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查看“︁瘟疫”︁的源代码 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁瘟疫”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%2598%259F%25E7%2596%25AB%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%2598%259F%25E7%2596%25AB%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12184" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因,您并无权限去编辑该页面: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>,但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前,IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被Jimmy-abot<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>,而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由:</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具,因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏,<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么?</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理(包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>)工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP,使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏,故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办?</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科,不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器,或是有特殊需要,请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理,那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下,您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置,或已被恶意软件(如病毒)入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题,可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是:<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议,您可以: </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>:前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp">-{R|https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp}-</a>,如果您没有账户,请选择“无法创建账户”。如果您有账户,请选择“已有账户,但无法编辑”。在页面下方的“IP地址和IPBE”一节,请您选择“检测并提供我的IP地址信息,同时申请IPBE权限”。如果您使用代理/翻墙工具,请确保您开启全局模式,以保证我们获得您的准确IP信息。管理员将手工处理您的请求。</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>邮件申诉</b>:将您的用户名和申诉理由写入电子邮件,发送至 <b><samp>unblock-zh<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="@"><img alt="@" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/12px-Nospam_at.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/18px-Nospam_at.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/24px-Nospam_at.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span>lists.wikimedia.org</samp></b>。管理员将在收到邮件后考虑您的请求。请注意邮件发送可能会有延时,请勿重复多次发送。</div> <div class="user-show"><b>联络管理员</b>:聯絡<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%B5%E9%82%AE%E8%81%94%E7%B3%BB/Jimmy-abot" title="Special:电邮联系/Jimmy-abot">执行封禁的管理员Jimmy-abot</a>或者其他的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%91%98%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95#在任管理员" title="Wikipedia:管理员名单">管理員</a>,討論這次封禁。如果您希望使用「電郵用戶」功能聯絡管理員,請注意您必须已于您的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE" title="Special:参数设置">参数设置</a>中設定了一個有效的電子郵件地址,并且在管理员执行封禁时没有被禁止发送电子邮件。</div></div> <p>您目前的IP地址是8.222.208.146,而該封鎖ID是#566341。請您在所有申訴中註明此IP地址及封鎖ID。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="height: 2em;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">Jon Kolbert</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间:2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间:2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁,您可以在<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">禁止公开代理</a>全域方针里找到更多信息和说明。