate priority of the Free Syrian Army was to safeguard the lives of protestors and civilians from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution#Crackdown" title="Syrian revolution">deadly crackdown</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>'s security apparatus; with the ultimate goal of accomplishing the objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a>, namely, the end to the decades-long reign of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Assad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad dynasty">al-Assad family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Land.29-7-11-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holl.March2012-39">[39]</a> In late 2011, the FSA was the main Syrian military defectors group.<a href="#cite_note-Albayrak-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube9-10-11-41">[41]</a> Initially a formal military organization at its founding, its original command structure dissipated by 2016, and the FSA identity has since been used by various <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Free Syrian Army aims to be "the military wing of the Syrian people's opposition to the regime",<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-12">[12]</a> through armed operations and the encouragement of army defections.<a href="#cite_note-sharq-46">[46]</a> In 2012, military commanders and civilian leadership of the FSA issued a joint <a href="/wiki/Communique" class="mw-redirect" title="Communique">communique</a> pledging to transition Syria towards a pluralistic, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>, after forcing Assad out of power.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> is highly organized and well-armed, the Free Syrian Army adopted a <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a> in the countryside and cities, with a tactical focus on armed action in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. The campaign was not meant to hold territory, but rather to spread government forces and their logistical chains thin in battles for urban centers, cause attrition in the security forces, degrade <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>, and destabilize the government.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The FSA considered itself to be the armed wing of the Syrian revolution and was able to mobilise the popular anger toward Bashar al-Assad into a successful insurgency. By waging guerilla warfare across the country, it enjoyed a string of successes against far better-equipped government forces.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Assad's policy of ignoring protesters' demands alongside the regime's intensifying violence on civilians and protestors led to a full-blown civil war by 2012. The FSA initially pursued a strategy of quickly eliminating the regime's top leadership; successfully assassinating intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a> and Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a> in July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In early 2012, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> launched a co-ordinated <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military campaign</a> by sending tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinist</a> militants to prevent the collapse of the Syrian Arab Army; polarising the conflict along <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">sectarian lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> After 2013, the FSA became affected by decreasing discipline, absence of a centralised political leadership, lack of substantial Western support, deteriorating supply of weapons, and diminishing funds; while rival <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition#Other_groups_affiliated_with_Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Islamist militias</a> emerged dominant in the armed opposition.<a href="#cite_note-guardian12-7-13-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-doesnot3-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian military intervention</a> in 2015 ensured Assad's survival and halted the expansion of the FSA. A series of Russian and Iranian-backed <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensives</a> launched by the regime in 2016 eroded the significant territorial gains made by the FSA and severely weakened its command structure.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish military intervention in Syria</a> in 2016, and as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">other countries</a> began to scale back their involvement, many FSA militias became more dependent on <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, which became a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> and source of supplies.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> From late August 2016, the Turkish government assembled a new coalition of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_rebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian rebel">Syrian rebel</a> groups, including many that were in the FSA; the core of this new coalition was the <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Kilis_Operations_Room" title="Hawar Kilis Operations Room">Hawar Kilis Operations Room</a>. Initially referred to as the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA), this force would adopt the name <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (SNA) in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A majority of the FSA militias are currently under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a>; while the rest have either allied with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, or are in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf" title="Al-Tanf">Al-Tanf Deconfliction Zone</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags_and_coat_of_arms">Flags and coat of arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Flags and coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Flags and coat of arms of the Free Syrian Army</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the FSA which incorporates the coat of arms of Syria; used from July until November 2011.[62]"><img alt="The coat of arms of the FSA which incorporates the coat of arms of Syria; used from July until November 2011.[62]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Logo_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army_in_2011.jpg/120px-Logo_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Logo_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army_in_2011.jpg/180px-Logo_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Logo_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="173" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the FSA which incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">coat of arms of Syria</a>; used from July until November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the FSA which incorporates the flag of the First Syrian Republic; used since November 2011."><img alt="The coat of arms of the FSA which incorporates the flag of the First Syrian Republic; used since November 2011." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg/120px-Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg/180px-Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg/240px-Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="236" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the FSA which incorporates the flag of the <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a>; used since November 2011.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of Syria, used by the FSA until November 2011"><img alt="The flag of Syria, used by the FSA until November 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/120px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/180px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/240px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">flag of Syria</a>, used by the FSA until November 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of the First Syrian Republic, used by the FSA since November 2011[63]"><img alt="The flag of the First Syrian Republic, used by the FSA since November 2011[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flag of the <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a>, used by the FSA since November 2011<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_–_formation">2011 – formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2011 – formation">edit</a>]</div> The first defections from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian uprising</a> may have occurred at the end of April 2011 when the army was sent into <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Daraa to quell ongoing protests</a>. There were reports that some units refused to fire on protesters and had split from the army.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Defections, according to unverified reports, continued throughout the spring as the government used <a href="/wiki/Lethal_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lethal force">lethal force</a> to clamp down on protesters and lay siege to protesting cities across the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Baniyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%9314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)">Deir ez-Zor</a>, and there were reports of soldiers who refused to fire on civilians being <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executed</a> by the army.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_2011-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen_2011-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-defect-67">[67]</a> At the end of July 2011, with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian uprising (or civil war)</a> running since March 2011, a group of defected Syrian Army officers established the 'Free Syrian Army' to bring down the Assad government. On 29 July 2011, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> and a group of uniformed officers announced the formation of the Free Syrian Army or 'Syrian Free Army',<a href="#cite_note-News,30Jul11-68">[68]</a> with the goals of protecting unarmed protesters and helping to "bring down this regime", in a video on the Internet where Riad al-Asaad spoke alongside several other defectors.<a href="#cite_note-Land.29-7-11-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-sharq-46">[46]</a> Paying homage to the victims killed by the "criminal gangs" of regime's apparatus, Riad Al-Asaad declared the formation of Free Syrian Army: <blockquote>"Proceeding from our <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">nationalistic</a> sense, our loyalty to this <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">people</a>, our sense of the current need for conclusive decisions to stop this regime's massacres that cannot be tolerated any longer, and proceeding from the army's responsibility to protect this unarmed free people, we announce the formation of the Free Syrian Army to work hand in hand with the people to achieve freedom and dignity to bring this <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> down, protect the <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">revolution</a> and the country's resources, and stand in the face of the irresponsible military machine that protects the regime.”<a href="#cite_note-eng-archive.aawsat.com-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-sharq-46">[46]</a></blockquote> He called on the officers and men of the Syrian army to "defect from the army, stop pointing their rifles at their people's chests, join the free army, and form a national army that can protect the revolution and all sections of the Syrian people with all their sects." He said that those soldiers and officers who didn't defect from the Syrian army "[represents] gangs that protect the regime", and declared that "as of now, the security forces that kill civilians and besiege cities will be treated as legitimate targets. We will target them in all parts of the Syrian territories without exception";<a href="#cite_note-sharq-46">[46]</a> "you will find us everywhere at all times, and you will see that which you do not expect, until we re-establish the rights and freedom of our people."<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_2011-71">[71]</a> Riad al-Assad urged all factions of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> to unite and put an end to internal disputes; until liberation from the dictatorship and formation of a “free, national, democratic” <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civilian government</a> in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-eng-archive.aawsat.com-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defectors_from_the_Syrian_Arab_Army">Defectors from the Syrian Arab Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defectors from the Syrian Arab Army">edit</a>]</div> Desertion of soldiers to the Free Syrian Army was documented in videos.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 23 September 2011, the Free Syrian Army merged with the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Syria)" title="Free Officers Movement (Syria)">Free Officers Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حركة الضباط الأحرار, Ḥarakat aḑ-Ḑubbāṭ al-Aḥrār); <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> considered the FSA since then the main military defectors group.<a href="#cite_note-Albayrak-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube9-10-11-41">[41]</a> From 27 September to 1 October, Syrian government forces, backed by tanks and helicopters, led a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">major offensive on the city of Rastan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs province</a>, which had been under opposition control for a couple weeks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-75">[75]</a> There were reports of large numbers of defections in the city, and the Free Syrian Army reported it had destroyed 17 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured vehicles">armoured vehicles</a> during clashes in <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">Rastan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> using <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propelled_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propelled grenade">RPGs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booby_traps" class="mw-redirect" title="Booby traps">booby traps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thenational1-77">[77]</a> A defected officer in the Syrian opposition claimed that over a hundred officers had defected as well as thousands of conscripts, although many had gone into hiding or home to their families, rather than fighting the loyalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-thenational1-77">[77]</a> The Battle of Rastan between the government forces and the Free Syrian Army was the longest and most intense action up until that time. After a week of fighting, the FSA was forced to retreat from Rastan.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-75">[75]</a> To avoid government forces, the leader of the FSA, Col. Riad Asaad, retreated to the Turkish side of Syrian-Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> By October 2011, the leadership of the FSA consisting of 60–70 people including commander Riad al-Assad was harbored in an 'officers' camp' in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> guarded by the Turkish military.<a href="#cite_note-Stack-79">[79]</a> In early November 2011, two FSA units in the Damascus area confronted regime forces.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-80">[80]</a> In mid-November, in an effort to weaken the pro-Assad forces, the FSA released a statement which announced that a temporary military council had been formed.<a href="#cite_note-VoA-LIPIN-16-11-2011-81">[81]</a> In October 2011, an American official said the Syrian military might have lost perhaps 10,000 to defections.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> By October, the FSA would start to receive military support from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, who allowed the rebel army to operate its <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headquarters (military)">command and headquarters</a> from the country's southern <a href="/wiki/Hatay_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay province">Hatay province</a> close to the Syrian border, and its <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">field command</a> from inside <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rebel_groups-83">[83]</a> The FSA would often launch attacks into Syria's northern towns and cities, while using the Turkish side of the border as a safe zone and supply route. By the beginning of October, clashes between loyalist and defected army units were being reported fairly regularly. During the first week of the month, sustained <a href="/wiki/October_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya clashes">clashes were reported in Jabal al-Zawiya</a> in the mountainous regions of <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a>. On 13 October, clashes were reported in the town of Haara in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa province</a> in the south of Syria that resulted in the death of two rebel and six loyalist soldiers, according to the London-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Clashes were also reported in the city of <a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a> in Idlib province with a total of 14 fatalities for both affected towns, including rebels, loyalists and civilians.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A few days later on 17 October, five government troops were killed in the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Qusayr</a> in the central <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">province of Homs</a>, near the border with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and 17 people were reported wounded in skirmishes with defectors in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hass,_Syria" title="Hass, Syria">Hass</a> in Idlib province near the mountain range of <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawiya Mountain">Jabal al-Zawiya</a>, although it was unclear if the wounded included civilians.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> According to the London-based organization, an estimated 11 government soldiers were killed that day, four of which were killed in a bombing. It was not clear if the defectors linked to these incidents were connected to the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 20 October, the opposition reported that clashes occurred between loyalists and defectors in <a href="/wiki/Burhaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhaniya">Burhaniya</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Qusayr</a> in the central <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">province of Homs</a>, leading to the death of several soldiers and the destruction of two military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A week later on 25 October, clashes occurred in the northwestern town of <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a> between loyalists and defected soldiers at a roadblock on the edge of the town. The defectors launched an assault on the government held roadblock in retaliation for a raid on their positions the previous night.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The next day on 26 October, the opposition reported that nine soldiers were killed by a <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade</a> when it hit their bus in the village of Hamrat, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>. The gunmen who attacked the bus were believed to be defected soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On 29 October, the opposition reported that 17 pro-Assad soldiers were killed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> during fighting with suspected army deserters, including a defected senior official who was aiding the rebel soldiers. Two <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured personnel carriers">armoured personnel carriers</a> were disabled in the fighting. Later the number of casualties was revised to 20 killed and 53 wounded soldiers in clashes with presumed army deserters, according to <a href="/wiki/Agence_France_Presse" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence France Presse">Agence France Presse</a>. In a separate incident, 10 security agents and a deserter were killed in a bus ambush near the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish border</a>, opposition activists reported. The Syrian Observatory of Human Rights reported that the bus was transporting security agents between the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Habit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Habit (page does not exist)">Al-Habit</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafrnabuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafrnabuda (page does not exist)">Kafrnabuda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a> when it was ambushed "by armed men, probably deserters".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In November 2011, the FSA operated throughout Syria, both in urban areas and countryside, in the northwest of Syria (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorates</a>), the central region (<a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan_District" title="Al-Rastan District">Al-Rastan District</a>), the coast around <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, the south (<a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Houran plateau</a>), the east (<a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal_District" title="Abu Kamal District">Abu Kamal District</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Governorate" title="Damascus Governorate">Damascus Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-80">[80]</a> FSA was then armed with rifles, light and heavy machine guns, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a> and explosive devices.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-80">[80]</a> Their largest concentrations were in Homs, Hama and surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-80">[80]</a> The FSA, after consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a> (SNC) in November 2011, agreed to not attack Syrian army units that are staying in their barracks, and concentrate on protecting and defending civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-94">[94]</a> In November 2011, "The Free Syrian Army boasts it has as many 25,000 fighters in its ranks, a number challenged by its critics who say the true figure is closer to 1,000".<a href="#cite_note-telegrNov2011-13">[13]</a> early December, the US <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a> stated that the FSA counted 15,000 ex-Syrian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-IBT2Dc11-95">[95]</a> On 5 November, at least nine people died in clashes between soldiers, protesters and defectors, and four <a href="/wiki/Shabeeha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabeeha">Shabeeha</a> were killed in Idlib reportedly by army deserters.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-96">[96]</a> On the same day, the state-news agency <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">SANA</a> reported the deaths of 13 soldiers and policemen as a result of clashes with armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to SANA, four policemen were also wounded in clashes with an armed group in <a href="/wiki/Kanakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakir">Kanakir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> countryside while one of the armed individuals died, additionally that day, two explosive devices were dismantled.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defections_and_checkpoint_raids">Defections and checkpoint raids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defections and checkpoint raids">edit</a>]</div> More army defections were reported in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> on 10 November, three out of at least nine defectors were shot dead by loyalist gunmen after abandoning their posts. The same day, clashes reportedly resulted in the death of a fifteen-year-old boy in <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Sheikhoun</a>, when he was caught in crossfire between Assad loyalists and the free army.