CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png?ver=1.9.0"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png?ver=1.9.0"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png?ver=1.9.0"> <link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/favicon/site.webmanifest?ver=1.9.0"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script id="klflx-head-js">((e,p,f,d)=>{var o=[],t={_version:"3.11.8",_config:{classPrefix:"",enableClasses:!0,enableJSClass:!0,usePrefixes:!0},_q:[],on:function(e,t){var n=this;setTimeout(function(){t(n[e])},0)},addTest:function(e,t,n){o.push({name:e,fn:t,options:n})},addAsyncTest:function(e){o.push({name:null,fn:e})}},s=function(){},n=(s.prototype=t,s=new s,[]);function h(e,t){return typeof e===t}var c=f.documentElement,m="svg"===c.nodeName.toLowerCase();function i(e){var t,n=c.className,o=s._config.classPrefix||"";m&&(n=n.baseVal),s._config.enableJSClass&&(t=new RegExp("(^|\\s)"+o+"no-js(\\s|$)"),n=n.replace(t,"$1"+o+"js$2")),s._config.enableClasses&&(0<e.length&&(n+=" "+o+e.join(" "+o)),m?c.className.baseVal=n:c.className=n)}function v(e){return"function"!=typeof f.createElement?f.createElement(e):m?f.createElementNS.call(f,"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",e):f.createElement.apply(f,arguments)}function g(e,t,n,o){var r,s,i,l,a="modernizr",u=v("div");(l=f.body)||((l=v(m?"svg":"body")).fake=!0);if(parseInt(n,10))for(;n--;)(s=v("div")).id=o?o[n]:a+(n+1),u.appendChild(s);return(r=v("style")).type="text/css",r.id="s"+a,(l.fake?l:u).appendChild(r),l.appendChild(u),r.styleSheet?r.styleSheet.cssText=e:r.appendChild(f.createTextNode(e)),u.id=a,l.fake&&(l.style.background="",l.style.overflow="hidden",i=c.style.overflow,c.style.overflow="hidden",c.appendChild(l)),r=t(u,e),l.fake&&l.parentNode?(l.parentNode.removeChild(l),c.style.overflow=i,c.offsetHeight):u.parentNode.removeChild(u),!!r}function y(e,t,n){var o,r;return"getComputedStyle"in p?(o=getComputedStyle.call(p,e,t),r=p.console,null!==o?n&&(o=o.getPropertyValue(n)):r&&r[r.error?"error":"log"].call(r,"getComputedStyle returning null, its possible modernizr test results are inaccurate")):o=!t&&e.currentStyle&&e.currentStyle[n],o}var r,l,a,u=(r=p.matchMedia||p.msMatchMedia)?function(e){e=r(e);return e&&e.matches||!1}:function(e){var t=!1;return g("@media "+e+" { #modernizr { position: absolute; } }",function(e){t="absolute"===y(e,null,"position")}),t};function w(e,t){if("object"==typeof e)for(var n in e)l(e,n)&&w(n,e[n]);else{var o=(e=e.toLowerCase()).split("."),r=s[o[0]];if(void 0!==(r=2===o.length?r[o[1]]:r))return s;t="function"==typeof t?t():t,1===o.length?s[o[0]]=t:(!s[o[0]]||s[o[0]]instanceof Boolean||(s[o[0]]=new Boolean(s[o[0]])),s[o[0]][o[1]]=t),i([(t&&!1!==t?"":"no-")+o.join("-")]),s._trigger(e,t)}return s}t.mq=u,l=void 0!==(a={}.hasOwnProperty)&&void 0!==a.call?function(e,t){return a.call(e,t)}:function(e,t){return t in e&&void 0===e.constructor.prototype[t]},t._l={},t.on=function(e,t){this._l[e]||(this._l[e]=[]),this._l[e].push(t),s.hasOwnProperty(e)&&setTimeout(function(){s._trigger(e,s[e])},0)},t._trigger=function(e,t){var n;this._l[e]&&(n=this._l[e],setTimeout(function(){for(var e=0;e<n.length;e++)(0,n[e])(t)},0),delete this._l[e])},s._q.push(function(){t.addTest=w}),s.addTest("svg",!!f.createElementNS&&!!f.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","svg").createSVGRect);var u="Moz O ms Webkit",C=t._config.usePrefixes?u.split(" "):[],_=(t._cssomPrefixes=C,{elem:v("modernizr")}),S=(s._q.push(function(){delete _.elem}),{style:_.elem.style});function x(e){return e.replace(/([A-Z])/g,function(e,t){return"-"+t.toLowerCase()}).replace(/^ms-/,"-ms-")}function b(e,t,n,o){if(o=void 0!==o&&o,void 0!==n){var r=((e,t)=>{var n=e.length;if("CSS"in p&&"supports"in p.CSS){for(;n--;)if(p.CSS.supports(x(e[n]),t))return!0;return!1}if("CSSSupportsRule"in p){for(var o=[];n--;)o.push("("+x(e[n])+":"+t+")");return g("@supports ("+(o=o.join(" or "))+") { #modernizr { position: absolute; } }",function(e){return"absolute"===y(e,null,"position")})}return d})(e,n);if(void 0!==r)return r}for(var s,i,l,a,u,f=["modernizr","tspan","samp"];!S.style&&f.length;)s=!0,S.modElem=v(f.shift()),S.style=S.modElem.style;function c(){s&&(delete S.style,delete S.modElem)}for(l=e.length,i=0;i<l;i++)if(a=e[i],u=S.style[a],~(""+a).indexOf("-")&&(a=a.replace(/([a-z])-([a-z])/g,function(e,t,n){return t+n.toUpperCase()}).replace(/^-/,"")),S.style[a]!==d){if(o||void 0===n)return c(),"pfx"!==t||a;try{S.style[a]=n}catch(e){}if(S.style[a]!==u)return c(),"pfx"!==t||a}return c(),!1}s._q.unshift(function(){delete S.style});var P,T,E,N,z,j,q,k=t._config.usePrefixes?u.toLowerCase().split(" "):[];function A(e,t,n,o,r){var s=e.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e.slice(1),i=(e+" "+C.join(s+" ")+s).split(" ");if(h(t,"string")||void 0===t)return b(i,t,o,r);var l,a,u,f,c=(e+" "+k.join(s+" ")+s).split(" "),p=t,d=n;for(l in c)if(c[l]in p)return!1===d?c[l]:h(f=p[c[l]],"function")?(a=f,u=d||p,function(){return a.apply(u,arguments)}):f;return!1}function L(e,t,n){return A(e,d,d,t,n)}for(q in t._domPrefixes=k,t.testAllProps=A,t.testAllProps=L,s.addTest("flexbox",L("flexBasis","1px",!0)),o)if(o.hasOwnProperty(q)){if(P=[],(T=o[q]).name&&(P.push(T.name.toLowerCase()),T.options)&&T.options.aliases&&T.options.aliases.length)for(E=0;E<T.options.aliases.length;E++)P.push(T.options.aliases[E].toLowerCase());for(N=h(T.fn,"function")?T.fn():T.fn,z=0;z<P.length;z++)1===(j=P[z].split(".")).length?s[j[0]]=N:(s[j[0]]&&(s[j[0]],s[j[0]]instanceof Boolean)||(s[j[0]]=new Boolean(s[j[0]])),s[j[0]][j[1]]=N),n.push((N?"":"no-")+j.join("-"))}i(n),delete t.addTest,delete t.addAsyncTest;for(var B=0;B<s._q.length;B++)s._q[B]();e.Modernizr=s})(window,window,document);</script> <script type="text/javascript">/* <![CDATA[ */ WebFontConfig = { custom:{ families: ['ProximaNova:n3,i3,n5,n7'], urls: ['/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/fonts/fonts.css?ver=1.9.0'] } }; /* ]]> */</script> <title>Events – MPI SWS</title> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"> <style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css" type="text/css">/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style> <style