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id="toc-Ceaușescu_during_the_collectivization_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceaușescu_during_the_collectivization_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ceaușescu during the collectivization process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceaușescu_during_the_collectivization_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leadership of Romania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership_of_Romania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership of Romania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decree_770" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decree_770"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Decree 770</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decree_770-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_of_21_August_1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_of_21_August_1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Speech of 21 August 1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_of_21_August_1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_Theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_Theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>July Theses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_Theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>President of the Socialist Republic of Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_embargo,_strike_and_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_embargo,_strike_and_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Oil embargo, strike and foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_embargo,_strike_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacepa_defection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacepa_defection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pacepa defection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacepa_defection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Systematization: demolition and reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Foreign debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yearly_evolution_(in_billions_of_dollars)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yearly_evolution_(in_billions_of_dollars)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yearly_evolution_(in_billions_of_dollars)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_failed_coup_d'état_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_failed_coup_d'état_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>1984 failed coup d'état attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_failed_coup_d'état_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_Brașov_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_Brașov_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>1987 Brașov rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_Brașov_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romani_minority_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani_minority_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Romani minority rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_minority_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timișoara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timișoara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Timișoara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timișoara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Overthrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speech_on_21_December_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_on_21_December_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Speech on 21 December 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_on_21_December_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_on_22_December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_on_22_December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Flight on 22 December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_on_22_December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exhumation_and_reburial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhumation_and_reburial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Exhumation and reburial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhumation_and_reburial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceaușescu's_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceaușescu's_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ceaușescu's policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ceaușescu's_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ceaușescu's policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ceaușescu's_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-aligned_policy_feats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-aligned_policy_feats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Non-aligned policy feats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-aligned_policy_feats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_cult_and_totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_cult_and_totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Personality cult and totalitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_cult_and_totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ikea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ikea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanian_orders,_decorations_and_medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_orders,_decorations_and_medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Romanian orders, decorations and medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_orders,_decorations_and_medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_state_orders,_decorations_and_medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_state_orders,_decorations_and_medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Foreign state orders, decorations and medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_state_orders,_decorations_and_medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_non-state_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_non-state_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Foreign non-state decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_non-state_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Academic titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolae Ceaușescu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="نيكولاي تشاوتشيسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاي تشاوتشيسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceaushescu" title="Nicolae Ceaushescu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nicolae Ceaushescu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolae_%C3%87au%C5%9Fesku" title="Nikolae Çauşesku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolae Çauşesku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81" title="নিকোলাই চশেস্কু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোলাই চশেস্কু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чаушеску – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Николае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Нікалае Чаўшэску – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікалае Чаўшэску" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Нікалае Чаўшэску – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікалае Чаўшэску" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чаушеску – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nicolae Ceauşescu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B5_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Νικολάε Τσαουσέσκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικολάε Τσαουσέσκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="نیکلای چائوشسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکلای چائوشسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nicolae Ceauşescu" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nicolae Ceauşescu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%90_%EC%B0%A8%EC%9A%B0%EC%85%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A0" title="니콜라에 차우셰스쿠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라에 차우셰스쿠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A5_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Նիկոլաե Չաուշեսկու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլաե Չաուշեսկու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82" title="निकोलाए चाउशेस्कू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलाए चाउशेस्कू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="ניקולאה צ'אושסקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולאה צ'אושסקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="ნიკოლაე ჩაუშესკუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლაე ჩაუშესკუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чаушеску – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Николае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Чаушеску, Николае – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чаушеску, Николае" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Чаушеску Николае – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чаушеску Николае" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" title="Nicolaus Ceauşescu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Ceauşescu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaje_%C4%8Cau%C5%A1esku" title="Nikolaje Čaušesku – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolaje Čaušesku" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чаушеску – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Николае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81" title="നിക്കോളെ ചൗഷസ്ക്യു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോളെ ചൗഷസ്ക്യു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="निकोलाइ चाउसेस्कु – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोलाइ चाउसेस्कु" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="ნიკოლაე ჩაუშესკუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლაე ჩაუშესკუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="نيكولاى تشاوشيسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاى تشاوشيسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="نیکلای چائوشسکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکلای چائوشسکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чаушеску – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Николае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="ニコラエ・チャウシェスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラエ・チャウシェスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolae Ceauşescu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82" title="ਨਿਕੋਲੇਈ ਚਾਉਸੈਸਕੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕੋਲੇਈ ਚਾਉਸੈਸਕੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="نیکولائی چاؤشیسکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیکولائی چاؤشیسکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Чаушеску, Николае – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаушеску, Николае" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceausescu" title="Nicolae Ceausescu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nicolae Ceausescu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_%C3%87aushesku" title="Nikolai Çaushesku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikolai Çaushesku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88" title="نیکۆلای چاوشێسکوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلای چاوشێسکوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николаје Чаушеску – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николаје Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чаушеску – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Николае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9" title="นีกอลาเอ ชาวูเชสกู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีกอลาเอ ชาวูเชสกู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Николае Чеаушеску – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Николае Чеаушеску" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fesku" title="Nikolay Çavuşesku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikolay Çavuşesku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Ніколае Чаушеску – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніколае Чаушеску" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%A4" title="尼古拉·萧西斯古 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉·萧西斯古" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%9C%D7%90%D6%B7_%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="ניקאָלאַ טשאַושעסקו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאָלאַ טשאַושעסקו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%A4" title="壽西斯古 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="壽西斯古" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nicolae Ceaușescu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93" title="尼古拉·齐奥塞斯库 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉·齐奥塞斯库" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolae_Cau%C5%A1esku" title="Nikolae Caušesku – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nikolae Caušesku" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ceaușescu" redirects here. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu_family" title="Ceaușescu family">Ceaușescu family</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Comrade#In_other_languages" title="Comrade">Tovarășul</a> <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nicolae Ceaușescu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/220px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/330px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/440px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1622" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1965</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party#General_Secretaries_(1921–1989)" title="Romanian Communist Party">General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 March 1965 – 22 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B" title="Ilie Verdeț">Ilie Verdeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Constantin Dăscălescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_Council" title="List of members of the National Salvation Front Council">National Salvation Front Council</a> (interim)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> (as president)</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania#Presidents_of_the_State_Council" title="State Council of Romania">President of the State Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B" title="Ilie Verdeț">Ilie Verdeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Constantin Dăscălescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Additional positions</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">Presidium of the Great National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 May 1950 – 3 October 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Minister">Deputy Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">National Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1950–1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Emil Bodnăraș</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Minister">Deputy Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1949–1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Vaida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Vaida (page does not exist)">Vasile Vaida</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">State Under Secretary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Ministry of Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 May 1948 – 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Vaida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Vaida (page does not exist)">Vasile Vaida</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 October 1945 – 25 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 August 1944 – June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Dr%C4%83goescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Drăgoescu (page does not exist)">Constantin Drăgoescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Olt_County" title="Olt County">Olt Regional Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1946 – May 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">First Secretary</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Great National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Great National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 March 1948 – 25 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Olt_County" title="Olt County">Olt County</a> (1948–1952)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_Region" title="Argeș Region">Pitești Region</a> (1952–1969)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (1969–1989)</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Assembly of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 November 1946 – 25 February 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olt_County" title="Olt County">Olt County</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">26 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 January] 1918<br /><a href="/wiki/Scornice%C8%99ti" title="Scornicești">Scornicești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1989<span style="display:none">(1989-12-25)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (1932–1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Petrescu</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1946; their execution 1989)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Valentin Ceaușescu">Valentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoia_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Zoia Ceaușescu">Zoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicu_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicu Ceaușescu">Nicu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Marin Ceaușescu">Marin</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Ilie Ceaușescu">Ilie</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg/128px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg/192px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg/256px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="97" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1944–1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution (1989)</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">Death</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">Romanian <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #f9dd16"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#B60000;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/75px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/113px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/150px-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1622" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#B60000;color:white;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Nicolae Ceaușescu</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu_family" title="Ceaușescu family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">Trial and execution</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">PCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">FDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">FDUS</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Governmental positions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">President of State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Government and politics</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="De-satellization of Communist Romania">De-satellization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">Decree 