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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preliminär_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminär_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preliminär design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminär_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bärraket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bärraket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bärraket</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bärraket-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Bärraket</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bärraket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rus-M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rus-M"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rus-M</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rus-M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Angara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orel (rymdfarkost)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 20 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="أوريل – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوريل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol_(nau_espacial)" title="Oryol (nau espacial) – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oryol (nau espacial)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ওরেল (মহাকাশযান) – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওরেল (মহাকাশযান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Перспективна пилотируема транспортна система – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перспективна пилотируема транспортна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C3%A0tsia_(nau_espacial)" title="Federàtsia (nau espacial) – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Federàtsia (nau espacial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjol_(kosmick%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F)" title="Orjol (kosmická loď) – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orjol (kosmická loď)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_(Raumschiff)" title="Orel (Raumschiff) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orel (Raumschiff)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft) – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Orel (spacecraft)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_(nave_espacial)" title="Orel (nave espacial) – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orel (nave espacial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="سامانه ترابری خلبان‌دار آینده‌نگر – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه ترابری خلبان‌دار آینده‌نگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Oriol (vaisseau spatial) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oriol (vaisseau spatial)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacija_(veicolo_spaziale)" title="Federacija (veicolo spaziale) – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federacija (veicolo spaziale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C_(%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="אוריול (חללית) – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוריול (חללית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjol_(%C5%B1rhaj%C3%B3)" title="Orjol (űrhajó) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orjol (űrhajó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB_(%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%88%B9)" title="オリョール (宇宙船) – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリョール (宇宙船)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orze%C5%82_(statek_kosmiczny)" title="Orzeł (statek kosmiczny) – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orzeł (statek kosmiczny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel" title="Orel – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%91%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Орёл (космический корабль) – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орёл (космический корабль)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Орел (космічний корабель) – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орел (космічний корабель)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%B0%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%A3%9E%E8%88%B9" title="鹰宇宙飞船 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鹰宇宙飞船" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q923623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orel_(rymdfarkost)" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" 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#ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:#B9E3F3;">Orel</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PPTS-new-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PPTS-new-2015.jpg"><img alt="PPTS-new-2015.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PPTS-new-2015.jpg/200px-PPTS-new-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PPTS-new-2015.jpg/300px-PPTS-new-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PPTS-new-2015.jpg/400px-PPTS-new-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Status</th><td class="" style="">Under utveckling</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Land</th><td class="" style="">Ryssland</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Beställare</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Roskosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskosmos">Roskosmos</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Besättning</th><td class="" style="">4-6</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Raket</th><td class="" style="">Angara A5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B9E3F3;">Mått</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Uppskjutningsvikt</th><td class="" style="">17 000 kg (LEO) <br /> 21 367 kg (månen)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Trycksatt volym</th><td class="" style="">18 m<sup>3</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Orel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a>: <span lang="ru">Орёл</span>, <a href="/wiki/Svenska" title="Svenska">svenska</a>: <i>örn</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-orel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orel-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller <b>Orjol</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tidigare <b>Federation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a>: <span lang="ru">Федерация </span> Federatsija), och <b>PPPTS</b> ( <a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a>: <span lang="ru">Перспективная Портативный Пилотируемая Транспортная Система </span>, <a href="/wiki/Svenska" title="Svenska">svenska</a>: <i>Prospektivt bärbart pilotsystem</i>), är ett projekt som drivs av ryska rymdflygstyrelsen <a href="/wiki/Roskosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskosmos">Roskosmos</a> och som syftar till att utveckla en delvis <a href="/wiki/%C3%85teranv%C3%A4ndbara_rymdfarkoster" title="Återanvändbara rymdfarkoster">återanvändbar</a> <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarkost" title="Rymdfarkost">rymdfarkost</a>. Målet med projektet är att utveckla en nästa generations rymdfarkost för att ersätta <a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(rymdfarkost)" title="Sojuz (rymdfarkost)">rymdfarkosten Sojuz</a> som utvecklades av <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> på 1960-talet, för att stödja <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5g_omloppsbana" title="Låg omloppsbana">låg omloppsbana kring jorden</a> och <a href="/wiki/Utforskningen_av_m%C3%A5nen" title="Utforskningen av månen">uppdrag till Månen</a>. Dess funktion liknar den amerikanska <a href="/wiki/Rymdkapsel" title="Rymdkapsel">rymdkapseln</a> <a href="/wiki/Orion_(rymdfarkost)" title="Orion (rymdfarkost)">Orions</a> funktion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PPPTS-projektet startades efter ett misslyckat försök av Ryssland och <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_rymdorganisationen" title="Europeiska rymdorganisationen">Europeiska rymdorganisationen</a> (ESA) att gemensamt utveckla Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS). Efter att ESA:s medlemsländer avböjde att finansiera <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a> år 2006 på grund av oro över arbetsfördelning och sedan återigen avböjde fortsatt finansiering av utvecklingen av CSTS 2009 på grund av risken för tekniköverföring till Ryssland som kunde användas för militära ändamål,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beställde den ryska federala rymdstyrelsen en ny bemannad rymdfarkost från ryska företag.<sup id="cite_ref-moon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett utvecklingskontrakt tilldelades RKK Energia den 19 december 2013. <sup id="cite_ref-Zak2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zak2013-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orel är avsedd att kunna bära besättningar om upp till fyra personer upp till omloppsbana kring jorden och vidare ut i rymden, med olika massversioner som är lämpliga för 5, 14 eller 30 dagar långa uppdrag. Om den är dockad med en rymdstation ska den kunna stanna i rymden i upp till ett år, vilket är dubbelt så länge som rymdfarkosten Sojuz. Rymdfarkosten ska kunna skicka <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarare" title="Rymdfarare">kosmonauter</a> till omloppsbana kring månen, specifikt till en planerad rymdstation som ska kretsa kring månen.<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Euro-CTS-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Euro-CTS-2008.jpg/250px-Euro-CTS-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Euro-CTS-2008.jpg/375px-Euro-CTS-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Euro-CTS-2008.jpg/500px-Euro-CTS-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Tidigare föreslagen CSTS-design.</figcaption></figure> <p>ESA sträckte först ut handen och frågade om de kunde vara en del av USA:s <a href="/wiki/Constellationprogrammet" title="Constellationprogrammet">Constellationprogram</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> fokuserade på sin <a href="/wiki/Orion_(rymdfarkost)" title="Orion (rymdfarkost)">Orion-rymdfarkost</a>, men de ville inte dela utvecklingen med ESA.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Följaktligen beslutade Europa att samutveckla en ny generation bemannade <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarkost" title="Rymdfarkost">rymdfarkoster</a> tillsammans med Ryssland. ESA insisterade på en gemensam design snarare än den ryskdesignade <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, och som ett resultat kom det gemensamma ryska/europeiska CSTS-projektet till. CSTS hade avslutat en första studiefas, som varade i 18 månader från september 2006 till våren 2008. Projektet lades ner inför en ESA-medlemkonferens i november 2008. <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_rymdorganisationen" title="Europeiska rymdorganisationen">ESA</a> beslutade att använda en del teknik från CSTS-projektet från dess <a href="/wiki/Automated_transfer_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated transfer vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den ryska rymdorganisationen <a href="/wiki/Ryska_rymdflygstyrelsen" title="Ryska rymdflygstyrelsen">Roskosmos</a> hade upprepade gånger fått förslag från det Moskvabaserade företaget Chrunitjev om att utveckla en ny generation bemannade rymdfarkoster baserade på <a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a> som skulle kunna skjutas upp på den nya <a href="/wiki/Angara_(raket)" title="Angara (raket)">Angara</a>-raketen. Med hänvisning till behovet av en ny bemannad rymdfarkost, beslutade Ryssland att gå vidare med projektet på egen hand efter att ESA hade hoppat av CSTS.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PPTS-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PPTS-03.jpg/250px-PPTS-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PPTS-03.jpg/375px-PPTS-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PPTS-03.jpg/500px-PPTS-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Från vänster till höger: Sojuz, CSTS för uppdrag i låg jordomloppsbana, ACTS för uppdrag i omloppsbana kring månen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Första kvartalet 2009 hade Roskosmos färdigställt sina krav för nästa generations rymdfarkoster och hade fått förslag från både RKK Energia och Chrunitjev. Detta var början på PPTS-projektet. Myndigheten var redo att meddela vilket företag som skulle få huvudansvaret för utvecklingen av den nya kapseln. Formellt deltog endast de två tidigare nämnda organisationerna, RKK Energia i Korolev och Chrunitjev i Moskva, i regeringens anbudsförfarande för att bygga den nya rymdfarkosten.