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</li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the infectious disease, see <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cold_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cold (disambiguation)">Cold (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Cold is the presence of low <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective perception</a>. A lower bound to temperature is <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>, defined as 0.00 K on the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> scale, an absolute <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">thermodynamic temperature</a> scale. This corresponds to −273.15 °C on the <a href="/wiki/Celsius_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius scale">Celsius scale</a>, −459.67 °F on the <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrenheit scale">Fahrenheit scale</a>, and 0.00 °R on the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine scale</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_iceberg,_2001_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Antarctic_iceberg%2C_2001_-2.jpg/300px-Antarctic_iceberg%2C_2001_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Antarctic_iceberg%2C_2001_-2.jpg/450px-Antarctic_iceberg%2C_2001_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Antarctic_iceberg%2C_2001_-2.jpg/600px-Antarctic_iceberg%2C_2001_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">iceberg</a>, which is commonly associated with cold</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_signal_cold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diving_signal_cold.jpg/220px-Diving_signal_cold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diving_signal_cold.jpg/330px-Diving_signal_cold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diving_signal_cold.jpg/440px-Diving_signal_cold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></a><figcaption>Signal "cold" – unofficial (except recommended by <a href="/wiki/CMAS*_SCUBA_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="CMAS* SCUBA Diver">CMAS</a>), it is nonetheless used by many schools of diving and propagated through diving websites as one of the more useful additional signals<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goose_bumps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goose_bumps.jpg/220px-Goose_bumps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goose_bumps.jpg/330px-Goose_bumps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goose_bumps.jpg/440px-Goose_bumps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goose_bumps" title="Goose bumps">Goose bumps</a>, a common physiological response to cold, aiming to reduce the loss of body heat in a cold environment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/220px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/330px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/440px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="688"></a><figcaption>A photograph of the snow surface at <a href="/wiki/Dome_C" title="Dome C">Dome C</a> Station, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. A part of the notoriously cold <a href="/wiki/Polar_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar Plateau">Polar Plateau</a>, it is representative of the majority of the continent's surface.</figcaption></figure> Since temperature relates to the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> held by an object or a sample of matter, which is the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter, an object will have less thermal energy when it is colder and more when it is hotter. If it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero, all motion of the particles in a sample of matter would cease and they would be at complete rest in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">classical</a> sense. The object could be described as having zero thermal energy. Microscopically in the description of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, however, matter still has <a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">zero-point energy</a> even at absolute zero, because of the <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Cooling">1 Cooling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history">2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#From_the_17th_century">2.2 From the 17th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#19th_century">2.3 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#20th_century">2.4 20th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Physiological_effects">3 Physiological effects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Common_myths">3.1 Common myths</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notable_cold_locations_and_objects">4 Notable cold locations and objects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mythology_and_culture">5 Mythology and culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Cooling">Cooling</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cooling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></div> Cooling refers to the process of becoming cold, or lowering in <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. This could be accomplished by removing heat from a system, or exposing the system to an environment with a lower temperature. <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> used to cool objects, prevent freezing and prevent erosion in machines.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a> is the process of cooling an object by exposing it to <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object, and the process can be enhanced by increasing the <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a>, increasing the coolant flow rate, or decreasing the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of the object.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Another common method of cooling is exposing an object to <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>. This works by <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a>; the heat is transferred from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">Laser cooling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic evaporative cooling">magnetic evaporative cooling</a> are techniques used to reach very low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In ancient times, ice was not adopted for <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> but used to cool wine which the Romans had also done. According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Emperor Nero</a> invented the ice bucket to chill wines instead of adding it to wine to make it cold as it would dilute it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200017-7">[7]</a> Some time around 1700 BC <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari Kingdom</a> in northwest Iraq had created an "icehouse" called bit shurpin at a location close to his capital city on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. In the 7th century BC the Chinese had used icehouses to preserve vegetables and fruits. During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynastic rule</a> in China (618–907 AD) a document refers to the practice of using ice that was in vogue during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chou_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Chou Dynasty">Eastern Chou Dynasty</a> (770–256 BC) by 94 workmen employed for "Ice-Service" to freeze everything from wine to dead bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200017-7">[7]</a> Shachtman says that in the 4th century AD, the brother of the Japanese emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nintoku" title="Emperor Nintoku">Nintoku</a> gave him a gift of ice from a mountain. The Emperor was so happy with the gift that he named the first of June as the "Day of Ice" and ceremoniously gave blocks of ice to his officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200017-7">[7]</a> Even in ancient times, Shachtman says, in