<a href="#cite_note-uk.reuters.com-99">[99]</a> Also on 10 November "at least four soldiers in the regular army were killed at dawn in an attack, headed by armed men – probably deserters – on a military checkpoint in Has region, near Maaret al-Numan town" according to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_For_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Observatory For Human Rights">Syrian Observatory For Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> However, the number has also been put at five soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-uk.reuters.com-99">[99]</a> A checkpoint in Maarat al-Numaan three kilometers south of Homs also came under attack by defectors, resulting in an increase in tank deployment by Syrian security forces in the city.<a href="#cite_note-uk.reuters.com-99">[99]</a> In November, there were conflicting reports of the number of Syrian soldiers injured and killed. On 11 November, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that 26 soldiers were killed,<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-101">[101]</a> while Syrian state media reported the lower figure of 20 soldiers killed at this time.<a href="#cite_note-sana.sy-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[103]</a> For the month up until 13 November, the <a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a> reported the death of about 20 soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-101">[101]</a> the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights reported the death of more than 100 soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-101">[101]</a> and the Syrian state media SANA reported the death of 71 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-sana.sy-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Increased <a href="/wiki/2011_Daraa_province_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Daraa province clashes">Clashes in Daraa province</a> began on 14 November when 34 soldiers and 12 defectors were killed in an <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> by the free army. The death toll as a result of the fighting also included 23 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> One day later on 15 November, eight soldiers and security forces troops were killed by an assault on a checkpoint in Hama province, according to activists.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Damascus_intelligence_complex_attack">Damascus intelligence complex attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Damascus intelligence complex attack">edit</a>]</div> On 16 November, in a <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinated attack">coordinated attack</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">air force intelligence complex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a> was attacked.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> According to the Free Syrian Army, they did so with machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades, leading to the death of at least six soldiers with twenty others wounded. A western diplomat said the assault was "hugely symbolic and tactically new".<a href="#cite_note-VoA-LIPIN-16-11-2011-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The attack on the air force intelligence complex was a continuation of <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Damascus_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Damascus clashes">clashes in Damascus</a>. The next day, the Free Syrian Army launched an assault against the Baath party youth headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a> with RPGs and small arms.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The state news agency SANA reported the deaths of three Syrian troops as a result of a bomb blast, with an officer also critically wounded and two law-enforcement agents injured.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three members of the security forces were reportedly killed on between 18 and 19 November by the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-96">[96]</a> Multiple attacks on 19 December by armed groups were also reported by the state news agency SANA.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> State news also reported that ten wanted armed individuals were captured in <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numan" title="Maarat al-Numan">Maarat al-Numan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On 23 November, five defected soldiers were killed; four in a farm near <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a> where they were hiding and one near the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese border</a>, according to Reuters.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> According to Reuters, two rocket propelled grenades hit a Baath party building in Damascus on 20 December, which if confirmed would indicate the FSA had a greater reach than previously believed.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> However, an AFP reporter went to the area and saw no signs of the claimed attack while residents said that there had been no explosions.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homs_airbase_attack">Homs airbase attack</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Homs airbase attack">edit</a>]</div> According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, on 24 November soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a> with armoured vehicles started operations in farmland west of <a href="/wiki/Rastan_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastan (Syria)">Rastan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs province</a> to track down defectors. 24 people died as a result (if they were soldiers, defectors or civilians was not stated). At least fifty tanks and other <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured vehicle</a> opened fire with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">50 cal. machine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-aircraft_weapons" title="List of anti-aircraft weapons">anti-aircraft weapons</a> on positions held by the Free Syrian Army on Rastan's outskirts. Deaths were also reported in Daraa and Homs<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 24 November 11 defectors were killed and four wounded during clashes on the western outskirts of Homs.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Homs_Province_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Homs Province Ambush">attack on an airbase in Homs province</a> on 25 November, six elite pilots, one technical officer and three other personnel were killed. The Syrian government vowed to "cut every evil hand" of the attackers as a result.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On that same day, at least 10 troops and security service agents were killed in clashes with mutinous soldiers in the east of Syria. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the deaths occurred in <a href="/wiki/Deir_Ezzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Ezzor">Deir Ezzor</a>, while early the next day a civilian was also killed in the eastern city. Several defectors were also killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Army_convoy_ambushes">Army convoy ambushes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Army convoy ambushes">edit</a>]</div> Sustained <a href="/wiki/2011_Idlib_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Idlib clashes">clashes in Idlib province</a> began on 26 November between loyalist and opposition fighters. At least 8 soldiers were killed and 40 more wounded that day when the free army attacked them in Idlib, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported. "A group of deserters attacked a <a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">squad</a> of soldiers and security agents in a convoy of seven vehicles, including three all-terrain vehicles, on the road from Ghadka to <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a>", the Britain-based watchdog said. "Eight were killed and at least 40 more were wounded. The deserters were able to withdraw without suffering any casualties," it added. The FSA claimed to be behind the attack.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Syrian human rights activists claimed that the Free Syrian Army had killed three loyalist soldiers and captured two others on 29 November, although they did not specify where.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, seven soldiers were killed on 30 November in <a href="/wiki/2011-2012_Daraa_Province_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011-2012 Daraa Province Clashes">fighting in the town of Deal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa province</a> after security forces moved on the town in force. The fighting went on from the early morning to the late afternoon. "Two security force vehicles were blown up. Seven (troops) were killed," said Rami Abdel Rahman, head of the observatory. An activist from the town, in the province of Daraa, said some 30 busloads of security men stormed Deal and two of the buses were blown up in fighting "between security forces and defectors," the Observatory reported. One of the destroyed buses was allegedly empty.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Idlib_intelligence_building_raid">Idlib intelligence building raid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Idlib intelligence building raid">edit</a>]</div> On 1 December, FSA troops launched a <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Idlib Governorate clashes">raid on an intelligence building in Idlib</a>, leading to a three-hour firefight in which eight loyalists were killed.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This came the same day the United Nations announced it considered Syria to be in a state of civil war.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On 3 December, clashes in the <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">city of Idlib</a> in the north of Syria the next day resulted in the death of seven Assad loyalist soldiers, five defectors and three civilians.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On 4 December, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">heavy fighting raged in Homs</a> during which at least five FSA insurgents were killed and one wounded.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Defected soldiers killed four members of the security forces, including an officer, at the southern city of Deal in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa province</a> on 5 December.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On 7 December, there were clashes between the Syrian regular army and groups of army defectors near the radio broadcasting centre in the town of <a href="/wiki/Saraqeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraqeb">Saraqeb</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idib district</a>. An armoured personnel carrier (APC) of the regular army was destroyed during the clashes. Meanwhile, joint security and military forces raided the houses at the edges of Saraqeb and arrested three activists at dawn, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Between 1 and 7 December, the Syrian state news agency SANA reported the deaths of 48 members of the state security forces.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Escalating_clashes_in_Daraa">Escalating clashes in Daraa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Escalating clashes in Daraa">edit</a>]</div> A military tank was destroyed in Homs on 9 December.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Four defected soldiers also apparently died in fighting on 9 December.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On 10 December, activists say clashes between Syrian troops and army defectors killed at least two people. The British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights says two army armoured carriers were burned in the pre-dawn clash in the northwestern town of Kfar Takharim.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 11 December, it was reported that a battle was fought between defectors and the Syrian army in <a href="/wiki/Busra_al-Harir" title="Busra al-Harir">Busra al-Harir</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujah (page does not exist)">Lujah</a>. Troops, mainly from the 12th Armoured Brigade, based in Isra, 40 km from the border with Jordan, stormed the nearby town of Busra al-Harir, the Reuters news agency reported. It was apparently the largest battle to take place in the conflict so far.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> At least five soldiers, including a military officer, are reported to have been killed the same day in an unspecified location.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In one of Sunday's clashes, which took place before dawn in the northwestern town of Kfar Takharim, two of the military's armored vehicles were set ablaze, said the British-based <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-146">[146]</a> Three other vehicles were burned in another clash near the southern village of <a href="/wiki/Busra_al-Harir" title="Busra al-Harir">Busra al-Harir</a>, the group said. Similar battles took place in several other parts of the south, said the Observatory and another activist group called the Local Coordination Committees.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_fighting_in_Homs">Urban fighting in Homs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Urban fighting in Homs">edit</a>]</div> Syrian army defectors, who operate under the banner of the Free Syrian Army, say that a senior army officer was killed on 11 December after refusing to fire on civilians in Homs. Maher al-Nueimi, a spokesman for the FSA, said that Brigadier-General Salman al-Awaja was given instructions to fire on residents of al-Quseir in Homs. When he refused, Nueimi said, he was killed. The FSA says that a large number of defections took place after the killing, as clashes broke out between al-Awaja's supporters in the army and the other soldiers who killed him.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Observatory said two people were killed in the clash with defectors in Kfar Takharim and two armoured vehicles were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-INDE-12-12-2011-148">[148]</a> On 12 December, three civilians and two defectors were killed during clashes in Idlib province.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Fighting in Ebita, in the northwestern province of Idlib, continued throughout the night and into the early hours on 12 December. At least one fighter was killed and another injured in the assault.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The FSA killed ten troops in an ambush on a convoy in Idlib, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. This attack was allegedly done to avenge the deaths of 11 civilians previously killed. A Syrian officer was also killed in a revenge attack.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Loyalist soldiers reportedly fired upon a civilian car near Homs on 14 December, killing five people, in response, the Free Syrian Army staged an ambush against a loyalist convoy consisting of four jeeps, killing eight soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The same day, three anti-government military defectors were wounded in clashes with Syrian security forces in the village of <a href="/wiki/Hirak,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirak, Syria">Hirak</a> in Daraa province.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The FSA engaged loyalist army units and security service agents south of Damascus on 15 December, leading to 27 loyalist deaths and an unknown number of FSA casualties. The clashes broke out at three separate checkpoints in Daraa province around dawn<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Between 8 and 15 December, the Syrian state news agency SANA reported the deaths of 68 members of the state security forces.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> A lieutenant colonel of the FSA was killed by the Syrian army on 17 December according to Local Committee, and opposition source.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unsuccessful_defection_in_Idlib">Unsuccessful defection in Idlib</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful defection in Idlib">edit</a>]</div> On 19 December, the FSA suffered its largest loss of life when new defectors tried to abandon their positions and bases between the villages of Kensafra and Kefer Quaid in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a>. Activist groups, specifically the Syrian Observatory for Human rights, reported that 72 defectors were killed as they were gunned down during their attempted escape. The Syrian Army lost three soldiers during the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The next day, S.O.H.R. stated that in all 100 defectors were killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The clashes continued into the next day, and another report, by Lebanese human rights activist Wissam Tarif, put the death toll even higher with 163 defectors, 97 government troops and nine civilians killed on the second day alone as the military tracked down the soldiers and civilian that managed to initially escape.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> On 21 December, it was reported that the FSA had taken control over large swathes of Idlib province including some towns and villages.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> It was also reported on 24 December that the FSA stronghold in the Bab Amr neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> was under attack by security forces, with two FSA soldiers killed.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> A week later, a minute long fire fight erupted between FSA forces and government security forces, on a road near the village of Dael in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa province</a>. Four government soldiers were killed in the ambush.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The FSA grew in size, to about 20,000 by December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_ethnic_character">Religious and ethnic character</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious and ethnic character">edit</a>]</div> In the early days of their existence, 90% of the FSA consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a> and a small minority were (<a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>) <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star_2013-172">[172]</a> Christians, Kurds and Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-ca.reuters.com-173">[173]</a> Western sources in December 2011 again gave estimates of 10,000 Syrian deserters, indicated that half the Syrian army conscripts had not reported to army duty in the last three call-ups, and that lower-level officers were deserting in large numbers; in some cases, whole units had deserted en masse.<a href="#cite_note-HAARETZ21Dec11-174">[174]</a> An anonymously speaking U.S. official however estimated in December 2011 1,000 to 3,500 defectors in total.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-175">[175]</a> In 2011, The Turkish government provided free passage to defecting Syrian Army fighters and allowed the FSA to operate from a special refugee camp in Southern Turkey near the Syrian border.<a href="#cite_note-stein-176">[176]</a> Turkey would allow the FSA to begin operating in nearby towns and encouraged foreign intervention in the Syrian Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-stein-176">[176]</a> In August 2012, the <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Brigades" title="National Unity Brigades">National Unity Brigades</a> was formed. Known for its <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">non-sectarianism</a>. The group included rebels from <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War">minority groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Christians_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians in Syria">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alawites_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawites in Syria">Alawites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ssu3tufO2A">Idlib, Syria, 21 February 2012</a>, About 500 soldiers led by <a href="/wiki/Afif_Suleiman" title="Afif Suleiman">Afif Suleiman</a> defect from the Syrian army's 17th Regiment and join the opposition Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_–_Height_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army">2012 – Height of the Free Syrian Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2012 – Height of the Free Syrian Army">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January/February_–_high-ranked_officer_defections">January/February – high-ranked officer defections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: January/February – high-ranked officer defections">edit</a>]</div> On 6 January 2012, General <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa al-Sheikh">Mustafa al-Sheikh</a> of the Syrian Army defected from the government forces to join the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> General Mustafa al-Sheikh told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that up to 20,000 soldiers in total had deserted the army since the beginning of the conflict, and that the FSA had taken control of large swathes of land. He said in an interview on 12 January 2012: "If we get 25,000 to 30,000 deserters mounting guerrilla warfare in small groups of six or seven it is enough to exhaust the army in a year to a year-and-a-half, even if they are armed only with rocket-propelled grenades and light weapons".<a href="#cite_note-reut13Jan2012-180">[180]</a> On 7 January 2012, Colonel Afeef Mahmoud Suleima of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> logistics division defected from <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Al_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar Al Assad">Bashar Al Assad</a>'s regime along with at least fifty of his men. He announced his group's defection on live television and ordered his men to protect protesters in the city of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>. Colonel Suleiman declared: "We are from the army and we have defected because the government is killing civilian protesters. The Syrian army attacked Hama with heavy weapons, <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks">heavy fire from tanks</a>. … We ask the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> observers to come visit areas affected by air raids and attacks so you can see the damage with your own eyes, and we ask you to send someone to uncover the three cemeteries in Hama filled with more than 460 corpses."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Syrian forces clashed with army deserters in an area near the capital Damascus, opposition activists said. The town of Reef Damascus saw fighting on 1 January as the government forces were hunting for suspected defectors, according to the activists. There were no immediate reports of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> According to the London-based Syrian Observatory for Human rights, despite a self-declared ceasefire, Free Syrian Army soldiers in Idlib, on 2 January, overran two checkpoints belonging to security forces and captured dozens of loyalist troops, and launched an attack on a third checkpoint killing and wounding several loyalists.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> More than a dozen people, including 11 soldiers, were killed in clashes between defectors and loyalists in <a href="/wiki/Basr_al-Harir" class="mw-redirect" title="Basr al-Harir">Basr al-Harir</a>, a town in southern <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a>, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Shelling and gunfire were also reported in Deir ez-Zor by the LCC.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> On 14 January, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_For_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Observatory For Human Rights">Syrian Observatory For Human Rights</a> said there was fighting between deserters and loyalist troops in Hula, Homs province, after the defectors destroyed a barricade and a number of security forces were killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In mid-January, the FSA managed to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zabadani">take control over the border town of Zabadani</a>, just 14 miles away from the capital, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Regular army forces tried to assault the town several times but as of 16 January all attacks were repelled.