id="global-styles-inline-css" type="text/css">:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="cookie-law-info-css" href="/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-public.css?ver=3.2.8" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="cookie-law-info-gdpr-css" href="/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-gdpr.css?ver=3.2.8" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-styles-css" href="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/style.css?ver=1.9.0" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-print-styles-css" href="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/print.css?ver=1.9.0" type="text/css" media="print"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-law-info-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Cli_Data = {"nn_cookie_ids":[""],"cookielist":[],"non_necessary_cookies":[],"ccpaEnabled":"","ccpaRegionBased":"","ccpaBarEnabled":"","strictlyEnabled":["necessary","obligatoire"],"ccpaType":"gdpr","js_blocking":"1","custom_integration":"","triggerDomRefresh":"","secure_cookies":""}; var cli_cookiebar_settings = {"animate_speed_hide":"500","animate_speed_show":"500","background":"#bcbcbc","border":"#b1a6a6c2","border_on":"","button_1_button_colour":"#61a229","button_1_button_hover":"#4e8221","button_1_link_colour":"#fff","button_1_as_button":"1","button_1_new_win":"","button_2_button_colour":"#333","button_2_button_hover":"#292929","button_2_link_colour":"#444","button_2_as_button":"","button_2_hidebar":"","button_3_button_colour":"#dedfe0","button_3_button_hover":"#b2b2b3","button_3_link_colour":"#333333","button_3_as_button":"1","button_3_new_win":"","button_4_button_colour":"#dedfe0","button_4_button_hover":"#b2b2b3","button_4_link_colour":"#333333","button_4_as_button":"1","button_7_button_colour":"#1e73be","button_7_button_hover":"#185c98","button_7_link_colour":"#fff","button_7_as_button":"1","button_7_new_win":"","font_family":"inherit","header_fix":"","notify_animate_hide":"1","notify_animate_show":"","notify_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-bar","notify_position_horizontal":"right","notify_position_vertical":"bottom","scroll_close":"","scroll_close_reload":"","accept_close_reload":"","reject_close_reload":"","showagain_tab":"","showagain_background":"#fff","showagain_border":"#000","showagain_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-again","showagain_x_position":"100px","text":"#333333","show_once_yn":"","show_once":"10000","logging_on":"","as_popup":"","popup_overlay":"1","bar_heading_text":"","cookie_bar_as":"banner","popup_showagain_position":"bottom-right","widget_position":"left"}; var log_object = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/js/cookie-law-info-public.js?ver=3.2.8" id="cookie-law-info-js"></script>   <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="/xmlrpc.php?rsd"> <style type="text/css">.cryptex, .cryptex .divider{display: inline-block;padding: 0px 1px 0px 1px;margin: 0px;background-color: transparent;cursor: auto;font-size: 12px;font-family: inherit;font-weight: normal;font-style: normal;text-align: left;text-transform: none;color: #000000;}.cryptex[rel], .cryptex[rel] span.divider {cursor: auto;}.cryptex img, .CryptexImg{margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: solid 0px #ffffff;background-color: transparent;box-shadow: none;display: inline;vertical-align: middle;float: none;clear: none;}.CryptexImg{display: inline-block;background-size: contain;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: 0px 0px;}</style> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id--1 page-parent has-sec-nav page--events-overview lang--en_US"> <div class="top-nav js-top-nav"> <nav class="top-nav__ct" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu">  <div class="nav--first nav js-nv js-nv-mn"> <div class="ct nav__ct"> <a href="/" class="nav__logo-lnk nav__logo-lnk"> <img src="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/mpi-sws-logo.svg?ver=1.9.0" alt=" " class="nav__logo nav__logo--mob js-nv-lnk js-nv-lnk-home svg js-svg"> </a> <ul id="menu-header-menu" class="nav__menu menu"> <li id="menu-item-997" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-997 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/#ResearchAreas" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Research</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-mpisws_researcharea menu-item-454 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-areas/algorithms-theory-logic/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Algorithms, Theory & Logic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-252" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-mpisws_researcharea menu-item-252 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-areas/programming-languages-and-verification/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Programming Languages & Verification</a></li> <li id="menu-item-253" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-mpisws_researcharea menu-item-253 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-areas/cyber-physical-systems/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Cyber-Physical Systems</a></li> <li id="menu-item-251" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-mpisws_researcharea menu-item-251 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-areas/distributed-networked-and-mobile-systems/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Distributed, Networked & Mobile Systems</a></li> <li id="menu-item-254" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-mpisws_researcharea menu-item-254 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-areas/security-and-privacy/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Security & Privacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-255" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-mpisws_researcharea menu-item-255 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-areas/social-and-information-systems/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Social & Information Systems</a></li> <li id="menu-item-537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-537 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="https://cis.mpg.de/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">More CS @ MPG</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-243" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-243 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/research-careers/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Careers</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-378" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-378 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-careers/#general" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6840 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-careers/#tenure-track-openings" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Tenure-track