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<li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_OPEC_(1973–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_OPEC_(1973–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Dealing with OPEC (1973–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_OPEC_(1973–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_new_normal_(1991–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_new_normal_(1991–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>The new normal (1991–2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_new_normal_(1991–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_direct_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_direct_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foreign direct investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_direct_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_domicile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_domicile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal domicile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_domicile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal domicile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_domicile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stateless_or_transnational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stateless_or_transnational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stateless or transnational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stateless_or_transnational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation and taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_and_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_and_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternatives and arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_and_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_resolution_and_arbitration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_resolution_and_arbitration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dispute resolution and arbitration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_resolution_and_arbitration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Theoretical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multinational_enterprise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multinational_enterprise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Multinational enterprise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multinational_enterprise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Corporate histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multinational corporation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinasionale_korporasie" title="Multinasionale korporasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Multinasionale korporasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شركة متعددة الجنسيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شركة متعددة الجنسيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacional" title="Multinacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Multinacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmilli_%C5%9Firk%C9%99t" title="Transmilli şirkət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transmilli şirkət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="বহুজাতিক কোম্পানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুজাতিক কোম্পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2a-kok_kong-si" title="Khòa-kok kong-si – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòa-kok kong-si" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Транснацыянальная карпарацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Транснацыянальная карпарацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транснационална корпорация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Транснационална корпорация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_korporacija" title="Međunarodna korporacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodna korporacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacional" title="Multinacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Multinacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadn%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_korporace" title="Nadnárodní korporace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nadnárodní korporace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinationalt_selskab" title="Multinationalt selskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Multinationalt selskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinationales_Unternehmen" title="Multinationales Unternehmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Multinationales Unternehmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_korporatsioon" title="Rahvusvaheline korporatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline korporatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολυεθνική εταιρεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυεθνική εταιρεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacional" title="Multinacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Multinacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnacia_firmao" title="Transnacia firmao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transnacia firmao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinazional" title="Multinazional – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Multinazional" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کورپوریشن چندملیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورپوریشن چندملیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinationale" title="Multinationale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multinationale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacional" title="Multinacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Multinacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%81_%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85" title="다국적 기업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다국적 기업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_korporacija" title="Međunarodna korporacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodna korporacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perusahaan multinasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinazionale" title="Multinazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Multinazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="תאגיד רב-לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאגיד רב-לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಲ್ಟಿನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಕಾರ್ಪೋರೇಷನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಲ್ಟಿನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಕಾರ್ಪೋರೇಷನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრანსნაციონალური კომპანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრანსნაციონალური კომპანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансұлттық корпорация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансұлттық корпорация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnacion%C4%81la_korpor%C4%81cija" title="Transnacionāla korporācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transnacionāla korporācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_bendrov%C4%97" title="Tarptautinė bendrovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė bendrovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacion%C3%A1lis_v%C3%A1llalat" title="Multinacionális vállalat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Multinacionális vállalat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Мултинационално претпријатие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мултинационално претпријатие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ബഹുരാഷ്ട്രകമ്പനികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹുരാഷ്ട്രകമ്പനികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbadanan_multinasional" title="Perbadanan multinasional – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perbadanan multinasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Үндэстэн дамнасан корпораци – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндэстэн дамнасан корпораци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinationale_onderneming" title="Multinationale onderneming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Multinationale onderneming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="多国籍企業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多国籍企業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinasjonalt_selskap" title="Multinasjonalt selskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Multinasjonalt selskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleirnasjonalt_selskap" title="Fleirnasjonalt selskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fleirnasjonalt selskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmilliy_korporatsiya" title="Transmilliy korporatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Transmilliy korporatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਹੁਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਕਾਰਪੋਰੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਹੁਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਕਾਰਪੋਰੇਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacja_mi%C4%99dzynarodowa" title="Korporacja międzynarodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korporacja międzynarodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresa_transnacional" title="Empresa transnacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empresa transnacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnatsional_korporatsiyalar" title="Transnatsional korporatsiyalar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Transnatsional korporatsiyalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companie_multina%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Companie