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> On 16 January General Mouaffac Hamzeh in the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Qusayr</a> in Homs province was announced to have defected to the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> By 26 January, the Damascus suburb of Douma had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">fallen under control</a> of the Free Syrian Army, with occasional raids by security forces failing to dislodge the rebels, mainly made of armed civilians, and some army defectors, mostly armed with assault rifles and hand grenades.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Because of the growing number of defectors, some defectors managed to take their tanks with them. A spokesman for the Free Syrian Army said that more than 100 soldiers defected on 28 January 2012, bringing three tanks along with them.<a href="#cite_note-In_Rankous,_Barely_Holding_On-190">[190]</a> By the end of January and the beginning of February, videos surfaced showing <a href="/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BMP-2</a> armoured personnel carriers in Homs carrying the Syrian independence flag firing at government forces, supported by FSA soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> On 29 January, there were reports of a new round of high-ranking defections after the Syrian Army was deployed to <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Damascus_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Damascus clashes">fight in the Damascus suburbs</a>, some of them joining FSA. At least two generals and hundreds of soldiers with their weapons defected at this time.<a href="#cite_note-In_Rankous,_Barely_Holding_On-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Between 29 and 30 January, government forces massed over 2,000 troops and at least 50 tanks and launched a major offensive to reclaim the northern suburbs – held by the FSA – and drive them from the city. By the end of 30 January, it appeared that the operation had been mostly successful, and the FSA had made a tactical withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> 10 FSA fighters and eight government soldiers were killed during the day in the whole country. Two of the defectors died in the Damascus suburb of Rankus, which had been retaken by the military.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartaglobe.com-195">[195]</a> Another report put the day's death toll in the suburbs at 19 civilians and 6 FSA fighters, while the overall number of those killed in the previous three days, since the fighting in the area started, was 100.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The same day, it was reported by opposition activists that one of the original founders of the FSA, Colonel Hussein Harmush, who was captured in late August by Syrian special forces, was executed several weeks earlier.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartaglobe.com-195">[195]</a> On 31 January, the Syrian army continued to advance to remove the last FSA pockets.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The army fired into the air, as they advanced with tanks even beyond the positions from where the FSA withdrew. Activists told that the suburbs were on unannounced curfew while others were allowed to flee. The army was conducting arrests on suspected people in the district of <a href="/wiki/Arbin,_Syria" title="Arbin, Syria">Arbin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] In some instances, curfews were defied by some citizens, who put up a large opposition flag in the centre of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> On 1 February, the Syrian army extended their operations around Damascus, with more troops moving into the mountainous area of Qaramoun, north of Damascus. Further north, the troops which took the control of Rankous, started to extend their control into farmland surrounding the city. In the eastern suburbs of Mesraba, activist reported that army snipers were positioned and that tanks were in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Initially, 12 people, including six FSA rebels, were killed in fighting in Wadi Barada, located north-west of Damascus in the Rif Damashk governorate, according to the Local Committee of Coordination.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Later, the death toll of FSA fighters in the area was raised to 14.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The town of Deir Kanoun and Ein al Fija were also under army assaults according to the London-based SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> At the same time, SANA reported that, further south in the suburbs Daraa, security forces killed 11 armed fighters and wounded two when they attacked a military bus killing one army sergeant and wounding two others.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Also, the Al-Watan newspaper reported that 37 rebel fighters were killed in fighting in Homs and 15 in Rastan, while four soldiers died in Bab Dreib and two in Rastan.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a>, troops and army defectors clashed in the northwestern province of Idlib and the southern province of Daraa on 5 February. They report two civilians and nine soldiers killed in Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Five government troops were shot in clashes with rebel fighters in Qalaat al-Madyaq town in restive Hama area, on 14 February.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> On the night of 3 February and in the early hours of 4 February, government forces launched a major offensive against Homs, leading to over 200 deaths and 800 injuries. FSA forces engaged loyalist forces and threatened reprisals particularly in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> On 10 February, <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> reported that the FSA had taken full control of the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>. However, Syrian tanks were surrounding Idlib, and citizens and defected soldiers feared a new offensive. Renewed fighting in the Idlib province was reported on 11 February.<a href="#cite_note-news.sky.com-209">[209]</a> On 6 February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> voiced his concern about the SNC's lack of political and material support for the FSA, and stated that if differences could not be resolved the FSA would break off its relations with the SNC.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Heavy fighting had taken place in the town of Al-Qusayr in Homs since 13 February, when the FSA captured the headquarters of the secret service in Homs, killing five agents in the process. Remaining government troops retreated to the town hall and hospital in the city. Four tanks came to reinforce them.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> However, 1 of the 4 tanks as well as 30 soldiers defected to the opposition, where the tank, aided by tractors and trucks, took out remaining government positions and the other 3 tanks. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of Al-Qusayr</a>, FSA fighters were able to establish full control of the city. They said 20 government soldiers had been killed and 80 had fled. FSA fighters said 1 of their men had been killed and another 6 wounded during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Around 18 February 2012, General Fayez Amro of the Syrian Air Force, who was from the Bab Amr district in Homs and of Turkmen origin, defected to <a href="/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team" title="Turkey national football team">Turkey</a>. Another intelligence general from the Syrian army also defected at this time to Turkey. His name was not disclosed due to security reasons, opposition forces said.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> 22 February, a brigadier general defected in Idlib with 200 of his soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In March, General Adnan Farzat from the city of Rastan and two other generals defected.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Turkish government sources reported that same month a surge in desertions with 20,000 desertions in the past month alone bringing the total number of deserters from the Syrian army to over 60,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In February 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fahad_Al_Masri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fahad Al Masri (page does not exist)">Fahad Al Masri</a> was one of the founders of the first joint command of the Free Syrian Army Interior, along with Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qassem_Saad_Eddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qassem Saad Eddin (page does not exist)">Qassem Saad Eddin</a> and other officers, and helped strengthen the formation of military councils, at the governorate level, and the establishment of press offices.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Al Masri was accredited as the movement's spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> In late February 2012, the Syrian National Council established a military bureau to oversee military operations. This initiative was met with criticism by Free Syrian Army leaders who said that they had not been informed.<a href="#cite_note-thenational2-219">[219]</a> Defected General <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa al-Sheikh">Mustafa al-Sheikh</a> created a similar discord in the army when he established a rival group called the Higher Military Revolutionary Council which was rejected by the FSA leadership and field units.<a href="#cite_note-al-akhbarii-220">[220]</a> Earlier the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> had also tried to coopt the FSA but the leadership rejected their attempt.<a href="#cite_note-thenational2-219">[219]</a> Colonel Al Kurdi, the deputy leader of the FSA, dismissed the internal disputes and said that despite disagreements, the opposition remained united against the government and in their call for arms.<a href="#cite_note-thenational2-219">[219]</a> In late 2011, the FSA <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Idlib Governorate clashes">established control over a number of towns and villages</a> across <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Later in January 2012, the Free Syrian Army succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zabadani">taking control of the town of Zabadani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Damascus province</a>, following intense clashes with the regular troops. On 21 January, the FSA temporarily <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">captured the town of Douma</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The Free Syrian Army also for three months controlled around two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, Syria's third largest city, according to Syrian military officers inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In January, some <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Damascus_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Damascus clashes">Damascus suburbs fell under partial opposition control</a>. For example, the town of <a href="/wiki/Saqba" title="Saqba">Saqba</a>, an eastern suburb of Damascus fell under opposition control for a week until the FSA was forced to tactically retreat into the local population after sustaining heavy bombardment by the Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-Saqba-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suburbs-226">[226]</a> In late February, the city of Idlib was under opposition control, with opposition flags flying in the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-news.sky.com-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_and_tactics">Methods and tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Methods and tactics">edit</a>]</div> As deserted government soldiers had no armored vehicles and only light weaponry and munitions, FSA in August–October 2011 mostly ambushed security forces and the state's <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a> (ghost) militia, and attacked trucks and buses bringing in security reinforcements by planting bombs or with hit-and-run attacks, but seldom confronted other regular army soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a> The FSA uses <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> tactics when it fights and does not aim to occupy terrain once a fight is over, however, by late 2011 large swathes of area in Syria had fallen under partial control of the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The Free Syrian Army's armed actions focus on the government's combat advantages, which include the ability to mount coordinated operations on a large scale, the ability to move its forces at will, and the ability to employ heavy firepower.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> To counter these advantages, the FSA has mounted attacks on the government's command and control and logistical infrastructure. A <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> campaign has begun in Syria, with reports of attacks on different government assets. The FSA has mounted attacks on security service command centers, and posts information on Syrian social media sites about blocking roads, attacking logistics vehicles, cutting coaxial communications cables servicing airfields, destroying telecommunications towers, sabotaging government vehicles by sugaring fuel tanks, and attacking railways and pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-231">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSA_Fighter.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FSA_Fighter.PNG/220px-FSA_Fighter.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FSA_Fighter.PNG/330px-FSA_Fighter.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FSA_Fighter.PNG/440px-FSA_Fighter.PNG 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>An FSA fighter engaged in a firefight in Aleppo</figcaption></figure> The Free Syrian Army on the local level engages and <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a> the state's <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">shabiha</a> militia<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a> and confronts the army during which it encourages defections.<a href="#cite_note-bearing-232">[232]</a> Some members of the Free Syrian Army have stated that the organization does not have the resources to occupy and take control of territories, and instead relies primarily on hit and run attacks to prompt the Syrian army into withdrawing.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The FSA also uses <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised explosive devices">improvised explosive devices</a> to attack military convoys of buses, trucks and tanks that are transporting supplies and security reinforcements and engages in <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">attack and retreat operations</a> on government checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In neighborhoods opposed to the government, the FSA has acted as a defense force, guarding streets while protests take place and attacking the militias, known as shabiha, which are an integral part of the government's efforts to suppress dissent.<a href="#cite_note-Sly-235">[235]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">Al-Rastan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a> and other cities the Free Syrian Army, however, engaged in street battles that raged for days with no particular side gaining the advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a> The FSA has also sought international help in bringing down the Assad government. It has asked the international community for arms and the implementation of a no fly zone and naval blockade of Syria<a href="#cite_note-Burch-236">[236]</a> Communication inside the battalion unit is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Walkie_talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie talkie">walkie talkie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The FSA battalion units work closely with the local population and defectors typically join units from the region or town that they come.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel.de-238">[238]</a> The FSA is closely interlinked with ad hoc activist networks and it works closely with the civilian formed local councils.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Around key population centers, such as Damascus, Aleppo, Daraa and Hama, the FSA operates military councils that coordinate operations in the area.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolicyWatch1912-242">[242]</a> The army's <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> is exercised through a variety of means, including mobile phones, voice over IP, email, couriers and social media.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-80">[80]</a> In November 2011, the army spent $2 million to improve communication links between opposition fighters in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-news.nationalpost.com-243">[243]</a> The Bashar al-Assad government captured a number of sophisticated communications devices from opposition fighters, including <a href="/wiki/Thuraya" title="Thuraya">Thuraya</a> mobile <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a>, very high and ultra-high frequency (<a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a>) devices, and <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a> mobile communication satellite systems.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-80">[80]</a> In February 2012, Qatar had supplied the army with 3,000 satellite phones.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The United States has also provided communication equipment to help create a more structured army.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera,31-8-13-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> At the outset, the Free Syrian Army was mainly armed with <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a>, <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShKs</a> and <a href="/wiki/RPG7" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG7">RPG-7s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> As defecting soldiers lack <a href="/wiki/Air_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Air cover">air cover</a>, deserting soldiers have to abandon their <a href="/wiki/Armoured_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured vehicles">armoured vehicles</a>. Soldiers defected carrying only their army issued <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">light arms</a> and hide in cities, suburbs or the cover of the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a> Besides AK-47s, some FSA soldiers also have <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steyr_AUG" title="Steyr AUG">Steyr AUGs</a>, <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FALs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snayperskaya_Vintovka_Dragunova" class="mw-redirect" title="Snayperskaya Vintovka Dragunova">SVDs</a> and shotguns,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3" title="Heckler & Koch G3">G3 Battle Rifles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> and <a href="/wiki/PK_machine_gun" title="PK machine gun">PK machine guns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The FSA had a few heavy weapons captured from the Syrian government. In February 2012, video footage was posted online showing a captured government tank, being used in Homs by FSA forces. The tank carried Syrian opposition flags and was seen firing with armed men in civilian clothes taking cover behind it.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> An FSA spokesman has said that the organization received three tanks from a group of 100 deserters from the Syrian army.<a href="#cite_note-In_Rankous,_Barely_Holding_On-190">[190]</a> The FSA has also reportedly acquired a number of anti-aircraft missiles.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The Free Syrian Army later began manufacturing its own mortars and rockets.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raids</a> on government <a href="/wiki/Security_checkpoint" title="Security checkpoint">checkpoints</a> and arms depots are carried out to supply the FSA with much of its <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> and new <a href="/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons">arms</a>. The FSA also purchases weapons on the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> which is supplied by arms smugglers from neighboring countries and corrupt loyalist forces selling government arms. There have been reports that whole arms depots have been offered for sale, although these offers were refused because of fears of a potential trap.<a href="#cite_note-news.nationalpost.com-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> FSA fighters are also sometimes able to purchase weapons directly from army supply bases, provided that they have enough money to satisfy the government troops guarding them. It is also reported that the FSA purchases much of its heavy weaponry from Iraqi arms smugglers.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Col. Riad Asaad has asked the international community to supply the FSA with arms to alleviate the organization's supply issues.<a href="#cite_note-Stack-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="March_to_December_–_issues_of_organization">March to December – issues of organization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: March to December – issues of organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png/220px-Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png/330px-Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png/440px-Formation_of_Conquest_Brigade_in_Tell_Rifaat.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> (left) and a <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> (right) in the FSA announce the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_Brigade" title="Conquest Brigade">Conquest Brigade</a>, part of the FSA in <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, 31 July 2012.</figcaption></figure> In March 2012, two reporters of The New York Times witnessed an FSA attack with a <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">roadside bomb</a> and AK-47 rifles on a column of armored Syrian tanks in <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, and learned that FSA had a stock of able, trained soldiers and ex-officers, organized to some extent, but were without the weapons to put up a realistic fight. <a href="/wiki/Baba_Amr" title="Baba Amr">Baba Amr</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> fell to government forces on the morning of 1 March, as the Free Syrian Army claimed they had made a "tactical retreat" from the area, after running low on weapons and ammunition. They made the decision to withdraw from Baba Amr and into other parts of Homs because "worsening humanitarian conditions, lack of food and medicine and water, electricity and communication cuts as well as shortages in weapons."<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Shortly after their retreat from Baba Amr in Homs, the FSA suffered another setback on 3 March, when a defection of 50 soldiers from the Abu Athuhoor Military Airport in Idlib province was foiled after their plans were discovered. 47 of the soldiers were executed<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> and only three managed to escape. Their bodies were reportedly dumped in a lake.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> A raid was conducted in the Mezze area of Damascus, involving machine-gun fire and rocket propelled grenades. A defecting general was escorted from the area. A military helicopter flew over the area leading to the detection and deaths of 7 FSA fighters.<a href="#cite_note-SundayTimesViaAlArabiya-261">[261]</a> Also, 80 elements of the security forces including pro-government militia were reportedly killed and 200 wounded during the clashes. The deputy commander of the Free Syrian Army also said that two military tanks were destroyed during the operation.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> However, neither the opposition-affiliated SOHR activist group or any independent media confirmed the high number of government casualties in the clashes. FSA fighters claimed to control the back roads in the countryside, but also admitted that no one knew for certain where the Syrian Army would be at a given time.