Egypt and India, night cooling by evaporation of water and heat radiation, and the ability of salts to lower the freezing temperature of water was practiced. The ancient people of Rome and Greece were aware that boiled water cooled quicker than the ordinary water; the reason for this is that with boiling of water <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and other gases, which are deterrents to cooling, are removed; but this fact was not known till the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200017-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_17th_century">From the 17th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From the 17th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Shachtman says that King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> supported the work of <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a> as a magician to perform tricks such as producing thunder, lightning, lions, birds, trembling leaves and so forth. In 1620 he gave a demonstration in Westminster Abbey to the king and his courtiers on the power of cold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman20004-8">[8]</a> On a summer day, Shachtman says, Drebbel had created a chill (lowered the temperature by several degrees) in the hall of the Abbey, which made the king shiver and run out of the hall with his entourage. This was an incredible spectacle, says Shachtman. Several years before, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a> had demonstrated at the Abbey "ice fantasy gardens, intricate ice sculptures" and also iced drinks for banquets in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. The only reference to the artificial freezing created by Drebbel was by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>. His demonstration was not taken seriously as it was considered one of his magic tricks, as there was no practical application then. Drebbel had not revealed his secrets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman20008%E2%80%939-9">[9]</a> Shachtman says that Lord Chancellor Bacon, an advocate of experimental science, had tried in Novum Organum, published in the late 1620s, to explain the artificial freezing experiment at Westminster Abbey, though he was not present during the demonstration, as "<a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Nitre</a> (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its own cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold snow." This explanation on the cold inducing aspects of nitre and salt was tried then by many scientists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200012%E2%80%9313-10">[10]</a> Shachtman says it was the lack of scientific knowledge in physics and chemistry that had held back progress in the beneficial use of ice until a drastic change in religious opinions in the 17th century. The intellectual barrier was broken by Francis Bacon and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> who followed him in this quest for knowledge of cold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200018%E2%80%9325-11">[11]</a> Boyle did extensive experimentation during the 17th century in the discipline of cold, and his research on pressure and volume was the forerunner of research in the field of cold during the 19th century. He explained his approach as "Bacon's identification of heat and cold as the right and left hands of nature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200025%E2%80%9326-12">[12]</a> Boyle also refuted some of the theories mooted by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> on cold by experimenting on transmission of cold from one material to the other. He proved that water was not the only source of cold but gold, silver and crystal, which had no water content, could also change to severe cold condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShachtman200028-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9on_Perrault,_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg/170px-L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg/170px-L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg/255px-L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg/340px-L%C3%A9on_Perrault%2C_1890_-_Out_in_the_Cold.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Out In The Cold, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bazille_Perrault" class="mw-redirect" title="Léon Bazille Perrault">Léon Bazille Perrault</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States from about 1850 till end of 19th century export of ice was second only to cotton. The first ice box was developed by Thomas Moore, a farmer from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1810 to carry butter in an oval shaped wooden tub. The tub was provided with a metal lining in its interior and surrounded by a packing of ice. A rabbit skin was used as insulation. Moore also developed an ice box for domestic use with the container built over a space of 6 cubic feet (0.17 m3) which was filled with ice. In 1825, ice harvesting by use of a horse drawn ice cutting device was invented by Nathaniel J. Wyeth. The cut blocks of uniform size ice was a cheap method of food preservation widely practiced in the United States. Also developed in 1855 was a steam powered device to haul 600 tons of ice per hour. More innovations ensued. Devices using compressed air as a refrigerants were invented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlynn200423-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">Iceboxes</a> were in widespread use from the mid-19th century to the 1930s, when the <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a> was introduced into the home. Most municipally consumed ice was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in <a href="/wiki/Icehouse_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Icehouse (building)">ice houses</a>, and delivered domestically as iceboxes became more common. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a> in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Physiological_effects">Physiological effects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiological effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Cold has numerous <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathological</a> effects on the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, as well as on other organisms. Cold environments may promote certain <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> traits, as well as having direct effects on the ability to move. <a href="/wiki/Shivering" title="Shivering">Shivering</a> is one of the first physiological responses to cold.<a href="#cite_note-mayo_hypothermia-16">[16]</a> Even at low temperatures, the cold can massively disrupt blood circulation. Extracellular water freezes and tissue is destroyed. It affects fingers, toes, nose, ears and cheeks particularly often. They discolor, swell, blister, and bleed. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Frostnip" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostnip">frostnip</a> leads to local frostbite or even to the death of entire body parts. Only temporary cold reactions of the skin are without consequences. As blood vessels contract, they become cool and pale, with less oxygen getting into the tissue. Warmth stimulates blood circulation again and is painful but harmless. Comprehensive protection against the cold is particularly important for children and for sports. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, which in turn may result in death.<a href="#cite_note-amputate-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_myths">Common myths</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Common myths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">common, but false, statement</a> states that cold weather itself can induce the identically named <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> No scientific evidence of this has been found, although the disease, alongside <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and others, does <a href="/wiki/Flu_season" title="Flu season">increase in prevalence</a> with colder weather. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Notable_cold_locations_and_objects">Notable cold locations and objects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable cold locations and objects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boomerang_nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boomerang_nebula.jpg/220px-Boomerang_nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boomerang_nebula.jpg/220px-Boomerang_nebula.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boomerang_nebula.jpg/330px-Boomerang_nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boomerang_nebula.jpg/440px-Boomerang_nebula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Nebula" title="Boomerang Nebula">Boomerang Nebula</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/220px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="4700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/220px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/330px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/440px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> in Boulder, Colorado using a new technique, managed to chill a microscopic mechanical drum to 360 micro<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>, making it the coldest object on record. Theoretically, using this technique, an object could be cooled to absolute zero.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>The coldest known temperature ever achieved is a <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state of matter</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a> which was first theorized to exist by <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> in 1924 and first created by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Cornell">Eric Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a>, and co-workers at <a href="/wiki/JILA" title="JILA">JILA</a> on 5 June 1995. They did this by cooling a dilute vapor consisting of approximately two thousand <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium-87</a> atoms to below 170 nK (one nK or nanokelvin is a billionth (10−9) of a <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>) using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> (a technique that won its inventors <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="William D. Phillips">William D. Phillips</a> the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic evaporative cooling">magnetic evaporative cooling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">90377 Sedna</a> is one of the coldest known objects within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Orbiting at an average distance of 84 billion miles, Sedna has an average surface temperature of -400°F (-240°C).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>The lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Hermite_(crater)" title="Hermite (crater)">Hermite</a> was described after a 2009 survey by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> as the "coldest known place in the Solar System", with temperatures at 26 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> (−413 °F, −247 °C).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Nebula" title="Boomerang Nebula">Boomerang Nebula</a> is the coldest known natural location in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, with a temperature that is estimated at 1 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−272.15 °C, −457.87 °F).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>The Dwarf Planet <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> is one of the coldest known objects in our solar system. With a Temperature of -401 degrees <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> or -241 degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> spacecraft's instruments are kept at 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−273.05 °C, −459.49 °F) via passive and active cooling.<a href="#cite_note-space20090707-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Absent any other source of heat, the temperature of the Universe is roughly 2.725 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">Cosmic microwave background radiation</a>, a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> has a surface temperature of 38.15 K (−235 °C, −391 °F)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black-body</a> temperature of 58.2 K (−215.0 °C, −354.9 °F).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> with a black-body temperature of 81.1 K (−192.0 °C, −313.7 °F).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, despite being close to the Sun, is actually cold during its night, with a temperature of about 93.15 K (−180 °C, −290 °F). Mercury is cold during its night because it has no <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> to trap in <a href="/wiki/Solar_gain" title="Solar gain">heat</a> from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> with a black-body temperature of 110.0 K (−163.2 °C, −261.67 °F).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> with a black-body temperature of 210.1 K (−63.05 °C, −81.49 °F).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>The coldest continent on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The coldest place on Earth is the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> an area of Antarctica around the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> that has an <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> of around 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The lowest reliably measured temperature on Earth of 183.9 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) was recorded there at <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a> on 21 July 1983.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Poles of Cold</a> are the places in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemispheres</a> where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a>).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>The cold deserts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, known as the tundra region, experiences an annual snow fall of a few inches and temperatures recorded are as low as 203.15 K (−70 °C, −94 °F). Only a few small plants survive in the generally frozen ground (thaws only for a short spell).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201216-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Cold deserts of the Himalayas are a feature of a rain-shadow zone created by the mountain peaks of the Himalaya range that runs from <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamir Knot">Pamir Knot</a> extending to the southern border of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>; however this mountain range is also the reason for the monsoon rain fall in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. This zone is located in an elevation of about 3,000 m, and covers <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahaul">Lahaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poo,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Poo, Himachal Pradesh">Pooh</a>. In addition, there are inner valleys within the main Himalayas such as <a href="/wiki/Chamoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamoli">Chamoli</a>, some areas of <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnaur">Kinnaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh" title="Pithoragarh">Pithoragarh</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> which are also categorized as cold deserts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi20029-39">[39]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctica"><noscript><img alt="Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg/270px-Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg/270px-Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg" data-alt="Antarctica" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg/405px-Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg/540px-Adelie_Penguins_on_iceberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanglanglapass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cold desert of the Himalayas in Ladakh"><noscript><img alt="Cold desert of the Himalayas in Ladakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanglanglapass.jpg/240px-Tanglanglapass.