openings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-380" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-380 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-careers/#postdoctoral-positions" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Postdoctoral Positions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-381" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-381 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/research-careers/#internships" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Internships</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4860 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/equal-opportunities/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Equal Opportunity Resources</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-244" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-244 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/graduate-studies/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Grad Studies</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-383" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-383 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#general" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-384" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-384 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#why-choose-mpi-swsY" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Why Choose MPI-SWS?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-385" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-385 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#our-graduate-program" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Graduate Studies @ MPI-SWS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-386" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-386 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#program-structure" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Program Structure</a></li> <li id="menu-item-387" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-387 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#admission" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Admission</a></li> <li id="menu-item-388" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-388 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#faqs" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">FAQs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8098" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8098 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#different-programs" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Different programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8097 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#support-services" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Support Services</a></li> <li id="menu-item-389" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-389 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/graduate-studies/#life-in-germany" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Life in Germany</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-309" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-309 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/people/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">People</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-967 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#faculty-and-researchers" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4086" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4086 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#postdocs" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Postdoctoral Researchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-968 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#students-and-interns" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Doctoral Students and Interns</a></li> <li id="menu-item-969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-969 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#former" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Former members</a></li> <li id="menu-item-971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-971 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#services" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Service Team</a></li> <li id="menu-item-970" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-970 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#joint-administration" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Joint Administration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8531" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8531 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/people/#joint-scientific-it-and-technical-services" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Joint Scientific IT and Technical Services</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children current-menu-item menu-item-256 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/events/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Events</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-390 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/events/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-391" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-391 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/events/upcoming/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Upcoming</a></li> <li id="menu-item-392" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-392 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/events/recent/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Recent</a></li> <li id="menu-item-393" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-393 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/events/2016/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Archive</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-2651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-2651 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/news/general" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">News</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-4323" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4323 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">All</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8532" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8532 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2024" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8095" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8095 