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> On 24 March 2012, the Free Syrian Army united with the Higher Military Council. The groups agreed to put their differences behind them, and in a statement said: "First, we decided to unite all the military councils and battalions and all the armed battalions inside the country under one unified leadership of the Free Syrian Army and to follow the orders of the commander of the FSA, Col. Riad al-Asaad."<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> By late April 2012, despite a cease-fire being declared in the whole country, heavy fighting continued in Al-Qusayr, where rebel forces controlled the northern part of the city, while the military held the southern part. FSA forces were holding onto Al-Qusayr, due to it being the last major transit point toward the Lebanese border. A rebel commander from the <a href="/wiki/Farouq_Brigades" title="Farouq Brigades">Farouq Brigades</a> in the town reported that 2,000 Farouq fighters had been killed in Homs province since August 2011. At this point, there were talks among the rebels in Al-Qusayr, where many of the retreating rebels from Homs city's Baba Amr district had gone, of Homs being abandoned completely.<a href="#cite_note-myrtlebeachonline.com-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Local_News_-_The_News_Tribune-267">[267]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_(North).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28North%29.jpg/195px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28North%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28North%29.jpg/293px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28North%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28North%29.jpg/390px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28North%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Areas of conflict and displacement (light purple), refugee camps (red triangles), displaced in host homes (green houses), FSA held territory (red), June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-humanrights.gov-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-understandingwar.org-269">[269]</a></figcaption></figure>By late April 2012, despite a cease-fire being declared in the whole country, heavy fighting continued in Al-Qusayr, where rebel forces controlled the northern part of the city, while the military held the southern part. FSA forces were holding onto Al-Qusayr, due to it being the last major transit point toward the Lebanese border. A rebel commander from the <a href="/wiki/Farouq_Brigades" title="Farouq Brigades">Farouq Brigades</a> in the town reported that 2,000 Farouq fighters had been killed in Homs province since August 2011. At this point, there were talks among the rebels in Al-Qusayr, where many of the retreating rebels from Homs city's Baba Amr district had gone, of Homs being abandoned completely.<a href="#cite_note-myrtlebeachonline.com-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Local_News_-_The_News_Tribune-267">[267]</a> Despite the UN ceasefire, fighting between the Free Syrian Army and Syrian government forces continued throughout May. The FSA had used much of early May to regroup<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> and gradually launched more and more attacks on government forces as the month progressed (despite often being poorly armed)<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> and it became clear that the ceasefire had failed. Kofi Annan himself expressed exasperation at the ongoing violence. Footage in late-May appeared to show FSA forces had been destroying Assad forces' tanks in Idlib.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In May, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">United Nations monitors</a> confirmed media reports that large areas of Syria's <a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">countryside and provincial cities</a> were under the de facto control of the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The Free Syrian Army has stated that it only has partial control over its held areas, and that in a head-to-head battle with the Syrian army was unable in most cases to hold the territory. The FSA's goal as of winter was to loosen government control over areas, rather than to impose firm control of its own.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-274">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_(South).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28South%29.jpg/195px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28South%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28South%29.jpg/293px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28South%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28South%29.jpg/390px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area_%28South%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Areas of conflict and displacement (light purple), refugee camps (yellow triangles), displaced in host homes (green houses), FSA held territory (red), June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-humanrights.gov-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-understandingwar.org-269">[269]</a></figcaption></figure>By June 2012, CNN estimated opposition forces to have grown to 40,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-cnn25Jun2012-275">[275]</a> The Free Syrian Army announced on 4 June it was abandoning its ceasefire agreement. Spokesman Sami al-Kurdi told Reuters that the FSA had begun attacking soldiers to "defend our people". At least 80 government soldiers were killed in escalating violence over that weekend.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> By mid-June, the FSA controlled large swathes of land in Idlib governorate and Northern Hama governorate. In these areas, the FSA and local individuals administered justice and the distribution of supplies to residents.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> It was reported on 28 June that the opposition almost entirely controlled the city of Deir ez-Zor, while the government army had shelled it, trying to take it back. Human rights groups said that this assault with tanks and artillery had killed over 100 residents. The government also reportedly told doctors not to treat people at local hospitals and targeted hospitals that refused with mortar rounds. Humanitarian aid workers from the Syrian Arab Red Crescent were targeted by the army, one worker was killed.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> In Homs, the FSA held out against government forces bombarding large parts of the city, including the opposition bastion of Khaldiyah. Also, renewed fighting between rebels and loyalists was reported in the Baba Amr neighbourhood of Homs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By July 2012, there were over 100,000 defectors from the armed forces reported.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> In July, it was reported that the Free Syrian Army had taken control of a number of suburbs north of the capital <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, including Zamalka and Irbeen. FSA fighters openly patrolled the streets of the suburbs, and clashes occurred less than 10 kilometers from the center of Damascus city itself.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> It was reported that the Free Syrian Army also took control of a commercial crossing in Bab al-Hawa in Syria's northern frontier. FSA fighters had fought government forces there for ten days until they won. FSA fighters were seen in video footage, destroying portraits of Assad and celebrating their victory.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> On August 21, 2012, Fahad Al Masri was the first to meet the international envoy to Syria, <a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Lakhdar Brahimi</a>, after his meeting with French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> as part of his mission in the Syrian file in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Prior to September 2012, the Free Syrian Army operated its <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headquarters (military)">command and headquarters</a> from Turkey's southern <a href="/wiki/Hatay_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay province">Hatay province</a> close to the Syrian border with field commanders operating inside Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Stack-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> In September 2012, the FSA announced that it had moved its headquarters to rebel-controlled territory of <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> in northern Syria,<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> which was later overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a> in December 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-286">[286]</a> In October 2012, Fahad Al Masri, spokesman for the Free Syrian Army, went to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to participate in meetings with several officers who had defected in areas near the Syrian-Turkish border, as well as with the French ambassador in charge of the Syrian file with several military[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>].[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to a <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> report in October 2012, "rich businessmen from Damascus and Aleppo support the FSA as well as political organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>." The ideology of various FSA groups depended on their sponsors and funders. "If a militia receives money from the Muslim Brotherhood, then it obviously going to be an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> militia", an observer stated.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg/220px-FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg/330px-FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg/440px-FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>FSA fighters plan during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> (October 2012).</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">Syrian National Coalition</a>, formed in November 2012 and by September 2013 based in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, dubbed the 'main opposition alliance',[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] was recognized by the FSA by September 2013.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> On 18 November, rebels <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">took control of</a> one of the Syrian Army's largest military bases in northern Syria, Base 46 in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> after weeks of intense fighting with government forces. Defected General Mohammed Ahmed al-Faj, who commanded the assault, hailed the capture of Base 46 as "one of our biggest victories since the start of the revolution" against Bashar al-Assad, claiming nearly 300 Syrian troops had been killed and 60 had been captured with rebels seizing large amounts of heavy weapons and tanks.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> On 22 November, rebels captured the <a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a> military base in the country's eastern Deir ez Zor province. Activists said this gave the rebels control of a large amount of territory east of the base, to the Iraqi border.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> On 7 December 2012, about 260 to 550 commanders and representatives of the Syrian armed opposition met in <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> and elected a new 30-person military council for the FSA, called <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Syria)" title="Supreme Military Council (Syria)">Supreme Military Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-291">[291]</a> Colonel Riad al-Asaad, who was not present at the meeting, retained his formal role as Commander-in-Chief but lost effective power to Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a>, who was elected as the new Chief of Staff of the FSA and effective leader.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Security officials from the United States, United Kingdom, France, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> were present at the meeting,<a href="#cite_note-Huff_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThReut_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_unifiedcommand_FSA-294">[294]</a> days before a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a> that had pledged non-military aid to militant rebels.<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a> were not invited to the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Huff_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-292">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a> stated that the new Chief of Staff Gen. Salim Idris "is not ideological", while two of his new deputy commanders, Abdelbasset Tawil from <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> and Abdelqader Saleh from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> are <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-293">[293]</a> FSA commanders "[appeared] to want to sideline extremist groups that have been playing a bigger role in recent months" and that there would be a total of five deputy commanders associated with five different regions of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Huff_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_2012_command_structure">Late 2012 command structure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late 2012 command structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_(June_2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg/500px-Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg/750px-Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg/1000px-Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In December 2012, more than 260 Free Syrian Army rebel commanders from all over Syria agreed to a unified command structure of the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-295">[295]</a> The participants elected a 30-member <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Syria)" title="Supreme Military Council (Syria)">Supreme Military Council</a>, which then selected General <a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a> as chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-295">[295]</a> Idris was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Ilah_al-Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir">Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-296">[296]</a> The FSA's formal leader is its <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a>; however, the army's effective military leader is its Supreme Military Councils Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Ilah_al-Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir">Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir</a>. Beneath General al-Bashir there are five deputy chief of staffs who are in charge of five different regions of Syria. Two of these deputy chiefs of staff are Abdelbasset Tawil from <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> and Abdelqader Saleh from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huff_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThReut_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-293">[293]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right; margin:1em; font-size:85%;"> <caption>Free Syrian Army Brigade Commanders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Commander</th> <th>Brigade </th></tr> <tr> <td>Abdul Rahman Sheikh Ali</td> <td>Khalid bin Walid<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lt. Abdul Razzaq Tlass</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farouq_Brigades" title="Farouq Brigades">Al-Farouq</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube1-298">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abdel Qader Saleh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">Al-Tawhid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ahmed Abu Issa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Suqour al-Sham">Suqour al-Sham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Al-Harati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdi Al-Harati">Mahdi Al-Harati</a> (former)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liwaa_Al-Umma" class="mw-redirect" title="Liwaa Al-Umma">Liwaa Al-Umma</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Free Syrian Army has field units located across the country. The field units are under the direct command of nine regional commanders which are based in the provinces of Homs, Hama, Idlib, Deir al-Zor, Damascus, Aleppo and Latakia. The regional commanders include Colonel Qasim Saad al-Din who directs military operations in Homs province and Colonel Khaled al-Haboush who directs military operations in the capital. The regional commanders are under the direct operational command of Colonel Riad Asaad and hold conference calls almost daily.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-301">[301]</a> For internal communication and operations, the FSA appears to have an extensive internet based communication network that state security has tried to penetrate.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel.de-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-thedailybeast1-302">[302]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:left; margin:1em; font-size:85%;"> <caption>Free Syrian Army Local Field Units<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdulhamid-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-WT0927-304">[304]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Battalions and Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> − <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farouq_Brigades" title="Farouq Brigades">Farouq Brigades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> city)</li> <li>Ammar bin Yassir battalion (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamzah Al-Khateeb</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> city)</li> <li>Al-Furqan battalion (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></li> <li>Harmoush battalion (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-Mouterde-307">[307]</a></li> <li>Martyrs Ma'arat Nu'man battalion (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></li> <li>Shield of Islam battalion (<a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salaheddine Al-Ayoubi</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr ash-Shugur">Jisr ash-Shugur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Qashoush</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> city)<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Aboul Fidaa</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> province)</li> <li>Saad Bin Moaz battalion (<a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama</a> province)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Moawiyah Bin Abi Sufian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> city)</li> <li>Houriyeh battalion (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> city)</li> <li>Ababeel battalion (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> province)</li> <li>Lions of Shahba battalion (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li>Saad Allah Al-Jabiri battalion (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li> <li>Omari battalion (<a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan Pasha Al-Atrash</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda Governorate">As-Suwayda</a>)</li> <li>Qassam battalion (<a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a>)</li> <li>Suqur battalion (<a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>)</li> <li>Samer Nunu battalion (<a href="/wiki/Tartus_Governorate" title="Tartus Governorate">Baniyas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashaal_Tammo" title="Mashaal Tammo">Mishaal Tammo</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Al_Qamishli" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qamishli">Qamishli</a>)</li> <li>Odai Al-Tayi battalion (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Hasakah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar Ibn al-Khattab</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor</a> city)<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></li> <li>Moaz Al-Raqad battalion (<a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor</a> province)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Allahu Akbar</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Abu Kamal</a>)</li> <li>Dawn of Freedom battalion (<a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> province)</li> <li>Ramy Al-Sayeed battalion (<a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> province)<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></li> <li>Tel Kalakh Martyrs' battalion (<a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> province)</li> <li>Ahmad Nayif Al-Sukhni battalion (<a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al_Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah">Abu Obeidah bin Al-Jarrah</a> battalion (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_Governorate" title="Damascus Governorate">Damascus</a> province)</li> <li>Sham Falcons, eight battalions (Jabal al-Zawiya)<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="float:left; margin:1em; font-size:85%;"> <caption>Free Syrian Army Regional Military Councils<a href="#cite_note-understandingwar.org-269">[269]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Commander</th> <th>Province </th></tr> <tr> <td>Col. Khaled al-Haboush</td> <td>Damascus </td></tr> <tr> <td>Col. <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Jabbar_al-Oqaidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Jabbar al-Oqaidi">Abdel Jabbar al-Oqaidi</a> (25,000–30,000 troops)</td> <td>Aleppo<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Col. Qassim Suad al-Din</td> <td>Homs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Col. Abdel Hamid Alshawi</td> <td>Hama </td></tr> <tr> <td>Col. Afeef Suleiman</td> <td>Idlib </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capt. Qais Qataneh, Lt. Sharif Kayed (council members)</td> <td>Daraa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anas Abu Malik</td> <td>Latakia<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-301">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Deir al-Zor </td></tr></tbody></table> The Free Syrian Army has adopted the configuration and tactics of a guerrilla force. A typical field unit such as the Tel Kalakh Martyrs' Brigade numbers between 300 and 400 fighters split into combat units of six to 10 men. Each man in the unit is armed with a light weapon, such as an <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a>, and the combat unit as a whole is equipped with an RPG launcher and a light machine gun. Free Syrian Army units specialize in different tasks. Units close to the borders are involved with logistics and the transport of injured soldiers out of the country and also with the transport medical equipment, material supplies and weapons into the country.<a href="#cite_note-al-akhbarii-220">[220]</a> Other units such as the <a href="/wiki/Farouq_Brigades" title="Farouq Brigades">Farouq Brigades</a> which are based in the city of Homs are involved in protecting civilians and fending off the Syrian army. The Farouq Brigade is one of the more active FSA battalion units. It is led by Lieutenant Abdul-Razzaq Tlass, the nephew of former Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-youtube1-298">[298]</a> Lieutenant Tlass was one of the first defectors and is one of the key figures in the Syrian uprising. His unit of 500–2,000 soldiers has engaged the Syrian army in Homs and raided Syrian checkpoints and command centers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-AL-319">[319]</a> As of January 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit">[update]</a>, the army had around 37 named battalion units, 17–23 of which appeared to be engaged in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulhamid-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> In October 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time magazine</a> reported that the FSA was "never more than an umbrella term that provided political cover for the loose franchise of defectors and armed civilians fighting Assad's regime" and some units were merely made up of a few dozen fighters.