<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Även om Roskosmos har varit tystlåtna kring projektet har ett antal ryska tjänstemän uttalat sig och antytt om olika stadier av projektet. Den 21 januari 2009 sade chefen för Roskosmos, Anatolij Perminov, till den ryska tidningen Rossijskaja gazeta att Ryssland sannolikt skulle fortsätta med oberoende utveckling av nästa generations rymdfarkoster. Enligt Perminov hade byrån och dess främsta forsknings- och certifieringscenter – TsNIIMasj – redan genomfört ett utökat möte med det vetenskapliga och tekniska rådet (NTS) där man undersökte framtida transportsystem, inklusive nästa generations bemannade farkost. Det skulle följas av en statlig upphandling för att välja en utvecklare för det nya fordonet. Perminov indikerade vidare att den nya rymdfarkosten skulle förväntas komma i drift inom samma tidsram som USA:s Orion-rymdfarkost, men en mer detaljerad utvecklingsplan skulle vara klar, tillsammans med den preliminära designen av fordonet, i mitten av 2010. </p><p>Under första kvartalet 2009 släppte Roskosmos krav som användes i utvecklingen av det tekniska uppdraget till den del av branschen som arbetar med PPTS-projektet. Den preliminära utvecklingen av projektet förväntades äga rum mellan mars 2009 och juni 2010. Kostnaden uppskattades till cirka <span style="white-space:nowrap">800 000 000</span> rubel (ca 206 miljoner kronor). Arbetet täckte bara en version av rymdfarkosten som kretsar runt jorden, men den skulle lägga grunden för senare månfarkoster, kanske till och med ett fordon som skulle kunna föra besättning till Mars. </p><p>Myndighetens allmänna krav gjorde gällande att industrin skulle utveckla ett fordon av utländsk standard sett till dess tekniska kapacitet och kostnad, samtidigt som det skulle använda så mycket befintlig teknik som möjligt.<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I november 2019 tillkännagavs att den första testflygningen var planerad till 2023 och den första besättningsflygningen 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-moon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En återanvändbar fraktversion planeras för att ersätta <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tass-20210830_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tass-20210830-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I februari 2022 sades den första obemannade testflygningen planerades att ske 2024. <sup id="cite_ref-ria-20220226_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ria-20220226-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preliminär_design"><span id="Prelimin.C3.A4r_design"></span>Preliminär design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Preliminär design" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Preliminär design"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg/250px-PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg/375px-PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg/500px-PTK_NP_MAKET_MAKS_2009_detoure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Tidigare föreslagen PPTS-design.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mockup_of_PPTS,_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mockup_of_PPTS%2C_Putin.jpg/250px-Mockup_of_PPTS%2C_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mockup_of_PPTS%2C_Putin.jpg/375px-Mockup_of_PPTS%2C_Putin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mockup_of_PPTS%2C_Putin.jpg/500px-Mockup_of_PPTS%2C_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitrij_Rogozin" title="Dmitrij Rogozin">Rogozin</a>, Igor Komarov och <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> med modeller av rymdfarkosten och raketen Angara A5 (2015).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/250px-Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/375px-Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/500px-Orel_spacecraft_2020_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Orel på ett ryskt frimärke 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roskosmos har föreställt sig flera versioner av rymdfarkosten, konfigurerbara för låg omloppsbana, månuppdrag och obemannade uppdrag. </p><p>Information om den föreslagna rymdfarkosten som släpptes 2009 indikerade att versionen avsedd att kretsa kring jorden skulle väga 12 ton och bära en besättning på sex rymdfarare, tillsammans med minst 500 kg last. Den skulle kunna flyga 30 dagar långa autonoma uppdrag, eller ett år långa uppdrag om den är dockad till ISS i omloppsbana, med lutningen 51,6 grader, och till den framtida ryska rymdstationen som skjuts upp från <a href="/wiki/Vostotjnyj" title="Vostotjnyj">Vostotjnyj</a> till en 51,8-gradig omloppsbana.<sup id="cite_ref-plans_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plans-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Månversionen skulle väga 16,5 ton, ha fyra säten och kunna frakta 100 kg last fram och tillbaka. Den skulle kunna flyga 14 dagar långa uppdrag för att kretsa kring månen på egen hand eller vara dockad till den föreslagna ryska rymdstationen i omloppsbana kring månen i upp till 200 dagar.  </p><p>Den obemannade fraktversionen av fordonet ska kunna bära minst 2 000 kg till jordens omloppsbana och föra tillbaka minst 500 kg till planetens yta.  </p><p>Från och med mars 2009 ställde Roskosmos kravet att bemannade versioner av kapseln ska ha en noggrannhet vid landning på 10 kilometer, samtidigt som utvecklarna uppmanades att fortsätta arbetet med olika lägen för högprecisionslandning. Nödflykts- och landningsförmåga var obligatoriskt för varje fas av uppdraget och skulle ge besättningen förmåga att överleva tills räddnings- och hämtningsteamen anlände.