multinațională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Companie multinațională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транснациональная компания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транснациональная компания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinaitional_corporation" title="Multinaitional corporation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Multinaitional corporation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බහුජාතික ‍සංස්ථාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහුජාතික ‍සංස්ථාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multinational corporation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacionalka" title="Multinacionalka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Multinacionalka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Међународна корпорација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународна корпорација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinacionalna_korporacija" title="Multinacionalna korporacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Multinacionalna korporacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monikansallinen_yritys" title="Monikansallinen yritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monikansallinen yritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinationellt_f%C3%B6retag" title="Multinationellt företag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Multinationellt företag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="บริษัทข้ามชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริษัทข้ามชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Ширкати фаромиллӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ширкати фаромиллӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ok_uluslu_%C5%9Firket" title="Çok uluslu şirket – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çok uluslu şirket" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Транснаціональна корпорація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транснаціональна корпорація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="کثیر القومی کارپوریشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کثیر القومی کارپوریشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ty_%C4%91a_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia" title="Công ty đa quốc gia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ty đa quốc gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="跨国公司 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="跨国公司" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_law" title="Category:Corporate law">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/200px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/300px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/400px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">By jurisdiction</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillan_company_law" title="Anguillan company law">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_company_law" title="British Virgin Islands company law">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_corporate_law" title="Canadian corporate law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_company_law" title="Cayman Islands company law">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_company_law" title="Indian company law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_company_law" title="South African company law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law_in_Vietnam" title="Corporate law in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_company_law" title="French company law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_company_law" title="German company law">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">General corporate forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership" title="Limited liability partnership">Limited liability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_limited_company" title="Private limited company">Private limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_corporation" title="Shelf corporation">Shelf corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Corporate forms<br />by jurisdiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Europaea" title="Societas Europaea"><i>Societas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_cooperativa_Europaea" title="Societas cooperativa Europaea"><i>Societas cooperativa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SCE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_privata_Europaea" title="Societas privata Europaea"><i>Societas privata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_unius_personae" title="Societas unius personae"><i>Societas unius personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SUP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping" title="European economic interest grouping">Economic interest grouping <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEIG)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span class="nowrap">UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Charitable incorporated organisation">Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) <span style="font-size:85%;">(CIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Scottish charitable incorporated organisation">Scottish charitable incorporated organisation <span style="font-size:85%;">(SCIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company <span style="font-size:85%;">(CIC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">Industrial and provident society <span style="font-size:85%;">(IPS)</span></a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Limited_company" title="Limited company">Limited company <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ltd.)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company limited by guarantee">by guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">by shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_company" title="Proprietary company">proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_company" title="Unlimited company">Unlimited company</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_corporation" title="C corporation">C corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company <span style="font-size:85%;">(LLC)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-profit_limited_liability_company" title="Low-profit limited liability company">Low-profit LLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_LLC" title="Series LLC">Series LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership" title="Limited liability limited partnership">Limited liability limited partnership <span style="font-size:85%;">(LLLP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_corporation" title="S corporation">S corporation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Delaware_statutory_trust" title="Delaware statutory trust">statutory trust</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust" title="Massachusetts business trust">Massachusetts business trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_corporation" title="Nevada corporation">Nevada corporation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktiebolag" title="Aktiebolag"><i>Aktiebolag</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AB)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft"><i>Aktiengesellschaft</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AG)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap" title="Ansvarlig selskap"><i>Ansvarlig selskap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ANS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktieselskab" title="Aktieselskab"><i>Aktieselskab</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(A/S)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksjeselskap" title="Aksjeselskap"><i>Aksjeselskap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung"><i>Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(GmbH)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha"><i>Kabushiki gaisha</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(K.K.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap" title="Naamloze vennootschap"><i>Naamloze vennootschap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(N.V.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osakeyhti%C3%B6" title="Osakeyhtiö"><i>Osakeyhtiö</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e" title="Société à responsabilité limitée"><i>Société à responsabilité limitée</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SARL)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of business entity">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel" title="De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel"><i>De facto</i> and estoppel corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine" title="Internal affairs doctrine">Internal affairs doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">Limited liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag-along_right" title="Tag-along right">Tag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-along_right" title="Drag-along right">Drag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil" title="Piercing the corporate veil">Piercing the corporate veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_ownership" title="Beneficial ownership">Beneficial ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Corporate registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_agent" title="Registered agent">Registered agent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Company portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_law" title="Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_law" title="Template talk:Corporate law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Trade" title="Category:Trade">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">World