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_–_Rise_of_Islamists">2013 – Rise of Islamists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2013 – Rise of Islamists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition-Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition-Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war">Opposition-Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(March_15_2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/220px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/330px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/440px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Greatest extent of Syrian opposition-controlled territory, March 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smc-structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Smc-structure.jpg/220px-Smc-structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Smc-structure.jpg/330px-Smc-structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Smc-structure.jpg/440px-Smc-structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Syria)" title="Supreme Military Council (Syria)">Supreme Military Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">Syrian National Coalition</a>'s military wing, by late 2013 </figcaption></figure> In April 2013, the US announced it would transfer $123 million in nonlethal aid to Syrian rebels through the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Syria)" title="Supreme Military Council (Syria)">Supreme Military Council</a> led by defected general <a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a>, the then Chief of Staff of FSA.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchySalimIdriss-322">[322]</a> In April–May 2013, FSA was losing fighters to Salafist jihadist organisation <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> which was emerging as the best-equipped, financed and motivated anti-Assad force, concluded <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> after interviewing FSA commanders across Syria.<a href="#cite_note-guar8May2013-323">[323]</a> FSA commander Basha said that in the last few months 3,000 FSA fighters had gone over to al-Nusra, mainly because FSA lacks weapons and ammunition. Another FSA commander said that also the Islamic doctrine of al-Nusra attracts FSA fighters. A Western diplomat played down suggestions that Nusra would be cleaner, better and stronger: "fighters are moving from one group to another", but you can't say that Nusra has in general more momentum than others, he maintained.<a href="#cite_note-guar8May2013-323">[323]</a> In May 2013, FSA commander <a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a> said that "the rebels" were badly fragmented and lacked the military skill needed to topple the government of President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>. Idris said he was working on a countrywide command structure, but that a lack of material support—ammunition and weapons, fuel for the cars and money for logistics and salaries—was hurting that effort. "The battles are not so simple now," Idriss said. "Now it is very important for them to be unified. But unifying them in a manner to work like a regular army is still difficult." He denied any cooperation with Al-Nusra Front but acknowledged common operations with another Islamist group <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchySalimIdriss-322">[322]</a> The growth of al-Nusra Front and other Islamist groups, during the first half of 2013, disillusioned thousands of FSA men who felt that their own revolution against the government has been stolen from them.<a href="#cite_note-Indep29-9-13-324">[324]</a> In areas of Homs province, fighting between FSA and the Syrian army had virtually ceased.<a href="#cite_note-Indep29-9-13-324">[324]</a> Another major challenge to FSA arose when the Islamic State of Iraq announced its expansion into Syria on 8 April 2013, when <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abubakr al-Baghdadi</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> was "an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State in Iraq</a> and part of it" and declared the formation of "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and Levant</a>". While Al-Nusra's leadership rejected the merger, a number of Al-Nusra fighters defected to ISIL and pledged allegiance to Baghdadi. ISIL loyalists and foreign fighters soon began to expand through opposition-held territories in North East Syria throughout the year and captured the city of Raqqa from Free Syrian Army by May 2013. The new developments drastically altered the dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> and FSA forces began regrouping with the rival <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a> to unite against both the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a> and ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> On 11 July 2013, an FSA officer was assassinated by a jihadist group, north of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian12-7-13-54">[54]</a> In mid-August 2013, a delegation of FSA met with an official of President Assad, to suggest talks between government and FSA about "a Syrian solution" to the war.<a href="#cite_note-Indep29-9-13-324">[324]</a> The government accepted this proposal for "a dialogue within the Syrian homeland". Six weeks later, in seven rebel-held areas of Aleppo, civil employees could return to work, and government institutions and schools could reopen.<a href="#cite_note-Indep29-9-13-324">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Jihadist</a> leader Mohammed Shalabi in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, also known as Abu Sayyaf, stated in July 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Ammon_News" title="Ammon News">Ammon News</a> that irreconcilable differences exist between the aims of FSA and those of Sunni Islamist militias fighting in Syria against Assad.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Initially FSA groups were not averse to the existence of, nor co-operation with, ISIL as a fellow armed group working to remove the Assad regime. Conditions varied in different times and places, but one example of conditional co-operation in the form of joint operations was the 2013 capture of Managh Air Base.<a href="#cite_note-eaworldview.com-329">[329]</a> After the battle, Col. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Jabbar_al-Oqaidi" title="Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi">Abdul Jabbar al-Okaidi</a>, the head of the United States-backed opposition's Aleppo military council, appeared in a video alongside Abu Jandal, a leader of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> FSA groups were also engaged in conflict and clashed violently with ISIL in other regions during the same period. During the capture of Managh Air Base the Northern Storm Brigade had been in clashes with ISIL as recently as the month before the base was captured and put their differences to the side to co-operate for the final battle.<a href="#cite_note-eaworldview.com-329">[329]</a> Locals near the Turkish border complained in November 2013 that, in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, the groups aligned with FSA were becoming increasingly corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> Also in 2013, U.S. senior military officials speaking on condition of anonymity indicated that the Pentagon estimates that "extreme Islamist groups" constitute "more than 50 percent" of rebel groups that identify as the Free Syrian Army with the percentage "growing by the day".<a href="#cite_note-nbc2013-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_–_FSA_decline,_rise_of_ISIL">2014 – FSA decline, rise of ISIL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2014 – FSA decline, rise of ISIL">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a> considered the emergence of ISIL in 2014 as the beginning of the end for groups like FSA which the US had dubbed "moderate rebels".<a href="#cite_note-doesnot3-55">[55]</a> The SMC, the formal FSA <a href="#Command_structure">command structure</a>, slowly disintegrated within <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> from a lack of resources over the course of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> For example, according to data obtained by IBT, the Hazzm movement received a total of about $6 million from the U.S. government in 2014, which works out to just $500,000 a month for a force consisting of 5,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-doesnot3-55">[55]</a> In February 2014, Colonel Qassem Saadeddine of the FSA announced that Chief of Staff Idris had been replaced with Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Ilah_al-Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir">Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir</a>, due to "the paralysis within the military command these past months."<a href="#cite_note-aljaz18Feb14-334">[334]</a> In February 2014, 49 factions came together in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front</a> (Jabhat al-Janoubi).<a href="#cite_note-Roche-335">[335]</a> In March 2014, Fahad Al Masri, then spokesman for the movement, announced in a statement published by news agencies his withdrawal from the joint command of the Free Syrian Army, due to the state of fragmentation, corruption and Islamization.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In March, FSA and Jordanian sources and video evidence suggested that the FSA received a Saudi shipment of anti-tank missiles through Jordan, and sold these to al-Nusra fighters for $15,000 each.<a href="#cite_note-cafarella-336">[336]</a> Abu Yusaf, a high-level commander of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL), said in August 2014 that many of the FSA members who had been trained by United States' and Turkish and Arab military officers were now actually joining ISIL. "In the East of Syria, there is no Free Syrian Army any longer. All Free Syrian Army people [there] have joined the Islamic State" he said.<a href="#cite_note-WP18-8-14-337">[337]</a> On 25 September 2014, the <a href="#Command_structure">Supreme Military Council</a> united with the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> to fight against Assad and the newly declared <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL).<a href="#cite_note-SyriacMilitaryCouncil-338">[338]</a> In September/October 2014, according to the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> oriented <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">press agency</a> ARA News and the US <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>, FSA brigades in Northern Syria, especially the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> area (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>), united with the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) under the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a> joint operations room, more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a> (Revolutionaries of Raqqa Brigade),<a href="#cite_note-IBT23Apr-339">[339]</a> to oppose ISIL and the Assad government.<a href="#cite_note-IBT23Apr-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-ara13sept-340">[340]</a> In October, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Revolutionaries_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Revolutionaries Front">Syria Revolutionaries Front</a> (SRF) – an alliance of FSA brigades defying FSA's leadership <a href="#Command_structure">SMC</a>—was ousted from Idlib by al-Nusra.<a href="#cite_note-cafarella-336">[336]</a> According to retired Jordanian general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayez_al-Dweiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayez al-Dweiri (page does not exist)">Fayez al-Dweiri</a> in November 2014, apart from southern Syria and pockets around Aleppo, "the FSA has been effectively decimated and no longer effectively exists."<a href="#cite_note-reuters-2014-341">[341]</a> The German journalist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer" title="Jürgen Todenhöfer">Jürgen Todenhöfer</a>, having toured for ten days in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>-held territory in late 2014, told CNN that the ISIL leadership had said to him: if the FSA get a good weapon, they sell it to us; FSA are our best arms sellers.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2014-342">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_–_Russian_intervention,_rise_of_SDF">2015 – Russian intervention, rise of SDF</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2015 – Russian intervention, rise of SDF">edit</a>]</div> From October 2015 onwards, several groups that identify as part of the FSA in northern Syria joined the newly founded, and U.S.-supported, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) militia umbrella organization.<a href="#cite_note-join-SDF-343">[343]</a> In December 2015, according to the American <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a>, groups that identify as FSA were still present around Aleppo and Hama and in southern Syria, and the FSA was still "the biggest and most secular of the rebel groups" fighting the Assad government, but had taken the brunt of <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">the Russian air attacks in Syria since 30 September 2015</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISWDec2015-16">[16]</a> The same month, the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>-based think tank Omran Dirasat estimated the FSA self-declared groups at around 35,000 fighters spread out over thousands of groups of various sizes; 27 larger factions of around 1,000 fighters each along with a myriad of smaller groups and localised militias.<a href="#cite_note-ISWDec2015-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_–_end_of_Battle_of_Aleppo,_Turkish_intervention">2016 – end of Battle of Aleppo, Turkish intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2016 – end of Battle of Aleppo, Turkish intervention">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FSA_in_Turkish-led_operations_against_ISIL_and_SDF">FSA in Turkish-led operations against ISIL and SDF</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: FSA in Turkish-led operations against ISIL and SDF">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a>, starting 24 August 2016, was launched by sending groups identifying as FSA into Syria, backed by Turkish armor.<a href="#cite_note-monitor27Sep16-344">[344]</a> The rebels that are active in the area allied with the Turkish army are often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (SNA) by the media. Early in the morning of 24 August, Turkish forces directed intense <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> fire against ISIL positions in Jarabulus while the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> bombed 11 targets from the air.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> Later that day, Turkish <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a> followed by pick-up trucks, believed to be carrying Turkish-backed Syrian rebels,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-346">[346]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Special Forces">Turkish Special Forces</a> crossed the border and were joined by hundreds of FSA fighters as the ground forces attacked the town.<a href="#cite_note-f24-347">[347]</a> U.S.-led coalition planes helped the Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2016_Turkey-348">[348]</a> The FSA said progress was slow because of mines planted by ISIL fighters.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-346">[346]</a> A few hours after the offensive's beginning, Turkish Special Forces and the <a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a> captured their first village, Tal Katlijah, after ISIL fighters retreated from it to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a>, according to Faylaq Al-Sham's official media wing.<a href="#cite_note-first_village-349">[349]</a> Some time later, the FSA captured four more villages<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> including Tel Shair, Alwaniyah and two other villages.<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> Hours later, Turkish- and US-backed rebels were reported to have captured the border town of Jarabulus, with ISIL offering little resistance.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-354">[354]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> (SOHR) also reported that the FSA had captured almost all of the city.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-355">[355]</a> A FSA spokesman stated that a large number of ISIL fighters had withdrawn to <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a> in front of the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Jazeera-356">[356]</a> Turkish-backed forces then began a major attack against the SDF positions, capturing <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a> and nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_al-Bayda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain al-Bayda (page does not exist)">Ain al-Bayda</a>, according to the SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-Cairo/Damasco/Estambul_2016-357">[357]</a> On 3 September, Turkey additionally deployed tanks to the Syrian town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a> to help the Turkish-backed rebels to push east from the town towards villages captured by the rebels west of Jarabulus. The incursion was launched from <a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis Province</a> which had been frequently targeted with rocket attacks from ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a> and the Hamza Division also announced they had captured four villages (Fursan, Lilawa, Kino and Najma) south of Arab Ezza. The United States stated that it had hit ISIL targets near the Turkey-Syria border via the newly deployed <a href="/wiki/HIMARS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIMARS">HIMARS</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The Turkish armed forces meanwhile reported that the rebels had captured two villages and an airport near al-Rai.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> An official of the <a href="/wiki/Fastaqim_Kama_Umirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastaqim Kama Umirt">Fastaqim Kama Umirt</a> also stated that the rebels had captured eight villages to the east and south of the town.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> SOHR confirmed that the Turkish-backed rebels had captured three villages near the Sajur river with advances in two other villages. It also confirmed that the rebels had captured a village near al-Rai.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> The U.S. Embassy in Ankara said US forces hit ISIL targets overnight near Turkey's border with Syria using HIMARS located in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> On 4 September, Turkey declared that the Turkish-backed rebels had captured the last remaining ISIL held villages along the Turkish border, cutting off key supply lines used by the group to bring in foreign fighters, weapons and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> On 5 September, nine more villages in northern Syria were cleared of ISIL by the Turkish-backed rebels as part of Operation Euphrates Shield, according to Turkish armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> On 7 September, around 300 <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> started to return to <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a> in Syria, after Turkish-backed rebels recaptured the region from ISIL, marking the first formal return of civilians since Turkey launched Operation Euphrates Shield.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> As of 14 September, a total of 1,900 Syrian refugees returned to the area cleansed by Turkish-backed forces, mainly to Jarabulus and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">Al Rai.</a><a href="#cite_note-Bin_900_Suriyeli_Cerablus'a_döndü-370">[370]</a> On 17 September the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Hawks_Brigade" title="Mountain Hawks Brigade">Mountain Hawks Brigade</a> announced that it had withdrawn from the Jarabulus and al-Rai fronts and its fighters and equipment will be transferred to the fronts in <a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Aleppo campaign">Aleppo city</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_Hama_offensive" title="2016 Hama offensive">Hama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_Latakia_offensive" title="2016 Latakia offensive">Latakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-withdraw-371">[371]</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)</a>) On 5 October, FSA primarily driven by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a>, took control of four more villages from ISIL and, with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Special Forces">Turkish Special Forces</a>, reportedly entered the small and strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a>, easing the way for a planned attack on the iconic town of <a href="/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria" title="Dabiq, Syria">Dabiq</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The town was captured by them on 6 October.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] After taking control of the supply route between Al-Bab and Dabiq by taking Akhtarin and its vicinity, on 9 October, Turkey and the affiliated rebels announced that the area between Mare, Akhtarin and Kafrghan, an area which contains two important IS-held locations, Sawran and Dabiq, a military zone.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> On the same day the offensive started from three different fronts towards Dabiq, from north, south and east of the city and seven villages were taken by FSA forces.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] On 10 October, Turkish forces and Turkish-backed rebels made significant advances and established control in all settlements on the way to the town of <a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a> from its north and northwest, and started pushing into the town of Ihtamillat, the last settlement east of Sawran.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> One week later, following heavy clashes around the area, on 16 October, the FSA, headed by Sultan Murad Division, first took control of <a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a> and continued towards Dabiq. Soon after Sawran, <a href="/wiki/Dabiq_offensive_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabiq offensive (2016)">Dabiq was also taken</a> and rebel forces went as south as Asunbul to secure the newly acquired area before proceeding to the next stage of the offensive targeting Qabasin and Bab.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> On 17 October, Turkish troops and SNA forces started their <a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October 2016)">offensive headed towards al-Bab</a> and captured 7 villages in the first day, namely; Guzhe, Baruze, al-Wash, <a href="/wiki/Aq_Burhan" title="Aq Burhan">Aq Burhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qar_Kalbin" title="Qar Kalbin">Qar Kalbin</a>, Talatayna and Shudud.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 18 October, the Northern Thunder Brigade issued an ultimatum to the "PKK" and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a>, warning them to leave <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a> within 48 hours after which they will attack the town.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Arab-378">[378]</a> On 22 October, Turkish-backed rebels surrounded <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Issa" title="Shaykh Issa">Shaykh Issa</a>, just east of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a>. Turkish artillery shelling and air strikes mainly focused on Tell Rifaat, Shaykh Issa and villages under SDF control in western al-Bab. Turkish tanks entered Syria also from the west, from Hatay region into Idlib region, to the southernmost point of the PYD-held Afrin canton and positioned on hills overlooking Tel Rifat and <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> By 25 October, it became evident that the SDF had repelled all assaults by Turkish-backed rebels on villages and positions under its control.