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanglanglapass.jpg/240px-Tanglanglapass.jpg" data-alt="Cold desert of the Himalayas in Ladakh" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanglanglapass.jpg/360px-Tanglanglapass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanglanglapass.jpg/480px-Tanglanglapass.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cold desert of the Himalayas in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tree with hoarfrost"><noscript><img alt="Tree with hoarfrost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG/240px-Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG/240px-Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG" data-alt="Tree with hoarfrost" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG/360px-Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG/480px-Frozen_tree_-_3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tree with hoarfrost</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frozen Saint Lawrence River"><noscript><img alt="Frozen Saint Lawrence River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg/270px-Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2208"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg/270px-Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg" data-alt="Frozen Saint Lawrence River" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg/405px-Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg/540px-Alphonse-Desjardins.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frozen Saint Lawrence River</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_ice_terrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter sea ice"><noscript><img alt="Winter sea ice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/267px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 178px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/267px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg" data-alt="Winter sea ice" data-width="178" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/400px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/533px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winter sea ice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_Climbing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ice climbing"><noscript><img alt="Ice climbing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ice_Climbing.jpg/262px-Ice_Climbing.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ice_Climbing.jpg/262px-Ice_Climbing.jpg" data-alt="Ice climbing" data-width="175" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ice_Climbing.jpg/394px-Ice_Climbing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ice_Climbing.jpg/525px-Ice_Climbing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ice climbing</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Mythology_and_culture">Mythology and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mythology and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a> was a realm of primordial ice and cold with nine frozen rivers in <a href="/wiki/Norse_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Mythology">Norse Mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole2015118-40">[40]</a></li> <li>The "Hell in Dante's Inferno" is stated as <a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a> a frozen lake where Virgil and Dante were deposited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981198-41">[41]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li>Technical, scientific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a> – Machine that removes heat from a liquid coolant via vapor compression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a> – Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a> – Earth's surface where water is frozen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Freezing point</a> – Temperature at which a solid turns liquid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_temperature" title="Negative temperature">Negative temperature</a> – Physical systems hotter than any other</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_beta" title="Thermodynamic beta">Coldness</a> – Measure of the coldness of a system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultracold_atom" title="Ultracold atom">Ultracold atom</a> – Atoms kept at temperatures close to absolute zero</li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment, myth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> – Frozen dessert</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indrid_Cold_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indrid Cold (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Indrid Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball" title="Snowball">Snowball</a> – Spherical object made from compacted snow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowman" title="Snowman">Snowman</a> – Figure sculpted from snow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">Winter sport</a> – Sports or recreational activities which are played on snow or icePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targetss</li></ul></li> <li>Meteorological: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">Atmospheric inversion</a> – Deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">Cold front</a> – Leading edge of a cooler mass of air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing rain</a> – Rain maintained at temperatures below freezing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a> – Coating or deposit of ice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> – Form of solid precipitation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Sleet</a> – Form of precipitation consisting of rain and melting snow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> – Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes</li></ul></li> <li>Geographical and climatological: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a> – Persistent body of ice that moves downhill under its own weight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">Ice cap</a> – Ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a> – Polar climate where no mean monthly temperature exceeds 0 °C (32 °F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a> – Large mass of glacial tulips</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dive-links.com/en/uwzeichen.php">Scuba Diving – Hand Signals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414195610/http://www.dive-links.com/en/uwzeichen.php">Archived</a> 14 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coolantexperts.com&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Coolant+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolantexperts.com%2Fcoolant_overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2143/air-cooling">"Air Cooling"</a>. techopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302104201/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2143/air-cooling">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2016. 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NASA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/neptune_triton.