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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Franklin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%83%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Франклин, Бенџьамин – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Франклин, Бенџьамин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنجامين فرانكلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنجامين فرانكلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պենճամին Ֆրանքլին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պենճամին Ֆրանքլին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বেঞ্জামিন ফ্ৰেংকলিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেঞ্জামিন ফ্ৰেংকলিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencamin_Franklin" title="Bencamin Franklin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bencamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنجامین فرانکلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنجامین فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বেঞ্জামিন ফ্রাঙ্কলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেঞ্জামিন ফ্রাঙ্কলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенджамин Франклин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бенджамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бенджамін Франклін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенджамін Франклін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бэнджамін Франклін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнджамін Франклін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенджамин Франклин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенджамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Франклин Бенджамин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франклин Бенджамин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βενιαμίν Φραγκλίνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βενιαμίν Φραγκλίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنجامین فرانکلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنجامین فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%B0" title="벤저민 프랭클린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벤저민 프랭클린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բենջամին Ֆրանկլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենջամին Ֆրանկլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेंजामिन फ्रैंकलिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेंजामिन फ्रैंकलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בנג'מין פרנקלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנג'מין פרנקלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೆಂಜಮಿನ್ ಫ್ರ್ಯಾಂಕ್ಲಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಂಜಮಿನ್ ಫ್ರ್ಯಾಂಕ್ಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенджамин Франклин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенджамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенжамин Франклин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бенжамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniaminus_Franklinius" title="Beniaminus Franklinius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beniaminus Franklinius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend%C5%BEamins_Franklins" title="Bendžamins Franklins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bendžamins Franklins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенџамин Френклин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенџамин Френклин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബെഞ്ചമിൻ ഫ്രാങ്ക്ലിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെഞ്ചമിൻ ഫ്രാങ്ക്ലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेंजामिन फ्रँकलिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेंजामिन फ्रँकलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينچامين فرانكلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينچامين فرانكلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنجامین فرانکلین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنجامین فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенжамин Франклин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенжамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဘင်ဂျမင် ဖရန်ကလင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘင်ဂျမင် ဖရန်ကလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बेन्जामिन फ्र्याङ्कलिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेन्जामिन फ्र्याङ्कलिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ベンジャミン・フランクリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンジャミン・フランクリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੈਂਜਾਮਿਨ ਫ਼ਰੈਂਕਲਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਂਜਾਮਿਨ ਫ਼ਰੈਂਕਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="بنجمن فرینکلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنجمن فرینکلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنجامين فرانکلين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنجامين فرانکلين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Франклин, Бенджамин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франклин, Бенджамин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="बेञ्जामिन् फ्रॅङ्कलिन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बेञ्जामिन् फ्रॅङ्कलिन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බෙන්ජමින් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙන්ජමින් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بێنجامین فرانکلین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێنجامین فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенџамин Френклин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенџамин Френклин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெஞ்சமின் பிராங்கிளின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெஞ்சமின் பிராங்கிளின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnyamin_Frankliyn" title="Bnyamin Frankliyn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bnyamin Frankliyn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенджамин Франклин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенджамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బెంజమిన్ ఫ్రాంక్లిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెంజమిన్ ఫ్రాంక్లిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เบนจามิน แฟรงคลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบนจามิน แฟรงคลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бенҷамин Франклин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бенҷамин Франклин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бенджамін Франклін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенджамін Франклін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="بنجمن فرینکلن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنجمن فرینکلن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklini_Benjamin" title="Franklini Benjamin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Franklini Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="本杰明·法兰克林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本杰明·法兰克林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בענדזשאמין פרענקלין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בענדזשאמין פרענקלין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="富蘭克林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="富蘭克林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Benjamin Franklin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Franklin" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Franklin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Franklin (disambiguation)">Franklin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098372">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:125%;" class="fn">Benjamin Franklin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/220px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/330px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/440px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="2971" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">6th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania#Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Executive_Council_to_1790" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 18, 1785 – November 5, 1788</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Biddle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Biddle (not yet started)">Charles Biddle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dickinson_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dickinson (politician) (not yet started)">John Dickinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Ambassador_to_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Ambassador to France (not yet started)">United States Minister to France</a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 14, 1778 – May 17, 1785<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat) (not yet started)">Arthur Lee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silas_Deane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silas Deane (not yet started)">Silas Deane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>New office</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Ambassador_to_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Ambassador to Sweden (not yet started)">United States