<a href="#cite_note-repel-380">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participation_in_Aleppo_offensives_(September–December)">Participation in Aleppo offensives (September–December)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Participation in Aleppo offensives (September–December)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)</a></div> Mainstream Western news sources in September and October 2016 suggested that "the Free Syrian Army" still exist as considerable army or structure of militias by mentioning or suggesting a role of the FSA in two offensives around Aleppo. In the Syrian government's <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">offensive late September 2016 on (eastern) Aleppo</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, some of the defending rebel groups identified themselves as Free Syrian Army (FSA).<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">October–November Aleppo offensive</a> of rebel forces against the Syrian Assad government forces, the French <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> wrote: "On 22 October 2016, violence again broke out in Aleppo between the regime forces and the rebels. (…) The insurgent groups, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> ('Front for the Conquest'), have called for a general mobilization of the fighters of East-Aleppo. The moderates of the Free Syrian Army have advised the inhabitants of West-Aleppo to keep at distance from government buildings."<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> The Dutch <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a> wrote: "Syrian rebel groups have on 28 October started a large offensive to break the siege of East-Aleppo. The Free Syrian Army declared: "It will be a large battle, with all rebel groups taking part"."<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote: "Syrian rebels counter-attacked the [Syrian] army on 28 October, aiming to break a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">siege on eastern Aleppo</a> (…) The assault included <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> and groups fighting under the Free Syrian Army banner."<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> On 14 November 2016, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that earlier in November the "<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki">Zinki group</a> and the allied jihadist <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fateh_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fateh al-Sham">Jabhat Fateh al-Sham</a> tried to crush the <a href="/wiki/Fastaqim_Union" title="Fastaqim Union">Fastaqim faction</a>, which is part of the FSA" in eastern Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_–_internal_divisions,_rise_of_Syrian_National_Army">2017 – internal divisions, rise of Syrian National Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2017 – internal divisions, rise of Syrian National Army">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Bab_military_council.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/220px-Al-Bab_military_council.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/330px-Al-Bab_military_council.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/440px-Al-Bab_military_council.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></figcaption></figure> The year 2017 saw the FSA further divided. Rebel factions operating under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> have reorganized and merged in a unified armed group. <a href="/wiki/Jawad_Abu_Hatab" title="Jawad Abu Hatab">Jawad Abu Hatab</a>, the head of the opposition's Interim government and the Defense Minister, announced its official formation after meeting with moderate rebel commanders in the town of Azaz in Aleppo province. The newly formed body has 22,000 fighters, some of them have been trained and equipped by Turkey. On 23 February 2017, the important city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a> was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">completely captured from ISIL</a> by the SNA, along with the towns of <a href="/wiki/Qabasin" title="Qabasin">Qabasin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bizaah" title="Bizaah">Bizaah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> As of 25 February 2017, 50,000 Syrian refugees in Turkey have returned to the areas which were taken from ISIL by the SNA.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> Also, in the south of the country at the frontier with Jordan, FSA units (the largest being <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front</a>) remained on frontlines with the Syrian government and ISIL in Daraa and Quneitra Governorates. On the other hand, in September 2017, the founder of the FSA, Col. Riad al-Asaad, was appointed as deputy prime minister for military affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> (an alternative government of the Syrian Opposition seated within Idlib Governorate).<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_–_FSA_moved_from_pockets_to_North,_Syrian_National_Army_conquers_new_territories">2018 – FSA moved from pockets to North, Syrian National Army conquers new territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2018 – FSA moved from pockets to North, Syrian National Army conquers new territories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2018 Southern Syria offensive</a></div> On 21 February, the Ba'athist government began an <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">operation to capture</a> rebel-held <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> east of Damascus; the operation started with an intensive air campaign.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> On 7 April 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">chemical attack</a> was reported in the city of <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a>, with 70 people killed<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> and 500 injured. On-site medics stated the cause of those deaths was exposure to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarin_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarin gas">sarin gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Following the incident, Syrian Ba'athist government forces entered and established control over the city of Douma.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> On 6 July, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria offensive</a>, which had begun in June, the Syrian Army backed by Russian forces reached the border with Jordan and captured the <a href="/wiki/Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib Border Crossing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> On 20 January, the SNA began a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">cross-border operation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>-majority <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Canton" title="Afrin Canton">Afrin Canton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Rifaat">Tel Rifaat</a> Area of <a href="/wiki/Shahba_Canton" title="Shahba Canton">Shahba Canton</a> in Northern Syria, against the Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> in Syria (PYD),<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> its armed wing <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG), and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) positions.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> On 18 March, on the 58th day of the operation in Afrin, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, the SNA captured Afrin from the YPG. The battle was seen as an overall strategic victory, because it would open a ground corridor into nearby Idlib province.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_–_SNA_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria">2019 – SNA offensive into north-eastern Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2019 – SNA offensive into north-eastern Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></div> On 6 May, the Syrian Government, in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April_2019%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April 2019–present)">launched a ground offensive</a> against rebel-held territories in Northwestern Syria, in response to what it stated were repeated attacks on government-held areas, carried out by those groups from within the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)">demilitarized zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a> In October, the SNA launched an offensive code-named "Operation Peace Spring" against the Kurds and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> (SAA) in <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">northeastern Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> The SNA captured a total area of between 3,412 square kilometres (1,317 sq mi) and 4,220 square kilometres (1,630 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> and, according to the SOHR, 68 settlements including <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mabrouka" title="Mabrouka">Mabrouka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Manajir" title="Al-Manajir">Manajir</a> and cut the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4 highway</a><a href="#cite_note-8days-404">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto14-406">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_–_FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa_and_Nagorno-Karabakh_war">2020 – FSA clashes with government troops in Daraa and Nagorno-Karabakh war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2020 – FSA clashes with government troops in Daraa and Nagorno-Karabakh war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FSA_clashes_with_government_troops_in_Daraa">FSA clashes with government troops in Daraa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: FSA clashes with government troops in Daraa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daraa_Clashes_(March_2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daraa_Clashes_%28March_2020%29.svg/220px-Daraa_Clashes_%28March_2020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daraa_Clashes_%28March_2020%29.svg/330px-Daraa_Clashes_%28March_2020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Daraa_Clashes_%28March_2020%29.svg/440px-Daraa_Clashes_%28March_2020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Daraa insurgency attacks</figcaption></figure> On 1 March, the <a href="/wiki/2020_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Daraa clashes">2020 Daraa clashes</a> began. Clashes began after the start of a government security operation against FSA insurgent cells in Al-Sanamayn and other areas in the Daraa governorate that have been active since 2018. This crackdown led to actions of retaliation by rebels across the province that led to levels of fighting unseen on such a scale since the government offensive in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-alert-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> On 29 February 2020, the Syrian military mobilized units from the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th armored division</a> and <a href="/wiki/9th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="9th Armoured Division (Syria)">9th armored division</a> in preparation for a security operation in the western areas of the town of Al-Sanamayn, where rebels were present.<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> The next day, on 1 March, Sanamayn was besieged by the Syrian military which launched a security operation against insurgent cells in the city,<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> leading to heavy fighting<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> that left three civilians dead. In response to the military operation, rebel attacks were conducted in the western and eastern countryside of Daraa. The rebels attacked and seized an Army checkpoint in the Jaleen Housing district, a suburb in western <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a> city, capturing four officers. The FSA fighters also captured two soldiers of the fourth division in Al-Karak al-Sharqi and blocked routes west of Daraa.<a href="#cite_note-respond-416">[416]</a> The Syrian Army attempted to storm the town of Tafas<a href="#cite_note-respond-416">[416]</a> where three rebels were killed by tank fire.<a href="#cite_note-alert-408">[408]</a> The rebels also seized checkpoints in the towns of Karak and al-Joulan, taking hostage several members of Air Force Intelligence. In the town of Muzayrib, rebels seized all entrances and took control of a government building there. They also set up roadblocks in Nawa, Muzayrib and Karak.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> A soldier was killed in front of his home in Daraa al-Balad by unknown gunmen and the bodies of three soldiers were found in the western countryside.<a href="#cite_note-unidentified-418">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> By the following day, seven rebels<a href="#cite_note-reconcileorleave-420">[420]</a> and seven civilians were killed in the clashes in Al-Sanamayn.<a href="#cite_note-cradle-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-arrive-422">[422]</a> The government forces withdrew from Jaleen back to their barracks after three soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-targets-423">[423]</a> Later that day, the Syrian Army and loyalists began shelling the town, killing eight civilians and injuring four others.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> The Syrian Army also shelled the town of Tasil.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> Tensions escalated as violence erupted between government forces and a local <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> armed group named "Sheikh al-Karama" in the province of <a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda Governorate">Suwayda</a>. On 26 March, the group Sheikh al-Karama clashed with government forces at a checkpoint near the city of Salkhad in As-Suwayda governorate. One Syrian soldier and four local fighters were confirmed killed in the clashes. On 27 March, violent clashes took place after gunmen from Bosra al-Sham attempted to infiltrate the province and attacked the town of Al-Quraya. They were repelled by the Syrian Army and pro-government local factions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-426">[426]</a> Four of the attackers and ten members of the local factions were killed in the clashes, and six fighters were captured.<a href="#cite_note-:1-426">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-427">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nagorno-Karabakh_war">Nagorno-Karabakh war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Nagorno-Karabakh war">edit</a>]</div> Syrian mercenaries associated with the FSA were reported by various sources fighting alongside <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-guard-429">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> prompting concerns from notable adversaries of the FSA, Russia<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> and Iran,<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> Turkey and Azerbaijan have denied using Syrian mercenaries,<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> and in turn accused Armenia of using members from the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a> (ASALA).<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> The PKK denied the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> reported that at least 541 Syrian Rebels were killed during the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war.<a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_–_continued_clashes_between_FSA_and_government_troops_in_Daraa">2021 – continued clashes between FSA and government troops in Daraa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2021 – continued clashes between FSA and government troops in Daraa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daraa_Clashes_(July_2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Daraa_Clashes_%28July_2021%29.svg/220px-Daraa_Clashes_%28July_2021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Daraa_Clashes_%28July_2021%29.svg/330px-Daraa_Clashes_%28July_2021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Daraa_Clashes_%28July_2021%29.svg/440px-Daraa_Clashes_%28July_2021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>Locations of the clashes</figcaption></figure> In 2021, there were heavy clashes between FSA and Syrian government forces throughout the Daraa Governorate, particularly in the Daraa al-Balad neighborhood, which was besieged by government troops.<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> The clashes were the fiercest Daraa had witnessed since the <a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Syrian Army 2018 offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a> The persistent siege of government led to extortionate prices on goods and limited availability of drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The Syrian Army started to fire artillery shells towards FSA cells in Daraa city on 29 July 2021. Syrian Army sources described the attack as “start of a military operation against hideouts of terrorists who thwarted a reconciliation deal.”<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masrawi-444">[444]</a> In contrast, pro-opposition figures accused the government of failure to adhere to the agreement including promises to stay out of al-Balad district.<a href="#cite_note-aymenn2-445">[445]</a> The government's operation led to actions of retaliation by rebels across the province. The fighters involved in the attack are former rebel fighters that surrendered to the government in 2018, as well as former rebels that defected to the government, and had been working against the government from within.<a href="#cite_note-Masrawi-444">[444]</a> Anti-government fighters seized several checkpoints and captured many surprised <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a> agents.<a href="#cite_note-aymenn-446">[446]</a> While the Syrian Army's <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th Division</a> was leading the anti-rebel operations, the overrun checkpoints mostly belonged to the <a href="/wiki/5th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Armoured Division (Syria)">5th Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="9th Armoured Division (Syria)">9th Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-aymenn-446">[446]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">Air Force Intelligence Directorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aymenn2-445">[445]</a> Overall, 18 positions in the countryside east and west of Daraa were captured by armed locals.<a href="#cite_note-casu-447">[447]</a> Both sides agreed to a ceasefire for 30–31 July<a href="#cite_note-aymenn-446">[446]</a> after negotiations organized by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russians</a> and military officer Ahmad al-Awda.<a href="#cite_note-aymenn2-445">[445]</a> On 31 July, the situation remained tense, but most areas adhered to the ceasefire. There were sporadic instances of government forces firing at residential areas in Daraa al-Balad, <a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a>, and near <a href="/wiki/Tafas" title="Tafas">Tafas</a>, while an armed group consisting of ex-insurgents organized a curfew in <a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> On August 5, after several days of tense calm, rebels targeted a Syrian army vehicle on the road between Nahtah and Basr al-Harir in eastern Daraa countryside, leaving a soldier dead and 6 others wounded. There was also reported rocket fire by the Syrian army, targeting the town of Nahtah.<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> On August 14, hours before talks were set to take place between the Central Committee and Russian delegations, the Syrian Army bombarded Daraa al-Balad, killing one civilian.<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> On August 16, a member of the Syrian Army's 4th Division was shot dead by unknown gunmen in Maskin city in the north-western countryside of Daraa. A civilian was also killed by gunmen in al-Sanamayn city, after being accused of “dealing with the military security service and snitching on oppositionists”.<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> On August 19, an IED targeted a Syrian army convoy of the 112th Brigade on the al-Shabrouq road between the two towns of Nafaa and Ain Zakr in west of Daraa countryside, killing 6 Syrian soldiers and militiamen, including a brigadier.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> On August 20, Syrian artillery shelling in Daraa al-Balad killed Mohamed Hilal Zatima, a reconciled commander of the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a> On August 26, one Syrian soldier was killed and 4 others were wounded after an IED exploded targeting a Syrian army vehicle on the road between Nawa and Sheikh Maskeen.<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> This follows Syrian army bombardments on Tafas city, resulting in the death of 2 civilians and the injury of several others.<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> On August 27, 6 members of the reconciled 5th Corps, including a commander, were killed in a Syrian army ambush at al-Ruba’i checkpoint between al-Msifrah and al-Jizah.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> Fierce fighting between FSA and the Syrian army took place on the frontline of al-Kaziyah in al-Mansheya area in Daraa al-Balad shortly after. Between August 29 and August 30, 7 Syrian soldiers were killed in clashes with FSA along with 12 others wounded throughout Daraa province. These events come prior to Syrian army shelling on the besieged Daraa al-Balad, that left civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOHRalbalad-459">[459]</a> Protests were held in support of the rebels in Daraa in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">opposition</a>-held cities of <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> On August 3, the main road connecting <a href="/wiki/Arbin,_Syria" title="Arbin, Syria">Arbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesraba" title="Mesraba">Mesraba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madira,_Syria" title="Madira, Syria">Madira</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a> was cut by rebel supporters for a day before the army was deployed to the region.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> See <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2023">edit</a>]</div> See <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024">2024</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2024">edit</a>]</div> See <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armed_groups_with_the_Free_Syrian_Army">Armed groups with the Free Syrian Army</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Armed groups with the Free Syrian Army">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg/220px-Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg/330px-Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg/440px-Afrine_2018_ASL_Jandiris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Free Syrian Army fighters near Jandiris district northern Aleppo's countryside, 11 February 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_FSA_units">Original FSA units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Original FSA units">edit</a>]</div> During the announcement of the formation of the FSA by Riad al-Asaad on 29 July 2011, he listed 4 small subunits which claimed to the founding members of the FSA:<a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Khatib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza al-Khatib">Hamza al-Khatib</a> Battalion</li> <li>Freedom Battalion</li> <li>Saladin Battalion</li> <li>Al-Qashash Battalion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_groups_who_have_been_part_of_the_FSA_at_some_point_in_time">Prominent groups who have been part of the FSA at some point in time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Prominent groups who have been part of the FSA at some point in time">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwestern_Syria">Northwestern Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Northwestern Syria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Coastal_Division" title="1st Coastal Division">1st Coastal Division</a> is a rebel group that was an early operator and among the most prolific and effective users of TOW missiles, supplied by the US and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-463">[463]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Brigade_(Syrian_rebel_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Infantry Brigade (Syrian rebel group)">1st Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Division (Syrian rebel group)">16th Division</a> was a rebel group operating around the city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> which is defunct since July 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/101st_Infantry_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Infantry Division (Syrian rebel group)">101st Infantry Division</a> is a rebel group that was an early operator of TOW missiles.