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2023" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2023</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8094" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8094 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2022" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2022</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8096" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8096 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2021" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2021</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7192 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2020" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2020</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7191" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7191 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2019" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2019</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7190" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7190 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2018" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2018</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6049" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6049 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2017" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2017</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2115 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2016" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2016</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2114 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2015" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2015</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2113 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2014" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2014</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2112 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2013" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2013</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2111 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2012" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2012</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2110 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2011" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2011</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2109 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2010" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2010</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2108 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2009" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2009</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2107 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2008" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2008</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2105 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2007" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2007</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2106 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2006" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2006</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2116 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2005" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2005</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2117 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/news/general/2004/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">2004</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-245" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-245 nav__itm menu__itm"> <a href="/about-us/" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">About Us</a> <div class="nav-scroll-clip"><div class="nav-scroll-ct js-nv-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span><ul class="nav__menu menu menu--sub nav__menu--sub js-nv-sub-mn"> <li id="menu-item-2653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2653 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/about-us/#welcome-from-the-founding-director" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Welcome from the Founding Director</a></li> <li id="menu-item-402" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-402 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/about-us/#structure-and-organization" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Structure and Organization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-403" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-403 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/about-us/#scientific-advisory-board" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Scientific Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-404" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-404 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/about-us/#biennial-progress-reports" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Biennial Progress Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-405 nav__itm menu__itm"><a href="/about-us/#contact" class="nav__lnk js-nv-lnk menu__lnk">Contact</a></li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="nav js-nv nav--sec js-nv-sec"> <div class="ct nav__ct js-nv-scroll-ct nav-scroll-ct"> <span class="arrow-prev js-scroll-left"></span> <ul class="nav__lst--sec nav__lst"> <li class="nav__itm--sec nav__itm"> <a href="/events/" class="nav__lnk--sec nav__lnk is-active">Overview</a> </li> <li class="nav__itm--sec nav__itm"> <a href="/events/upcoming/" class="nav__lnk--sec nav__lnk ">Upcoming</a> </li> <li class="nav__itm--sec nav__itm"> <a href="/events/recent/" class="nav__lnk--sec nav__lnk ">Recent</a> </li> <li class="nav__itm--sec nav__itm"> <a href="/events/2025/" class="nav__lnk--sec nav__lnk ">Archive</a> </li> </ul> <span class="arrow-next js-scroll-right"></span> </div> </div>   <div class="nav--mob nav js-nv-mob"> <a href="/" class="nav__logo-lnk nav__logo-lnk--mob"><img src="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/mpi-sws-logo.svg?ver=1.9.0" alt=" " class="nav__logo nav__logo--mob js-nv-lnk js-nv-lnk-home svg js-svg"></a> <a class="nav__toggle-lnk lnk--burger js-nv-toggle-lnk" href="javascript:;" title="Show Navigation"><span class="ln ln--1 js-nv-mn-lnk-ln-1"></span><span