<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fordonet ska, liksom <a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(rymdfarkost)" title="Sojuz (rymdfarkost)">Sojuz</a>, vara vinglöst och kunna utföra både helautomatisk och manuell dockning, och ha tillräckliga framdrivningsförmåga under transportuppdrag för att docka och omdocka med andra fordon i omloppsbana och sedan sörja för återinträde i atmosfären och säker landning på Jorden. Designkraven på återinträdeskapseln uttryckte att endast miljösäkra drivmedel fick användas under den del av flygningen som sker i atmosfären. Roskosmos reserverade sig för att göra rymdfarkostens besättningsmodul återanvändbar och räknade med att en konformad kapsel möjligen skulle kunna flyga upp till 10 uppdrag under en femtonårig livslängd.<sup id="cite_ref-plans_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plans-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det har föreslagits att fordonet endast kommer använda <a href="/wiki/Raketmotor" title="Raketmotor">raketmotorerna</a> för att bromsa under landning, till skillnad från Sojuz-kapseln som förlitar sig på en <a href="/wiki/Fallsk%C3%A4rm" title="Fallskärm">fallskärm</a> för att bromsa nedstigningen och raketmotorer sista sekunden för att få en mjukare landning.<sup id="cite_ref-thrust_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrust-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bärraket"><span id="B.C3.A4rraket"></span>Bärraket</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bärraket" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bärraket"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rus-M">Rus-M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Rus-M" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Rus-M"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I början av 2009 inleddes en formell branschövergripande upphandling för utvecklingen av bärraketen som skulle skjuta upp PPTS. Även om Roskosmos försenade tillkännagivandet av vinnaren hävdade många inofficiella källor i Ryssland att TsSKB Progress skulle leda utvecklingen av den nya raketen.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWRusM_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWRusM-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man trodde att bärraketen, med namnet Rus-M, skulle ha ett vanligt förstasteg och ett varierande antal boosterraketer, var och en utrustad med kraftfulla RD-180-motorer, som drivs av en blandning av flytande <a href="/wiki/Syre" title="Syre">syre</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fotogen" title="Fotogen">fotogen</a>. Motorn utvecklades ursprungligen av det Moskva-baserade NPO Energomasj för den amerikanska <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>-raketen och motorernas prestanda har hittills varit imponerande. Det andra steget förväntades ha två stycken RD-0124-motorer, som för närvarande används på Sojuz-2-raketen. Båda stegen skulle alltså ha utrustats med befintliga motorer, vilket kraftigt minskat kostnaderna och de övergripande riskerna för projektet. <sup id="cite_ref-moon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I oktober 2011 tillkännagavs att Rus-M-programmet ställdes in.<sup id="cite_ref-RusMcanceled_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusMcanceled-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angara">Angara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Angara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Angara"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Angara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angara.svg/250px-Angara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angara.svg/375px-Angara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angara.svg/500px-Angara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption> Olika designer för Angararaketer.</figcaption></figure> <p>I juli 2012 rapporterades det att <a href="/wiki/Angara_(raket)" title="Angara (raket)">Angara A5</a> kommer att användas som den nya bärraketen för Orel.<sup id="cite_ref-Angara_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angara-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I september 2022 förväntades den första obemannade uppskjutningen av Orel ske år 2024. Den första bemannade flygningen är planerad till 2025. Rymdfarkosten kommer att lyftas av en Angara A5 från <a href="/wiki/Kosmodromen_i_Vostotjnyj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmodromen i Vostotjnyj">kosmodromen i Vostotjnyj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(raket)" title="Angara (raket)">Angara (raket)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonisering_av_m%C3%A5nen" title="Kolonisering av månen">Kolonisering av månen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-orel-1"><a href="#cite_ref-orel_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.ru/news/science/1432996-roskosmos/">”В "Роскосмосе" решили переименовать новый космический корабль”</a>. <i>Pravda</i>. 6 september 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pravda.ru/news/science/1432996-roskosmos/">https://www.pravda.ru/news/science/1432996-roskosmos/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%22+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.jtitle=Pravda&rft.date=6+september+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.ru%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F1432996-roskosmos%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/science/1077772">”Robot to become test pilot of Russia's next-generation manned spacecraft.”</a>. TASS. 12 september 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tass.com/science/1077772">https://tass.com/science/1077772</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Robot+to+become+test+pilot+of+Russia%27s+next-generation+manned+spacecraft.