您也可以<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">到元维基发布复查申请</a>讨论该封禁。您还可以给<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列(<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>)发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</li></ul><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Otheruses}} {{Redirect2|疫情|近期被人们简称为“疫情”的公共卫生事件|2019冠状病毒病疫情}} {{noteTA|G1=ME}} {{medical}} [[File:Yersinia pestis fluorescent.jpeg|200px|thumb|[[鼠疫]]的[[病原體]][[鼠疫杆菌]]([[荧光]])]] '''瘟疫'''({{lang-en|Pandemic}}),也称'''大流行''',是指某种[[流行病]]的大范围[[疾病爆发|爆发]],这种疾病往往具有高度的传染性和致命性,可以在短时间内引起大规模的病例和死亡。其规模涉及多个[[大陆]]甚至全球(即全球大流行),并有大量人口患病<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 1 - Section 11|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html|accessdate=2020-12-11|author=|date=2020-05-11|format=|work=|publisher=[[美国疾控中心]](CDC)|language=en-us|archive-date=2019-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615132128/https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a pandemic?|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/|accessdate=2020-12-11|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]](WHO)|language=|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416122711/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。瘟疫中的流行病多为[[传染病]],而这种流行病也被称为“大流行病”或“大流行性疾病”({{lang-en|Pandemic disease}})”<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=流行和大流行性疾病|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/zh/|accessdate=2020-12-21|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]|language=zh|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410185337/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/zh/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Disease outbreaks|url=http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/|accessdate=2020-12-21|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=世界卫生组织(WHO)|language=|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410153238/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 根據[[世界衛生組織]]的定義,瘟疫/大流行的出現應符合下列條件<ref name="who">{{cite web | language=en | url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/ | title=Avian influenza frequently asked questions | date=December 5, 2005 | accessdate=2009-02-13 | publisher=[[世界衛生組織]] | quote=A pandemic can start when three conditions have been met: a new influenza virus subtype emerges; it infects humans, causing serious illness; and it spreads easily and sustainably among humans. | archive-date=2004-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124215153/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/ | dead-url=no }}</ref>: # 一種新病原体在人群中出現; # 病原体可感染人,并能引起嚴重症状; # 病原易傳染,特別是在人與人之間傳染。 == 字源 == === 瘟疫 === 根據中國古籍著作《[[集韻]]》·平聲·魂韻:「瘟,疫也。」,而[[唐代]]作家[[柳宗元]]於《永州龍興寺息壤記行文》:「南方多疫,勞者先死。」,至於瘟疫一詞乃自古沿用至今,最早運用此字的著作,可能為《[[抱朴子]]》·內篇·微旨:「經瘟疫則不畏,遇急難則隱形。」 === 大流行 === 大流行一詞,始見《孟子·公孫丑上》:「德之流行,速於置郵而傳命。」三國演義·第一回:「中平元年正月內,疫氣流行,張角散施符水,為人治病。」 近代日本[[和製漢語]]對譯西方[[傳染]][[流行病學]]({{lang|en|Pandemic}})概念後,復廣為[[東亞文化圈]]使用。 「流行」依照其字義拆解而來。一般使用[[拉丁字母]]、[[希臘字母]]的[[語言]]對[[疾病]]大流行的稱呼,皆源自[[希臘文]]「{{lang|el|παν}}」合併「{{lang|el|δήμος}}」,表示「泛」聯合「人群」,也就是在人群中廣泛流行之意。 == 瘟疫历史年表 == {{Main|流行病列表}} 歷史上曾出現过多次瘟疫,許多都與[[動物]]有關,諸如[[流行性感冒]]、[[肺結核]]、[[鼠疫]]、[[肺炎]]等,而疾病大流行除了可造成[[死亡]]、摧毀[[城市]]、[[政治]]、[[國家]]、瓦解[[文明]],甚至可以殲滅[[族群]]、[[物種]],若人類有幸得以控制疫情,則可能更加健全[[医疗卫生|醫療]]品質、改革制度,進而提升人類福祉。下表依照時序將歷史上發生之主要瘟疫列為簡表,若需了解各次大流行概況,可參看主條目-{表}-中別稱之連結,若需參考各疾病較詳細內容可參看链接。 == 現在和未來可能的瘟疫 == === 快速致死疾病 === [[伊波拉出血熱|伊波拉病毒]]、[[拉薩熱]]、[[裂谷熱]]、-{zh-cn:[[馬爾堡病毒]]; zh-tw:[[馬堡病毒]];}-、[[玻利維亞出血熱]]都具高度[[傳染]]性並且能快速致人於死,理論上將可能造成廣大的流行。然而這些疾病的擴散能力卻也因此受到侷限,患者還不及將[[病原]]散佈便喪命,加上這幾種疾病都需要近距離接觸才會傳染,至今尚未在[[全球]]發生大流行,但[[基因突變]]的可能性,將有機會提高它們的蔓延潛力。 === 抗藥性 === {{Main|抗藥性}} 具有抵抗抗生素能力的[[超級細菌]]可能使得已獲得控制之疾病再度活躍,醫療專業人員已發現許多[[結核]]病的[[病原]],對多種傳統有效的藥物已產生多重抵抗力,使得治療方式日益困難,而[[抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌|金黃色葡萄球菌]]、[[粘質沙雷氏菌]]都有類似強力抵抗如[[萬古黴素]]等抗生素的現象,並且造成嚴重的[[院內感染]]。 === 後天免疫缺乏症候群 === {{Main|AIDS}} [[人類免疫缺乏病毒]]是造成[[愛滋病]]的元兇,今日已是[[全球]]大流行的疾病之一,國際間目前提出許多計划企圖壓制這種疾病的傳播,但由於對[[疾病]]的認知宣導和衛生的[[性教育]]至今無法完善,[[毒品]][[針筒|針頭]]共用等因素,加上社會普遍[[歧視]]患者的惡化,使得罹患[[人口]]逐年攀升,每年[[死亡]]人數亦持續成長。 === 嚴重急性呼吸道症候群 === ==== 第1型 ==== {{Main|严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒}} 2002年末出現的[[SARS]]是一種具有高度傳染力及高致死率的[[非典型肺炎]],由[[冠狀病毒]]引起,由於對於[[新興傳染病]]的預測和危機意識,國際間透過[[世界衛生組織]]連袂決策,在它發生全球性的大流行之前予以遏止,全球最終只有8,096人確診感染,但總死亡人数則達774人,而全球死亡率高達9.56%,部分地區更高於13%。然而,目前此疾病尚未根除,仍有可能再度引發醫療問題。 ==== 第2型 ==== {{main|严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2}} 而2019年末開始出現了其變種[[2019冠状病毒病]],雖然致死率在大部分地區低於SARS,但總確診及死亡人數則遠超其,专家则认为其传染性与[[流感病毒]]相似。由此在[[2019冠状病毒病疫情]]中大部分被[[SARS事件]]波及的國家与地區的感染人数与死亡人数也是遠超當時,甚至破千倍。 此次疫情被多个国际组织与媒体形容为是继[[第二次世界大战]]后最严峻的危机和最嚴重的疫情,遠遠甚於SARS的狀況,並造成史無前例的其他影響比如對經濟造成不小衝擊,同时也是[[抗生素]]普及後上最严重的大流行瘟疫。全球[[病例死亡率]]為{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ratio}},而[[Delta變種]]在英格蘭錄得0.04%(50歲以下)及6.5%(50歲以上)無疫苗病例死亡率<ref name=voctech>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1012644/Technical_Briefing_21.pdf |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical Briefing 21 |date=2021-08-20 |work=Public Health England |page=16 and 22 |access-date=29 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829032842/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1012644/Technical_Briefing_21.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>。總確診人数在{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date}}時达到了[[SARS]]的29322倍,而死亡人數则达到了6260倍,更引出了[[2019冠狀病毒病疫情全球反應與影響|世界各地長期以來的各種問題]]以及各種[[陰謀論]],以及接觸病毒人數越來越多,而病例死亡率趨於下降。 === 流行性感冒和禽流感 === {{Main|流感大流行|流行性感冒|禽流感}} 歷史上[[流行性感冒]]平均每20至40年便出現一次[[流感大流行|全球大流行]],而2004年2月,[[越南]]出現[[禽流感]]的[[流行病]],令人擔心新型流感出現的可能。结果[[H5N1]]病毒與人類現行流感病毒出現基因轉換,新型流感將可能出現,並獲得人對人的高度傳染性,也可能造成人類大量死亡,儘管目前對未來的推測不可認為完全正確,但若能有效預防,應能減少未來的恐慌或損失。<ref>Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza". </ref> == 世界衛生組織的對策 == {{Main|流感大流行|流感大流行警告}} [[世界衛生組織]]已針對[[流行性感冒]]可能的大流行研議出一套全球備戰計畫,定義了瘟疫的各種等級和發展階段,架構出[[聯合國]]在瘟疫發生時的運作角色,也對世界各國提出事前的準備建議。 ;預備期 * 第一階段:未有新型[[流行性感冒病毒]]在[[人類]]中發現。 * 第二階段:出現新型流行性感冒病毒,主要只感染[[動物]],但病毒變異可能威脅人類。 ;警戒期 * 第三階段:人類受到新型流行性感冒病毒感染,但未出現或只有少量人傳人個案。 * 第四階段:病毒人傳人個案增加,有持續人傳人的趨勢。 * 第五階段:病毒出現大量人傳人的案例。 ;瘟疫期 * 第六階段:爆發大流行,造成族群間的廣泛傳染。到這裡時,應該是[[國際關注的突發公共衛生事件]] ==生物武器== 瘟疫也曾被用來當成[[生物武器]]。1346年時,蒙古軍將死於瘟疫的屍體丟到圍困的[[克里米亞]]的卡法(今日[[俄羅斯]]的[[费奥多西亚]]),[[札尼別]]時代的蒙古軍中,多人得了瘟疫,在長期圍困後,蒙古軍將因瘟疫的死屍體丟到城內,試圖傳染給城內的居民。這可能是導致[[黑死病]]在歐洲蔓延的原因之一<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wheelis M |title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=971–5 |pmid=12194776 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm |pmc=2732530 |doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536 |date=September 2002 |access-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521182654/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm |archive-date=2008-05-21 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。 [[美洲原住民]]在和[[旧大陆]]的探險隊接觸後,因為探險隊也引入許多致命的疾病,造成美洲原住民的大量死亡。有記載對美洲原住民的細菌戰只有一次,是在[[法國-印第安人戰爭]]後期,約1763年的[[龐蒂亞克戰爭]]中,是由英國指揮官[[杰弗裡·阿默斯特]]<!--及瑞士-英國的軍官上校Henry Bouquet-->曾想將有天花病毒的毯子送給印地安人<ref>{{cite book |first=Jared |last=Diamond |title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa0000diam |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1997 |isbn=0-393-03891-2}}</ref>。可是不確定後來是否真的讓印地安人感染天花<ref>Dixon, ''Never Come to Peace'', 152–55; McConnell, ''A Country Between'', 195–96; Dowd, ''War under Heaven'', 190. 以下是一些認為有感染天花給印地安人的文獻:Nester, ''Haughty Conquerors"'', 112; Jennings, ''Empire of Fortune'', 447–48.</ref>。 [[中國抗日戰爭]](1937-1945)期间,[[大日本帝國陸軍|日本军队]]的[[731部队]]为从事[[生物战]][[细菌战]]研究而对成千上万的人进行[[人體實驗]],其中大多数是中国人。在军事战役中,日本军队对中国軍人和平民也使用过细菌武器,造成[[霍乱]]、[[炭疽病]]、[[鼠疫]]等疾病流行,使大约40万中国平民丧生。<ref>{{cite news |title=Doctors of Depravity |publisher=Daily Mail |author=Christopher Hudson |date=2 March 2007 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=439776&in_page_id=1770 |location=London |accessdate=2013-11-21 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145353/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=439776&in_page_id=1770 |dead-url=no }}</ref> 已知可被用于战争的疾病包括[[炭疽病]]、[[埃博拉病毒|埃博拉]]、[[马尔堡病毒]]、[[鼠疫]]、[[霍乱]]、[[斑疹傷寒]]、[[落磯山斑點熱]]、[[兔熱病]]、[[布魯氏菌病]]、[[Q型流感]]、[[玻利维亚出血热]]、[[球孢子菌病]]、[[馬鼻疽]]、[[類鼻疽]]、[[志賀氏菌]]、[[鸚鵡熱]]、[[流行性乙型脑炎]]、[[裂谷熱]]、[[黄热病]]和[[天花]]等。<ref name="Alibek">Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. ''Biohazard (book)|Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it.'' 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 978-0-385-33496-9 [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0385334966/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0385334966/|date=20220114044743}}.</ref> == 參見 == * [[地方性流行病]] * [[中國瘟疫史]] * [[叢林肉]] * [[瘟神]] ==參考资料== {{Reflist|2}} == 外部連結 == {{Commons category|Pandemic|瘟疫}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070102001839/http://www.scribemedia.org/2006/12/18/pandemic-preparedness/ Pandemic Preparedness video. Expert panel discussion]{{en icon}} * [http://www.who.int/en/ WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues] {{Wayback|url=http://www.who.int/en/ |date=20180128075327 }}{{en icon}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm Past pandemics that ravaged Europe] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm |date=20171007210210 }}{{en icon}} * [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic/phases.htm CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic/phases.htm |date=20110511210114 }}{{en icon}} * [http://www.pandemicflu.gov U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ |date=20090426060806 }}{{en icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103062127/http://www.fluwikie.com/index.php?n=Main.HomePage The Flu Wiki — to help local communities prepare for and perhaps cope with a possible influenza pandemic.]{{en icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060314174513/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000DCB5A-9CC7-134E-9CC783414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (November 2005 Issue) Preparing for a Pandemic]{{en icon}} * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 'Defying Death'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 |date=20061230103900 }} Freeview 'Next Big Thing' Video. 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