class="ln ln--2 js-nv-mn-lnk-ln-2"></span><span class="ln ln--3 js-nv-mn-lnk-ln-3"></span></a> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="page__ct js-pg-ct"> <main class="page__main" role="main"> <style scoped>.page__hd { background-image: url("/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/bg/MPI-SWS-Events_180.jpg?ver=1.9.0"); background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;}@media (min-width: 181px) {.page__hd { background-image: url("/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/bg/MPI-SWS-Events_360.jpg?ver=1.9.0"); }}@media (min-width: 361px) {.page__hd { background-image: url("/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/bg/MPI-SWS-Events_720.jpg?ver=1.9.0"); }}@media (min-width: 721px) {.page__hd { background-image: url("/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/bg/MPI-SWS-Events_1440.jpg?ver=1.9.0"); }}</style> <header class="page__hd"> <div class="ct"> <div class="page__title-ct"> <h1 class="page__title">Events</h1> </div> </div> </header> <div class="page__body"> <section class="page__section"> <header class="page__section-hd"> <div class="ct"> <h2 class="page__section-ttl">Upcoming events</h2> </div> </header> <div class="page__section-bd"> <article class="event"> <div class="page__anchor" id="Johannes-Zirngibl-QUIC-A-New-Fundamental-Network-Protocol-7D59F3886BDE0118C1258C43002D934E"></div> <div class="ct"> <header class="event__hd"> <div class="event__intro"> <div class="event__heading"> <h3 class="event__ttl">QUIC: A New Fundamental Network Protocol</h3> <div class="event__speaker-institute"> <span class="event__speaker">Johannes Zirngibl</span> <span class="event__institute">MPI-INF - INET </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="event__date"> 02 Apr 2025, 12:15 pm - 1:15 pm </div> <div class="event__location">Saarbrücken building E1 5, room 002</div> <div class="event__type">Joint Lecture Series</div> </header> <div class="event__bd js-readmore-ct"> <div class="event__bd-preview cnt js-readmore-excerpt">QUIC is a UDP-based multiplexed and secure transport protocol that was standardized in 2021 by the IETF. It seeks to replace the traditional TCP/TLS stack by combining functionality from different layers of the ISO/OSI model. Therefore, it reduces overhead and introduces new functionality to better support application protocols, e.g., streams and datagrams. QUIC is the foundation for HTTP/3 and new proxy technologies (MASQUE). It is used for video streaming and considered for other media services.<br><br>This talk will introduce the protocol and motivate its relevance. ...</div> <div class="event__bd-full cnt js-readmore-full">QUIC is a UDP-based multiplexed and secure transport protocol that was standardized in 2021 by the IETF. It seeks to replace the traditional TCP/TLS stack by combining functionality from different layers of the ISO/OSI model. Therefore, it reduces overhead and introduces new functionality to better support application protocols, e.g., streams and datagrams. QUIC is the foundation for HTTP/3 and new proxy technologies (MASQUE). It is used for video streaming and considered for other media services.<br><br>This talk will introduce the protocol and motivate its relevance. In the second part, I will provide insights into existing implementations and their performance. Our research shows that QUIC performance varies widely between client and server implementations from 90 Mbit/s to over 6000 Mbit/s. In the second part, I provide an overview about QUIC deployments on the Internet. At least one deployment for 18 different libraries can actually be found on the Internet.<br><br>The complexity of the protocol, the diversity of libraries and their usage on the Internet makes QUIC an important research subject.</div> <a role="button" class="btn-readmore js-readmore-btn" data-more="Read more" data-less="Read less">Read more</a> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <section class="page__section"> <header class="page__section-hd"> <div class="ct"> <h2 class="page__section-ttl">Recent events</h2> </div> </header> <div class="page__section-bd"> <article class="event"> <div class="page__anchor" id="Junaid-Ali-Designing-Fair-Decision-Making-Systems-A93B046FBD844CCFC1258C4C0037A4C4"></div> <div class="ct"> <header class="event__hd"> <div class="event__intro"> <div class="event__heading"> <h3 class="event__ttl">Designing Fair Decision-Making Systems</h3> <div class="event__speaker-institute"> <span class="event__speaker">Junaid Ali</span> <span class="event__institute">Max Planck Institute for Software Systems </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="event__date"> 25 Mar 2025, 10:00 am - 11:00 am </div> <div class="event__location">Saarbrücken building E1 5, room 029</div> <div class="event__type">SWS Student Defense Talks - Thesis Defense</div> </header> <div class="event__bd js-readmore-ct"> <div class="event__bd-preview cnt js-readmore-excerpt">The impact of algorithmic decision-making systems on individuals has raised significant interest in addressing fairness concerns within such systems. Designing fair systems entails several critical components, which have garnered considerable attention from the research community. However, notable gaps persist in three key components. Specifically, in this thesis, we address gaps in following components: i) evaluating existing approaches and systems for (un)fairness, ii) updating deployed algorithmic systems fairly, and iii) designing new decision-making systems from scratch. Firstly, ...</div> <div class="event__bd-full cnt js-readmore-full">The impact of algorithmic decision-making systems on individuals has raised significant interest in addressing fairness concerns within such systems. Designing fair systems entails several critical components, which have garnered considerable attention from the research community. However, notable gaps persist in three key components. Specifically, in this thesis, we address gaps in following components: i) evaluating existing approaches and systems for (un)fairness, ii) updating deployed algorithmic systems fairly, and iii) designing new decision-making systems from scratch. Firstly, we evaluate fairness concerns within foundation models. The primary challenge is that fairness definitions are task-specific while foundation models can be used for diverse tasks. To address this problem, we introduce a broad taxonomy to evaluate the fairness of popular foundation models and their popular bias mitigation approaches. Secondly, we tackle the issue of fairly updating already deployed