&rft.atitle=&rft.date=12+september+2019&rft.pub=TASS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fscience%2F1077772&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019221159/https://newsspaceflight.com/android-in-space-first-mission-of-federation-spacecraft-in-2021/">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsspaceflight.com/android-in-space-first-mission-of-federation-spacecraft-in-2021/">originalet</a> den 19 oktober 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019221159/https://newsspaceflight.com/android-in-space-first-mission-of-federation-spacecraft-in-2021/">https://web.archive.org/web/20191019221159/https://newsspaceflight.com/android-in-space-first-mission-of-federation-spacecraft-in-2021/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20191019221159%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fnewsspaceflight.com%2Fandroid-in-space-first-mission-of-federation-spacecraft-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">de Selding, Peter B. (31 May 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/35564collapse-of-esa-roscosmos-crew-vehicle-partnership-holds-lessons/">Collapse of ESA-Roscosmos Crew Vehicle Partnership Holds Lessons</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moon-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-moon_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moon_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moon_5-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/science/1087207">”Russia to create Angara-A5P rocket for manned space launches by 2024”</a>. TASS. 6 november 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tass.com/science/1087207">https://tass.com/science/1087207</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Russia+to+create+Angara-A5P+rocket+for+manned+space+launches+by+2024&rft.atitle=&rft.date=6+november+2019&rft.pub=TASS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fscience%2F1087207&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zak2013-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Zak2013_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20181207/1547637941.html">”Федерация" без экипажа сможет облететь Луну в 2026 году”</a> (på ryska). РИА Новости. 7 december 2018<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ria.ru/20181207/1547637941.html">https://ria.ru/20181207/1547637941.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%22+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%B2+2026+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.atitle=&rft.date=7+december+2018&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20181207%2F1547637941.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russianspaceweb-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianspaceweb_7-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ppts.html">”PPTS – Prospective Piloted Transport System”</a> (på engelska). Russian Space Web. 28 november 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ppts.html">http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ppts.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=PPTS+%E2%80%93+Prospective+Piloted+Transport+System&rft.atitle=&rft.date=28+november+2016&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fppts.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724022928/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/04/04/russia-plans-send-cosmonauts-moon/">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/04/04/russia-plans-send-cosmonauts-moon/">originalet</a> den 24 juli 2021<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724022928/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/04/04/russia-plans-send-cosmonauts-moon/">https://web.archive.org/web/20210724022928/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/04/04/russia-plans-send-cosmonauts-moon/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210724022928%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.parabolicarc.com%2F2017%2F04%2F04%2Frussia-plans-send-cosmonauts-moon%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,443901,00.html">Vorherrschaft im All: Europa und Russland planen ihr Gegen-Shuttle – DER SPIEGEL</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7519723.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7519723.stm</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7519723.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks_followon.html">TKS follow-on</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tass-20210830-12"><a href="#cite_ref-tass-20210830_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tass.com/science/1331627">https://tass.com/science/1331627</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fscience%2F1331627&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ria-20220226-13"><a href="#cite_ref-ria-20220226_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20220226/orel-1775215819.html">”Первый пуск корабля "Орел" перенесли на 2024 год”</a> (på ryska). RIA Novosti. 26 februari 2022<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ria.ru/20220226/orel-1775215819.html">https://ria.ru/20220226/orel-1775215819.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F+%22%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%22+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+2024+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.atitle=&rft.date=26+februari+2022&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20220226%2Forel-1775215819.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plans-14">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-plans_14-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plans_14-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFAnatoly_Zak2009">Anatoly Zak (3 april 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7980824.stm">”"Russia to unveil spaceship plans"”</a> (på engelska). <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7980824.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7980824.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Russia+to+unveil+spaceship+plans%22&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Anatoly+Zak&rft.au=Anatoly+Zak&rft.date=3+april+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7980824.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thrust-15"><a href="#cite_ref-thrust_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFAnatoly_Zak2009">Anatoly Zak (29 april 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8024590.stm">”Russia mulls rocket power 'first'”</a> (på engelska). <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8024590.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8024590.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Russia+mulls+rocket+power+%27first%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Anatoly+Zak&rft.au=Anatoly+Zak&rft.date=29+april+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F8024590.