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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mundarija" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mundarija</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Arifmetika_qanday_paydo_boʻlgan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arifmetika_qanday_paydo_boʻlgan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Arifmetika qanday paydo boʻlgan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arifmetika_qanday_paydo_boʻlgan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arifmetika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 160 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-160" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">160 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – abxaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abxaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenkunde" title="Rekenkunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rekenkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arithmetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%81%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD" title="ሥነ ቁጥር – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ቁጥር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حسابيات – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حسابيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="পাটীগণিত – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাটীগণিত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesab" title="Hesab – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hesab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%97tmet%C4%97ka" title="Arėtmetėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arėtmetėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыфметыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арытмэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арытмэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аритметика – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аритметика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="পাটিগণিত – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাটিগণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Арифметикэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арифметикэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A8tica" title="Aritmètica – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aritmètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – sebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ژمێرە – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژمێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – korsikan" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esap" title="Esap – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Esap" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhifyddeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arithmetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αριθμητική – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριθμητική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetiko" title="Aritmetiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aritmetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmeetika" title="Aritmeetika – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aritmeetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetiikka" title="Aritmetiikka – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aritmetiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvokunst" title="Arvokunst – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arvokunst" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqusa" title="Maqusa – fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Maqusa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithm%C3%A9tique" title="Arithmétique – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arithmétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmeetik" title="Aritmeetik – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aritmeetik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uimhr%C3%ADocht" title="Uimhríocht – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uimhríocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tik" title="Aritmétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aritmétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ireamhachd" title="Àireamhachd – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àireamhachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ank%E2%80%8Cgonnit" title="Ank‌gonnit – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ank‌gonnit" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="અંકગણિત – gujarot" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અંકગણિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אריתמטיקה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריתמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1mtan" title="Számtan – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թվաբանություն – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թուաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թուաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arithmetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetiko" title="Aritmetiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aritmetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talnareikningur" title="Talnareikningur – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Talnareikningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmitik" title="Aritmitik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aritmitik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sapme%27ocmaci" title="sapme'ocmaci – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sapme'ocmaci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A8lmu_%C3%A9tung" title="Ngèlmu étung – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ngèlmu étung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="არითმეტიკა – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არითმეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifmetika" title="Arifmetika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arifmetika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutanga" title="Kutanga – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kutanga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetikki" title="Aritmetikki – grenland" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Aritmetikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="grenland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಅಂಕಗಣಿತ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಕಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%88%A0" title="산술 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveronieth" title="Niveronieth – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niveronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arithmetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetega" title="Aritmetega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aritmetega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C4%93tika" title="Aritmētika – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aritmētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аритметика – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аритметика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അങ്കഗണിതം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അങ്കഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%8F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="ဂဏန်းသင်္ချာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂဏန်းသင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C5%8Dhuall%C5%8Dtl" title="Tlapōhuallōtl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapōhuallōtl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemeteca" title="Artemeteca – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Artemeteca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arithmetik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अङ्क गणित – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्क गणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="अंकगणित – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अंकगणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenen" title="Rekenen – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rekenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetikk" title="Aritmetikk – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aritmetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetikk" title="Aritmetikk – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aritmetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetike" title="Aritmetike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aritmetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakxii" title="Lakxii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lakxii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Арифметикæ – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арифметикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਅੰਕ ਗਣਿਤ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕ ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tika" title="Aritmétika – papiyamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Aritmétika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiyamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytmetyka" title="Arytmetyka – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arytmetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A9tica" title="Aritmética – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aritmética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupa_hap%27ichiy" title="Yupa hap'ichiy – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yupa hap'ichiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetic%C4%83" title="Aritmetică – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aritmetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аріфметіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Аріфметіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अङ्कगणितम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अङ्कगणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A8tica" title="Aritmètica – sardin" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aritmètica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetica" title="Aritmetica – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aritmetica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arithmetic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwandu" title="Huwandu – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huwandu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аритметика – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аритметика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesabu" title="Hesabu – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hesabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எண்கணிதம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எண்கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Ҳисоб – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳисоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="เลขคณิต – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลขคณิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aritmetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisob" title="Hisob – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hisob" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aritmetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhlayo-tinomboro" title="Tinhlayo-tinomboro – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tinhlayo-tinomboro" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%81%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ئارىفمېتىكا – uyg‘ur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئارىفمېتىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uyg‘ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حساب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritm%C3%A8tega" title="Aritmètega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aritmètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifmetik" title="Arifmetik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arifmetik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Số học – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Số học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulav" title="Kalkulav – volapyuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kalkulav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmetik%C3%A1" title="Aritmetiká – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aritmetiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="算术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика – qalmoq" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арифметика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="qalmoq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-arithmetic" title="I-arithmetic – kxosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-arithmetic" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="kxosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="არითმეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არითმეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אריטמעטיק – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אריטמעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%C3%ADr%C3%B2" title="Ìṣírò – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣírò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenen" title="Rekenen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rekenen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="算术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%A0n-su%CC%8Dt" title="Soàn-su̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soàn-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="算術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuphicinani" title="Ubuphicinani – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuphicinani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" 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item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Qiyofa</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><p><b>Arifmetika</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lotin_tili" title="Lotin tili">lotincha</a>: arithmos — son) — sonlar va sonli toʻplamlarda berilgan amallar (qoʻshish, ayirish, koʻpaytirish va boʻlish)ni oʻrganuvchi fan. Sonlar yordamida beriladigan misol va masalalar oʻziga xos sodda usullarda yechiladi va kelgusida matematikani chuqur oʻrganishga zamin boʻladi. Arifmetika deganda son tushunchasining paydo boʻlishi va rivojlanishi, hisoblash usullari va hisoblash qurollari takomillashuvi va turli tarzdagi sonlar bilan amallar bajarish tushuniladi. Sonlar bilan mantiqiy mulohazalar yuritishga urgʻu berilganda nazariy arifmetika tushunchasi ishlatiladi. Butun sonlarning xususiyatlari sonlar nazariyasida oʻrganiladi. Arifmetika tushunchasi har xil buyumlar, narsalar ustida amallar bajarish zaruriyati tugʻilganda ham ishlatiladi. Arifmetika <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> bilan uzviy bogʻliq. Arifmetika qadimda odamlar barmoklari yor-damida sanash va hisoblashni boshlagan paytlarda paydo boʻlgan. Keyinchalik hisoblash va sodda oʻlchov ishlarini amalga oshirish natijasida arifmetima tez rivojlandi. Ayniqsa, pul paydo boʻlgandan soʻng pul hisobi, ishlab chiqarish vositalarining koʻpayishi, boshqa fanlarga tatbiq qilinishi tufayli algebra fan sifatida shakllandi. Algebraning rivojlanish jarayonining eng muhim bosqichlari Hindiston madaniyati taraqqiyoti bilan bogʻliq. Oʻrta dengiz atrofidagi davlatlarning juda koʻp qismida, Gʻarbiy Osiyodan tortib to Hindistongacha, arifmetika va umuman matematikaning rivojlanishiga katta taʼsir koʻrsatgan <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBrta_asr" title="Oʻrta asr">oʻrta asr</a> sharqi olimlari oʻz tarjimalari va asarlarida yunon matematiklari merosini saqlabgina qolmay, hindlarning yutuqlarini targʻib etish bilan cheklanmay, ularni yana ham boyitdilar. Muhammad al-Xorazmiy arifmetikaga doir asar yzdi. Bu asarda arifmetika izchil bayon qilingani uchun u madrasalarda matematika boʻyicha asosiy qoʻllanma boʻlib kelgan. Arifmetik amallarni bajarishda hind hisob tizimi (unli sanoq tizi-mi)ga asoslangan yangi usullar X asrda Yevropaga tarqala boshlaydi. Yevropaliklarga arifmetik amallarni ishlatish usullari, malakasi hindlardan utgan boʻlsa ham bu jarayon al-Xorazmiyning lotin tiliga tarjima qilingan Arifmerika qoʻllanmasi yordamida amalga oshirilgan. Bu asarning usha davrdagi tarjimasi hozirgacha saqlanib qolgan. Arifmetika <a href="/wiki/Arifmetik_progressiya" title="Arifmetik progressiya">arifmetik progressiya</a> va <a href="/wiki/Geometrik_progressiya" title="Geometrik progressiya">geometrik progressiya</a> turlari mavjud. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika_tarixi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arifmetika tarixi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Arifmetika tarixi</a> yaqqol ajralib turadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arifmetika_qanday_paydo_boʻlgan"><span id="Arifmetika_qanday_paydo_bo.CA.BBlgan"></span>Arifmetika qanday paydo boʻlgan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Arifmetika qanday paydo boʻlgan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Arifmetika qanday paydo boʻlgan"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arifmetikani raqamlar haqidagi fan deb atash mumkin. Soʻzning oʻzi <a href="/wiki/Yunon_tili" title="Yunon tili">yunoncha</a> “arifmos”dan kelib chiqqan boʻlib, “raqamlar” degan maʼnoni anglatadi. Dastlab, odamlar qoʻy va sigirlarini barmoqlari yordamida hisoblagan. Keyin odamzod tayoqchalardagi kertiklar yordamida hisoblashni boshlagan va keyingi bosqichda har bir raqamni belgi yoki ramz yordamida yozish mumkin boʻlgan hisoblash tizimini ixtiro qilgan. Qadimgi yunonlar bu maqsadda <a href="/wiki/Alifbo" title="Alifbo">alifbo</a> harflarini moslashtirgan, rimliklar esa raqamlarni yozish uchun alifbodagi barcha ortiqcha harflarni tushirib qoldirib, atigi 7 ta harfdan foydalangan. Bu tizim qayd va yozuv uchun ishlatilgan, hisob uchun abak (schyot)dan foydalanilgan. </p><p>Arablar hind tizimi asosida biz hozirgacha foydalanayotgan raqamlarni ishlab chiqqan. Oʻnlik sonlarni belgilash uchun ular noldan foydalangan va bu hisoblash tizimini nihoyatda soddalashtirgan. <a href="/wiki/Rus_tili" title="Rus tili">Ruscha</a> “sifri” (raqamlar) soʻzi arablarning nolni anglatgan “sifr” soʻzidan kelib chiqqan. Arab hisoblash tizimidan foydalanishni tavsiya qilgan birinchi arifmetik darslik 1202-yilda nomaʼlum italiyalik <a href="/wiki/Olim" title="Olim">olim</a> tomonidan yozilgan. </p><p>Birinchi bosma arifmetika darsligi lotin tilida yozilgan boʻlib, 1478-yilda Italiyada nashr etilgan. Qoʻshish, ayirish va koʻpaytirish amallari haqidagi boshqa darsliklar 1484–1496-yillarda nashr etilgan. Baʼzi lotin maktablarida arifmetika faqat beshinchi va oltinchi oʻquv yillarida oʻrgatilib, unga haftasiga atigi bir soat vaqt ajratilgan. </p><p>Shuni esda tutish kerakki, bu qadimiy arifmetik asarlar zamonaviy usullarning aksariyatini oʻz ichiga olgan va biz ularning mualliflari hamda ularni bu ilmiy ishlarni amalga oshirishga ilhomlantirgan hind olimlarini minnatdorchilik bilan xotirlashimiz kerak. Arifmetikaning asosiy qoidalarini tushunish uchun qoʻshish, koʻpaytirish, ayirish va boʻlish asoslarini qanchalik mukammal bilish kerakligi haqida gapirish kerak emas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyotlar">Adabiyotlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzME" class="mw-redirect" title="OʻzME">OʻzME</a>. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil</li></ul> <p><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3736688">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}</style></p><table class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border: 1px dashed #f4c430; width: 65%; margin: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/40px-Enciklopedia_stub.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/60px-Enciklopedia_stub.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/80px-Enciklopedia_stub.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="538" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-style: italic;">Ushbu maqolada <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi" title="Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi">Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi</a> (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4048111">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002919-0">4002919-0</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="extiw" title="en:Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85007163">sh85007163</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="extiw" title="en:National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570203">00570203</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118605&CON_LNG=ENG">ph118605</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" align="center" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Stub_W.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stub ikona"><img alt="Stub ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/50px-Stub_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/75px-Stub_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/100px-Stub_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td><center><i>Ushbu maqola <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Chala_maqolalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikipediya:Chala maqolalar">chaladir</a>. Siz uni <a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&action=edit">boyitib,</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya">Vikipediyaga</a> yordam berishingiz mumkin.</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4048111"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4048093">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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almashtirish kerak.</span></center></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&oldid=5222111">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arifmetika&oldid=5222111</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Yashirin turkum: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi_maqolalari" title="Turkum:Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maqolalari">Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maqolalari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:GND_identifikatorlari_bo%CA%BByicha_Vikipediya_maqolalari" title="Turkum:GND identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari">GND identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:LCCN_identifikatorlari_bo%CA%BByicha_Vikipediya_maqolalari" title="Turkum:LCCN identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari">LCCN identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:NDL_identifikatorlari_bo%CA%BByicha_Vikipediya_maqolalari" title="Turkum:NDL identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari">NDL identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:NKC_identifikatorlari_bo%CA%BByicha_Vikipediya_maqolalari" title="Turkum:NKC identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari">NKC identifikatorlari boʻyicha Vikipediya maqolalari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Barcha_chala_maqolalar" title="Turkum:Barcha chala maqolalar">Barcha chala maqolalar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Chala_maqolalar" title="Turkum:Chala maqolalar">Chala maqolalar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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