770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">1968 speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Guards_(Romania)" title="Patriotic Guards (Romania)">Patriotic Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99ima" title="Ceaușima">Ceaușima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_rural_systematization_program" title="Romanian rural systematization program">rural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Program" title="Danube Program">Danube Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">Austerity policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Romanian_military_referendum" title="1986 Romanian military referendum">1986 military referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political ideology</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Opposition</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_in_Romania_under_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goma#Goma's_1977_letters" title="Paul Goma">Goma's letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">1977 miners strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLOMR" title="SLOMR">SLOMR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#1984_failed_coup_d'état_attempt">1984 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brașov Rebellion">Brașov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Six" title="Letter of the Six">Letter of the Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Romanian_State_Council_president_election" title="1967 Romanian State Council president election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1974 Romanian presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1980 Romanian presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1985 Romanian presidential election">1985</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrul_Civic" title="Centrul Civic">Centrul Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Parliament" title="Palace of the Parliament">Palace of the Parliament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_series" title="Template:Nicolae Ceaușescu series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Nicolae Ceaușescu series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolae Ceaușescu series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" title="Category:Stalinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_vector_portraits_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/85px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/128px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/170px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> 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Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%94_For_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Bloc — For the USSR">Stalin Bloc — For the USSR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise of Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin and antisemitism">Stalin and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicolae Ceaușescu</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">chow-<span style="font-size:90%">SHESK</span>-oo</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[nikoˈla.e<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃe̯a.uˈʃesku]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Ro-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.ogg\/Ro-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Ro-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.ogg/Ro-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.ogg" title="File:Ro-Nicolae Ceaușescu.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 26 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 January] 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian politician who was the second and last <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> leader of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Romania">Romania</a>, serving as the <a href="/wiki/General_secretary_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="General secretary of the Romanian Communist Party">general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party</a> from 1965 to 1989. Widely classified as a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>, he was the country's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> from 1967 to 1989, serving as President of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">State Council</a> from 1967 and as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">president</a> from 1974. He was overthrown and <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">executed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> in December 1989 along with his wife <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a>, as part of a series of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> that year. </p><p>Born in 1918 in <a href="/wiki/Scornice%C8%99ti" title="Scornicești">Scornicești</a>, Ceaușescu was a member of the Romanian Communist youth movement. He was arrested in 1939 and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and internment camps: Jilava (1940), Caransebeș (1942), Văcărești (1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943). Ceaușescu rose up through the ranks of <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>'s Socialist government and, upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, he succeeded to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party as general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon achieving power, Ceaușescu eased <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">press censorship</a> and condemned the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">speech of 21 August 1968</a>, which resulted in a surge in popularity. However, this period of stability was brief, as his government soon became <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> and came to be considered the most repressive in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Securitate#Method" title="Securitate">severe repression</a> and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. Ceaușescu's attempts to implement <a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population</a> led to a growing number of illegal abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. Economic mismanagement due to failed oil ventures during the 1970s led to very significant foreign debts for Romania. In 1982, Ceaușescu directed the government to export much of the country's agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts. <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">His cult of personality</a> experienced unprecedented elevation, followed by the deterioration of foreign relations, even with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>As anti-government protesters demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> in December 1989, Ceaușescu perceived the demonstrations as a political threat and ordered military forces to open fire on 17 December, causing many deaths and injuries. The revelation that Ceaușescu was responsible resulted in a massive spread of rioting and civil unrest across the country. The demonstrations, which reached <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, became known as the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a>—the only violent overthrow of a communist government in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. Ceaușescu and his wife <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena</a> fled the capital in a helicopter enrouting to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> via <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, but they were captured in Romanian territory by the military after the armed forces defected. After being <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">tried and convicted</a> of economic sabotage and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, both were sentenced to death, and they were immediately <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">executed by firing squad on 25 December</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._(1936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._%281936%29.jpg/170px-008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._%281936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._%281936%29.jpg/255px-008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._%281936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._%281936%29.jpg/340px-008.Portret_Nicolae_Ceausescu._%281936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Arrested in 1936 when he was 18 years old, Ceaușescu was imprisoned for two years at <a href="/wiki/Doftana_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Doftana Prison">Doftana Prison</a> for Communist activities.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu was born in the small village of <a href="/wiki/Scornice%C8%99ti" title="Scornicești">Scornicești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olt_County" title="Olt County">Olt County</a>, being the third of nine children of a poor peasant family (see <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu_family" title="Ceaușescu family">Ceaușescu family</a>). Based on his birth certificate, he was born on 23 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5 February] 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the official 26 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 February] 1918—his birth was registered with a three-day delay, which later led to confusion. According to the information recorded in his autobiography, Nicolae Ceaușescu was born on 26 January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Andruță (1886–1969) owned 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of agricultural land and a few sheep, and Nicolae supplemented his large family's income through tailoring.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at the village school until the age of 11, when he left for <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. The Olt County Service of National Archives holds excerpts from the catalogs of Scornicești Primary School, which certifies that Nicolae A. Ceaușescu passed the first grade with an average of 8.26 and the second grade with an average of 8.18, ranking third, in a class in which 25 students were enrolled.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Cătălin Gruia claimed in 2007 that he ran away from his supposedly extremely religious, abusive and strict father. He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu. </p><p>He became an <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker">shoemaker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> working in the workshop of Alexandru Săndulescu, a shoemaker who was an active member in the then-illegal Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu was soon involved in the Communist Party activities (becoming a member in early 1932), but as a teenager he was given only small tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was first arrested in 1933, at the age of 15, for street fighting during a strike and again, in 1934, first for collecting signatures on a petition protesting against the trial of railway workers and twice more for other similar activities. By the mid-1930s, he had been in missions in Bucharest, <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a>, being arrested several times.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruia43_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruia43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The profile file from the secret police, <a href="/wiki/Siguran%C8%9Ba_Statului" class="mw-redirect" title="Siguranța Statului">Siguranța Statului</a>, named him "a dangerous Communist agitator" and "distributor of Communist and antifascist propaganda materials".<sup id="cite_ref-Gruia43_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruia43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these charges, he was convicted on 6 June 1936 by the Brașov Tribunal to 2 years in prison, an additional 6 months for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a>, and one year of forced residence in Scornicești.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruia43_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruia43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent most of his sentence in <a href="/wiki/Doftana_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Doftana Prison">Doftana Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruia43_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruia43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While out of jail in 1939, he met <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Petrescu</a>, whom he married in 1946 and who would play an increasing role in his political life over the years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1944soviet1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1944soviet1.png/220px-1944soviet1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1944soviet1.png/330px-1944soviet1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1944soviet1.png/440px-1944soviet1.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu and other Communists at a public meeting in <a href="/wiki/Colentina,_Bucharest" title="Colentina, Bucharest">Colentina</a>, welcoming the Red Army as it entered Bucharest on 30 August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after being freed, he was arrested again and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment camps</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jilava_Prison" title="Jilava Prison">Jilava</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Caransebe%C8%99" title="Caransebeș">Caransebeș</a> (1942), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83c%C4%83re%C8%99ti,_Bucharest" title="Văcărești, Bucharest">Văcărești</a> (1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943).<sup id="cite_ref-Gruia43_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruia43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Târgu Jiu">Târgu Jiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment camp</a>, where he shared a cell with <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, becoming his protégé. </p><p>Enticed with substantial bribes, the camp authorities gave the Communist prisoners much freedom in running their cell block, provided they did not attempt to break out of prison.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Târgu Jiu, Gheorghiu-Dej ran "<a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">self-criticism</a> sessions" where various Party members had to confess before the other Party members to misunderstanding the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> as interpreted by Gheorghiu-Dej; journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Behr_(journalist)" title="Edward Behr (journalist)">Edward Behr</a> claimed that Ceaușescu's role in these "self-criticism sessions" was that of the enforcer, the young man allegedly beating those Party members who refused to go with or were insufficiently enthusiastic about the "self-criticism" sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "self-criticism sessions" not only helped to cement Gheorghiu-Dej's control over the Party, but also endeared his protégé Ceaușescu to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Ceaușescu's time at Târgu Jiu that marked the beginning of his rise to power. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when Romania was beginning to fall under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> influence, Ceaușescu served as secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Youth" title="Union of Communist Youth">Union of Communist Youth</a> (1944–1945).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg/220px-Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg/330px-Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg/440px-Ceausescu-Comisar-1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu giving a speech in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Communists seized power in Romania in 1947, and under the patronage of Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Great National Assembly</a>, the new legislative body of communist Romania. </p><p>In May 1948, Ceaușescu was appointed Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture, and in March 1949 he was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Ministry of Agriculture and with no military experience, he was made Deputy Minister in charge of the armed forces, holding the rank of Major General. Later, promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, he became First Deputy to the Ministry of Defense and head of the Army's Higher Political Directorate.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu studied at the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Military Academy</a> in Moscow for two consecutive months in both 1951 and 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Gheorghiu-Dej brought him onto the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> months after the party's "Muscovite faction" led by <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a> had been purged. In the late 1940s-early 1950s, the Party had been divided into the "home communists" headed by Gheorghiu-Dej who remained inside Romania prior to 1944 and the "Muscovites" who had gone into exile in the Soviet Union. With the partial exception of Poland, where the <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> crisis of 1956 brought to power the previously imprisoned "home communist" <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, Romania was the only Eastern European nation where the "home communists" triumphed over the "Muscovites". In the rest of the Soviet bloc, there were a series of purges in this period that led to the "home communists" being executed or imprisoned. Like his patron Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu was a "home communist" who benefited from the fall of the "Muscovites" in 1952. In 1954, Ceaușescu became a full member of the Politburo, effectively granting him one of the highest positions of power in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceaușescu_during_the_collectivization_process"><span id="Ceau.C8.99escu_during_the_collectivization_process"></span>Ceaușescu during the collectivization process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ceaușescu during the collectivization process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a high-ranking state official in the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Defence Ceaușescu had an important role in the forced collectivisation, according to own <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party#Romanian_Workers'_Party_(1948–1965)" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Workers' Party</a> data, between 1949 and 1952 there were over 80,000 arrests of peasants and 30,000 ended with prison sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is the uprising of <a href="/wiki/Vadu_Ro%C8%99ca" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadu Roșca">Vadu Roșca</a> (Vrancea county) which opposed the state program of expropriation of private holdings, when military units opened fire on the rebelling peasants, killing 9 and wounding 48. Ceaușescu personally led the investigation which resulted in 18 peasants being imprisoned for "rebellion" and "conspiring against social order".