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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Bihar_and_Destruction_of_Mahaviras_(Buddhist_Ritual_Centres)_(1200)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Bihar_and_Destruction_of_Mahaviras_(Buddhist_Ritual_Centres)_(1200)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conquest of Bihar and Destruction of Mahaviras (Buddhist Ritual Centres) (1200)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Bihar_and_Destruction_of_Mahaviras_(Buddhist_Ritual_Centres)_(1200)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Bengal_(1203)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Bengal_(1203)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conquest of Bengal (1203)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Bengal_(1203)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Tibet_(1206)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Tibet_(1206)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Invasion of Tibet (1206)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Tibet_(1206)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="اختيار الدين محمد بن بختيار الخلجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختيار الدين محمد بن بختيار الخلجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="ইখতিয়ার উদ্দিন মুহাম্মাদ বিন বখতিয়ার খলজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইখতিয়ার উদ্দিন মুহাম্মাদ বিন বখতিয়ার খলজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bajtiiar_Jalyi" title="Muhammad Bajtiiar Jalyi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad Bajtiiar Jalyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="بختیار خلجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بختیار خلجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khalji" title="Muhammad Khalji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Khalji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%B0%94%ED%9D%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%BC%EB%A5%B4_%ED%95%A0%EC%A7%80" title="무함마드 바흐티야르 할지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무함마드 바흐티야르 할지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इख्तियारुद्दीन मुहम्मद बिन बख्तियार खिलजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इख्तियारुद्दीन मुहम्मद बिन बख्तियार खिलजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhtiyar_Uddin_Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khilji" title="Muhammad Khilji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muhammad Khilji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%95%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="ムハンマド・バフティヤール・ハルジー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・バフティヤール・ハルジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhtiyar_Uddin_Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" title="Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="محمد بن بختیار خلجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد بن بختیار خلجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Мухаммад бин Бахтияр Хильджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммад бин Бахтияр Хильджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF" title="பக்தியார் கில்ஜி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பக்தியார் கில்ஜி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Bahtiyar_Halaci" title="Muhammed Bahtiyar Halaci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Bahtiyar Halaci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Мухаммад Бахтіяр Хілджі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммад Бахтіяр Хілджі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="محمد بختیار خلجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد بختیار خلجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2698200#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">13th century Turko-Afghan military general of the Ghurid dynasty</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks,_A.D._1193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/220px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/330px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg/440px-The_end_of_Buddhist_Monks%2C_A.D._1193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2447" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and his fellow warrior Subahdar Auliya Khan leading troops in the slaughter of Buddhist monks at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> monastery. Early 20th-century illustration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ruler of (<a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1203 – 1206</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>(Position established)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shiran_Khalji" title="Muhammad Shiran Khalji">Muhammad Shiran Khalji</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Garmsir" title="Garmsir">Garmsir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1206</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Devkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Devkot">Devkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshin Dinajpur">South Dinajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">1206<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label">Pirpal Dargah, Narayanpur, <a href="/wiki/Gangarampur_(community_development_block)" title="Gangarampur (community development block)">Gangarampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">West Bengal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">(<a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th</a>–<a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th centuries</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Clan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Khilji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Military general <br /> ruler</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Bakhtiyar Khalji</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Turko-Afghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Afghan">Turko-Afghan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military general of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who led the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests</a> of the eastern Indian regions of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and established himself as their ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a>, ruling Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE. </p><p>Khalji's invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and massacres of monks, and caused damage to the traditional Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmut_2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmut_2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bengal, Khalji's reign was responsible for the displacement of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold1896_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold1896-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading centre of teaching for Mahayana Buddhism was <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara" title="Nalanda mahavihara">Nalanda</a>. At the end of the 12th century, Bakhityar Khilji demolished the Monastery in a brutal sacking.