Minister to Sweden</a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 28, 1782 – April 3, 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>New office</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Jonathan Russell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">1st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 26, 1775 – November 7, 1776</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>New office</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (not yet started)">Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 1764 – October 1764</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Norris_(statesman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Norris (statesman) (not yet started)">Isaac Norris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Norris_(statesman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Norris (statesman) (not yet started)">Isaac Norris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Member of the Pennsylvania Assembly</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1762–1764</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1751–1757</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1706-01-17</span>)</span>January 17, 1706<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 17, 1790<span style="display:none">(1790-04-17)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deborah_Read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deborah Read (not yet started)">Deborah Read</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin</a><br />Francis Folger Franklin<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Franklin_Bache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Franklin Bache (not yet started)">Sarah Franklin Bache</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Scientist<br />Writer<br />Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benjamin Franklin's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg/128px-Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg/192px-Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg/256px-Benjamin_Franklin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="119" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Benjamin Franklin</b> (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a>, and scientist. He has also been known as "the First American". He was a very important person in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and helped make the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> one nation. As a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, he influenced <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>. He even was the first thing many Europeans associated with America at the time. His successful <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> was an important factor in the United States' win over <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_family">Childhood and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Childhood and family" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Childhood and family"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin was born in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engber_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two years of school he stayed home as an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprentice</a> in his father's <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candle</a>-making shop. Two years after starting to work at his father's shop, he went to work at his brother James' printing shop. While working there, Franklin secretly wrote articles for the newspaper and labelled them as being by "Mrs. Silence Dogood".<sup id="cite_ref-The_World_Book_Encyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_World_Book_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quarrelled with his brother and at age 17 ran away to Philadelphia, then to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and then back to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. </p><p>Franklin loved books and reading. Franklin, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> for all interested citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became rich and famous as a printer, publisher and writer. Later, he sold his businesses and became busy with science and politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_life">Political life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Political life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Political life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benjamin Franklin was very important in Pennsylvanian and early American politics. He was a leader in the city of Philadelphia, where he did many important things. He was the President of the Academy and College of Philadelphia. Later he became a councilman, a Justice of the Peace, later a representative of the city. He also started one of the first public <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> in Philadelphia. He was for many years the <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a> of Philadelphia, and in 1753 became Postmaster General of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. In 1757 he went to live in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> as agent for Pennsylvania and later for other colonies. </p><p>He was in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, which led the country during the Revolutionary War, and he helped write the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>. He controlled the <a href="/wiki/Postal_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal service">postal service</a> as Postmaster General. As <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to France he helped persuade the French to join the war against Great Britain. He helped negotiate the peace, too. Later, he was <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">part of the group</a> that made the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Publications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Publications"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin called himself a printer, but is also known for his writings. Among some of the more well known are Poor Richard's Almanack, and the Pennsylvanian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions">Inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Inventions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Inventions"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin was a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> who studied experiments in an effort to improve or correct them. One of his greatest contributions was in the <a href="/wiki/Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jar</a>. </p><p>Most people see Franklin as one of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>'s greatest <a href="/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor">inventors</a>. For example, he invented the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">bifocals</a>, the Franklin stove, and the <a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica" title="Glass harmonica">glass harmonica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Death" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Death"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>, April 17, 1790 aged 84. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Legacy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Legacy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benjamin Franklin owned <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a> and printed ads to help slavers find runaway slaves in his newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he changed his mind and became an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a>. But he still made a lot of money from slavery. </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (where he lived) marked his three hundredth <a href="/wiki/Birthday" title="Birthday">birthday</a> in 2006. Many streets and a few towns are named for him. </p><p>A picture of Franklin has been on the United States' <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">hundred-dollar bill</a> since 1928. He was also on the fifty-cent coin for 15 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Footnotes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Footnotes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Engber-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Engber_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engber, Daniel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2134455/">What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?</a>. Retrieved June 17, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_World_Book_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_World_Book_Encyclopedia_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._Nault1973" class="citation book cs1">William H. Nault (1973). <i>World Book Encyclopedia</i>. Field Enterprises Educational Corp. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716-60073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716-60073-2"><bdi>978-0716-60073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Field+Enterprises+Educational+Corp&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0716-60073-2&rft.au=William+H.