trade</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"><figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/180px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/270px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/360px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Policy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">Trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_creation" title="Trade creation">Trade creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_diversion" title="Trade diversion">Trade diversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_finance" title="Trade finance">Trade finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">Trade facilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic trade">Domestic trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade_restriction" title="Trade restriction">Restrictions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade" title="Non-tariff barriers to trade">Non-tariff barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">Import quotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff-rate_quota" title="Tariff-rate quota">Tariff-rate quotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_license" title="Import license">Import licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Customs duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_subsidy" title="Export subsidy">Export subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_barriers_to_trade" title="Technical barriers to trade">Technical barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls" title="Foreign exchange controls">Exchange rate controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(international_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safeguard (international law)">Safeguards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countervailing_duties" title="Countervailing duties">Countervailing duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">Anti-dumping duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_export_restraint" title="Voluntary export restraint">Voluntary export restraints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_international_trade" title="Timeline of international trade">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic integration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preferential_trading_area" title="Preferential trading area">Preferential trading area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">Free-trade area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Currency union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">Economic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">Fiscal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_monetary_union" title="Customs and monetary union">Customs and monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">Economic and monetary union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Trade sanctions</a></li> <li>War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_war" title="Currency war">Currency war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation_and_development" title="Trade facilitation and development">Trade costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_development" title="Trade and development">Trade and development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_articles" title="Index of international trade articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tariffs" title="List of tariffs">Tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets" title="List of largest consumer markets">Largest consumer markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_leading_trade_partners" title="List of countries by leading trade partners">Leading trade partners</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_trade_by_country" title="Category:Foreign trade by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_mission" title="Trade mission">Trade mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina" title="Foreign trade of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign trade of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">Competitive advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher–Ohlin model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_trade_theory" title="New trade theory">New trade theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-industry_trade" title="Intra-industry trade">Intra-industry trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_model_of_trade" title="Gravity model of trade">Gravity model of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade#Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade" title="International trade">Ricardian trade theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balassa%E2%80%93Samuelson_effect" title="Balassa–Samuelson effect">Balassa–Samuelson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linder_hypothesis" title="Linder hypothesis">Linder hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontief_paradox" title="Leontief paradox">Leontief paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerner_symmetry_theorem" title="Lerner symmetry theorem">Lerner symmetry theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">Terms of trade</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_trade" title="Template:World trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_trade" title="Template talk:World trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>multi-national corporation</b> (<b>MNC</b>; also called a <b>multi-national enterprise</b> (<b>MNE</b>), <b>trans-national enterprise</b> (<b>TNE</b>), <b>trans-national corporation</b> (<b>TNC</b>), <b>international corporation</b>, or <b>state less corporation</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.<sup id="cite_ref-pitelis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitelis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control is considered an important aspect of an MNC to distinguish it from international portfolio investment <i>organizations</i>, such as some international mutual funds that invest in corporations abroad solely to diversify financial risks. <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i> suggests that a company or group should be considered a multi-national corporation "if it derives 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the current largest and most influential companies are <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">publicly traded</a> multinational corporations, including <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Forbes Global 2000</a></i> companies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Charter_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter company">Charter company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></div><p>The history of multinational corporations began with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">history of colonialism</a>. The first multi-national corporations were founded to set up colonial "factories" or port cities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main examples were the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> founded in 1600 and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) founded in 1602. In addition to carrying on trade between Great Britain and its colonies, the British East India Company became a quasi-government in its own right, with local government officials and its own army in India.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Africa_Company" title="Swedish Africa Company">Swedish Africa Company</a> founded in 1649 and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> founded in 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early corporations engaged in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and exploration and set up trading posts. <sup id="cite_ref-Micklethwait,_John_2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micklethwait,_John_2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch government took over the VOC in 1799, and during the 19th century, other governments increasingly took over private companies, most notably in British India.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, the European colonial <a href="/wiki/Charter_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter companies">charter companies</a> were disbanded, with the final colonial corporation, the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a>, dissolving in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Micklethwait,_John_2003_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micklethwait,_John_2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mining of gold, silver, copper, and oil was a major activity early on and remains so today. International mining companies became prominent in Britain in the 19th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto company</a> founded in 1873, which started with the purchase of sulfur and copper mines from the Spanish government. Rio Tinto, now based in London and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, has made many acquisitions and expanded </p><p>globally to mine <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European mines in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> began opening in the late 19th century, producing gold and other minerals for the world market, jobs for locals, and business and profits for companies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> (1853–1902) was one of the few businessmen in the era who became Prime Minister (of South Africa 1890–1896). His mining enterprises included the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a>. The latter company practically controlled the global diamond market from its base in southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters (oil companies)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></div> <p>In 1945, the United States was the world's largest oil producer. However, their reserves were declining due to high demand; therefore, the United States turned to foreign oil sources, which had a significant impact on the recovery of the West after World War II. Most of the world's oil was found in Latin America and the Middle East (particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf). This increase in non-American production was enabled by multinational corporations known as the "Seven Sisters".