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But some historians don't agree and reason that Bakhtiyar's attacks weren't on the Buddhist viharas, and the actual Buddhist sites were already abandoned or in declining state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His rule is said to have begun the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim rule in India">Muslim rule</a> in Bengal, most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakhtiyar launched an ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji%27s_Tibet_campaign" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign">Tibet campaign</a> in 1206 and was assassinated upon returning to Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GillYule2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GillYule2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shiran_Khalji" title="Muhammad Shiran Khalji">Muhammad Shiran Khalji</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_origin">Early life and origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Garmsir" title="Garmsir">Garmsir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a>, in present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. He was member of the <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a> tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-Siraj-548_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siraj-548-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was originally of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people#Transformation_of_the_Afghan_Khalaj" title="Khalaj people">After being settled in south-eastern Afghanistan for over 200 years</a>, it led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Pashtun Ghilji</a> tribe, with Bakhtiyar seen as a <a href="/wiki/Turko-Afghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Afghan">Turko-Afghan</a>. Later in the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_Revolution" title="Khalji Revolution">Khalji Revolution</a>, the Khaljis faced discrimination and were looked down upon by other Turks for Afghan barbarians.<sup id="cite_ref-iri3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iri3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakhtiyar during his early years went in search of employment to <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. At the latter, he was rejected due to his ugly appearance. Afterwards, he moved towards <a href="/wiki/Badaun" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaun">Badaun</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, where he obtained his first employment. Accounts differ regarding who initially took Bakhtiyar into his service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENizami1970171_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENizami1970171-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakhtiyar did not come from an obscure background. His uncle Muhammad bin Mahmud had fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tarain" title="Second Battle of Tarain">Second Battle of Tarain</a> against <a href="/wiki/Prithviraja_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithviraja III">Prithviraja III</a>. Mahmud was later honoured with the iqta of Kashamandi. After the death of his uncle, the iqta was passed to Bakhtiyar. However, Bakhtiyar did not stay in Kashamndi for long. He approached the commander of <a href="/wiki/Benaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Benaras">Benaras</a>, Husamudin Aghul Bek, who was impressed with his gallantry and bestowed on him the iqtas of Bhagwat and Bhilui (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur" title="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</a> district).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENizami1970172_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENizami1970172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his early career, before the expeditions in Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, Bakhtiyar displaced the minor Gahadavala chiefs in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and from there raided <a href="/wiki/Maner" class="mw-redirect" title="Maner">Maner</a> and Bihar where he looted a large amount of booty. These successful raids increased Bakhtiyar's fame and many <a href="/wiki/Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji">Khaljis</a> joined in his service. <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> also honoured him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENizami1970172_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENizami1970172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khalji was head of the Ghurid military force that conquered parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam,_Dated_Samvat_1262_(1204_AD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg/300px-Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg/450px-Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg/600px-Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> coinage of <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> (1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated <a href="/wiki/Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvat">Samvat</a> 1262 (1204 CE).<br /><i>Obverse</i>: Horseman with <a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari</a> legend around: <i><a href="/wiki/Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvat">samvat</a> 1262 <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Hindu_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Hindu calendar)">bhadrapada</a></i> "August, year 1262". <i>Reverse</i>: Nagari legend: <i>srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah</i> "Lord Emir <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad">Mohammed [ibn] Sam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FBF_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._AH_601-602_AD_1204-1206._AV_Fractional_Tanka_of_20_rati_(17mm,_2.30_g,_12h)._In_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam,_Sultan_of_Delhi._Struck_AD_1204-1205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._AH_601-602_AD_1204-1206._AV_Fractional_Tanka_of_20_rati_%2817mm%2C_2.30_g%2C_12h%29._In_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Sultan_of_Delhi._Struck_AD_1204-1205.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._AH_601-602_AD_1204-1206._AV_Fractional_Tanka_of_20_rati_%2817mm%2C_2.30_g%2C_12h%29._In_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Sultan_of_Delhi._Struck_AD_1204-1205.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._AH_601-602_AD_1204-1206._AV_Fractional_Tanka_of_20_rati_%2817mm%2C_2.30_g%2C_12h%29._In_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Sultan_of_Delhi._Struck_AD_1204-1205.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Another type of Bengal coinage of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji as governor (1204–1206 CE). <i>Obverse</i>: horseman galloping, holding lance with Devanagari legend around (<i><a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">śrimat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam">mahamada samah</a></i> "Lord Mohammed [ibn] Sam"). <i>Reverse</i>: name and titles of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam">Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam</a> in Arabic. Struck AD 1204–1205.<sup id="cite_ref-FBF_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is his earliest coinage in Bengal, using both Sanskrit and Arabic legends.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Bihar_and_Destruction_of_Mahaviras_(Buddhist_Ritual_Centres)_(1200)"><span id="Conquest_of_Bihar_and_Destruction_of_Mahaviras_.28Buddhist_Ritual_Centres.29_.281200.29"></span>Conquest of Bihar and Destruction of Mahaviras (Buddhist Ritual Centres) (1200)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conquest of Bihar and Destruction of Mahaviras (Buddhist Ritual Centres) (1200)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a></div> <p>He subjugated much of Bihar in 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His invasions destroyed the university establishments at <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> Mahaviras.