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_of_Romania">Leadership of Romania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leadership of Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="De-satellization of Communist Romania">De-satellization of Communist Romania</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ceausescu.jpg/220px-Ceausescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ceausescu.jpg/330px-Ceausescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ceausescu.jpg/440px-Ceausescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu with <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>When Gheorghiu-Dej died on 19 March 1965, Ceaușescu was not the obvious successor, despite his closeness to the longtime leader. But widespread infighting by older and more connected officials led the Politburo to choose Ceaușescu as a compromise candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected general secretary on 22 March 1965, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death. </p><p>One of Ceaușescu's first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Romania">Communist Party of Romania</a> and to declare the country a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a>, rather than a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a>. In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">State Council</a>, making him head of state. His political apparatus sent many thousands of political opponents to prison or psychiatric hospitals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially, Ceaușescu became a popular figure, both in Romania and in the West, because of his independent foreign policy, which challenged the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In the 1960s, he eased press censorship and ended Romania's active participation in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, but Romania formally remained a member. He refused to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> by Warsaw Pact forces and even actively and openly condemned it in his <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">21 August 1968 speech</a>. He travelled to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>. Although the Soviet Union largely tolerated Ceaușescu's recalcitrance, his seeming independence from Moscow earned Romania maverick status within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of Ceaușescu's economic, foreign and demographic policies were meant to achieve his ultimate goal: turning Romania into one of the world's great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_355_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the following years, Ceaușescu pursued an open policy towards the United States and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Romania was the first Warsaw Pact country to recognize <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the first to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, and the first to receive a US president, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Romania became a member of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>. Romania and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> were also the only Eastern European countries that entered into trade agreements with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> before the fall of the Eastern Bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of official visits to Western countries (including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Australia) helped Ceaușescu to present himself as a reforming Communist, pursuing an independent foreign policy within the Soviet Bloc. He also became eager to be seen as an enlightened international statesman, able to mediate in international conflicts, and to gain international respect for Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu negotiated in international affairs, such as the opening of US relations with China in 1969 and the visit of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> to Israel in 1977. In addition, Romania was the only country in the world to maintain normal diplomatic relations with both Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>. In 1980, Romania participated in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> with its other Soviet bloc allies, but in 1984 was one of the few Communist countries to participate in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (going on to win 53 medals, trailing only the United States and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in the overall count)<sup id="cite_ref-lat_ovation_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat_ovation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medal_tab_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medal_tab-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most of the Eastern Bloc's nations boycotted this event.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/220px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/440px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu with <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> during his visit to India in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu refused to implement measures of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. He continued with the program of intensive <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">economic self-sufficiency</a> of the country which since 1959 had already doubled industrial production and had reduced the peasant population from 78% at the end of the 1940s to 61% in 1966 and 49% by 1971. However, for Romania, like other Eastern People's Republics, industrialization did not mean a total social break with the countryside. The peasants returned periodically to the villages or resided in them, commuting daily to the city in a practice called naveta. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-:Ferrero_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ferrero-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universities were also founded in small Romanian towns, which served to train qualified professionals such as engineers, economists, planners or jurists necessary for the industrialization and development project of the country. Romanian healthcare also achieved improvements and recognition by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). In May 1969, Marcolino Candau, Director General of this organization, visited Romania and declared that the visits of WHO staff to various Romanian hospital establishments had made an extraordinarily good impression.<sup id="cite_ref-:Ferrero_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ferrero-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) were a leap compared to the pre-WWII situation of the Romanian population. Certain extra retributions were allowed for the peasants, who started to produce more.<sup id="cite_ref-:Ferrero_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ferrero-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decree_770">Decree 770</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decree 770"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1966, in an attempt to reverse the Romania's low birth and fertility rates, Ceaușescu issued <a href="/wiki/Decree_770" title="Decree 770">Decree 770</a> to restrict <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government targeted rising <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> rates and made divorce more difficult – marriages could only be dissolved in exceptional cases. By the late 1960s, the population began to swell. In turn, a new problem was created, child abandonment, which swelled the orphanage population (see <a href="/wiki/1980s%E2%80%931990s_Romanian_orphans_phenomenon" title="1980s–1990s Romanian orphans phenomenon">1980s–1990s Romanian orphans phenomenon</a>). Many of the children in these orphanages suffered mental and physical deficiencies (see <a href="/wiki/Cighid" title="Cighid">Cighid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measures to encourage reproduction included financial motivations for families who bore children, guaranteed maternity leave, and childcare support for mothers who returned to work, work protection for women, and extensive access to medical control in all stages of pregnancy, as well as after it. Medical control was seen as one of the most productive effects of the law, since all women who became pregnant were under the care of a qualified medical practitioner, even in rural areas. In some cases, if a woman was unable to visit a medical office, a doctor would visit her home.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mothers of at least five children were entitled to receive significant benefits, while mothers of at least ten children were declared "heroine mothers" by the Romanian state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_of_21_August_1968">Speech of 21 August 1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Speech of 21 August 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968</a> represented the apogee of Ceaușescu's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marked the highest point in Ceaușescu's popularity, when he openly condemned the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_Theses">July Theses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: July Theses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CeausescuKim1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CeausescuKim1971.jpg/220px-CeausescuKim1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CeausescuKim1971.jpg/330px-CeausescuKim1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CeausescuKim1971.jpg/440px-CeausescuKim1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu meeting with North Korean Premier <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg/220px-Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg/330px-Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg/440px-Personality_Cult_Romania_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>By the 1970s, the Ceaușescus had developed a <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">personality cult</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu visited China, North Korea, Mongolia and North Vietnam in 1971. He took great interest in the idea of total national transformation as embodied in the programmes of North Korea's <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> and China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. He was also inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cults</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung's cult of personality">North Korea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Journalist Edward Behr claimed that Ceaușescu admired both Mao and Kim as leaders who not only totally dominated their nations but had also used totalitarian methods coupled with significant ultra-nationalism mixed in with communism in order to transform both China and North Korea into major world powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_195_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_page_195-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, that Kim and even more so Mao had broken free of Soviet control were additional sources of admiration for Ceaușescu. According to British journalist Edward Behr, Elena Ceaușescu allegedly bonded with Mao's wife, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_195_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_page_195-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behr wrote that the possibility that what Ceaușescu had seen in both China and North Korea were "vast <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin villages</a> for the hoodwinking of gullible foreign guests" was something that never seemed to have crossed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_195_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_page_195-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after returning home, he began to emulate North Korea's system. North Korean books on <i>Juche</i> were translated into <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and widely distributed inside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 July 1971, he delivered a speech before the executive committee of the Romanian Communist Party. This quasi-<a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> speech, which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a>, contained seventeen proposals. Among these were: continuous growth in the "leading role" of the Party; improvement of Party education and of mass political action; youth participation on large construction projects as part of their "patriotic work"; an intensification of political-ideological education in schools and universities, as well as in children's, youth and student organizations; and an expansion of political propaganda, orienting radio and television shows to this end, as well as publishing houses, theatres and cinemas, opera, ballet, artists' unions, promoting a "militant, revolutionary" character in artistic productions. The <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization_in_Romania" title="De-Stalinization in Romania">liberalization of 1965</a> was condemned and an index of banned books and authors was re-established. </p><p>The Theses heralded the beginning of a "mini cultural revolution" in Romania, launching a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinist</a> offensive against cultural autonomy, reaffirming an ideological basis for literature that, in theory, the Party had hardly abandoned. Although presented in terms of "Socialist Humanism", the Theses in fact marked a return to the strict guidelines of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist realism in Romania">Socialist Realism</a> and attacks on non-compliant intellectuals. Strict ideological <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> in the humanities and social sciences was demanded. </p><p>In a 1972 speech, Ceaușescu stated he wanted "a certain blending of party and state activities ... in the long run we shall witness an ever closer blending of the activities of the party, state and other social bodies". In practice, a number of joint party-state organizations were founded such as the Council for Socialist Education and Culture, which had no precise counterpart in any of the other communist states of Eastern Europe, and the Romanian Communist Party was embedded into the daily life of the nation in a way that it never had been before. In 1974, the party programme of the Romanian Communist Party announced that structural changes in society were insufficient to create a full socialist consciousness in the people, and that a full socialist consciousness could only come about if the entire population was made aware of socialist values that guided society. The Communist Party was to be the agency that would so "enlighten" the population and in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton "the party would merge state and society, the individual and the collective, and would promote 'the ever more organic participation of party members in the entire social life<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania">President of the Socialist Republic of Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: President of the Socialist Republic of Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg/220px-Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg/330px-Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg/440px-Flag_of_Chairman_of_Councils_of_State_and_of_Ministers_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Standard of President of Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu had been head of state since 1967, though nominally only as first among equals, deriving his real power from his status as party leader. In 1974, Ceaușescu however introduced a full-fledged <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">executive presidency</a> as the nation's top decision-maker. He was first elected to this post <a href="/wiki/1974_Romanian_presidential_election" title="1974 Romanian presidential election">in 1974</a> and would be reelected every five years until 1989. </p><p>As President he was empowered to carry out those functions of the State Council that did not require <a href="/wiki/Plenum_(meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenum (meeting)">plenums</a>. He also appointed and dismissed the president of the Supreme Court and the prosecutor general whenever the legislature was not in session. In practice, from 1974 onward Ceaușescu frequently ruled by decree.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, he usurped many powers and functions that nominally were vested in the State Council as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effectively, Ceaușescu now held all governing power in the nation; virtually all party and state institutions were subordinated to his will. The principles of democratic centralism, combined with the legislature's infrequent sessions (it sat in full session only twice a year) meant that for all intents and purposes, his decisions had the force of law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_embargo,_strike_and_foreign_relations"><span id="Oil_embargo.2C_strike_and_foreign_relations"></span>Oil embargo, strike and foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oil embargo, strike and foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg/220px-1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg/330px-1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg/440px-1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu (left) with <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> during a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a>, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973–74 Arab oil embargo</a> against the West, a period of prolonged high oil prices set in that characterised the rest of the 1970s. Romania as a major oil equipment producer greatly benefited from the high oil prices of the 1970s, which led Ceaușescu to embark on an ambitious plan to invest heavily in oil-refining plants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ceaușescu's plan was to make Romania into Europe's number one oil refiner not only of its own oil, but also of oil from Middle Eastern states such as Iraq and Iran, and then to sell all of the refined oil at a profit on the Rotterdam spot market.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_356_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Romania lacked the money to build the necessary oil refining plants and Ceaușescu chose to spend the windfall from the high oil prices on aid to the Third World in an attempt to buy Romania international influence, Ceaușescu borrowed heavily from Western banks on the assumption that when the loans came due, the profits from the sales of the refined oil would be more than enough to pay off the loans.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_356_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1977 Vrancea earthquake">The 1977 earthquake</a> which destroyed much of Bucharest led to delays in the oil plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_356_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the oil refining plants were finished in the early 1980s, a slump in oil prices had set in, leading to major financial problems for Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_356_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mugabe76Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mugabe76Romania.jpg/220px-Mugabe76Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mugabe76Romania.jpg/330px-Mugabe76Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mugabe76Romania.jpg/440px-Mugabe76Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu in a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1977 over 30,000 miners went on strike in the <a href="/wiki/Jiu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiu River">Jiu River</a> valley complaining of low pay and poor working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_355_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Jiu valley miners' strike</a> was the most significant expression of opposition to Ceaușescu's rule prior to the late 1980s. The striking miners were inspired by similar strikes along Poland's Baltic coast in December 1970, and just as in Poland in 1970, the striking Romanian miners demanded face-to-face negotiations with their nation's leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_355_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ceaușescu appeared before the miners on the third day of the strike, he was greeted (in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton) "once again <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">à la polonaise</i></span>, with cries of 'Down with the Red Bourgeoisie!