<a href="#cite_note-ts-464">[464]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Mujahideen">Army of Mujahideen</a> was formerly an independent Sunni Islamist alliance, but later identified as FSA after incorporating more small FSA-affiliated factions.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-463">[463]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Division (Syrian rebel group) (page does not exist)">Central Division</a> is a rebel group operating in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-463">[463]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastaqim_Union" title="Fastaqim Union">Fastaqim Union</a> is an Islamist rebel group in Aleppo, there are conflicting reports as to whether it considers itself to be part of the FSA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Idlib_Army" title="Free Idlib Army">Free Idlib Army</a> was created in September 2016 as an umbrella for three FSA-identified groups in northwestern Syria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Northern Division (Syrian rebel group)">Northern Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Hawks_Brigade" title="Mountain Hawks Brigade">Mountain Hawks Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg/19px-Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg/29px-Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg/38px-Insignia_of_the_13th_Division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1125" /></a> <a href="/wiki/13th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="13th Division (Syrian rebel group)">13th Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Division_(Aleppo)" title="Hamza Division (Aleppo)">Hamza Division</a> is a rebel group operating in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> which identifies as part of the FSA. It is trained and equipped by the US and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and one of its subgroup has received TOW missiles.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzm_Movement" title="Hazzm Movement">Hazzm Movement</a> was a US-backed rebel group armed with TOW missiles which announced its dissolution into the Levant Front in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1march-466">[466]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Izzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish al-Izzah">Jaish al-Izzah</a> is a rebel group mainly operating in Hama that identifies as part of the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-463">[463]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Nasr" title="Jaysh al-Nasr">Jaysh al-Nasr</a> is a large rebel group operating in northwestern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-The_Syrian_Observer-467">[467]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Tahrir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish al-Tahrir">Jaish al-Tahrir</a> is a rebel coalition established in February 2016 and operating in Hama, Idlib, and Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mu'tasim Brigade">al-Mu'tasim Brigade</a> is a FSA group and has become famous for its comprehensive arsenal of U.S. provided weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Beast-469">[469]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ahrar_Souriya" title="Liwa Ahrar Souriya">Liwa Ahrar Souriya</a> operates around Aleppo and identified as part of the FSA since 2012, but later joined the <a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades" title="Syrian Turkmen Brigades">Syrian Turkmen Brigades</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in 2015 and prolifically identified as part of the FSA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">Al-Tawhid Brigade</a> identified as part of the FSA in mid-2012, joined the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Syrian Islamic Liberation Front">Syrian Islamic Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a> between late 2012 and 2013, and dissolved in late 2014.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a> was originally an independent Sunni Islamist and Salafist coalition that operated around Aleppo and <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harakat_Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki">Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki</a>, the FSA-labelled Fastaqim Union and Liwa Ahrar Souriya, and the <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a>. Soon after, all of the original groups left and the Levant Front became defunct. However, a new Levant Front was formed by the Hazzm Movement, the Thuwar al-Sham Battalions, the former al-Tawhid Brigade, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Storm_Brigade" title="Northern Storm Brigade">Northern Storm Brigade</a>, and the new group began to identify as part of the FSA in early 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Brigades_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Victory Brigades (Syrian rebel group)">Victory Brigades</a> was a rebel coalition established in June 2016 in Azaz to serve as an umbrella for groups that identified as part of the FSA in the area. However, soon after its formation, its leaders were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a> on allegations of cooperating with Russia<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_Democratic_Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Syrian Democratic Forces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadoun_al-Faisal_(Abu_Laya).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Saadoun_al-Faisal_%28Abu_Laya%29.png/220px-Saadoun_al-Faisal_%28Abu_Laya%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Saadoun_al-Faisal_%28Abu_Laya%29.png/330px-Saadoun_al-Faisal_%28Abu_Laya%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Saadoun_al-Faisal_%28Abu_Laya%29.png/440px-Saadoun_al-Faisal_%28Abu_Laya%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abu_Layla" title="Abu Layla">Abu Layla</a> (right) was one of the most prominent FSA commanders among the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>. Of mixed Kurdish–Arab origin, he fought with the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ahrar_Souriya" title="Liwa Ahrar Souriya">Free Syria Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Front" title="Kurdish Front">Kurdish Front</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sun_Battalion" title="Northern Sun Battalion">Northern Sun Battalion</a> until being killed during the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png/220px-SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png/330px-SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png/440px-SDF_fighters_in_Raqqa_stadium.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>FSA SDF fighters after the capture of Raqqa stadium</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Jarabulus_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates Jarabulus Brigades">Euphrates Jarabulus Brigades</a> continue to use the FSA designation since becoming part of the Syrian Democratic Forces in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-hawar-473">[473]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> is a rebel coalition established in May 2015 and operating throughout northwestern Syria, part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> since its October 2015 founding, and continues to identify as part of the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-join-SDF-343">[343]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sun_Battalion" title="Northern Sun Battalion">Northern Sun Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Jabhat al-Akrad</a> identifies as part of the FSA, but was expelled from the FSA's Aleppo Military Council in August 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Brigade" title="Seljuk Brigade">Seljuk Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a>, FSA group that joined the SDF in 2015, and continues to regard itself as part of the FSA<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> while also aligning itself with the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a><a href="#cite_note-hawarnews.com-11">[11]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Syria">Southern Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Southern Syria">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Free_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Free Army">Syrian Free Army</a> is a rebel group founded by the United States in 2015 and operating in eastern Syria which considers itself to be part of the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Martyr_Ahmad_al-Abdo" title="Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo">Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo</a> is a rebel group operating in <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwiya_al-Furqan" title="Alwiya al-Furqan">Alwiya al-Furqan</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Previously">Previously</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Previously">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rahman_Legion" title="Al-Rahman Legion">al-Rahman Legion</a> was a large rebel group operating in the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> suburbs which occasionally identifies as part of the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-463">[463]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front</a> was an alliance of rebel groups in southern Syria, ranging from secularist to moderately <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a>, and considers itself to be the southern branch of the FSA. It had 54 affiliated groups in mid-2015<a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a> and 25–30,000 fighters in 58 groups by mid-2016.<a href="#cite_note-Roche-335">[335]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Army_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Army (Syria)">Revolutionary Army</a> was a large rebel coalition operating in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-463">[463]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolutionaries_Front" title="Syrian Revolutionaries Front">Syrian Revolutionaries Front</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Army was a rebel coalition established in October 2015 and operating in southern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-mmedia.me-479">[479]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a> was a tribal coalition in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_support_for_Free_Syrian_Army_groups">International support for Free Syrian Army groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: International support for Free Syrian Army groups">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL#3_December_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">Obama administration of the United States</a> admitted to militarily supporting some, so-called "moderate", groups fighting under the banner of the FSA. FSA is said to have received substantial weapons, financing and other support from the Obama administration of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> was also reported to have trained some elements of the FSA<a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> but its rival the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> maintained good relations with the Syrian President throughout the Syrian Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel's</a> stance on the Free Syrian Army changed throughout the Syrian civil war as the FSA had elements who claimed they supported the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> and rejected normalizing relations with Israel. In 2012, Free Syrian Army accused Israel of helping and aiding the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> But in 2019, a former IDF Chief alleged that Israel funded a Syrian rebel faction called <a href="/wiki/Fursan_al-Joulan" title="Fursan al-Joulan">Fursan al- Joulan</a> which claimed to be loosely affiliated with the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a> This is despite the fact that Israel stated in 2015 that it had become neutral in ousting Bashar Al Assad from power<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> has also supported the Free Syrian Army with anti-terror co-operation, military training and more. Norwegian forces did also fight off an extensive attack from ISIS, on the Tanf-base, near the Jordanian and Iraqi border.<a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a> Support for the FSA in the United States ceased under the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> beginning in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms_deliveries_from_U.S.,_Turkey,_Qatar,_Saudi_Arabia,_others">Arms deliveries from U.S., Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Arms deliveries from U.S., Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, others">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Syrian Train and Equip Program">Syrian Train and Equip Program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png/250px-Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png/375px-Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png/500px-Jesus_Christ_Brigade_BGM-71E.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An FSA fighter in Jesus Christ Brigade prepares to launch an American-made anti-Tank <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> missile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png/220px-Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png/330px-Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png/440px-Free_Syrian_Army_M2_Browning_in_northern_Aleppo.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An FSA fighter loads a US-made <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">M2 Browning</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine gun</a> in northern Aleppo, November 2016.</figcaption></figure> In February 2012 Britain pledged to send advanced communications equipment to the FSA to help them coordinate their forces.<a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a> On 1 March 2012, <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kuwait">Kuwait's parliament</a> declared support for the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a> By mid-May, it was reported that, according to opposition activists and foreign officials, the FSA had started to receive significant financial support from the Persian Gulf nations for the purchase of arms.<a href="#cite_note-deyoung-490">[490]</a> In April 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Navy" title="Lebanese Navy">Lebanese Navy</a> intercepted a <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>-registered vessel carrying a large number of arms and ammunition believed to be destined for the Free Syrian Army. Some of the arms were labeled as Libyan.<a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a> In July 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a> based in Washington DC received clearance from the U.S. Treasury Department to fund the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> As of August 2012, US President Obama started funding 'Syrian rebels' – presumably FSA—with money, weapons and goods.<a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a> In December 2012, security officials from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> were present at an FSA meeting that elected a new leadership council.<a href="#cite_note-Huff_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThReut_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_unifiedcommand_FSA-294">[294]</a> By December 2012 the international diplomatic collective '<a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a>' had pledged non-military aid to unspecified militant rebels.<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_unifiedcommand_8Dec2012-293">[293]</a> Since December 2012, Saudi Arabia has supplied groups identifying with the FSA, in addition to other rebel groups, with weapons from <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFPKSAFSA-494">[494]</a> In April 2013, the US promised to funnel $123 million nonlethal aid to Syrian rebels through the Supreme Military Council, a then coordination body of FSA groups.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchySalimIdriss-322">[322]</a> In June 2013, rebels reported to have received 250 <a href="/wiki/9M113_Konkurs" title="9M113 Konkurs">9M113 Konkurs</a> anti-tank missiles with a range of 4 kilometers and accuracy of 90%.<a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> In April 2014, according to Charles Lister at the U.S. Brookings Institution, 40 different rebel groups first began receiving U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW missiles costing $50,000 each, through the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-crowcroft-496">[496]</a> FSA-identified and other rebel groups posted videos of TOW missile launches online.<a href="#cite_note-crowcroft-496">[496]</a> In December 2014, the Institute for the Study of War reported that the U.S.-led Military Operations Command was leading training and assist missions for FSA groups in Daraa, at the Jordanian border.<a href="#cite_note-cafarella-336">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> stated in late 2014 that the US and European friends had "in recent years" given training, financial and military support to Syrian "rebel groups", more or less suggesting that FSA was among them.<a href="#cite_note-WP18-8-14-337">[337]</a> Also an ISIL commander then stated that FSA rebels who in 2014 ran over to ISIL had received training from United States', Turkish and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> military officers at a NATO base in southern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP18-8-14-337">[337]</a> The Dutch government stated in December 2014 that the <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL#3_December_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">59 countries strong US-led coalition that had convened in Brussels that month</a> was militarily supporting "the moderate Syrian opposition".<a href="#cite_note-D.brief15Dec2014-497">[497]</a> After being pressed by their Parliament to be more precise, they admitted that 'moderate Syrian opposition' meant: some, but not all, groups that are part of the Free Syrian Army – but squarely refused to name the FSA groups that were being supported.<a href="#cite_note-Vragen4Feb2015,q.22-498">[498]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg/220px-Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg/330px-Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg/440px-Brigade_de_la_Temp%C3%AAte_du_Nord_1-2-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Storm_Brigade" title="Northern Storm Brigade">Northern Storm Brigade</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a>, February 2018</figcaption></figure> Since 2014, dozens of rebel groups that identified as part of the FSA in southern, central, and northern Syria have been provided with <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> missiles. In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Carter_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carter Center">The Carter Center</a> listed 23 groups within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army</a> that have been documented using US-supplied TOWs.<a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a> Groups provided with TOWs in northern and central Syria include the <a href="/wiki/Hazzm_Movement" title="Hazzm Movement">Hazzm Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/13th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="13th Division (Syrian rebel group)">13th Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Revolutionaries_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Revolutionaries Front">Syria Revolutionaries Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk Army">Yarmouk Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Justice_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Justice Brigade">Knights of Justice Brigade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/101st_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Division (Syrian rebel group)">101st Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a> wrote the U.S. has sent weapons shipments to FSA-identified groups through a U.S. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> program for years.<a href="#cite_note-banco-501">[501]</a> In October 2015 Reuters reported that the U.S. (<a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>) and allied countries had broadened the number of rebel groups clandestinely receiving TOW missiles.<a href="#cite_note-perry-502">[502]</a> The International Business Times reported that TOW missile attacks against Syrian government tanks increased by 850% between September and October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-crowcroft-496">[496]</a> Rebel groups associated with the FSA in November 2015 released numerous videos showing them launching TOW missiles against Syrian government forces.<a href="#cite_note-perry-502">[502]</a> According to Russian and Syrian sources, the missiles were delivered through Turkish territory.<a href="#cite_note-perry-502">[502]</a> In October 2015 Reuters reported that the U.S., Saudi Arabia and Qatar had broadened the number of rebel groups clandestinely receiving TOW missiles.<a href="#cite_note-perry-502">[502]</a> Also the BBC reported in October 2015 that a Saudi official confirmed the delivery of 500 TOW missiles to FSA fighters.<a href="#cite_note-bender-503">[503]</a> The U.S. supplied a considerable amount of weapons and ammunition, generally of Soviet-type from Eastern Europe, to Syrian rebel groups under operation <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a> reported a December 2015 shipment of 994 tonnes of weapons and ammunition (including packaging and container weight) to Syrian rebel groups. A detailed list of weapon types and shipment weights had been obtained from the U.S. government's Federal Business Opportunities website.