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Seven Sisters" was a common term for the seven multinational companies that dominated the global <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> (originally Anglo-Persian; now <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company of California">Standard Oil Company of California</a> (SoCal, later <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a> (merged into Chevron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> (merged into Chevron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company of New Jersey">Standard Oil Company of New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobil#History" title="Mobil">Standard Oil Company of New York</a> (Socony, later <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a>, part of ExxonMobil)</li></ul> <p>The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry in 1951 by Iranian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> and the subsequent boycott of Iranian oil by all companies had dramatic consequences for Iran and the international oil market. Iran was unable to sell any of its oil. In August 1953, the then-prime minister was overthrown by a pro-American dictatorship led by the Shah, and in October 1954, the Iranian industry was denationalized. </p><p>Worldwide oil consumption increased rapidly between 1949 and 1970, a period is known as the "golden age of oil". This increase in consumption was caused not only by the growth of production by multinational oil companies but also by the strong influence of the United States on the global oil market.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, companies lowered the price of oil due to a surplus in the market. This reduction dealt a significant blow to the finances of producers. Saudi oil minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Tariki" title="Abdullah Tariki">Abdullah Tariki</a> and Venezuela’s Juan Perez Alfonso entered into a secret agreement (the Mahdi Pact), promising that if the price of oil was lowered a second time, they would take collective action against the companies. This occurred in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">the world's petroleum reserves</a>. In the 1970s, most countries with large reserves <a href="/wiki/1970%E2%80%931979_world_oil_market_chronology" title="1970–1979 world oil market chronology">nationalized their reserves</a> that had been owned by major oil companies. Since then, industry dominance has shifted to the <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> cartel and state-owned oil and gas companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a> (Venezuela), <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a> (Brazil), and <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> (Malaysia). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dealing_with_OPEC_(1973–1991)"><span id="Dealing_with_OPEC_.281973.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Dealing with OPEC (1973–1991)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dealing with OPEC (1973–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A unilateral increase in oil prices was labeled as "the largest nonviolent transfer of wealth in human history." The OPEC sought immediate discussions regarding participation in national oil industries. Companies were not inclined to object as the price hike benefited both them and OPEC members. In 1980, the Seven Sisters were entirely displaced and replaced by national oil companies (NOCs). </p><p>The rise in oil prices burdened developing countries with balance of payments deficits, leading to an energy crisis. OPEC members had to abandon their plan of redistributing wealth from the West to the post-colonial South and invest either in foreign expenditures or ostentatious economic development projects. After 1974, most of the money from OPEC members ceased as payments for goods and services or investments in Western industry. </p><p>In February 1974, the first Washington Energy Conference was convened. The most significant contribution of this conference was the establishment of the International Energy Agency (IEA), enabling states to coordinate policy, gather data, and monitor global oil reserves. </p><p>In the 1970s, OPEC gradually nationalized the Seven Sisters. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as the only largest world oil producer, could leverage this. However, Saudi Arabia opted for the correct approach and maintained consistent oil prices throughout the 1970s. </p><p>In 1979, the "second oil shock" came from the collapse of the Shah's regime in Iran. Iran became a regional power due to oil money and American weapons. The Shah eventually abdicated and fled the country. This prompted a strike by thousands of Iranian oil workers, significantly reducing oil production in Iran. Saudi Arabia tried to cope with the crisis by increasing production, but oil prices still soared, leading to the "second oil shock." </p><p>Saudi Arabia significantly reduced oil production, losing most of its revenues. In 1986, Riyadh changed course, and oil production in Saudi Arabia sharply increased, flooding the market with cheap oil. This caused a worldwide drop in oil prices, hence the "third oil shock" or "counter-shock." However, this shock represented something much bigger—the end of OPEC's dominance and its control over oil prices. </p><p>Iraqi President Saddam Hussein decided to attack Kuwait. The invasion sparked a crisis in the Middle East, prompting Saudi Arabia to request assistance from the United States. The United States sent a million troops to help, and by February 1991, Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait. Due to the oil boycott from Kuwait and Iran, oil prices rose and quickly recovered. Saudi Arabia once again led OPEC, and thanks to assistance in defending Kuwait, new relations emerged between the USA and OPEC. Operation "Desert Storm" brought mutual dependence among the main oil producers. OPEC continued to influence global oil prices but recognized the United States as the largest consumer and guarantor of the existing oil security order.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_new_normal_(1991–2018)"><span id="The_new_normal_.281991.E2.80.932018.29"></span>The new normal (1991–2018)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The new normal (1991–2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Iraq War, OPEC has had only a minor influence on oil prices, but it has expanded to 11 members, accounting for about 40 percent of total global oil production, although this is a decline from nearly 50 percent in 1974. Oil has practically become a common commodity, leading to much more volatile prices. Most OPEC members are wealthy, and most remain dependent on oil revenues, which has serious consequences, such as when OPEC members were pressured by the price collapse in 1998–1999. </p><p>The United States still maintains close relations with Saudi Arabia. In 2003, U.S. forces invaded Iraq with the aim of removing the dictatorship and gaining access to Iraqi oil reserves, giving the United States greater strategic importance from 2000 to 2008. During this period, there was a constant shortage of oil, but its consumption continued to rise, maintaining high prices and leading to concerns about "peak oil". </p><p>From 2005 to 2012, there were advances in oil and gas extraction, leading to increased production in the United States from 2010. The USA became the leading oil producer, creating tension with OPEC. In 2014, Saudi Arabia increased production to push new American producers out of the market, leading to lower prices. OPEC then reduced production in 2016 to raise prices, further worsening relations with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2012, only 7% of the world's known oil reserves were in countries that allowed private international companies free rein; 65% were in the hands of state-owned companies that operated in one country and sold oil to multinationals such as BP, Shell, ExxonMobil and Chevron.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Down through the 1930s, about 80% of the international investments by multinational corporations were concentrated in the primary sector, especially mining (especially oil) and agriculture (rubber, tobacco, sugar, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, coffee, cocoa, and tropical fruits). Most went to the Third World colonies. That changed dramatically after 1945 as investors turned to industrialized countries and invested in manufacturing (especially high-tech electronics, chemicals, drugs, and vehicles) as well as trade.