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_355_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu ultimately negotiated a compromise solution to the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_355_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years after the strike, a number of its leaders died of accidents and "premature disease". Rumors emerged that <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Securitate</i></span> had doctors give the strike leaders 5-minute chest X-rays to ensure the development of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_355_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_355-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG/220px-1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG/330px-1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG/440px-1982_Ceausescu_la_Moscova_la_60_de_ani_de_la_formarea_URSS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu preparing to deliver a speech in Moscow on the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Union</figcaption></figure> <p>He continued to follow an independent policy in foreign relations—for example, in 1984, Romania was one of few communist states (notably including the People's Republic of China and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) to take part in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles, despite a Soviet-led boycott. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg/220px-Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg/330px-Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg/440px-Ceausescu_and_Carter_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> during a visit in Washington, D.C. in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Also, the Socialist Republic of Romania was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> nations to have official relations with the <a href="/wiki/Western_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Western bloc">Western bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>: an agreement including Romania in the Community's Generalised System of Preferences was signed in 1974 and an Agreement on Industrial Products was signed in 1980. On 4 April 1975, Ceaușescu visited Japan and met with <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>. In June 1978, Ceaușescu made a state visit to the UK where a £200m licensing agreement was signed between the Romanian government and <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> for the production of more than eighty <a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">BAC One-Eleven</a> aircraft. The deal was said at the time to be the biggest between two countries involving a civil aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first state visit by a Communist head of state to the UK, and Ceaușescu was given a knighthood by the Queen, which was revoked on the day before his death in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 1983, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and in 1985 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> also praised the Romanian dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacepa_defection">Pacepa defection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pacepa defection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Ion Mihai Pacepa</a>, a senior member of the Romanian political police (<a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, State Security), defected to the United States. A two-star general, he was the highest-ranking defector from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. His defection was a powerful blow against the administration, forcing Ceaușescu to overhaul Romania's state security architecture. Pacepa's 1986 book, <i>Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-570-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-570-2">0-89526-570-2</a>), claimed to expose details of Ceaușescu's government activities, such as massive spying on American industry and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systematization:_demolition_and_reconstruction">Systematization: demolition and reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Systematization: demolition and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization (Romania)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_Unirii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boulevard_Unirii.jpg/220px-Boulevard_Unirii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boulevard_Unirii.jpg/330px-Boulevard_Unirii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boulevard_Unirii.jpg/440px-Boulevard_Unirii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Civic Center, Bucharest</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Sistematizarea</i>) was the program of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> carried out under Ceaușescu's regime. After a visit to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in 1971, Ceaușescu was impressed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> ideology of that country, and began a major campaign shortly afterwards. </p><p>Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">socialist society</a>". The policy largely consisted in the mass construction of high-density blocks of flats (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">blocuri</i></span>). </p><p>During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with building himself <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_People_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the People (Romania)">a palace</a> of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Centrul_Civic" title="Centrul Civic">Centrul Civic</a>, to accompany it. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> sports stadium, in order to make way for the grandiose <a href="/wiki/Centrul_Civic" title="Centrul Civic">Centrul Civic</a> (Civic center) and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Parliament">Palace of Parliament</a>, were the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy. </p><p>In 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_rural_systematization_program" title="Romanian rural systematization program">massive rural resettlement program began</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_debt">Foreign debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">1980s austerity policy in Romania</a></div> <p>Ceaușescu's political independence from the Soviet Union and his protest against the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_in_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968">invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968</a> drew the interest of Western powers, whose governments briefly believed that he was an anti-Soviet maverick and hoped to create a schism in the Warsaw Pact by funding him. Ceaușescu did not realise that the funding was not always favorable. Ceaușescu was able to borrow heavily (more than $13 billion) from the West to finance economic development programs, but these loans ultimately devastated the country's finances. He also secured a deal for cheap oil from <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a>, but the deal fell through after the Shah was <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">overthrown</a>. </p><p>In an attempt to correct this, Ceaușescu decided to repay Romania's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">foreign debts</a>. He organised the <a href="/wiki/1986_Romanian_military_referendum" title="1986 Romanian military referendum">1986 military referendum</a> and managed to change the constitution, adding a clause that barred Romania from taking foreign loans in the future. According to official results, the referendum yielded a nearly unanimous "yes" vote.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania's record—having all of its debts to commercial banks paid off in full—has not been matched by any other heavily indebted country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy to repay—and, in multiple cases, prepay—Romania's external debt became the dominant policy in the late 1980s. The result was economic stagnation throughout the 1980s and, towards the end of the decade, an economic crisis. The country's industrial capacity was eroded as equipment grew obsolete and energy intensity increased, and the standard of living deteriorated significantly. Draconian restrictions were imposed on household energy use to ensure adequate supplies for industry. Convertible currency exports were promoted at all costs and imports severely reduced. In 1988, real GDP contracted by 0.5%, mostly due to a decline in industrial output caused by significantly increased material costs. Despite the 1988 decline, the net foreign balance reached its decade-long peak (9.5% of GDP). In 1989, GDP slumped by a further 5.8% due to growing shortages and the increasingly obsolete capital stock. By March 1989, virtually all external debt had been repaid, including all medium- and long-term external debt. The remaining amount, totalling less than 1 million, consisted of short-term credits (mainly short-term export credits granted by Romania). A 1989 decree legally prohibited Romanian entities from contracting external debt.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> edition of 1990 listed Romania's external debt as "none" as of mid-1989.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yearly_evolution_(in_billions_of_dollars)"><span id="Yearly_evolution_.28in_billions_of_dollars.29"></span>Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yearly evolution (in billions of dollars)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1995 was the last year in which Romania's economy was dominated by the state. From 1996 onwards, the private sector would account for most of Romania's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Data for 1975, 1980 and 1982–1988 taken from the <i>Statistical Abstract of the United States</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Data for 1989–1995 provided by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Data for 1981 and 1985 provided by the <i><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book</a> Year Book</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By April 1989, with its debt virtually zero, Romania was a net external creditor. Foreign borrowing was resumed after <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">December 1989</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to maintain net creditor status, Romania had to keep its external debt under $2.5 billion, the low estimate of the amount it was owed by oil producers and other <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">LDCs</a>. This was first achieved in 1988<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued through the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1975 </th> <th>1980 </th> <th>1981 </th> <th>1982 </th> <th>1983 </th> <th>1984 </th> <th>1985 </th> <th>1986 </th> <th>1987 </th> <th>1988 </th> <th>1989 </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>1991 </th> <th>1992 </th> <th>1993 </th> <th>1994 </th> <th>1995 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gross external debt</b></td> <td>2.9</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>10.2</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Net status</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">creditor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">creditor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">creditor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">creditor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">debtor</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984_failed_coup_d'état_attempt"><span id="1984_failed_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_attempt"></span>1984 failed coup d'état attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1984 failed coup d'état attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tentative <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_Brașov_rebellion"><span id="1987_Bra.C8.99ov_rebellion"></span>1987 Brașov rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1987 Brașov rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg/220px-Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg/330px-Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg/440px-Ceausescu_%26_Gorbachev_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Communist leaders Nicolae Ceaușescu of Romania (left) and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> of the Soviet Union in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>Romanian workers began to mobilize against the economic policies of Ceaușescu. Spontaneous labor conflicts, limited in scale, took place in major industrial centers such as <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (November 1986) and the Nicolina platform in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> (February 1987), culminating in a massive strike in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>. The draconian measures taken by Ceaușescu involved reducing energy and food consumption, as well as lowering workers' incomes, leading to what political scientist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a> called "generalized dissatisfaction".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 20,000 workers and a number of townspeople marched against <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania">economic policies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Romania</a> and Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies of <a href="/wiki/Ration_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration stamp">rationing</a> of <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania#Food_shortages" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">basic foodstuffs</a>, rationing <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania#Energy_usage" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">electricity and central heating</a>. </p><p>The first protests began practically on 14 November 1987, at the 440 "Molds" Section of the Red Flag truck company. Initially, the protests were for basic needs: "We want food and heating!", "We want our money!", "We want food for the children!", "We want light and heat!" and "We want bread without a card!". Next to the County Hospital, they sang the anthem of the revolution of 1848, <span title="Romanian-language text"><span lang="ro" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/De%C8%99teapt%C4%83-te,_rom%C3%A2ne!" title="Deșteaptă-te, române!">Deșteaptă-te, române!</a>"</span></span>. Upon arriving in the city center, thousands of workers from the Tractorul Brașov and Hidromecanica factories, pupils, students, and others joined the demonstration. From this moment on, the protest became political. Participants later claimed to have chanted slogans such as "Down with Ceaușescu!", "Down with communism!", "Down with the dictatorship!" or "Down with the tyrant!". During the march, members of the Securitate disguised as workers infiltrated the demonstrators, or remained on the sidelines as spectators, photographing or even filming.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By dusk, <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> forces and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces#Cold_War" title="Romanian Armed Forces">military</a> surrounded the city center and disbanded the revolt by force. Some 300 protesters were arrested, and, in order to hide the political nature of the Brașov uprising, tried for disturbing the peace and "outrage against morals". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara86c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tara86c.jpg/220px-Tara86c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tara86c.jpg/330px-Tara86c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tara86c.jpg/440px-Tara86c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>Those under investigation were beaten and tortured, 61 receiving sentences ranging from 6 months to 3 years in prison, including sentences to be carried out working at various state enterprises across in the country. Although many previous party meetings had called for the death penalty to set an example, the regime was eager to downplay the uprising as "isolated cases of <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a>". Protesters were sentenced to deportation, with compulsory residence arranged in other cities, despite such measures having been repealed as far back as the late 1950s. The entire trial lasted only an hour and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days after the workers' revolt, Cătălin Bia, a student at the Faculty of Forestry, sat in front of the canteen with a placard that read: "The arrested workers must not die". He was joined by colleagues Lucian Silaghi and Horia Șerban. The three were arrested immediately. Subsequently, graffiti in solidarity with the workers' revolt appeared on the campus, and some students distributed manifestos. Security teams conducted a total of seven arrests. Those arrested were investigated, expelled from the faculty, returned to their home localities and placed under strict supervision, along with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_minority_rights">Romani minority rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romani minority rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Ceaușescu regime, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romani people in Romania</a> were largely neglected. This can be seen, perhaps most blatantly, in a motion from the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Politburo of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party</a>, which largely laid the foundation for the Ceaușescu regime's policies regarding the rights of ethnic minorities. The motion entirely ignored the Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-books.openedition.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.openedition.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regime excluded the Romani from its list of "co-inhabiting nationalities", preventing them from gaining any government representation as an ethnic group. Their exclusion continued even after increased representation of minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>. Ceaușescu largely wished to ignore the living conditions of the Romani, who had suffered similar institutional neglect at the hands of his predecessors as far back as <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.openedition.org_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.openedition.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romani, long a highly vulnerable ethnic minority group across Europe, were left in significant poverty and at risk of <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> in the country. Such conditions exist in modern-day Romania, as demonstrated by the policies of several subsequent presidents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution">Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu,_Nicolae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ceausescu%2C_Nicolae.jpg/220px-Ceausescu%2C_Nicolae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Ceausescu%2C_Nicolae.