algorithmic decision-making systems. To this end, we propose a novel notion of update-fairness and present measures and efficient mechanisms to incorporate this notion in binary classification. However, in cases where there is no deployed system or updating an existing system is prohibitively complex, we must design new fair decision-making systems from scratch. Lastly, we develop new fair decision-making systems for three key application scenarios. Major challenges in designing these systems include computational complexity, lack of existing approaches to tackle fairness issues and designing human-subject based studies. We develop a computationally efficient mechanism for fair influence maximization to make the spread of information in social graphs fair. Additionally, we address fairness concerns under model uncertainty, i.e., uncertainty arising due lack of data or the knowledge about the best model. We propose a novel approach for training nondiscriminatory systems that differentiate errors based on their uncertainty origin and provide efficient methods to identify and equalize errors occurring due to model uncertainty in binary classification. Furthermore, we investigate whether algorithmic decision-aids can mitigate inconsistency among human decision-makers through a large-scale study testing novel ways to provide machine advice.</div> <a role="button" class="btn-readmore js-readmore-btn" data-more="Read more" data-less="Read less">Read more</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="event"> <div class="page__anchor" id="Rati-Devidze-Reward-Design-for-Reinforcement-Learning-Agents-2E7AB087E9722B33C1258C35004DB7C5"></div> <div class="ct"> <header class="event__hd"> <div class="event__intro"> <div class="event__heading"> <h3 class="event__ttl">Reward Design for Reinforcement Learning Agents.</h3> <div class="event__speaker-institute"> <span class="event__speaker">Rati Devidze</span> <span class="event__institute">Max Planck Institute for Software Systems </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="event__date"> 20 Mar 2025, 11:30 pm - 21 Mar 2025, 12:30 am </div> <div class="event__location">Saarbrücken building E1 5, room 029</div> <div class="event__type">SWS Student Defense Talks - Thesis Defense</div> </header> <div class="event__bd js-readmore-ct"> <div class="event__bd-preview cnt js-readmore-excerpt">Reward functions are central in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding agents towards optimal decision-making. The complexity of RL tasks requires meticulously designed reward functions that effectively drive learning while avoiding unintended consequences. Effective reward design aims to provide signals that accelerate the agent’s convergence to optimal behavior. Crafting rewards that align with task objectives, foster desired behaviors, and prevent undesirable actions is inherently challenging. This thesis delves into the critical role of reward signals in RL, highlighting their impact on the agent’s behavior and learning dynamics and addressing challenges such as delayed, ...</div> <div class="event__bd-full cnt js-readmore-full">Reward functions are central in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding agents towards optimal decision-making. The complexity of RL tasks requires meticulously designed reward functions that effectively drive learning while avoiding unintended consequences. Effective reward design aims to provide signals that accelerate the agent’s convergence to optimal behavior. Crafting rewards that align with task objectives, foster desired behaviors, and prevent undesirable actions is inherently challenging. This thesis delves into the critical role of reward signals in RL, highlighting their impact on the agent’s behavior and learning dynamics and addressing challenges such as delayed, ambiguous, or intricate rewards. In this thesis work, we tackle different aspects of reward shaping. First, we address the problem of designing informative and interpretable reward signals from a teacher’s/expert’s perspective (teacher-driven). Here, the expert, equipped with the optimal policy and the corresponding value function, designs reward signals that expedite the agent’s convergence to optimal behavior. Second, we build on this teacher-driven approach by introducing a novel method for adaptive interpretable reward design. In this scenario, the expert tailors the rewards based on the learner’s current policy, ensuring alignment and optimal progression. Third, we propose a meta-learning approach, enabling the agent to self-design its reward signals online without expert input (agent-driven). This self-driven method considers the agent’s learning and exploration to establish a self-improving feedback loop</div> <a role="button" class="btn-readmore js-readmore-btn" data-more="Read more" data-less="Read less">Read more</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="event"> <div class="page__anchor" id="Vaastav-Anand-Abstractions-for-Managing-Complexity-in-the-Design-Implementation-and-Optimization-of-Cloud-Systems-F1AF43636304C805C1258C4C00363EFB"></div> <div class="ct"> <header class="event__hd"> <div class="event__intro"> <div class="event__heading"> <h3 class="event__ttl">Abstractions for Managing Complexity in the Design, Implementation, and Optimization of Cloud Systems</h3> <div class="event__speaker-institute"> <span class="event__speaker">Vaastav Anand</span> <span class="event__institute">Max Planck Institute for Software Systems </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="event__date"> 13 Mar 2025, 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm </div> <div class="event__location">Saarbrücken building E1 5, room 029</div> <div class="event__type">SWS Student Defense Talks - Thesis Proposal</div> </header> <div class="event__bd js-readmore-ct"> <div class="event__bd-preview cnt js-readmore-excerpt">Cloud systems are composed of multiple inter-connected independent systems. These systems are complex in nature as they are made of heterogeneous components rife with complicated interactions, operate in dynamic conditions, and exhibit unpredictable behaviors. Despite all the complexity, developers of these systems are tasked to efficiently design, implement, optimize, operate, and improve these systems in a continuous fashion. A proposed way of managing the complexity for designing, implementing, and optimizing these systems is to automate these tasks. ...