<a href="#cite_note-janes-20160408-504">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-ct-505">[505]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_combatants">Foreign combatants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Foreign combatants">edit</a>]</div> The Libyan <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> in November 2011 reportedly dispatched 600 fighters or more of the Libyan <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a> to the Free Syrian Army, entering Syria through Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> The number of foreign militants active within the FSA is hard to assess. In late May 2012, based on interviews with FSA fighters, it was reported that 300 Lebanese had joined the FSA. The presence of Algerians, Tunisians, Jordanians and fighters from Saudi Arabia was also confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-dailystar.com.lb-508">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-gulfnews.com-509">[509]</a> A leader of the FSA told an <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> correspondent that five Libyan combatants have been killed in clashes with the Syrian Army. The same leader, while denying the presence of many foreign fighters, said that there are few of different nationalities. Peter Harling, from the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, told the AFP that the proportion of foreign fighters is currently very small, but might grow after Saudi Arabia and Qatar announced their support for arming the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian</a> General Marinko Krešić confirmed that there are between 80 and 100 Croat mercenaries between the ages of 40 and 60 helping the Free Syrian Army. They are veterans from the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–95) or <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–95), but also fought as mercenaries in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–11), <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian revolution</a>. Krešić stated that some are serving as security, instructors while others are killing. He also stated that they are very well trained and that "they are the one who will probably kill rather than be killed". Krešić stated that their payment is up to 2,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> a day due to "rich foreign donators". He also added that the majority of the volunteers coming from the Balkans to help the FSA are <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and citizens of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a> Sources close to the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> military circles confirmed that the former members of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> are also aiding the FSA. They are mostly instructors who train the rebels mostly for the <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a> A first reported death of a member of the Kosovo Liberation Army was announced on 13 November. Naman Demoli, a former member of the KLA was killed near Syrian-Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> According to Al Monitor, there exist also Turkmen Brigades within the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-Tremblay-516">[516]</a> Dozens of Kuwaiti volunteers entering from Turkey fought in the ranks of the FSA. The volunteers were given Syrian IDs as a precautionary measure in case of arrest, before being armed and sent to fight in various locations in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decentralised_fighting_force:_2015–present">Decentralised fighting force: 2015–present</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Decentralised fighting force: 2015–present">edit</a>]</div> In September 2013, the U.S. broadcast network <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> reported about the structure of FSA: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[FSA] is an army in name only. It is made up of hundreds of small units, some secular, some religious – whether mainstream or radical. Others are family gangs, or simply criminals. The FSA is by far the largest Syrian rebel force... Publicly, the FSA says it wants to oust Assad so that it can create a state that is prosperous and tolerant of its religious minorities, including the Alawites, who have ruled Syria for decades even though they make up less than 15 percent of the population. It also rejects, leaders say, the radical philosophy of al Qaeda-linked groups like the al-Nusra Front.<a href="#cite_note-nbc2013-332">[332]</a></blockquote> Since 2015, some journalists from <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> began dismissing the unity of the command structure of FSA. In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a> stated that the FSA had fallen to pieces and their fighters had defected to al-Nusra Front or ISIL or retired to the countryside maintaining a few scattered checkpoints, and stated that the US government had already admitted the disappearance of the FSA two months before.<a href="#cite_note-doesnot2-518">[518]</a> In the same month, his colleague <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn" title="Patrick Cockburn">Patrick Cockburn</a> stated that "The Free Syrian Army was always a mosaic of factions and is now largely ineffectual."<a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a> In March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a>, a prominent Syrian-British activist, claimed: "There is no such thing as the Free Syrian Army, people still use the term in Syria to make it seem like the rebels have some sort of structure. But there really isn't."<a href="#cite_note-doesnot3-55">[55]</a> In May 2015, an <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> spokesman said that fighters identifying as FSA in southern Syria alone numbered roughly 60,000,<a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a> although another Nusra leader in December 2015 denied the existence of the FSA to the astonishment and intense displeasure of FSA fighters throughout Syria on social media.<a href="#cite_note-Julani-521">[521]</a> In June 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a> stated that since the emergence of ISIL on the Syrian battlefield in 2014, the FSA had "all but dissipated",<a href="#cite_note-banco-501">[501]</a> and reported that the remnants of the FSA had joined the coalitions of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a> (Islamist) and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army">Southern Front</a> (ranging from secularist to moderate religious<a href="#cite_note-Hai-522">[522]</a>) in their assault on Dera'a, south of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-banco-501">[501]</a> In September 2015 a rebel colonel told <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> that only a small proportion of US-approved fighters under a $500 million US aid program received training, weapons, and ammunition, and much of this material got taken over by the al-Nusra Front.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News_2015_draws_line-523">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_with_Russia_in_fight_on_ISIS">Cooperation with Russia in fight on ISIS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cooperation with Russia in fight on ISIS">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> According to Western sources including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, on 30 September 2015, as part of its <a href="/wiki/Russian-led_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-led military intervention in Syria">military intervention in Syria</a>, Russia started air strikes on groups identified as part of the FSA despite offering "help" to the FSA in order to fight ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-bbc24Oc15-524">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a> Examples of attacked groups included ones such as the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Hawks_Brigade" title="Mountain Hawks Brigade">Mountain Hawks Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Glory">Army of Glory</a> that had confirmed being hit by missiles from Russia airstrikes on the same day in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a> Various other FSA militia commanders also condemned Putin and Russian generals as "a bunch of liars", accusing them of striking their military checkpoints and headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a> Early October 2015, Russian state media reported <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> stating on Russia's cooperating with FSA on fighting ISIS:<blockquote>"They tell us about the Free Syrian Army, but where is it? It remains a phantom group, nothing is known about it (...) I've asked [US Secretary of State] <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> to provide us with information about the whereabouts of this Free Syrian Army and who commands it".<a href="#cite_note-TASS_2015-529">[529]</a></blockquote>Condemning <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a> as an illegal invasion, Issam al-Rayes, spokesman of FSA's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front</a> stated: <blockquote>"Vladimir Putin, is assisting a regime that indiscriminately kills their own people.. How could we trust the Russians' help?.. If the Syrians stood with Assad he would not ask for invaders to come to Syria."<a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusations_of_war_crimes">Accusations of war crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Accusations of war crimes">edit</a>]</div> On 20 March 2012, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> issued an open letter to the opposition (including the FSA), calling on them to stop carrying out unlawful kidnappings, torture and executions.<a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> The United Nations-sponsored "<a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic</a>" has documented war crimes in Syria since the start of the civil war. It said that rebels had committed war crimes, but that they "did not reach the gravity, frequency and scale" of those by state forces.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-532">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-533">[533]</a> In 2012, the FSA was accused of summarily executing numerous prisoners who it claims are government soldiers or <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">shabiha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a> and people who it claims are informers. A rebel commander in Damascus said that over the months his unit had executed perhaps 150 people that the "military council" had found to be informers. He explained: "If a man is accused of being an informer, he is judged by the military council. Then he is either executed or released".<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchy1-535">[535]</a> Nadim Houry, a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch argued that "Intentionally killing anyone, even a shabiha, once he is outside of combat is a war crime, regardless of how horrible the person may have been".<a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a> On 10 August 2012, a report indicated that Human Rights Watch was investigating rebel forces for such killings. The FSA, for its part, stated that they would put those fighters that had conducted the unlawful killings on trial.<a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a> In 2012, witnesses also reported rebels conducting 'trial by grave' in which an alleged government soldier was given a mock trial next to a pre-made grave and executed on the spot by members of the FSA Amr bin al-Aas brigade. One rebel said: "We took him right to his grave and, after hearing the witnesses' statements, we shot him dead".<a href="#cite_note-538">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a> The Daoud Battalion, operating in the Jabal-al-Zawiya area, reportedly used captured soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">proxy bombings</a> in 2012. This involved tying the captured soldier into a car loaded with explosives and forcing him to drive to an army checkpoint, where the explosives would be remotely detonated.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchy1-535">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suicide-541">[541]</a> In 2012, the UN noted some credible allegations that rebel forces, including the FSA, were recruiting children as soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a> One rebel commander said that his 16-year-old son had died fighting government troops.<a href="#cite_note-nydailynews-543">[543]</a> In a video uploaded to the Internet in early August 2012, an FSA representative announced that, in response to international concerns, FSA units would follow the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>'s guidelines for the treatment of prisoners and would guarantee its captives food, medical attention and holding areas away from combat zones. He also invited Red Cross workers to inspect their detention facilities.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchy1-535">[535]</a> On 8 August, after videoes showed FSA rebels conducting <a href="/wiki/Summary_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary executions">summary executions</a>, FSA commanders distributed an 11-point code of conduct paper that states that all fighters must respect human rights.<a href="#cite_note-544">[544]</a> Timeline of some prominent war crimes by groups considered to be part of the FSA: <ul><li>On 22 May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Storm_Brigade" title="Northern Storm Brigade">Northern Storm Brigade</a> kidnapped 11 Lebanese pilgrims coming from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a> Four of them were killed in an airstrike by the Syrian Air Force and the rest were released unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-546">[546]</a></li> <li>On 20 July 2012, Iraq's deputy interior minister, <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Assadi" title="Adnan al-Assadi">Adnan al-Assadi</a>, said that Iraqi border guards had witnessed the FSA take control of a border post, detain a Syrian Army lieutenant colonel, and then cut off his arms and legs before executing 22 Syrian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-547">[547]</a></li> <li>On 21 July 2012, Turkish truck drivers said that they had their trucks stolen by members of the FSA when it captured a border post. They said that some of the trucks were burnt and others sold back to their drivers after the goods were looted.<a href="#cite_note-548">[548]</a></li> <li>The United Nations report on war crimes states that the FSA's execution of five Alawite soldiers in Latakia, post-July 2012 was a war crime. The report states, "In this instance, the FSA perpetrated the war crime of execution without due process."<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-533">[533]</a></li> <li>On 13 August 2012, a series of three videos surfaced showing executions of prisoners by rebel forces, in Aleppo province. In one video, six postal workers were being thrown off the main postal building in Al-Bab to their deaths by FSA fighters. The gunmen claimed they were shabiha.<a href="#cite_note-abc14aug-549">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-551">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a></li> <li>On 9 September 2012 the FSA exploded a car bomb near al-Hayat Hospital and the Central Hospital in Aleppo. According to Syrian state media, at least 30 people were killed<a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a> and more than 64 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a> The FSA claimed that the army had occupied the hospital buildings and were using them as a base.<a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a></li> <li>On 10 September 2012 the FSA's Hawks of Syria brigade executed more than 20 Syrian soldiers captured in Hanano military base.<a href="#cite_note-556">[556]</a></li> <li>On 2 November 2012 the FSA's al-Siddiq Battalion kidnapped and executed prominent Syrian actor <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafeh" title="Mohammed Rafeh">Mohammed Rafeh</a>, claiming he was a member of the shabiha and was carrying a gun and military ID.<a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[558]</a></li> <li>In May 2013, a video was posted on the internet showing a rebel cutting organs from the dead body of a Syrian soldier and putting one in his mouth, "as if he is taking a bite out of it". He called rebels to follow his example and terrorize the Alawite sect, which mostly backs Assad. Humans Rights Watch (HRW) confirmed the authenticity of the footage, and stated that "The mutilation of the bodies of enemies is a war crime". The rebel was Khalid al-Hamad, known by his nom de guerre "Abu Sakkar", a commander of the Independent Omar al-Farouq Brigade. The BBC called it an offshoot of the FSA's <a href="/wiki/Farouq_Brigades" title="Farouq Brigades">Farouq Brigades</a>, while HRW said it is "not known" whether the brigade is part of the FSA. The incident was condemned by the FSA's Chief of Staff and the Syrian National Coalition said that Abu Sakkar would be put on trial.<a href="#cite_note-559">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[560]</a> Abu Sakkar said the mutilation was revenge. He claimed to have found a video on the soldier's cellphone in which the soldier sexually abuses a woman and her two daughters,<a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a> along with other videos of Assad loyalists raping, torturing, dismembering and killing people, including children.<a href="#cite_note-cannibal-562">[562]</a> He further stated that if the war was to continue, "all Syrian people" would be like him.<a href="#cite_note-cannibal-562">[562]</a> He was killed in northwest Latakia province on 6 April 2016 by the Syrian Army, while being affiliated to the al-Qaeda linked <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a></li> <li>In December 2012, militants <a href="/wiki/NBC_News_team_kidnapping_in_Syria" title="NBC News team kidnapping in Syria">abducted an NBC News Team</a> of six journalists around NBC's chief foreign correspondent <a href="/wiki/Richard_Engel" title="Richard Engel">Richard Engel</a>. Engel initially blamed pro-regime <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a> militants, but it turned out the perpetrators were most likely the FSA-affiliated rebel group North Idlib Falcons Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-564">[564]</a></li> <li>Since July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, at times in coordination with other armed groups, carried out a series of killings of Kurdish civilians in al-Youssoufiyah, <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> and al-Asadia (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a>). During a raid by ISIL, al-Nusra, the Islamic Front and FSA groups, fighters killed a Kurdish Yazidi man in al-Asadia who refused to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-565">[565]</a></li> <li>After their capture of the town of Jarabulus from ISIL in September 2016, opposition militias of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a> published pictures of themselves torturing four <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> members prisoners of war, who were captured by the rebel group while, according to YPG claims, trying to evacuate civilians.<a href="#cite_note-566">[566]</a></li> <li>The FSA group <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Victory">Army of Victory</a> have taken civilians, including children, as prisoners, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>. 112 of them were released in February 2017 as part of a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-567">[567]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_soldiers">Child soldiers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Child soldiers">edit</a>]</div> The FSA was mentioned in a 2014 Human Rights Watch report detailing the widespread practise of using child soldiers by non-state armed groups; the report interviewed children as young as 14 who fought with the FSA.<a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a> In 2014, the United Nations verified that the Free Syrian army had recruited more than 142 child soldiers. The UN reported stated "fragmentation of FSA resulted in localized and variable recruitment, training and salary practices. During armed battles, children were used for fighting, attending to the wounded or for recording events for propaganda purposes."<a href="#cite_note-569">[569]</a> In 2016, the United Nations verified another 62 cases where Free Syrian Army had recruited and used child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-570">[570]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War">List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlsaleh2021" class="citation book cs1">Alsaleh, Asaad (2021). "As'ad, Riyad Al- (1961-)". Historical Dictionary of the Syrian Uprising and Civil War. London, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538120774" title="Special:BookSources/9781538120774"><bdi>9781538120774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=As%27ad%2C+Riyad+Al-+%281961-%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Syrian+Uprising+and+Civil+War&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=66-68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781538120774&rft.aulast=Alsaleh&rft.aufirst=Asaad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgentieri2016" class="citation news cs1">Argentieri, Benedetta (26 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620010936/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS63515744920160126">"Are the Syrian Democratic Forces any of the above?"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS63515744920160126">the original</a> on 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Are+the+Syrian+Democratic+Forces+any+of+the+above%3F&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.aulast=Argentieri&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUS63515744920160126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khatib_2023_193-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Khatib_2023_193_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatib2023" class="citation book cs1">Khatib, Line (2023). Quest for Democracy: Liberalism in the Arab World. 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Journal of Conflict Resolution. 63 (9): 2079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002719826234">10.1177/0022002719826234</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F61399">10945/61399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Networks+of+Cooperation%3A+Rebel+Alliances+in+Fragmented+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2079&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10945%2F61399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002719826234&rft.aulast=Kalah+Gade%2C+Gabbay%2C+M.+Hafez%2C+Kelly&rft.aufirst=Emily%2C+Michael%2C+Mohammed%2C+Zane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0022002719826234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeno2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zeno, Basileus (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12825">"The making of sects: Boundary making and the sectarianisation of the Syrian uprising, 2011–2013"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/ypg-pkk-terror-group-as-dangerous-as-daesh-erdogan/1625176">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. 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Human Rights Watch. 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Armed+Groups+Send+Children+into+Battle&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F06%2F22%2Fsyria-armed-groups-send-children-battle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/69/926">"United Nations Official Document"</a>. un.org. 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Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Official+Document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%2F70%2F836%26Lang%3DE%26Area%3DUNDOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolliday2012" class="citation report cs1">Holliday, Joseph (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512145439/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrias_Armed_Opposition.pdf">Syria's Armed Opposition</a> (PDF) (Report). Vol. 3. Institute for the Study of War. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrias_Armed_Opposition.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Armed+Opposition&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSyrias_Armed_Opposition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolliday2012" class="citation report cs1">Holliday, Joseph (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrias_MaturingInsurgency_21June2012.pdf">Syria's Maturing Insurgency</a> (PDF) (Report). Vol. 5. Institute for the Study of War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Maturing+Insurgency&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSyrias_MaturingInsurgency_21June2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Bagy2013" class="citation report cs1">O'Bagy, Elizabeth (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/The-Free-Syrian-Army-24MAR.pdf">The Free Syrian Army</a> (PDF) (Report). Vol. 9. Institute for the Study of War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Free+Syrian+Army&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.date=2013-03&rft.aulast=O%27Bagy&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FThe-Free-Syrian-Army-24MAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Syrian_Army&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_Syrian_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108112406/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZcCbIPM37w">Original video declaration of formation</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Arabic)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604035353/http://www.hawarnews.com/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84/">"The launch of the second conference of the National Democratic Alliance Syrian"</a>. 4 June 2017. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+launch+of+the+second+conference+of+the+National+Democratic+Alliance+Syrian&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582-%25D9%2581%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Syrian+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858819#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/292374496">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012153157">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012329154505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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