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1989, the XIVth Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) saw Ceaușescu, then aged 71, re-elected for another five years as leader of the PCR. During the Congress, Ceaușescu made a speech denouncing the anti-Communist revolutions happening throughout the rest of Eastern Europe. The following month, Ceaușescu's government itself collapsed after a series of violent events in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak</a> President <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a>'s resignation on 10 December 1989 amounted to the fall of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, leaving Ceaușescu's Romania as the only remaining hard-line Communist regime in the Warsaw Pact.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timișoara"><span id="Timi.C8.99oara"></span>Timișoara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timișoara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Special:EditPage/Nicolae Ceaușescu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Demonstrations in the city of Timișoara were triggered by the government-sponsored attempt to evict <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_T%C5%91k%C3%A9s" title="László Tőkés">László Tőkés</a>, an ethnic Hungarian pastor, accused by the government of inciting <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">ethnic hatred</a>. Members of his ethnic Hungarian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wikt:congregation">congregation</a> surrounded his apartment in a show of support. </p><p>Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration, which soon lost nearly all connection to its initial cause and became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police, and the Securitate fired on demonstrators on 17 December 1989, killing and injuring men, women, and children. </p><p>On 18 December 1989, Ceaușescu departed for a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, leaving the duty of crushing the Timișoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Upon his return to Romania on the evening of 20 December, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside the Central Committee Building (CC Building), in which he spoke about the events at Timișoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty". </p><p>The country, which had little to no information of the events transpiring in Timișoara from the national media, learned about the revolt from anti-communist radio stations that broadcast news in the Eastern Bloc throughout the Cold War (such as <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>) and by word of mouth. On the next day, 21 December, Ceaușescu staged a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution#Revolution_spreads" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">mass meeting in Bucharest</a>. Official media presented it as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceaușescu", emulating the <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">1968 meeting</a> in which he had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow">Overthrow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Overthrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speech_on_21_December_1989">Speech on 21 December 1989</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Speech on 21 December 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_final_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceaușescu's final speech">Ceaușescu's final speech</a></div> <p>The mass meeting of 21 December, held in what is now <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Square,_Bucharest" title="Revolution Square, Bucharest">Revolution Square</a>, began like many of Ceaușescu's speeches over the years. He spoke of the achievements of the "Socialist revolution" and Romania's "multi-laterally developed Socialist society". He also blamed the Timișoara riots on "fascist agitators who want to destroy socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Ceaușescu had misjudged the crowd's mood. Roughly eight minutes into his speech, several people began jeering and booing, and others began chanting "<a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to silence them by raising his right hand and calling for the crowd's attention before order was temporarily restored, then proceeded to announce social benefit reforms that included raising the national minimum wage by 200 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_lei" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian lei">lei</a> per month to a total of 2,200 per month by 1 January. Images of Ceaușescu's facial expression as the crowd began to boo and heckle him were among the most widely broadcast of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failing to control the crowd, the Ceaușescus took cover inside the building that housed the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. The rest of the day saw an open revolt of Bucharest's population, which had assembled in University Square and confronted the police and army at barricades. The rioters, however, were no match for the military apparatus concentrated in Bucharest, which cleared the streets by midnight and arrested hundreds of people in the process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flight_on_22_December">Flight on 22 December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Flight on 22 December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the morning of 22 December, the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> had already spread to all major cities across the country. The suspicious death of <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Milea" title="Vasile Milea">Vasile Milea</a>, Ceaușescu's <a href="/wiki/Defence_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence minister">defence minister</a>, later confirmed as a suicide (he had tried to incapacitate himself with a flesh wound but a bullet severed his artery),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was announced by the media. Immediately thereafter, Ceaușescu presided over the CPEx (Political Executive Committee) meeting and assumed the leadership of the army. Believing that Milea had been murdered, rank-and-file soldiers switched sides to the revolution almost <i>en masse</i>. The commanders wrote off Ceaușescu as a lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the government. Ceaușescu made a last desperate attempt to address the crowd gathered in front of the Central Committee building, but the people in the square began throwing stones and other projectiles at him, forcing him to take refuge in the building once more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He, Elena and four others managed to get to the roof and escape by helicopter, only seconds ahead of a group of demonstrators who had followed them there.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> disappeared soon afterwards; unlike its kindred parties in the former Soviet bloc, it has never been revived. </p><p>The Western press<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> published estimates of the number of people killed by <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> forces. The count increased rapidly until an estimated 64,000 fatalities were reported across front pages.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian military attaché expressed doubt regarding these figures, pointing out the unfeasible logistics of killing such a large number of people in such a short period. After Ceaușescu's death, hospitals across the country reported a death toll of fewer than 1,000, and probably much lower than that.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_-_Ghencea_Civil_Cemetery_-_Bucharest_-_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu's original grave, <a href="/wiki/Ghencea_Cemetery" title="Ghencea Cemetery">Ghencea Cemetery</a>, Bucharest (photographed in 2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg/220px-Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg/330px-Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg/440px-Ceau%C8%99escu_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>The current resting place of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu at Ghencea Cemetery (photographed in 2018). Note that Elena Ceaușescu's year of birth is incorrectly recorded as 1919; her actual year of birth is 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu and his wife Elena fled the capital with <a href="/wiki/Emil_Bobu" title="Emil Bobu">Emil Bobu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a> and flew by helicopter to Ceaușescu's <a href="/wiki/Snagov" title="Snagov">Snagov</a> residence, from which they fled again, this time to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>. They abandoned the helicopter near Târgoviște, having been ordered to land by the army, which by that time had restricted flying in Romania's airspace. The Ceaușescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. They were eventually handed over to the army. </p><p>On Christmas Day, 25 December 1989, the Ceaușescus were tried before a court convened in a small room on orders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a>, Romania's provisional government. They faced charges including illegal gathering of wealth and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Ceaușescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally the President of Romania. At the end of the trial, the Ceaușescus were found guilty and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">sentenced to death</a>. A soldier standing guard in the proceedings was ordered to take the Ceaușescus outside one by one and shoot them, but the Ceaușescus demanded to die together. The soldiers agreed to this and began to tie their hands behind their backs, which the Ceaușescus protested against, but were powerless to prevent. </p><p>The Ceaușescus were executed by a group of soldiers: Captain Ionel Boeru, Sergeant-Major Georghin Octavian and Dorin-Marian Cîrlan,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five other <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> who were recruited from twenty volunteers. Before his sentence was carried out, Nicolae Ceaușescu sang "<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>" whilst being led towards the wall. The firing squad began shooting as soon as the two were in their positions up against the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that day, the execution was also shown on Romanian television.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hasty show trial and the images of the executed Ceaușescus were videotaped and the footage released in numerous Western countries two days after the execution. </p><p>The manner in which the trial was conducted has been criticised. However, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, Romania's provisional president, said in 2009 that the trial was "quite shameful, but necessary" in order to end the state of near-anarchy that had gripped the country in the three days since the Ceaușescus fled Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-dem25dec_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dem25dec-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Victor_St%C4%83nculescu" title="Victor Stănculescu">Victor Stănculescu</a>, who had been defence minister before going over to the revolution, said, in 2009, that the alternative would have been seeing the Ceaușescus <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynched</a> on the streets of Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc25dec_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc25dec-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ceaușescus were the last people to be executed in Romania before the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">capital punishment</a> on 7 January 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu were originally buried in simple graves at <a href="/wiki/Ghencea_Cemetery" title="Ghencea Cemetery">Ghencea Cemetery</a>, in Bucharest, on opposite sides of a path; their graves were often decorated with flowers and symbols of communist rule. In April 2007, their son, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Valentin Ceaușescu">Valentin Ceaușescu</a>, lost an appeal for an investigation into whether the graves were genuine. Upon his death in 1996, the younger son, <a href="/wiki/Nicu_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicu Ceaușescu">Nicu</a>, was buried nearby in the same cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-osb21jul_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb21jul-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requests were made by the Ceaușescus' daughter, <a href="/wiki/Zoia_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Zoia Ceaușescu">Zoia</a>, and by supporters of their political views, to move their remains to mausoleums or to purpose-built churches. These demands were denied by the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exhumation_and_reburial">Exhumation and reburial</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exhumation and reburial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists <a href="/wiki/Burial#Exhumation" title="Burial">exhumed</a> the bodies to perform DNA tests to prove conclusively that they were indeed the remains of the Ceaușescus.<sup id="cite_ref-osb21jul_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb21jul-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body believed to be Elena's had decayed too much to allow for a positive identification, but Nicolae was easily identifiable, wearing the bullet-riddled black winter coat he had been wearing during the execution. DNA tests were able to conclusively prove his identity.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family organised a funeral service for the couple,<sup id="cite_ref-osb21jul_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osb21jul-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were reburied together at <a href="/wiki/Ghencea" title="Ghencea">Ghencea</a> under a tombstone.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceaușescu's_policies"><span id="Ceau.C8.99escu.27s_policies"></span>Ceaușescu's policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ceaușescu's policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">National communism in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></div> <p>A <i>Romanian Encyclopedic Dictionary</i> entry in 1978 underlines the concept as "a new, superior, stage in the Socialist development of Romania ... begun by the 1971–1975 Five-Year Plan, prolonged over several [succeeding and projected] Five-Year Plans".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceaușism's main trait was a form of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one which arguably propelled Ceaușescu to power in 1965, and probably led the Party leadership under <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> to select him over the more orthodox <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a>. Although he had previously been a careful supporter of the official lines, Ceaușescu came to embody Romanian society's wish for independence after what many considered years of Soviet directives and purges, during and after the <a href="/wiki/SovRom" title="SovRom">SovRom</a> fiasco. He carried this nationalist option inside the Party, manipulating it against the nominated successor, Apostol. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, Gheorghiu-Dej had overseen the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in 1958. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_(1972)._(14549532742).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_%281972%29._%2814549532742%29.jpg/220px-Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_%281972%29._%2814549532742%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_%281972%29._%2814549532742%29.jpg/330px-Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_%281972%29._%2814549532742%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_%281972%29._%2814549532742%29.jpg/440px-Moldovan_workers_during_Ceausescu_visit_%281972%29._%2814549532742%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Moldavian workers during Ceaușescu's visit to <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Moldavia</a> in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>It<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had also engineered the publishing of several works that subverted the Soviet image, no longer glossing over traditional points of tension with the Soviet Union. </p><p>Ceaușescu was prepared to take a more decisive step in questioning Soviet policies. In the early years of his rule, he generally relaxed political pressures inside Romanian society,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the late 1960s and early 1970s being the most liberal decade in Socialist Romania. Gaining the public's confidence, Ceaușescu took a clear stand against the 1968 crushing of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>. After a visit from <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> earlier in the same year, during which the French President gave recognition to the incipient maverick, Ceaușescu's public speech in August deeply impressed the population, not only through its themes, but also because, uniquely, it was unscripted. He immediately attracted Western sympathies and backing, which lasted well beyond the 'liberal' phase of his rule; at the same time, the period brought forward the threat of armed Soviet invasion: significantly, many young men inside Romania joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Guards_(Romania)" title="Patriotic Guards (Romania)">Patriotic Guards</a></i> created on the spur of the moment, in order to meet the perceived threat.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Richard Nixon was invited to Bucharest in 1969, which was the first visit of a United States president to a communist country after the start of the Cold War. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>'s version of <i><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Socialism with a human face</a></i> was never suited to Romanian Communist goals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ceaușescu found himself briefly aligned with Dubček's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The latter friendship was to last until Tito's death in 1980, with Ceaușescu adapting the <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoist</a> doctrine of "independent Socialist development" to suit his own objectives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Romania proclaimed itself a "Socialist" (in place of "People's") Republic to show that it was fulfilling Marxist goals without Moscow's oversight, a move mirroring Communist Yugoslavia which renamed itself from a "Federal People's Republic" to a "Socialist Federal Republic" a few years earlier. </p><p>The system's nationalist traits grew and progressively blended with <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> ideals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1971, the Party, which had already been completely purged of internal opposition (with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gaston_Marin" title="Gheorghe Gaston Marin">Gheorghe Gaston Marin</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approved the <i><a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a></i>, expressing Ceaușescu's disdain of Western models as a whole, and the reevaluation of the recent liberalisation as <i><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a></i>. The 1974 XIth Party Congress tightened the Party's grip on Romanian culture, guiding it towards Ceaușescu's nationalist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, it demanded that Romanian historians refer to <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> as having "an unorganised State", part of a political continuum that culminated in the Socialist Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government continued its cultural dialogue with ancient forms, with Ceaușescu connecting his cult of personality to figures such as <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea cel Bătrân</a> (lit. "Mircea the Elder", whom he styled "Mircea the Great") and <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Viteazul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihai Viteazul">Mihai Viteazul</a> (Michael the Brave). It also started adding Dacian or <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Rome">Roman</a> versions to the names of cities and towns (<i>Drobeta</i> to <a href="/wiki/Turnu_Severin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnu Severin">Turnu Severin</a>, <i>Napoca</i> to <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ceaușescu maintained an independent, "national Communist" course, his absolute control over the country, as well as the intensity of the personality cult surrounding him, led many non-Romanian observers to describe his rule as one of the closest things to an old-style Stalinist regime. The last edition of the <a href="/wiki/Country_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Studies">Country Study</a> on Romania, for instance, referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new generation of committed supporters on the outside confirmed the administration's character. Ceaușescu probably never emphasized that his policies constituted a paradigm for theorists of <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Thiriart" title="Jean-François Thiriart">Jean-François Thiriart</a>, but there was a publicised connection between him and <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Constantin_Dr%C4%83gan" title="Iosif Constantin Drăgan">Iosif Constantin Drăgan</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guardist</a> Romanian-Italian émigré millionaire (Drăgan was already committed to a <a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protochronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protochronism">protochronist</a> attitude that largely echoed the official cultural policy). </p><p>Nicolae Ceaușescu had a major influence on modern-day Romanian populist rhetoric. In his final years, he had begun to rehabilitate the image of pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although Antonescu's image was never a fully official myth in Ceaușescu's time, after his overthrow politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a> have coupled the images of the two leaders into their versions of a national Pantheon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The conflict with Hungary over the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Magyar minority</a> in Romania had several unusual aspects: not only was it a vitriolic argument between two officially <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist states</a>, it also marked the moment when Hungary, a state behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> for sanctions to be taken against Romania. This meant that the later 1980s were marked by a pronounced anti-Hungarian discourse, which owed more to nationalist tradition than to Marxism,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ultimate isolation of Romania on the world stage. </p><p>The strong opposition to Ceaușescu on all forms of <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> placed Ceaușescu at odds with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. He was very displeased when other Warsaw Pact countries decided to try their own versions of Gorbachev's reforms. In particular, he was incensed when <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a>'s leaders opted for a power-sharing arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> trade union. He even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland—a significant reversal, considering how violently he had opposed the invasion of Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-DennisDeletant2007ColdWarHistory_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DennisDeletant2007ColdWarHistory-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, Gorbachev made no secret of his distaste for Ceaușescu, whom he called "the Romanian <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">führer</a>". At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. "You are running a dictatorship here", the Soviet leader warned.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1989, at the XIVth and last congress of the PCR, Ceaușescu condemned the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> and asked for the annulment of its consequences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In effect, this amounted to a demand for the return of Bessarabia (most of which was then a Soviet republic and since 1991 has been independent <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>) and northern <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, both of which had been <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">occupied by the Soviet Union</a> in 1940 and again at the end of World War II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-aligned_policy_feats">Non-aligned policy feats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Non-aligned policy feats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029,_Berlin,_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt,_Gruppenfoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029%2C_Berlin%2C_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt%2C_Gruppenfoto.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029%2C_Berlin%2C_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt%2C_Gruppenfoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029%2C_Berlin%2C_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt%2C_Gruppenfoto.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029%2C_Berlin%2C_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt%2C_Gruppenfoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029%2C_Berlin%2C_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt%2C_Gruppenfoto.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0529-029%2C_Berlin%2C_Tagung_Warschauer_Pakt%2C_Gruppenfoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> leaders in 1987 from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Husák</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Zhivkov</a> of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Honecker</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Ceaușescu, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">Kádár</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu was among the most ardent supporters of dimming lingering tensions between different Balkan states,<sup id="cite_ref-ManagingTheHelsinkiSpirit_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManagingTheHelsinkiSpirit-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went as far as to establish friendly relations with the vituperatively anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Regime_of_the_Colonels" class="mw-redirect" title="Regime of the Colonels">Regime of the Colonels</a> in Greece to pursue his objectives of cooperation between Balkan countries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg/220px-Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg/330px-Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg/440px-Romania_delegation_at_OSCE_Meeting_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu with <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Andrei" title="Ștefan Andrei">Ștefan Andrei</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Macovescu" title="George Macovescu">George Macovescu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">CSCE Meeting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki, Finland</a> in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu's Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country that retained diplomatic relations with Israel and did not sever diplomatic relations after Israel's strike on <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, to the consternation of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu made efforts to act as a mediator between the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> and Israel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to attend the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">boycotted</a> by the Soviets and the rest of their allies in response to the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">U.S.-led boycott</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ceaușescu's Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country that did not sever diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)">Chile</a> after <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">Augusto Pinochet's coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicolae Ceaușescu was a close ally and personal friend of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> of <a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaïre">Zaïre</a>. Relations were in fact not just state-to-state, but party-to-party between their respective <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">political machineries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_of_the_Revolution" title="Popular Movement of the Revolution">MPR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">PCR</a>. Many believe that Ceaușescu's death played a role in influencing Mobutu to "democratise" Zaïre in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceaușescu reduced the size of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Army">Romanian People's Army</a> by 5%, for which he organized a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_referendum,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian military referendum, 1986">mock referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DD_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DD-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with his policy of keeping a façade of "popular democracy", he also ordered large rallies for peace to be held. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1976, Nicolae Ceaușescu was the first high-level Romanian visitor to Moldavian SSR since World War II. In December 1976, at one of his meetings in Bucharest, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bodiul" title="Ivan Bodiul">Ivan Bodiul</a> said that "the good relationship was initiated by Ceaușescu's visit to Soviet Moldova".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality_cult_and_totalitarianism">Personality cult and totalitarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personality cult and totalitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png/170px-TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png/255px-TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png/340px-TimbruNicolaeCeausescu.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Stamp commemorating Ceaușescu's 70th birthday and 55 years of political activity, 1988</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg/220px-Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg/330px-Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg/440px-Ceausescu_receiving_the_presidential_sceptre_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu receiving the presidential sceptre, 1974<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg/170px-Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg/255px-Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg/340px-Propaganda_poster_Ceausescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster, Bucharest (1986)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceaușescu created a pervasive <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">personality cult</a>, giving himself such titles as "<a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a>" ("Leader") and "Geniul din Carpați" ("The Genius of the Carpathians"), with inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian Culture">Proletarian Culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proletkult" title="Proletkult">Proletkult</a>). After his election as President of Romania, he even had a "presidential sceptre" created for himself, thus appropriating a <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">royal insignia</a>. This excess prompted painter <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> to send a congratulatory telegram to the Romanian president, in which he sarcastically congratulated Ceaușescu on his "introducing the presidential sceptre". The Communist Party daily <i><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%AEnteia" title="Scînteia">Scînteia</a></i> published the message, unaware that it was a work of satire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most important day of the year during Ceaușescu's rule was his official birthday, 26 January—a day which saw Romanian media saturated with praise for him. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sebestyen" title="Victor Sebestyen">Victor Sebestyen</a>, it was one of the few days of the year when the average Romanian put on a happy face, since appearing miserable on this day was too risky to contemplate.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To lessen the chance of further treason after Pacepa's defection, Ceaușescu also invested his wife Elena and other members of his family with important positions in the government. This led Romanians to joke that Ceaușescu was creating "socialism in one family", a pun on "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ceaușescu was greatly concerned about his public image. For years, nearly all official photographs of him showed him in his late 40s. Romanian state television was under strict orders to portray him in the best possible light.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, producers had to take great care to make sure that Ceaușescu's height (he was only 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was never emphasized on screen. Consequences for breaking these rules were severe; one producer showed footage of Ceaușescu blinking and stuttering, and was banned for three months.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of a propaganda ploy arranged by the Ceaușescus through the consular cultural attachés of Romanian embassies,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they managed to receive orders and titles from numerous states and institutions. France granted Nicolae Ceaușescu the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>. In 1978 he became a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a> (GCB) in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (August 2022)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> a title of which he was stripped in 1989. Elena Ceaușescu was arranged to be "elected" to membership of a science academy in the US. </p><p>To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. According to Alexandru Budistenu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu. It didn't matter if they demolished or moved it, as long as it was no longer in sight." Nevertheless, a project organized by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordachescu was able to move many historic structures to less-prominent sites and save them.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ikea">Ikea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ikea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s under Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania's secret police the 'Securitate' received six-figure payments from <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">Ikea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to declassified files at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_the_Study_of_the_Securitate_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archive (page does not exist)">National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archive</a>, Ikea agreed to overcharge for products made in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and some of the overpayment funds were deposited into an account controlled by the Securitate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceaușescu had a mixed reputation among international leaders of his time. In his memoir <i>The Artful Albanian</i>, Albanian communist leader <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> remarked "As if Ceaușescu and company are to bring down imperialism! If the world waits for the Ceaușescus to do such a thing, imperialism will live for tens of thousands of years..."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pacepa, Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> had an opposite interpretation, allegedly saying, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu even received praise from anti-communists with the Shah (King) of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> acclaiming Ceaușescu leadership: "I would like to salute [Ceaușescu's] intransigent patriotism and ferocious will for independence. A veritable amity links me to him."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He directed the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Parliament" title="Palace of the Parliament">Palace of the Parliament</a> in Bucharest, which broke ground in June 1984. It was previously called The House of the People and The People's House. The building of the Palace of the Parliament was the most extreme expression of the <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">systematization</a> program imposed by Nicolae Ceaușescu upon Romania. Systematization was an <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> program used to <a href="/wiki/Romanian_rural_systematization_program" title="Romanian rural systematization program">convert villages into miniature cities</a>. The main architect of the building was <a href="/wiki/Anca_Petrescu" title="Anca Petrescu">Anca Petrescu</a> (1949–2013), who began her work on the building when she was 28 years old. The building was completed in 1997, after Ceaușescu's death in 1989. The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Senate">Romanian Senate</a>, which was originally housed in the former building of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a>, has been headquartered in the Parliamentary Palace since 2004. </p><p>The Parliamentary Palace building has 1,100 rooms and is the largest civilian government building in the world as measured by volume in one continuous structure. (There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings#Largest_usable_volume" title="List of largest buildings">larger private sector buildings</a>, mainly for the construction of aircraft, that have more continuous volume in one building, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Everett_Factory" title="Boeing Everett Factory">Boeing Everett Factory</a>.) Much of the building remains empty, being larger than the Parliament needs, though Parliament shares it with three museums and an international conference center.