+Nault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Franklin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622025801/http://www.franklinbusybody.com/facts.asp">"27 Interesting Facts about Ben Franklin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franklinbusybody.com/facts.asp">the original</a> on 2013-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=27+Interesting+Facts+about+Ben+Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franklinbusybody.com%2Ffacts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Franklin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFNash2006" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Gary B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_2006-12_150_4/page/620">"Franklin and Slavery"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>150</b> (4): 620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Franklin+and+Slavery&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=620&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_2006-12_150_4%2Fpage%2F620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Franklin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Feldman, Eve B. <i>Benjamin Franklin: Scientist and Inventor</i>. New York: Library of Congress, 1990. 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_and_political_philosophy167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactantius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactantius (not yet started)">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozi (not yet started)">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philo (not yet started)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polybius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polybius (not yet started)">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Yang (not yet started)">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xun_Kuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xun Kuang (not yet started)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avempace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avempace (not yet started)">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldus_de_Ubaldis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldus de Ubaldis (not yet started)">Baldus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolus_de_Saxoferrato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolus de Saxoferrato (not yet started)">Bartolus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Bruni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo Bruni (not yet started)">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giles_of_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giles of Rome (not yet started)">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decretum_Gratiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decretum Gratiani (not yet started)">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Salisbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Salisbury (not yet started)">John of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunetto_Latini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunetto Latini (not yet started)">Latini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsilius_of_Padua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsilius of Padua (not yet started)">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizam al-Mulk (not yet started)">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Tufail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Tufail (not yet started)">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Anshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Anshi (not yet started)">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Beza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Beza (not yet started)">Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Bodin (not yet started)">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (not yet started)">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Buchanan (not yet started)">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_de_Mornay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe de Mornay (not yet started)">Duplessis-Mornay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Filmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Filmer (not yet started)">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawrzyniec_Go%C5%9Blicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawrzyniec Goślicki (not yet started)">Goslicius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Grotius (not yet started)">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Harrington_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Harrington (author) (not yet started)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayashi_Razan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayashi Razan (not yet started)">Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Hotman (not yet started)">Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Malebranche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Malebranche (not yet started)">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_von_Pufendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel von Pufendorf (not yet started)">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algernon_Sidney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algernon Sidney (not yet started)">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Bastiat (not yet started)">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Beccaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Beccaria (not yet started)">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (not yet started)">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Bonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Bonald (not yet started)">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Condorcet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis de Condorcet (not yet started)">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Constant (not yet started)">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fourier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Fourier (not yet started)">Fourier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller (not yet started)">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Hamann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Hamann (not yet started)">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius (not yet started)">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (not yet started)">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant (not yet started)">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Le_Bon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Le Bon (not yet started)">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play (not yet started)">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph de Maistre (not yet started)">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Renan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Renan (not yet started)">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Royce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Royce (not yet started)">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_de_Saint-Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri de Saint-Simon (not yet started)">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysander_Spooner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysander Spooner (not yet started)">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaine de Staël (not yet started)">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Stirner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Stirner (not yet started)">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Taine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Taine (not yet started)">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Vico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giambattista Vico (not yet started)">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Warren (not yet started)">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–21st-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Agamben (not yet started)">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Aron (not yet started)">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Badiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Badiou (not yet started)">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Bernstein (not yet started)">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Burnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Burnham (not yet started)">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Debord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Debord (not yet started)">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Gehlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Gehlen (not yet started)">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Guénon (not yet started)">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe (not yet started)">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. 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