</div> <div class="event__bd-full cnt js-readmore-full">Cloud systems are composed of multiple inter-connected independent systems. These systems are complex in nature as they are made of heterogeneous components rife with complicated interactions, operate in dynamic conditions, and exhibit unpredictable behaviors. Despite all the complexity, developers of these systems are tasked to efficiently design, implement, optimize, operate, and improve these systems in a continuous fashion. A proposed way of managing the complexity for designing, implementing, and optimizing these systems is to automate these tasks. There are three major roadblocks preventing this automation from becoming reality - (i) lack of abstractions for design and implementation and design exploration of cloud systems; (ii) lack of abstractions and tooling converting user's high level design intent into actual implementations; (iii) lack of abstractions for leveraging runtime information for optimizing cloud systems. I propose new abstractions for cloud systems, with a special focus on microservice systems, for automating developer tasks. The work I will present takes us one step closer to the vision of automating the design, implementation, and optimization of cloud systems whilst managing the inherent complexity of these systems.</div> <a role="button" class="btn-readmore js-readmore-btn" data-more="Read more" data-less="Read less">Read more</a> </div> </div> </article> <div class="event event--more"> <div class="ct"> <div class="btn-ct"> <a href="/events/recent/" class="btn">All recent events</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="page__section page__section--highlighted"> <header class="page__section-hd"> <div class="ct"> <h2 class="page__section-ttl">Archive</h2> </div> </header> <div class="page__section-bd"> <div class="ct"> <div class="event-years"> <a href="/events/2025/" class="event-years__lnk">2025</a> <a href="/events/2024/" class="event-years__lnk">2024</a> <a href="/events/2023/" class="event-years__lnk">2023</a> <a href="/events/2022/" class="event-years__lnk">2022</a> <a href="/events/2021/" class="event-years__lnk">2021</a> <a href="/events/2020/" class="event-years__lnk">2020</a> <a href="/events/2019/" class="event-years__lnk">2019</a> <a href="/events/2018/" class="event-years__lnk">2018</a> <a href="/events/2017/" class="event-years__lnk">2017</a> <a href="/events/2016/" class="event-years__lnk">2016</a> <a href="/events/2015/" class="event-years__lnk">2015</a> <a href="/events/2014/" class="event-years__lnk">2014</a> <a href="/events/2013/" class="event-years__lnk">2013</a> <a href="/events/2012/" class="event-years__lnk">2012</a> <a href="/events/2011/" class="event-years__lnk">2011</a> <a href="/events/2010/" class="event-years__lnk">2010</a> <a href="/events/2009/" class="event-years__lnk">2009</a> <a href="/events/2008/" class="event-years__lnk">2008</a> <a href="/events/2007/" class="event-years__lnk">2007</a> <a href="/events/2006/" class="event-years__lnk">2006</a> <a href="/events/2005/" class="event-years__lnk">2005</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </main> </div> <footer class="page__ft"> <div class="ct"> <div class="page__ft-qr"> <img class="page__ft-qr-img" src="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/mpi-sws-qrcode.png"> </div> <div class="page__ft-menu"> <ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="footer__menu menu"> <li id="menu-item-6131" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6131 footer__menu-itm menu__itm"><a href="https://imprint.mpi-klsb.mpg.de/sws/www.mpi-sws.org" class="footer__menu-lnk menu__lnk">Imprint</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6132 footer__menu-itm menu__itm"><a href="https://data-protection.mpi-klsb.mpg.de/sws/www.mpi-sws.org" class="footer__menu-lnk menu__lnk">Data Protection</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4087" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4087 footer__menu-itm menu__itm"><a href="/about-us/#contact" class="footer__menu-lnk menu__lnk">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="page__ft-contact-copy-ct"> <div class="page__ft-webmaster"> <a href="mailto:webmaster-sws@mpi-sws.org">webmaster-sws@mpi-sws.org</a> </div> <div class="page__ft-copy"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/max-planck-institute-for-software-systems/"><div title="Follow MPI-SWS on Linkedin"><img style="width:10%" src="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/images/LI-In-Bug.png"></div></a> © Copyright by Max Planck Institute for Software Systems 2025. All rights reserved. </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="cookie-law-info-bar" data-nosnippet="true"><span><div class="cli-bar-container cli-style-v2"> <div class="cli-bar-message">We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept All”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent.</div> <div class="cli-bar-btn_container"> <a role="button" class="medium cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cli_settings_button" style="margin:0px 5px 0px 0px">Cookie Settings</a><a id="wt-cli-accept-all-btn" role="button" data-cli_action="accept_all" class="wt-cli-element medium cli-plugin-button wt-cli-accept-all-btn cookie_action_close_header cli_action_button">Accept All</a> </div> </div></span></div> <div id="cookie-law-info-again" data-nosnippet="true"><span id="cookie_hdr_showagain">Manage consent</span></div> <div class="cli-modal" data-nosnippet="true" id="cliSettingsPopup" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cliSettingsPopup" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="cli-modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="cli-modal-content cli-bar-popup"> <button type="button" class="cli-modal-close" id="cliModalClose"> <svg class="" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24h-24z" fill="none"></path></svg> <span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Close</span> </button> <div class="cli-modal-body"> <div class="cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container"> <div class="cli-row"> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0"> <div class="cli-privacy-overview"> <h4>Privacy Overview</h4> <div class="cli-privacy-content"> <div class="cli-privacy-content-text">This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.