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the heaviest building in the world, being constructed of 700,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, a million square feet of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, and large amounts of crystal and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-heavy_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavy-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_%281%29.jpg/220px-019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_%281%29.jpg/330px-019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_%281%29.jpg/440px-019.Vacanta-pentrecuta-in-Moldova-1976_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Ceaușescu and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, in 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicolae and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a> had three children: <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Valentin Ceaușescu">Valentin Ceaușescu</a> (born 1948), a nuclear physicist; <a href="/wiki/Zoia_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Zoia Ceaușescu">Zoia Ceaușescu</a> (1949–2006), a mathematician; and <a href="/wiki/Nicu_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicu Ceaușescu">Nicu Ceaușescu</a> (1951–1996), a physicist. After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceaușescu ordered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (October 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Praising the crimes of totalitarian governments and denigrating their victims is forbidden by law in Romania; this includes the Ceaușescu era. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">lei</a> (approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel (<i>3TV Oltenia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinion polls held in 2010 indicated that 41% of Romanians would have voted for Ceaușescu if given the opportunity<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-balkanalysis.com_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balkanalysis.com-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 63% felt their lives were better before 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-balkanalysis.com_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balkanalysis.com-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the percentage of those who would vote for Ceaușescu reached 46%.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 December 2018, a poll found 64% of people had a good opinion of him.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceaușescu is played by Constantin Cojocaru in the 2011 Swiss docudrama <i>Die letzten Tage der Ceaușescus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final song on the 2012 album <a href="/wiki/Bish_Bosch" title="Bish Bosch">Bish Bosch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_(singer)" title="Scott Walker (singer)">Scott Walker</a> titled “The Day The ‘Concudator’ Died (An Xmas Song)” is in reference to Ceaușescu (and his death on Christmas Day.) </p><p>A comedy musical enjoyed a world premiere at Seven Arts in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> on Sunday 21 May 2017. It was written by Tom Bailey and Greg Jameson, with songs by Allan Stelmach, and depicted Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu and their son Valentin in a piece of meta musical theatre that was also a comment upon <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity culture</a> and the role social media and political correctness play in creating <a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">social pariahs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceaușescu was made a knight of the Danish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, but this appointment was revoked on 23 December 1989 by the then queen of Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe II</a>. </p><p>Ceaușescu was likewise stripped of his honorary <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a> (GCB) status by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom</a> on the day before his execution. Queen Elizabeth II also returned the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a> that Ceaușescu had bestowed upon her in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his 70th birthday in 1988, Ceaușescu was decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Marx Order">Karl-Marx-Order</a> by then <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) chief <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>; through this he was honoured for his rejection of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_orders,_decorations_and_medals"><span id="Romanian_orders.2C_decorations_and_medals"></span>Romanian orders, decorations and medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Romanian orders, decorations and medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All titles and decorations were revoked by the provisional government on 26 December 1989. </p> <ul><li>Commemorative Medal of the 5th Anniversary of the Republic of Romania</li> <li>Commemorative Medal of the 35th Anniversary of the Liberation of Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Hero of the Socialist Republic of Romania">Hero of Romania</a>, three times (1971, 1978 and 1988)</li> <li>Hero of Socialist Labour (Romania) (1964)</li> <li>Military Merit Medal (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Victory_of_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Victory of Socialism">Order of the Victory of Socialism</a> (accompanied each Hero of Romania)</li> <li>Order of Labour</li> <li>Order of Homeland Defence</li> <li>Order of the Star of the Republic of Romania</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_state_orders,_decorations_and_medals"><span id="Foreign_state_orders.2C_decorations_and_medals"></span>Foreign state orders, decorations and medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Foreign state orders, decorations and medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several foreign decorations were revoked at the time of the collapse of Ceaușescu's rule. </p> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Order of the Liberator General San Martín">Order of the Liberator General San Martín</a> (1974)</dd> <dt>Austria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria">Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a> (1975)</dd> <dt>Bulgaria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Stara_Planina" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Stara Planina">Order of Stara Planina</a> (1983)</dd> <dt>Cuba</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> (1973)</dd> <dd>Twentieth Anniversary Commemorative Medal of the Assault on the <a href="/wiki/Moncada_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncada Barracks">Moncada Barracks</a> (1976)</dd> <dt>Czechoslovakia</dt> <dd>Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (1987; subsequently expelled 1989)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Denmark</dt> <dd>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a> (1980; subsequently expelled 1989)</dd> <dt>France</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>East Germany</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Karl_Marx" title="Order of Karl Marx">Order of Karl Marx</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, 1988) – for his defence of Marxism by rejecting Gorbachev's reforms</dd> <dt>West Germany</dt> <dd>Special class of the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, 1971)</dd> <dt>Greece</dt> <dd>Athens Gold Medal (1976)</dd> <dt>Iran</dt> <dd>Commemorative Medal of the <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire</a> (Empire of Iran, 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd>Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (1973)</dd> <dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd>Honorary Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_the_Realm" title="Order of the Crown of the Realm">Order of the Crown of the Realm</a> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Norway</dt> <dd>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St._Olaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olaf">Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olaf</a> (expelled 1989)</dd> <dt>Peru</dt> <dd>Grand Cross with Diamonds of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun of Peru</a> (1973)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd>Grand Collar of the Ancient <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">Order of Sikatuna</a> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James of the Sword</a> (1975)</dd> <dt>Soviet Union <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(All Soviet decorations and medals were revoked in 1990)</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Thirty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1975)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>, twice (Soviet Union, 1973 and 25 January 1988)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution" title="Order of the October Revolution">Order of the October Revolution</a> (1983)</dd> <dt>Sweden</dt> <dd>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a> (1980)</dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Honourable Order of the Bath">Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a> (1978; expelled 1989)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_non-state_decorations">Foreign non-state decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Foreign non-state decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gold Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, 1984), for decision not to participate in the boycott of the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li>Gold Medal Plate of the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Affari_Internazionali" title="Istituto Affari Internazionali">International Relations Institute of Rome</a>, an Italian non-profit organization (1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_titles">Academic titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Academic titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honorary degrees from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_University" title="Lebanese University">Lebanese University</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous University of Yucatán">Autonomous University of Yucatán</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nice_Sophia_Antipolis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nice Sophia Antipolis">University of Nice Sophia Antipolis</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liberia" title="University of Liberia">University of Liberia</a> (1988) <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (1988).</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two documentaries have been made about Ceaușescu in the 21st century. The first film was written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lewis_(writer)" title="Ben Lewis (writer)">Ben Lewis</a> for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, titled <i>The King of Communism: The Pomp & Pageantry of Nicolae Ceaușescu</i> (2002). </p><p>The second, <i>Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu</i> (2011), was created by Romanian writer/director <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Ujica" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Ujica">Andrei Ujica</a>, and an English language version of the film was released simultaneously, titled <i>The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Left_Behind" title="Left Behind">Left Behind</a></i> novels of <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_B._Jenkins" title="Jerry B. Jenkins">Jerry B. Jenkins</a> prominently feature a fictional Romanian President named <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Carpathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Carpathia">Nicolae Carpathia</a>, whose cult of personality, strong-arm tactics, and name, are similar to those of Nicolae Ceaușescu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_published_works">Selected published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Selected published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Report during the joint solemn session of the CC of the Romanian Communist Party, the National Council of the Socialist Unity Front and the Grand National Assembly: Marking the 60th anniversary of the creation of a Unitary Romanian National State</i>, 1978</li> <li><i>Major problems of our time: Eliminating underdevelopment, bridging gaps between states, building a new international economic order</i>, 1980</li> <li><i>The solving of the national question in Romania (Socio-political thought of Romania's President)</i>, 1980</li> <li><i>Ceaușescu: Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman</i>, 1983</li> <li><i>The nation and co-habiting nationalities in the contemporary epoch (Philosophical thought of Romania's president)</i>, 1983</li> <li><i>The history of the Romanian people in the view of the President</i> (<i>Istoria poporului român în concepția președintelui</i>), 1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behr, E. (1991). <i>Kiss the hand you cannot bite: the rise and fall of the Ceaușescus</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/nicolae-ceausescu-38355">"Nicolae Ceaușescu"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=Nicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fnicolae-ceausescu-38355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolae-Ceausescu">"Nicolae Ceaușescu – president of Romania"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu+%E2%80%93+president+of+Romania&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNicolae-Ceausescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyes2009" class="citation news cs1">Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2601567.ece">"Ceaușescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Ceau%C8%99escu+looked+in+my+eyes+and+he+knew+that+he+was+going+to+die&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft.aulast=Boyes&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle2601567.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratesh, N. (1991). Romania: The Entangled Revolution. Praeger Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gandul.ro/stiri/unul-dintre-cele-mai-bine-pazite-secrete-inainte-de-1989-data-reala-a-nasterii-lui-nicolae-ceausescu-foto-13786598">"Unul dintre cele mai bine păzite secrete înainte de 1989: data reală a nașterii lui Nicolae Ceaușescu. Foto"</a>. 27 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unul+dintre+cele+mai+bine+p%C4%83zite+secrete+%C3%AEnainte+de+1989%3A+data+real%C4%83+a+na%C8%99terii+lui+Nicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu.+Foto&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandul.ro%2Fstiri%2Funul-dintre-cele-mai-bine-pazite-secrete-inainte-de-1989-data-reala-a-nasterii-lui-nicolae-ceausescu-foto-13786598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141049/http://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/ceausescu-intre-legenda-si-adevar-data-nasterii-si-alegerea-numelui-de-botez-576781.html">"Ceaușescu, între legendă și adevăr: data nașterii și alegerea numelui de botez"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/ceausescu-intre-legenda-si-adevar-data-nasterii-si-alegerea-numelui-de-botez-576781.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jurnalul+Na%C8%9Bional&rft.atitle=Ceau%C8%99escu%2C+%C3%AEntre+legend%C4%83+%C8%99i+adev%C4%83r%3A+data+na%C8%99terii+%C8%99i+alegerea+numelui+de+botez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurnalul.ro%2Fspecial-jurnalul%2Fceausescu-intre-legenda-si-adevar-data-nasterii-si-alegerea-numelui-de-botez-576781.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infocultural.eu/cataloagele-scolare-si-autobiografia-lui-nicolae-ceausescu-facute-publice-de-arhivele-nationale">"Cataloagele școlare și autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, făcute publice de Arhivele Naționale"</a> [Nicolae Ceaușescu's school catalogs and autobiography, made public by the National Archives] (in Romanian). Info Cultural. 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cataloagele+%C8%99colare+%C8%99i+autobiografia+lui+Nicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu%2C+f%C4%83cute+publice+de+Arhivele+Na%C8%9Bionale&rft.pub=Info+Cultural&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfocultural.eu%2Fcataloagele-scolare-si-autobiografia-lui-nicolae-ceausescu-facute-publice-de-arhivele-nationale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruia2013" class="citation book cs1">Gruia, Cătălin (2013). <i>The Man They Killed on Christmas Day</i>. United Kingdom: Createspace Independent Pub. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4922-8259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4922-8259-4"><bdi>978-1-4922-8259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+They+Killed+on+Christmas+Day&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Pub&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4922-8259-4&rft.aulast=Gruia&rft.aufirst=C%C4%83t%C4%83lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruia43-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gruia43_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruia43_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruia43_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruia43_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruia43_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gruia, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behr, Edward <i>Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite</i>, New York: Villard Books, 1991 pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_pages_181-186_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Behr, Edward <i>Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite</i>, New York: Villard Books, 1991 pp. 181–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704220035/https://www.rfi.ro/politica-96599-pagina-de-istorie-nicolae-ceausescu-ascensiunea-decaderea-dictator">"Pagina de istorie: Ascensiunea şi decăderea unui dictator"</a>. <i>RFI România: Actualitate, informaţii, ştiri în direct</i> (in Romanian). 19 July 2017. 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M. E. Sharpe. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-633-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-633-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-633-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceau%C8%99escu+and+the+Securitate%3A+Coercion+and+Dissent+in+Romania%2C+1965%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-633-3&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXmmilITRkxYC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Tismăneanu (30 December 1987). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span> – via OpenEdition Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VI.+The+gypsies+during+the+communist+regime.+A+few+points+of+reference&rft.btitle=The+Roma+in+Romanian+History&rft.series=CEUP+collection&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-615-5053-93-1&rft.aulast=Achim&rft.aufirst=Viorel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fceup%2F1554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastPontin2016" class="citation book cs1">East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (6 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G3qDAAAQBAJ"><i>Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DECRET-LEGE+nr.6+din+7+ianuarie+1990+pentru+abolirea+pedepsei+cu+moartea%2C+pentru+modificarea+%C8%99i+abrogarea+unor+prevederi+din+Codul+penal+%C8%99i+alte+acte+normative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdep.ro%2Fpls%2Flegis%2Flegis_pck.htp_act_text%3Fidt%3D11033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osb21jul-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osb21jul_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb21jul_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osb21jul_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn2010" class="citation news cs1">Osborn, Andrew (21 July 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/romania/7902774/Nicolae-Ceausescu-exhumed-wearing-his-black-winter-coat.html">"Nicolae Ceausescu exhumed 'wearing his black winter coat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 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The Romanian view on 'regional micro-détente', 1969—75"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_History_(journal)" title="Cold War History (journal)">Cold War History</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">421–</span>439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682745.2018.1524878">10.1080/14682745.2018.1524878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433175">158433175</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Realitatea.net. 3 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realitatea.net/un-ceausescu-pe-care-nu-il-stiati-cret-cu-ochii-blonzi-si-nasul-borcanat_858565.