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden's leading manufacturing concern was <a href="/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a>, a leading maker of bearings for machinery. In order to expand its international business, it decided in 1966 it needed to use the English language. Senior officials, although mostly still Swedish, all learned English and all major internal documents were in English, the lingua franca of multinational corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, the number of businesses having at least one foreign country operation rose drastically from a few thousand to 78,411 in 2007. Meanwhile, 74% of parent companies are located in economically advanced countries. Developing and former communist countries such as China, India, and Brazil are the largest recipients. However, 70% of foreign direct investment went into developed countries in the form of stocks and cash flows. The rise in the number of multinational companies could be due to a stable political environment that encourages cooperation, advances in technology that enable management of faraway regions, and favorable organizational development that encourages business expansion into other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Toyota is one of the world's largest multinational corporation(s) with its headquarters in Toyota City, Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg/220px-Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg/330px-Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg/440px-Toyota_Headquarter_Toyota_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> is one of the world's largest multinational corporations, with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Toyota_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota City">Toyota City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country that produces or sells goods or services in various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two common characteristics shared by MNCs are their large size and centrally controlled worldwide activities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Importing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exporting</a> goods and services</li> <li>Making significant investments in a foreign country</li> <li>Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets</li> <li>Engaging in [contract manufacturing]—permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce its products</li> <li>Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries</li></ul> <p>MNCs may gain from their global presence in a variety of ways. First of all, MNCs can benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economy of scale</a> by spreading <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> expenditures and advertising costs over their global sales, pooling global purchasing power over suppliers, and utilizing their technological and managerial experience globally with minimal additional costs. Furthermore, MNCs can use their global presence to take advantage of underpriced labor services available in certain developing countries and gain access to special R&D capabilities residing in advanced foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problem of moral and legal constraints upon the behavior of multinational corporations, given that they are effectively "stateless" actors, is one of several urgent global <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> problems that has emerged during the late twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potentially, the best concept for analyzing society's governance limitations over modern corporations is the concept of "stateless corporations". Coined at least as early as 1991 in <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Week">Business Week</a></i>, the conception was theoretically clarified in 1993: that an empirical strategy for defining a stateless corporation is with analytical tools at the intersection between <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> analysis and <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a> research. This intersection is known as <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics management</a>, and it describes the importance of rapidly increasing global mobility of resources. In a long history of analysis of multinational corporations, we are some quarter-century into an era of stateless corporations—corporations that meet the realities of the needs of source materials on a worldwide basis and to produce and customize products for individual countries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first multinational business organizations, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, was established in 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the East India Company came the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, founded on March 20, 1603, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years. </p><p>The main characteristics of multinational companies are: </p> <ul><li>In general, there is a national strength of large companies as the main body, in the way of foreign direct investment or acquiring local enterprises, established <a href="/wiki/Subsidiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiaries">subsidiaries</a> or branches in many countries;</li> <li>It usually has a complete <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> system and the highest decision-making center, each subsidiary or branch has its own decision-making body, according to its different features and operations to make decisions, but its decision must be subordinated to the highest decision-making center;</li> <li>MNCs seek markets in worldwide and rational production layout, professional fixed-point production, and fixed-point sales products in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Profit_maximization" title="Profit maximization">maximum profit</a>;</li> <li>Due to strong economic and technical strength, with fast information transmission, as well as funding for rapid cross-border transfers, the multinational has stronger <a href="/wiki/Competition_(companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition (companies)">competitiveness</a> in the world;</li> <li>Many large multinational companies have varying degrees of monopoly in some areas due to economic and technical strength or production advantages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_direct_investment">Foreign direct investment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign direct investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></div> <p>When a corporation invests in a country in which it is not domiciled, it is called foreign direct investment (FDI).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries may place restrictions on direct investment; for example, China has historically required partnerships with local firms or special approval for certain types of investments by foreigners,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some of these restrictions were eased in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the United States <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Investment_in_the_United_States" title="Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States">Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States</a> scrutinizes foreign investments. </p><p>In addition, corporations may be prohibited from various business transactions by <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">international sanctions</a> or domestic laws. For example, Chinese domestic corporations or citizens have limitations on their ability to make foreign investments outside China, in part to reduce <a href="/wiki/Capital_outflow" title="Capital outflow">capital outflow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries can impose extraterritorial sanctions on foreign corporations even for doing business with other foreign corporations, which occurred in 2019 with the United States <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>; European companies faced with the possibility of losing access to the U.S. market by trading with Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_investment_agreement" title="International investment agreement">International investment agreements</a> also facilitate direct investment between two countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a> status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_domicile">Legal domicile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legal domicile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raymond Vernon reported in 1977 that of the largest multinationals focused on manufacturing, 250 were headquartered in the United States, 115 in Western Europe, 70 in Japan, and 20 in the rest of the world. The multinationals in banking numbered 20 headquartered in the United States, 13 in Europe, nine in Japan and three in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today multinationals can select from a variety of jurisdictions for various subsidiaries, but the ultimate parent company can select a single <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">legal domicile</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> suggests that the Netherlands has become a popular choice, as its company laws have fewer requirements for meetings, compensation, and audit committees,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Great Britain had advantages due to laws on withholding dividends and a double-taxation treaty with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporations can legally engage in <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> through their choice of jurisdiction but must be careful to avoid illegal <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stateless_or_transnational">Stateless or transnational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stateless or transnational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transnational_corporation" title="Transnational corporation">Transnational corporation</a></div> <p>Corporations that are broadly active across the world without a concentration in one area have been called stateless or "transnational" (although "transnational corporation" is also used synonymously with "multinational corporation"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but as of 1992, a corporation must be legally domiciled in a particular country and engage in other countries through foreign direct investment and the creation of foreign subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographic diversification can be measured across various domains, including ownership and control, workforce, sales, and regulation and taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_taxation">Regulation and taxation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regulation and taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_taxation" title="International taxation">International taxation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" title="Extraterritorial jurisdiction">Extraterritorial jurisdiction</a></div> <p>Multinational corporations may be subject to the laws and regulations of both their domicile and the additional jurisdictions where they are engaged in business.