</div> </div> <a class="cli-privacy-readmore" aria-label="Show more" role="button" data-readmore-text="Show more" data-readless-text="Show less"></a> </div> </div> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0 cli-tab-section-container"> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="necessary" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Necessary </a> <div class="wt-cli-necessary-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary" data-id="checkbox-necessary" checked> <label class="form-check-label" for="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary">Necessary</label> </div> <span class="cli-necessary-caption">Always Enabled</span> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="necessary"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. <table class="cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"> <thead><tr> <th class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th> <th class="cookielawinfo-column-3">Duration</th> <th class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th> </tr></thead> <tbody> <tr class="cookielawinfo-row"> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".</td> </tr> <tr class="cookielawinfo-row"> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".</td> </tr> <tr class="cookielawinfo-row"> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".</td> </tr> <tr class="cookielawinfo-row"> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-others</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.</td> </tr> <tr class="cookielawinfo-row"> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".</td> </tr> <tr class="cookielawinfo-row"> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">viewed_cookie_policy</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-3">11 months</td> <td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="functional" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Functional </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-functional" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-functional"> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-functional" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Functional</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="functional"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="performance" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Performance </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-performance"> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Performance</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="performance"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="analytics" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Analytics </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-analytics"> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Analytics</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="analytics"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="advertisement" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Advertisement </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-advertisement" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-advertisement"> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-advertisement" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Advertisement</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="advertisement"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-section"> <div class="cli-tab-header"> <a role="button" tabindex="0" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="others" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab"> Others </a> <div class="cli-switch"> <input type="checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-others" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" data-id="checkbox-others"> <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-others" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Others</span></label> </div> </div> <div class="cli-tab-content"> <div class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="others"> <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description"> Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-modal-footer"> <div class="wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container"> <div class="cli-row"> <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0"> <div class="cli-tab-footer wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions"> <a id="wt-cli-privacy-save-btn" role="button" tabindex="0" data-cli-action="accept" class="wt-cli-privacy-btn cli_setting_save_button wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn cli-btn">SAVE & ACCEPT</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-settings-overlay"></div> <div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-popupbar-overlay"></div> <link rel="stylesheet" id="cookie-law-info-table-css" href="/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-table.css?ver=3.2.8" type="text/css" media="all"> <script type="text/javascript" id="main-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var klflx_theme_settings = {"version":"1.9.0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/themes/mpi-sws/assets/scripts/main.js?ver=1.9.0" id="main-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">var ip2long = function(ip){ var components; if(components = ip.match(/^(\d{1,3})\.(\d{1,3})\.(\d{1,3})\.(\d{1,3})$/)) { var iplong = 0; var power = 1; for(var i=4; i>=1; i-=1) { iplong += power * parseInt(components[i]); power *= 256; } return iplong; } else return -1; }; var inSubNet = function(ip, subnet) { var mask, base_ip, long_ip = ip2long(ip); if( (mask = subnet.match(/^(.*?)\/(\d{1,2})$/)) && ((base_ip=ip2long(mask[1])) >= 0) ) { var freedom = Math.pow(2, 32 - parseInt(mask[2])); return (long_ip > base_ip) && (long_ip < base_ip + freedom - 1); } else return false; }; jQuery(function($){ $.getJSON('/getip.php', function(data){ if (inSubNet(data.ip,'139.19.0.0/16')) { if(document.cookie.indexOf('hidecookiedingsbums=1') != -1){ jQuery('#cookiedingsbums').hide(); } else{ jQuery('#cookiedingsbums').attr('style','display: block;'); jQuery('#cookiedingsbums').prependTo('body'); jQuery('#cookiedingsbumsCloser').show(); } } else { jQuery('#cookiedingsbums').hide(); } }); });</script> <div style="display: none;" id="cookiedingsbums"> <h1>Need help?</h1> <a href="https://wiki.mpi-sws.org/wiki">General questions</a> | <a href="https://wiki.mpi-sws.org/wiki/ItResources">IT related questions</a> | <a href="https://plex.mpi-klsb.mpg.de/display/Documentation/WirelessLan">How to set up wireless lan</a> | <a href="https://apply.cis.mpg.de/">MPG-CIS Application system</a> | <a href="https://wiki.mpi-sws.org/wiki/mentalhealth">Mental health</a> <span id="cookiedingsbumsCloser" onclick="document.cookie = 'hidecookiedingsbums=1; max-age=86400; path=/';jQuery('#cookiedingsbums').slideUp()">✖</span> </div> </body> </html>