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWRusM-16"><a href="#cite_ref-RSWRusM_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ppts_lv.html">”Rus-M Launch Vehicle”</a>. Russian Space Web<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ppts_lv.html">http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ppts_lv.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rus-M+Launch+Vehicle&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fppts_lv.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RusMcanceled-17"><a href="#cite_ref-RusMcanceled_17-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1110/07rusm/">”Replacement for Soyuz rocket canned by Russia”</a>. SpaceFlightNow<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1110/07rusm/">http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1110/07rusm/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Replacement+for+Soyuz+rocket+canned+by+Russia&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=SpaceFlightNow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1110%2F07rusm%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angara-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Angara_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/16658-russia-crew-spacecraft-angara-rocket.html">”Russia Converts Unmanned Rocket to Carry New Crewed Spaceship”</a> (på engelska). Space.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.space.com/16658-russia-crew-spacecraft-angara-rocket.html">http://www.space.com/16658-russia-crew-spacecraft-angara-rocket.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Russia+Converts+Unmanned+Rocket+to+Carry+New+Crewed+Spaceship&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Space.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F16658-russia-crew-spacecraft-angara-rocket.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/kosmos/15877047">”В космическом корабле "Орел" применят лучшие техрешения "Союзов"”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tass.ru/kosmos/15877047">https://tass.ru/kosmos/15877047</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5+%22%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%22+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%22&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fkosmos%2F15877047&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orel_(rymdfarkost)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orel_(spacecraft)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Bemannade_rymdfarkoster" title="Mall:Bemannade rymdfarkoster"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Bemannade_rymdfarkoster&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Bemannade rymdfarkoster</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Aktiva</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sovjet/<br />Ryssland:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(rymdfarkost)" title="Sojuz (rymdfarkost)">Sojuz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Kina:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou" title="Shenzhou">Shenzhou</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Privat:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Two" title="Spaceship Two">Spaceship Two</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="7"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/125px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/188px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/250px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Avvecklade</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sovjet:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voschod" title="Voschod">Voschod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vostok" title="Vostok">Vostok</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">USA:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Apolloprogrammet" title="Apolloprogrammet">Apolloprogrammet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollos_kommando-_och_servicemodul" title="Apollos kommando- och servicemodul">kommando- och servicemodul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apolloprogrammets_m%C3%A5nlandare" title="Apolloprogrammets månlandare">månlandare</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(rymdfarkost)" title="Gemini (rymdfarkost)">Gemini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(rymdfarkost)" title="Mercury (rymdfarkost)">Mercury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Rymdfärjan</a> • <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Privat:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceship_One" title="Spaceship One">Spaceship One</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Under utveckling</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Ryssland:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orel</a> <b>USA:</b> <a href="/wiki/Orion_CEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion CEV">Orion CEV</a> <b>Indien:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <b>Iran:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavoshgar_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavoshgar E [inte skriven än]">Kavoshgar E</a> <b>Kina:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4sta_generation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nästa generation [inte skriven än]">Nästa generation</a> <b>Privat:</b> <a href="/wiki/CST-100_Starliner" title="CST-100 Starliner">CST-100 Starliner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> • <a href="/wiki/BFR_(raket)" class="mw-redirect" title="BFR (raket)">Starship</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Sovjet:</b> <a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buran" title="Buran">Buran</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&oldid=55347684">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orel_(rymdfarkost)&oldid=55347684</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rymdfarkoster" title="Kategori:Rymdfarkoster">Rymdfarkoster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ryssland_under_2000-talet" title="Kategori:Ryssland under 2000-talet">Ryssland under 2000-talet</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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