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the jurisdiction can help to avoid <b>burdensome</b> laws, but regulatory statutes often target the "enterprise" with statutory language around "control".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1992<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the United States and most OECD countries have the donot legal authority to tax a domiciled parent corporation on its worldwide revenue, including subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the U.S. applies its corporate taxation "extraterritorially",<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has motivated <a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">tax inversions</a> to change the home state. By 2019, most OECD nations, with the notable exception of the U.S., had moved to territorial tax in which only revenue inside the border was taxed; however, these nations typically scrutinize foreign income with <a href="/wiki/Controlled_foreign_corporation" title="Controlled foreign corporation">controlled foreign corporation</a> (CFC) rules to avoid <a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">base erosion and profit shifting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, even under an extraterritorial system, taxes may be deferred until remittance, with possible <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_tax_holiday" title="Repatriation tax holiday">repatriation tax holidays</a>, and subject to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_tax_credit" title="Foreign tax credit">foreign tax credits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> Countries generally cannot tax the worldwide revenue of a foreign subsidiary, and taxation is complicated by <a href="/wiki/Transfer_pricing" title="Transfer pricing">transfer pricing</a> arrangements with parent corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_and_arrangements">Alternatives and arrangements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alternatives and arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For small corporations, registering a foreign subsidiary can be expensive and complex, involving fees, signatures, and forms;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Professional_employer_organization" title="Professional employer organization">professional employer organization</a> (PEO) is sometimes advertised as a cheaper and simpler alternative,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not all jurisdictions have laws accepting these types of arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispute_resolution_and_arbitration">Dispute resolution and arbitration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dispute resolution and arbitration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_legal_system" title="International legal system">International legal system</a></div> <p>Disputes between corporations in different nations is often handled through <a href="/wiki/International_arbitration" title="International arbitration">international arbitration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_background">Theoretical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theoretical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actions of multinational corporations are strongly supported by <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> system in a <a href="/wiki/Globalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalized">globalized</a> international society. According to the economic realist view, individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interest and therefore, when individuals act rationally, markets are created and they function best in a free market system where there is little government interference. As a result, international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To many economic liberals, multinational corporations are the vanguard of the liberal order.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the embodiment par excellence of the liberal ideal of an interdependent world economy. They have taken the integration of national economies beyond trade and money to the internationalization of production. For the first time in history, production, marketing, and investment are being organized on a global scale rather than in terms of isolated national economies.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilpin_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilpin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International business is also a specialist field of academic research. Economic theories of the multinational corporation include <a href="/wiki/Internalization_theory" title="Internalization theory">internalization theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paradigm" title="Eclectic paradigm">eclectic paradigm</a>. The latter is also known as the OLI framework. </p><p>The other theoretical dimension of the role of multinational corporations concerns the relationship between the globalization of economic engagement and the culture of national and local responses. This has a history of self-conscious cultural management going back at least to the 60s. For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ernest Dichter, architect, of Exxon's international campaign, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> in 1963, was fully aware that the means to overcoming cultural resistance depended on an "understanding" of the countries in which a corporation operated. He observed that companies with "foresight to capitalize on international opportunities" must recognize that "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a> will be an important tool for competitive marketing". However, the projected outcome of this was not the assimilation of international firms into national cultures, but the creation of a "world customer". The idea of a global corporate village entailed the management and reconstitution of parochial attachments to one's nation. It involved not a denial of the naturalness of national attachments, but an internationalization of the way a nation defines itself.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multinational_enterprise">Multinational enterprise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Multinational enterprise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Multinational enterprise" (MNE) is the term used by international economist and similarly defined with the multinational corporation (MNC) as an enterprise that controls and manages production establishments, known as plants located in at least two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multinational enterprise (MNE) will engage in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> as the firm makes direct investments in host country plants for equity ownership and managerial control to avoid some <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_Lall" title="Sanjaya Lall">Sanjaya Lall</a> in 1974 proposed a spectrum of scholarly analysis of multinational corporations, from the political right to the left. He put the business school how-to-do-it writers at the extreme right, followed by the liberal laissez-faire economists, and the neoliberals (they remain right of center but do allow for occasional mistakes of the marketplace such as externalities). Moving to the left side of the line are nationalists, who prioritize national interests over corporate profits, then the "dependencia" school in Latin America that focuses on the evils of imperialism, and on the far left the Marxists. The range is so broad that scholarly consensus is hard to discern.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-corporate advocates criticize multinational corporations for being without a basis in a national <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a>, being ultimate without a specific nationhood, and that this lack of an ethos appears in their ways of operating as they enter into contracts with countries that have low <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the world economy facilitated by multinational corporations, capital will increasingly be able to play workers, communities, and nations off against one another as they demand tax, regulation and wage concessions while threatening to move. In other words, increased mobility of multinational corporations benefits capital while workers and communities lose. Some negative outcomes generated by multinational corporations include increased <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wage_stagnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage stagnation">wage stagnation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crotty_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crotty-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raymond Vernon presents the debate from a neo-liberal perspective in <i>Storm over the Multinationals</i> (1977).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The aggressive use of <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> schemes, and <a href="/wiki/Multinational_tax_haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational tax haven">multinational tax havens</a>, allows multinational corporations to gain competitive advantages over <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> criticize governments for allowing multinational organizations to escape tax, particularly by using <a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">base erosion and profit shifting</a> (BEPS) tax tools, since less money can be spent for public services.