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%3A+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory%2C+California+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Voyager+the+Interstellar+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fneptune_triton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621011402/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html">"Uranus Fact Sheet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranus+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Furanusfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818175309/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">"Saturn Fact Sheet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturn+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fsaturnfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/indepth">"Mercury: In Depth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202084356/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/indepth">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury%3A+In+Depth&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fmercury%2Findepth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413155109/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html">"Jupiter Fact Sheet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fjupiterfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html">"Mars Fact Sheet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123014931/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fmarsfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8070">"Melting Ice in Antarctica : Image of the Day"</a>. 25 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090119213621/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8070">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melting+Ice+in+Antarctica+%3A+Image+of+the+Day&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D8070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBignell2007" class="citation news cs1">Bignell, Paul (21 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108165347/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/polar-explorers-reach-coldest-place-on-earth-433074.html">"Polar explorers reach coldest place on Earth"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/polar-explorers-reach-coldest-place-on-earth-433074.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Polar+explorers+reach+coldest+place+on+Earth&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft.aulast=Bignell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fpolar-explorers-reach-coldest-place-on-earth-433074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudretsky,_A.B.1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Budretsky, A.B. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html">"New absolute minimum of air temperature"</a>. Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (105). Leningrad: <a href="/wiki/Gidrometeoizdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gidrometeoizdat">Gidrometeoizdat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Soviet+Antarctic+Expedition&rft.atitle=New+absolute+minimum+of+air+temperature&rft.issue=105&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Budretsky%2C+A.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aari.aq%2Fpublication%2Fabs_min%2Fabs_min.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidnerKingBoxColwell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Weidner, George; King, John; Box, Jason E.; Colwell, Steve; Jones, Phil; Lazzara, Matthew; Cappelen, John; Brunet, Manola; Cerveny, Randall S. (23 September 2020). "WMO evaluation of northern hemispheric coldest temperature: −69.6 °C at Klinck, Greenland, 22 December 1991". Royal Meteorological Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=WMO+evaluation+of+northern+hemispheric+coldest+temperature%3A+%E2%88%9269.6+%C2%B0C+at+Klinck%2C+Greenland%2C+22+December+1991&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Weidner&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=King%2C+John&rft.au=Box%2C+Jason+E.&rft.au=Colwell%2C+Steve&rft.au=Jones%2C+Phil&rft.au=Lazzara%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Cappelen%2C+John&rft.au=Brunet%2C+Manola&rft.au=Cerveny%2C+Randall+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201216-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence201216_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence2012">Lawrence 2012</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi20029-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi20029_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegi2002">Negi 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole2015118-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole2015118_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToole2015">Toole 2015</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981198-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981198_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowlie1981">Fowlie 1981</a>, p. 198. </li> </ol></div> Bibliography <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2004" class="citation book cs1">Flynn, Thomas (2004). Cryogenics Engineering (2nd ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-5367-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-5367-4"><bdi>0-8247-5367-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cryogenics+Engineering&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8247-5367-4&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlie1981" class="citation book cs1">Fowlie, Wallace (15 May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLeDrZBn2ncC&pg=PA198">A Reading of Dante's Inferno</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25888-1"><bdi>978-0-226-25888-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reading+of+Dante%27s+Inferno&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-25888-1&rft.aulast=Fowlie&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLeDrZBn2ncC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2012" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Ellen (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoFyHtc_g9EC&pg=PA16">What Is Climate?</a>. Bearport Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61772-401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61772-401-5"><bdi>978-1-61772-401-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Climate%3F&rft.pub=Bearport+Publishing&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61772-401-5&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoFyHtc_g9EC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegi2002" class="citation book cs1">Negi, S.S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54RgJ6FgMl0C">Cold Deserts of India</a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-127-6"><bdi>978-81-7387-127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Deserts+of+India&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-127-6&rft.aulast=Negi&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54RgJ6FgMl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShachtman2000" class="citation book cs1">Shachtman, Tom (12 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ91od-UYygC">Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-52595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-52595-2"><bdi>978-0-547-52595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+Zero+and+the+Conquest+of+Cold&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000-12-12&rft.isbn=978-0-547-52595-2&rft.aulast=Shachtman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJ91od-UYygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToole2015" class="citation book cs1">Toole, S. J. (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KI5CgAAQBAJ">Origin Myth of Me: Reflections of Our Origins Creation of the Lulu</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-22607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-22607-4"><bdi>978-1-329-22607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+Myth+of+Me%3A+Reflections+of+Our+Origins+Creation+of+the+Lulu&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-329-22607-4&rft.aulast=Toole&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KI5CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Cold at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cold" class="extiw" title="wikt:cold">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cold" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cold">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cold" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Cold">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cold" class="extiw" title="q:Cold">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cold" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cold">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cold" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cold">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cold" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cold">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270952" class="extiw" title="d:Q270952">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNayWeaAXEYC">Soldier's Handbook for Individual Operations and Survival in Cold-Weather Areas</a>. Smashbooks. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier%27s+Handbook+for+Individual+Operations+and+Survival+in+Cold-Weather+Areas&rft.pub=Smashbooks&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNayWeaAXEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2008" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Tom (28 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/28/nyregion/28teacherbox.html">"Tips for Surviving in Antarctica"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tips+for+Surviving+in+Antarctica&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F28%2Fnyregion%2F28teacherbox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACold" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold&oldid=1242290882">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold&oldid=1242290882</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Cold&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 August 2024, at 01:04 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="برد (حالة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برد (حالة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredor" title="Fredor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fredor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(%C5%9Faxta)" title="Don (şaxta) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Don (şaxta)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="ঠাণ্ডা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঠাণ্ডা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipot" title="Lipot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lipot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_(temperatura)" title="Fred (temperatura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fred (temperatura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Сивĕлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сивĕлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlad" title="Chlad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chlad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulde" title="Kulde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADo" title="Frío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvarmo" title="Malvarmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malvarmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADu" title="Fríu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fríu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotz" title="Hotz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hotz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="سرما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froid" title="Froid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Froid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld" title="Kjeld – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kjeld" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADo" title="Frío – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frío" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%9C%84" title="추위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigoro" title="Frigoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frigoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingin" title="Dingin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dingin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigido" title="Frigido – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Frigido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94)" title="קור (תחושה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קור (תחושה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaridi" title="Ubaridi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubaridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigus" title="Frigus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frigus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejuk" title="Sejuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кельме – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кельме" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kou_(temperatuur)" title="Kou (temperatuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kou (temperatuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridd" title="Fridd – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fridd" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulde" title="Kulde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulde" title="Kulde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kulde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%82%C3%B3d" title="Chłód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chłód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frio" title="Frio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frig" title="Frig – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frig" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Холод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftoht%C3%ABsia" title="Ftohtësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ftohtësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friddu" title="Friddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Friddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD" title="ශීත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශීත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold" title="Cold – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cold" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlad" title="Chlad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chlad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabow" title="Qabow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qabow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="سەرما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyla" title="Kyla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kyla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="శీతము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శీతము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99" title="ความเย็น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเย็น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fuk" title="Soğuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Холод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Холод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سرد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemiai" title="Jemiai – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jemiai" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="קאלטקייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלטקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D" title="凍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0altis" title="Šaltis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šaltis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7" title="冷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-542sp","wgBackendResponseTime":232,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.045","walltime":"1.317","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7485,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":86928,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4833,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":134927,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1189.235 1 -total"," 25.52% 303.493 23 Template:Annotated_link"," 22.03% 261.954 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.06% 167.197 20 Template:Cite_web"," 8.85% 105.239 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.66% 91.082 15 Template:Sfn"," 5.53% 65.814 1 Template:Wikimedia"," 5.31% 63.181 1 Template:About"," 3.81% 45.349 3 Template:Fix"," 3.77% 44.850 1 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