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacepa1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Pacepa, Ion Mihai</a> (1987). <i>Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=badraie.com&rft.atitle=badraie.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbadraie.com%2Fimages%2Fceausescu.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203254/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1984.pdf">"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1984"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senarai+Penuh+Penerima+Darjah+Kebesaran%2C+Bintang+dan+Pingat+Persekutuan+Tahun+1984.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istiadat.gov.my%2Fv8%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1984.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408163608/https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf">"Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Condecorados%3A+Orden+El+Sol+del+Per%C3%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcde.gestion2.e3.pe%2Fdoc%2F0%2F0%2F1%2F5%2F2%2F152563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606152717/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/05/05/presidents-week-in-review-april-7-april-13-1975/">"President's Week in Review: April 7 – April 13, 1975"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/05/05/presidents-week-in-review-april-7-april-13-1975/">the original</a> on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=President%27s+Week+in+Review%3A+April+7+%E2%80%93+April+13%2C+1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1975%2F05%2F05%2Fpresidents-week-in-review-april-7-april-13-1975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20TERT/SSRM19381954/1988/5.pdf">"Указ Президиума Верховного Совета О награждении Генерального секретаря Румынской коммунистической партии, Президента Социалистической Республики Румынии товарища Николае Чаушеску орденом Ленина"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR</i> (in Russian). No. 5. 3 February 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vedomosti+Verkhovnogo+Soveta+SSSR&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1988-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftert.nla.am%2Farchive%2FNLA%2520TERT%2FSSRM19381954%2F1988%2F5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolae+Ceau%C8%99escu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdb.com/title/tt1646958/awards/">Awards.</a> In: <i>The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu</i> (2010). <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic</i> ("Small encyclopedic dictionary"), 1978</li> <li>Edward Behr, <i>Kiss the Hand you Cannot Bite</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40128-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40128-8">0-679-40128-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Burlan" title="Dumitru Burlan">Dumitru Burlan</a>, <i>Dupa 14 ani – Sosia lui Ceaușescu se destăinuie</i> ("After 14 Years: The Double of Ceaușescu confesses"). Editura Ergorom. 31 July 2003 (in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_Geran_Pilon" title="Juliana Geran Pilon">Juliana Geran Pilon</a>, <i>The Bloody Flag. Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Spotlight on Romania</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-062-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-062-7">1-56000-062-7</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-620-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-620-X">1-56000-620-X</a></li> <li><a href="//doi.org/10.1057/9781137500960_5" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1057/9781137500960 5">Gheorghe E. (2015) Nicolae Ceaușescu. In: Casey S., Wright J. (eds) Mental Maps in the Era of Détente and the End of the Cold War 1968–91. Palgrave Macmillan, London</a></li> <li>Marian Oprea, "Au trecut 15 ani – Conspirația Securității" ("15 Years Later: The Securitate Conspiracy"), in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209133319/http://www.lumeam.ro/nr10_2004/index.html"><i>Lumea Magazin</i> Nr 10, 2004</a>: (in Romanian; link leads to table of contents, verifying that the article exists, but the article itself is not online).</li> <li>Viorel Patrichi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204211613/http://www.lumeam.ro/nr12_2001/politica_si_servicii_secrete.html">Eu am fost sosia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>" ("I was Ceaușescu's double"), <i>Lumea Magazin</i> Nr 12, 2001 (in Romanian)</li> <li>Stevens W. Sowards, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015050852/http://www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/"><i>Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism)</i></a>, 1996, in particular <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050212093801/http://www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lect24.htm">Lecture 24: The failure of Balkan Communism and the causes of the Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li>Victor Stănculescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14985">"Nu vă fie milă, au 2 miliarde de lei în cont"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013005234/http://www.jurnalul.ro/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14985">Archived</a> 13 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Do not have mercy, they hold 2 billion lei [33 million dollars] in their account[s]"), in <i>Jurnalul Național</i>, 22 November 2004</li> <li>John Sweeney, <i>The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceaușescu</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-174672-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-174672-8">0-09-174672-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stelian_T%C4%83nase" title="Stelian Tănase">Stelian Tănase</a>, "Societatea civilă românească și violența" ("Romanian Civil Society and Violence"), in <i>Agora</i>, issue 3/IV, July–September 1991</li> <li>Filip Teodorescu, et al., <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Stenograma_sedintei_de_audiere_din_14_decembrie_1994" class="extiw" title="s:Stenograma sedintei de audiere din 14 decembrie 1994">Extracts from the minutes of a Romanian senate hearing, 14 December 1994</a>, featuring the remarks of Filip Teodorescu.</li> <li>Cătălin Gruia, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natgeo.ro/istorie/personalitati-si-evenimente/8435-viata-lui-nicolae-ceausescu?showall=1">Viata lui Nicolae Ceausescu</a>", in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic Romania</a></i>, November 2007, pp. 41–65</li> <li>Dennis Deletant (1995), <i>Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563246333" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563246333">978-1563246333</a> pub. M. E. Sharpe. p. 351</li> <li>Pinstripes and Reds: An American Ambassador Caught Between the State Department & the Romanian Communists, 1981–1985 Washington, D.C.: Selous Foundation Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944273-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-944273-01-7">0-944273-01-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Many photos.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pk2rxHTrsQ">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Video of the trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a> </b><br />28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">President of the State Council</a> </b><br />9 December 1967 – 22 December 1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party">General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party</a> </b><br />22 March 1965 – 22 December 1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position abolished</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="General_Secretaries_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PCRGenSecs" title="Template:PCRGenSecs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PCRGenSecs" title="Template talk:PCRGenSecs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PCRGenSecs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PCRGenSecs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_Secretaries_of_the_Romanian_Communist_Party123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescu" title="Gheorghe Cristescu">Cristescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elek_K%C3%B6bl%C3%B6s" title="Elek Köblös">Köblös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Holostenco" title="Vitali Holostenco">Holostenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danieliuk-Stefanski" title="Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski">Stefanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Stefanov" title="Boris Stefanov">Stefanov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Breiner" title="Béla Breiner">Breiner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Fori%C8%99" title="Ștefan Foriș">Foriș</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bodn%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Emil Bodnăraș">Bodnăraș</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Constantin_P%C3%AErvulescu" title="Constantin Pîrvulescu">Pîrvulescu</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Ranghe%C8%9B" title="Iosif Rangheț">Rangheț</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Party symbol"><img alt="Party symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate interim officeholders.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Romania742" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Template:Heads of state of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Romania742" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="List of heads of state of Romania">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="Category:Heads of state of Romania">Heads of state of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Romania" title="Category:Presidents of Romania">Presidents of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_monarchs" title="Category:Romanian monarchs">Romanian monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities of Romania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor"><i>Domnitor</i> of Romania</a> (1862–1881)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1862–1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_Lieutenancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princely Lieutenancy (page does not exist)">Princely Lieutenancy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locotenen%C8%9Ba_Domneasc%C4%83_(1866)" class="extiw" title="ro:Locotenența Domnească (1866)">ro</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">Lascăr Catargiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">Nicolae Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Haralambie" title="Nicolae Haralambie">Nicolae Haralambie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1866–1881</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King of Romania</a> (1881–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1881–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1914–1927</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1927–1930</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> <ul><li>under regents <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania" title="Prince Nicholas of Romania">Prince Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Miron_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Miron of Romania">Miron Cristea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzdugan" title="Gheorghe Buzdugan">Gheorghe Buzdugan</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_S%C4%83r%C4%83%C5%A3eanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Sărăţeanu (page does not exist)">Constantin Sărăţeanu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83r%C4%83%C5%A3eanu" class="extiw" title="ro:Constantin Sărăţeanu">ro</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1930–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1940–1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> between 1940 and 1944</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Republic">Romanian People's Republic</a> (1947–65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a><br />(1965–89)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Republic_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Republic (Romania) (page does not exist)">Provisional Presidium of the Republic</a> (1947–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Niculi" title="Ion Niculi">Ion Niculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sadoveanu" title="Mihail Sadoveanu">Mihail Sadoveanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Stere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Stere (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Stere</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Stere" class="extiw" title="ro:Gheorghe Stere">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Presidium of the Great National Assembly</a> (1948–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ion_Parhon" title="Constantin Ion Parhon">Constantin Ion Parhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sadoveanu" title="Mihail Sadoveanu">Mihail Sadoveanu</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anton_Moisescu" title="Anton Moisescu">Anton Moisescu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Romania" title="State Council of Romania">State Council</a> (1961–1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivu_Stoica" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec" title="Ștefan Voitec">Ștefan Voitec</a> & <a href="/wiki/Avram_Bunaciu" title="Avram Bunaciu">Avram Bunaciu</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of SR Romania</a> (1974–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Post–1989 Romania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a> (1989–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu" title="Emil Constantinescu">Emil Constantinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_V%C4%83c%C4%83roiu" title="Nicolae Văcăroiu">Nicolae Văcăroiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crin_Antonescu" title="Crin Antonescu">Crin Antonescu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ilie_Bolojan" title="Ilie Bolojan">Ilie Bolojan</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate interim officeholders. <b>Bold</b> indicates incumbent/current officeholder.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:80em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:90em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolae Ceaușescu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Doronjski" title="Stevan Doronjski">Stevan Doronjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Dragosavac" title="Dušan Dragosavac">Dušan Dragosavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Mitja Ribičič">Mitja Ribičič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Marković">Dragoslav Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija" title="Ali Šukrija">Ali Šukrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidoje_%C5%BDarkovi%C4%87" title="Vidoje Žarković">Vidoje Žarković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanko_Renovica" title="Milanko Renovica">Milanko Renovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Kruni%C4%87" title="Boško Krunić">Boško Krunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template talk:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970 – 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Pro-government</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dragunsky" title="David Dragunsky">David Dragunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Moiseevich_Fishman" title="Yakov Moiseevich Fishman">Yakov Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Shayevich" title="Adolf Shayevich">Adolf Shayevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Nudel" title="Ida Nudel">Ida Nudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Yuli Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Begun" title="Iosif Begun">Iosif Begun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vanik" title="Charles Vanik">Charles Vanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Dinitz" title="Simcha Dinitz">Simcha Dinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Levanon" title="Nehemiah Levanon">Nehemiah Levanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Lapidot" title="Yehuda Lapidot">Yehuda Lapidot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Israel)" title="Channel 9 (Israel)">Channel 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80504#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122800568">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54160037">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceaușescu, Nicolae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/56085/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHgfyYCxB7bMyWJqX8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118519832">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceaușescu, Nicolae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070838">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceauşescu, Nicolae (1918-1989)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120190522">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceauşescu, Nicolae (1918-1989)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120190522">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435581">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35870496">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an48221419">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 1918-1989"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700300&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=86740">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000030224">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdd68j4xdnrdz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567459805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259421005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13946319">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04474980?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceauşescu, Nicolae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500220646">ULAN</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1124351">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceauşescu, Nicolae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118519832.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118519832">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027549771">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceausescu, Nicolae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569397">NARA</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60303fx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceaușescu&oldid=1275551561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ceaușescu&oldid=1275551561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_births" title="Category:1918 births">1918 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