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, 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economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_tax_haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational tax haven">Multinational tax haven</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoy_D._VoorheesEmerson_L._SeimJohn_I._Coppett1992" class="citation journal cs1">Roy D. Voorhees; Emerson L. Seim; John I. Coppett (Winter 1992). "Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations". <i>Transportation Practitioners Journal</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 144–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Practitioners+Journal&rft.atitle=Global+Logistics+and+Stateless+Corporations&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-151&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Roy+D.+Voorhees&rft.au=Emerson+L.+Seim&rft.au=John+I.+Coppett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitelis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pitelis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitelisRoger_Sugden2000" class="citation book cs1">Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXjeiQYR088C"><i>The nature of the transnational firm</i></a>. Routledge. p. H72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16787-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16787-6"><bdi>0-415-16787-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+the+transnational+firm&rft.pages=H72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-16787-6&rft.aulast=Pitelis&rft.aufirst=Christos&rft.au=Roger+Sugden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXjeiQYR088C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/mul.htm">"Multinational Corporations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multinational+Corporations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.econ.iastate.edu%2Fclasses%2Fecon355%2Fchoi%2Fmul.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelawdictionary.org/multinational-corporation-mnc/">"MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION (MNC) Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i>. 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.atitle=MULTINATIONAL+CORPORATION+%28MNC%29+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelawdictionary.org%2Fmultinational-corporation-mnc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelderblomJongJonker2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gelderblom, Oscar; Jong, Abe de; Jonker, Joost (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/formative-years-of-the-modern-corporation-the-dutch-east-india-company-voc-16021623/E16FF67D27465278E442A974954741BB">"The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation: The Dutch East India Company VOC, 1602-1623"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 1050–1076. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050713000879">10.1017/S0022050713000879</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1765%2F32952">1765/32952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154592596">154592596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Formative+Years+of+the+Modern+Corporation%3A+The+Dutch+East+India+Company+VOC%2C+1602-1623&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1050-1076&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1765%2F32952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154592596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050713000879&rft.aulast=Gelderblom&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Jong%2C+Abe+de&rft.au=Jonker%2C+Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fformative-years-of-the-modern-corporation-the-dutch-east-india-company-voc-16021623%2FE16FF67D27465278E442A974954741BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Jeffrey and Joe Painter, "Imperialism and Postcolonialism," in <i>Political Geography: An Introduction to Space and Power</i> (London: SAGE, 2009), pp. 174–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Robins, <i>This Imperious Company: The Corporation That Changed the World How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational</i> (London: Pluto, 2006), pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen A. 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London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 1047. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-74030-7">10.1007/978-1-349-74030-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-74032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-74032-1"><bdi>978-1-349-74032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transnational&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Transnational+History&rft.place=London&rft.series=Palgrave+Macmillan+Transnational+History+Series&rft.pages=1047&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-74030-7&rft.isbn=978-1-349-74032-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00368360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Yao-Su (1992-01-01). "Global or Stateless Corporations are National Firms with International Operations". <i>California Management Review</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 107–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41166696">10.2307/41166696</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1256">0008-1256</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41166696">41166696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155113053">155113053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Global+or+Stateless+Corporations+are+National+Firms+with+International+Operations&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-126&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.issn=0008-1256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155113053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41166696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41166696&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Yao-Su&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg1990" class="citation journal cs1">Blumberg, Phillip I. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencommons.uconn.edu/law_papers/58/">"The Corporate Entity in an Era of Multinational Corporations"</a>. <i>Delaware Journal of Corporate Law</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 283–375. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-9490">0364-9490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delaware+Journal+of+Corporate+Law&rft.atitle=The+Corporate+Entity+in+an+Era+of+Multinational+Corporations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-375&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0364-9490&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Phillip+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopencommons.uconn.edu%2Flaw_papers%2F58%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/territorial-tax-system-oecd-review/">"Designing a Territorial Tax System: A Review of OECD Systems"</a>. <i>Tax Foundation</i>. 2017-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tax+Foundation&rft.atitle=Designing+a+Territorial+Tax+System%3A+A+Review+of+OECD+Systems&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Fterritorial-tax-system-oecd-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://velocityglobal.com/blog/foreign-subsidiary-10-reasons-you-should-not-create-one/">"10 Reasons You Should Not Create a Foreign Subsidiary"</a>. <i>Velocity Global</i>. 2015-07-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125233947/https://velocityglobal.com/blog/foreign-subsidiary-10-reasons-you-should-not-create-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Velocity+Global&rft.atitle=10+Reasons+You+Should+Not+Create+a+Foreign+Subsidiary&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvelocityglobal.com%2Fblog%2Fforeign-subsidiary-10-reasons-you-should-not-create-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125234243/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/outsourcing-options-fdi-china/">"Outsourcing Options for FDI into China - China Briefing News"</a>. <i>China Briefing News</i>. 2017-07-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-briefing.com/news/outsourcing-options-fdi-china/">the original</a> on 2018-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Briefing+News&rft.atitle=Outsourcing+Options+for+FDI+into+China+-+China+Briefing+News&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-briefing.com%2Fnews%2Foutsourcing-options-fdi-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingst2014" class="citation book cs1">Mingst, Karen A. (2014). <i>Essentials of international relations</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92195-3"><bdi>978-0-393-92195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+international+relations&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92195-3&rft.aulast=Mingst&rft.aufirst=Karen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingst2015" class="citation book cs1">Mingst, Karen A. (2015). <i>Essentials of international relations</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92195-3"><bdi>978-0-393-92195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+international+relations&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92195-3&rft.aulast=Mingst&rft.aufirst=Karen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilpin-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilpin_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilpin1975" class="citation book cs1">Gilpin, Robert (1975). <i>Three models of the future</i>. International Organization. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+models+of+the+future&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=International+Organization&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1984" class="citation journal cs1">James, Paul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33644385">"Australia in the Corporate Image: A New Nationalism"</a>. <i>Arena</i> (63): 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arena&rft.atitle=Australia+in+the+Corporate+Image%3A+A+New+Nationalism&rft.issue=63&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33644385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span> See also, Richard Barnet and Ronald Muller, Global Reach: The Power of Multinational Corporations, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1975, p. 30. On page 21 Barnet and Muller quote the Chairman of the Unilever Corporation as saying: "The Nation-State will not wither away. A positive role will have to be found for it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2007" class="citation book cs1">Caves, Richard E. (2007). <i>Multinational enterprise and economic analysis</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67753-0"><bdi>978-0-521-67753-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272997700">272997700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+enterprise+and+economic+analysis&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272997700&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67753-0&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2007" class="citation book cs1">Caves, Richard E. (2007). <i>Multinational enterprise and economic analysis</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67753-0"><bdi>978-0-521-67753-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272997700">272997700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+enterprise+and+economic+analysis&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272997700&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67753-0&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles P. Kindleberger, "Reviews". <i>Business History Review</i> (Dec. 1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc 'Globalization, Power, and Survival: an Anthropological Perspective', pg 484–486. <i>Anthropological Quarterly</i> Vol.79, No. 3. Institute for Ethnographic Research, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crotty-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crotty_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrotty1998" class="citation book cs1">Crotty, Epstein & Kelly (1998). <i>Multinational corps in neo-liberal regime</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+corps+in+neo-liberal+regime&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Crotty&rft.aufirst=Epstein+%26+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of the European Parliament <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130574/LDM_BRI%282013%29130574_REV1_EN.pdf">Corporate tax avoidance by multinational firms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxjustice.net/topics/corporate-tax/taxing-corporations/">"Taxing corporations: the Politics and Ideology of the Arm's Length Principle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a></i>. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tax+Justice+Network&rft.atitle=Taxing+corporations%3A+the+Politics+and+Ideology+of+the+Arm%27s+Length+Principle&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxjustice.net%2Ftopics%2Fcorporate-tax%2Ftaxing-corporations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultinational+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cameron, Rondo, V. I. Bovykin, et al. eds. <i>International banking, 1870–1914</i> (1991)</li> <li>Chandler, Alfred D. and Bruce Mazlish, eds. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/leviathansmultin0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:leviathansmultin0000unse">Leviathans: Multinational Corporations and the New Global History</a></i> (2005).</li> <li>Chandler, Alfred D. et al. eds. <i>Big Business and the Wealth of Nations</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Business-Wealth-Nations-Alfred-Chandler/dp/0521663474/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Chernow, Ron. <i>The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/House-Morgan-American-Banking-Dynasty-ebook/dp/B003CIQ57E/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1632619286&sr=1-1">excerpt</a></li> <li>Davenport-Hines, R. P. T., and Geoffrey Jones, eds. <i>British Business in Asia since 1860</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/British-Business-Asia-since-1860/dp/052153058X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dunning. John H. and Sarianna M. Lundan. <i>Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy</i> (2nd ed. 2008), major textbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multinationalent0000dunn">1993 edition online</a></li> <li>Habib-Mintz, Nazia. "Multinational corporations' role in improving labour standards in developing countries". <i>Journal of International Business and Economy</i> 10.2 (2009): 1–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/600119/JIBE_2009_10__2__2.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Hunt, Michael H. "Americans in the China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism, 1890s–1931". <i>Business History Review</i> 51.3 (1977): 277–307. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3113634">3113634</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Geoffrey. <i>Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century</i> (2005)</li> <li>Jones, Geoffrey. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/merchantstomulti0000jone" class="extiw" title="iarchive:merchantstomulti0000jone">Merchants to multinationals : British trading companies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries</a></i> (2000).</li> <li>Jones, Geoffrey, and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Business History</i> (2008)</li> <li>Jones, Geoffrey, et al. <i>The History of the British Bank of the Middle East: Vol. 2, Banking and Oil</i> (1987)</li> <li>Jones, Geoffrey. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/evolutionofinter0000jone" class="extiw" title="iarchive:evolutionofinter0000jone">The Evolution of International Business</a></i> (1995).</li> <li>Lumby, Anthony. "Economic history and theories of the multinational corporation". <i>South African journal of economic history</i> 3.2 (1988): 104–124.</li> <li>Martin, Lisa, ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Political Economy of International Trade</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Political-Economy-International-Handbooks/dp/0190077832/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Munjal, Surender, Pawan Budhwar, and Vijay Pereira. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31608/1/A_perspective_on_multinational_enterprise_s_national_identity_dilemma.pdf">A perspective on multinational enterprise's national identity dilemma</a>". <i>Social Identities</i> 24.5 (2018): 548–563.</li> <li>Stopford, John M. "The origins of British-based multinational manufacturing enterprises". <i>Business History Review</i> 48.3 (1974): 303–335.</li> <li>Tugendhat, Christopher. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/multinationals0000tuge_v4b5" class="extiw" title="iarchive:multinationals0000tuge v4b5">The multinationals</a></i> (Penguin, 1973).</li> <li>Vernon, Raymond. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/stormovermultina0000vern" class="extiw" title="iarchive:stormovermultina0000vern">Storm over the Multinationals: The Real Issues</a></i> (Harvard UP, 1977).</li> <li>Wells, Louis T. <i>Third world multinationals: The rise of foreign investments from developing countries</i> (MIT Press, 1983) on companies based in Third World</li> <li>Wilkins, Mira. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926210931/http://mis.kp.ac.rw/admin/admin_panel/kp_lms/files/digital/SelectiveBooks/Business/Oxford%20handbook%20of%20international%20business%20%5BAlan%20M,%20Rugman%5D.pdf">The history of multinational enterprise". in <i>The Oxford handbook of international business</i></a> vol 2 (2009).</li> <li>Wilkins, Mira. <i>The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914</i> (1970) <ul><li>Wilkins, Mira. <i>Maturing of Multinational Enterprise : American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970</i> (1974)</li></ul></li> <li>Wilkins, Mira. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/americanbusiness0000wilk" class="extiw" title="iarchive:americanbusiness0000wilk">American business abroad: Ford on six continents</a></i> (1964).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_histories">Corporate histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Corporate histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a></div> <ul><li>Ciafone, Amanda. <i>Counter-Cola: A Multinational History of the Global Corporation</i> (U of California Press, 2019) on Coca-Cola.</li> <li>Fritz, Martin and Karlsson, Birgit. <i>SKF: A Global Story, 1907–2007</i> (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7736-576-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7736-576-1">978-91-7736-576-1</a>.</li> <li>Scheiber, Harry N. "World War I as Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Willard Straight and the American International Corporation". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 84.3 (1969): 486–511. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147271">2147271</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_corporation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hernes, Helga. <i>The Multinational Corporation: A Guide to Information Sources</i> (Gale, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multinationalcor0000hern">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075092-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85067372">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Entreprises multinationales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318410n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Entreprises multinationales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318410n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570520">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nadnárodní společnosti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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