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartmut_2002_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmut_2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani's <i><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat-i_Nasiri" title="Tabaqat-i Nasiri">Tabaqat-i Nasiri</a></i> documents Bakhtiyar Khalji's sack of a Buddhist monastery,<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmut_2002_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmut_2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from the soldiers' use of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andre_2002_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andre_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the early 17th-century Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a>, the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila.<sup id="cite_ref-Andre_2002_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andre_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians <a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Satish Chandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> and others have directly or indirectly implicated Bakhtiyar in the destruction of the Mahaviharas in their writings, but others like <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D.N. Jha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namit_Arora" title="Namit Arora">Namit Arora</a> have reasoned that those sites may not have been destroyed by him.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Bengal_(1203)"><span id="Conquest_of_Bengal_.281203.29"></span>Conquest of Bengal (1203)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquest of Bengal (1203)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_conquest_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid conquest of Bengal">Ghurid conquest of Bengal</a></div> <p>In 1203, Khalji invaded Bengal. With the <a href="/wiki/Octogenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octogenarian">octogenarian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Sena" title="Lakshmana Sena">Lakshmana Sena</a> at the helm, the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> was in a state of decline and could not provide much resistance. As Khalji came upon the city of <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a>, it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small horde entered the city unchallenged and took the emperor and his army by shock.<sup id="cite_ref-BDID&EL1996_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDID&EL1996-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShawkatAli1965_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShawkatAli1965-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused Lakhsmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Awan1991_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awan1991-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nazimuddin1980_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazimuddin1980-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and_Oceania_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and_Oceania-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khalji subsequently went on to capture <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gauda</a> (ancient Lakhnauti), the capital and the principal city of Bengal<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and intruded into much of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad Bakhtiyar's rule was related by <a href="/wiki/Minhaj_al-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj al-Siraj">Minhaj al-Siraj</a>, as he visited Bengal about 40 years later:<sup id="cite_ref-RME_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RME-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After Muhammad Bakhtiyar possessed himself of that territory he left the city of <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nudiah</a> in desolation, and the place which is (now) <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti</a> he made the seat of government. He brought the different parts of the territory under his sway, and instituted therein, in every part, the reading of the <i><a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutbah</a></i>, and the coining of money; and, through his praiseworthy endeavours, and those of his <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">Amirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid">masjids</a> [mosques], colleges, and monasteries (for <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervishes</a>), were founded in those parts.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Account of the conquest of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Minhaj_al-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj al-Siraj">Minhaj al-Siraj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RME_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RME-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Tibet_(1206)"><span id="Invasion_of_Tibet_.281206.29"></span>Invasion of Tibet (1206)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasion of Tibet (1206)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji%27s_Tibet_campaign" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign">Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign</a></div> <p>Bakhtiyar Khalji left the town of <a href="/wiki/Devkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Devkot">Devkot</a> in 1206 to attack Tibet, leaving <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khalji" title="Ali Mardan Khalji">Ali Mardan Khalji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghoraghat_Upazila" title="Ghoraghat Upazila">Ghoraghat Upazila</a> to guard the eastern frontier from his headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a>. Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at <a href="/wiki/Chumbi_Valley" title="Chumbi Valley">Chumbi Valley</a>, which forced him to retreat to Devkot with only about a hundred surviving soldiers. This was first and shameful defeat of Khalji.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_aftermath">Death and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png/300px-Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png/450px-Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png/600px-Map_of_the_Khaljis_of_Bengal.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Khalji dynasty of Bengal</figcaption></figure> <p>As Bakhtiyar Khalji lay ill and exhausted in Devkot after defeated by Tibetans, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GillYule2010_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GillYule2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khalji noblemen then appointed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shiran_Khalji" title="Muhammad Shiran Khalji">Muhammad Shiran Khalji</a> as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji and Subedar Aulia Khan avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan Khalji. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked the Sultan of Delhi <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a> to invade Bengal, who sent an army under Qayemaz Rumi, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, to dethrone Shiran Khalji. Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Iwaj_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah">Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji</a> assisted the invasion and assumed the governorship of Bengal in 1208. But shortly after, he yielded power to Ali Mardan willingly, when the latter returned from Delhi in 1210. However, the nobles of Bengal conspired against and assassinated Ali Mardan in 1212. Iwaj Khalji assumed power again and proclaimed his independence from the Delhi sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra4143_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra4143-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">Khutbah</a> read and coins struck in his name. Mosques, <a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqahs</a> arose through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Jahan_Ali" title="Khan Jahan Ali">Khan Jahan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Makhdum_Rupos" title="Shah Makhdum Rupos">Shah Makhdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titumir" title="Titumir">Titumir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat_Ali_Jaunpuri" title="Karamat Ali Jaunpuri">Karamat Ali Jaunpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. 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title="Anjuman Mufidul Islam">Anjuman Mufidul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefazat-e-Islam_Bangladesh" title="Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh">Hefazat-e-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Foundation_Bangladesh" title="Islamic Foundation Bangladesh">Islamic Foundation Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaddun_Majlish" title="Tamaddun Majlish">Tamaddun Majlish</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishwa_Ijtema" title="Bishwa Ijtema">Bishwa Ijtema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Bangladesh" title="List of mosques in Bangladesh">Mosques in Bangladesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram" title="Baitul 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up"><i>Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor</i></a>. London, Hutchinson. 1906. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hutchinson%27s+story+of+the+nations%2C+containing+the+Egyptians%2C+the+Chinese%2C+India%2C+the+Babylonian+nation%2C+the+Hittites%2C+the+Assyrians%2C+the+Phoenicians+and+the+Carthaginians%2C+the+Phrygians%2C+the+Lydians%2C+and+other+nations+of+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=London%2C+Hutchinson&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhutchinsonsstory00londuoft%2Fpage%2F169%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ikhtiyar-al-Din-Muhammad-Bakhtiyar-Khalji">"Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khiljī | Muslim general"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ikhtiy%C4%81r+al-D%C4%ABn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Bakhtiy%C4%81r+Khilj%C4%AB+%7C+Muslim+general&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIkhtiyar-al-Din-Muhammad-Bakhtiyar-Khalji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqui2005" class="citation journal cs1">Faruqui, Munis D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20477310">"Review of The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205–1576)"</a>. <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 246–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20477310">10.2307/20477310</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0160">0361-0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477310">20477310</a>. <q>Hussain argues ... was actually named Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji and not the broadly used Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Bengal+Sultanate%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Coins+%28AD+1205%E2%80%931576%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=246-248&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0361-0160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20477310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20477310&rft.aulast=Faruqui&rft.aufirst=Munis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F20477310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2003" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2003). <i>The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205–1576)</i>. New Delhi: Manohar. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173044823" title="Special:BookSources/9788173044823"><bdi>9788173044823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Sultanate%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Coins+%28AD+1205%E2%80%931576%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788173044823&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ejaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Know Your State West Bengal</i>. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15. <q>Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Know+Your+State+West+Bengal&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Arihant+Experts&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2004). <i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)</i>. p. 226. <q>Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206-1526%29&rft.pages=226&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections</i></a>. BRILL. 17 August 2020. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+History+and+Culture+in+India%3A+Identity%2C+Art+and+Transregional+Connections&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43736-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml75DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1973" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R. C. (1973). <i>History of Mediaeval Bengal</i>. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031074">1031074</a>. <q>Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mediaeval+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj+%26+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031074&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1986" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986) [First published 1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA81"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883279992">883279992</a>. <q>The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal (Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=81-82&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883279992&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakur1992" class="citation book cs1">Thakur, Amrendra Kumar (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bakhtiyar+Khalji+bengal+and+bihar"><i>India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D</i></a>. Janaki Prakashan. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185078687" title="Special:BookSources/9788185078687"><bdi>9788185078687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Afghans%3A+A+study+of+a+neglected+region%2C+1370%E2%80%931576+A.D&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Janaki+Prakashan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185078687&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Amrendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBakhtiyar%2BKhalji%2Bbengal%2Band%2Bbihar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA59"><i>Bangladesh: Past and Present</i></a>. APH. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176484695" title="Special:BookSources/9788176484695"><bdi>9788176484695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788176484695&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzfqq7ruqWgC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartmut_2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmut_2002_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmut_2002_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartmut_2002_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe2002" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC&pg=PA150"><i>Handbook of Oriental Studies</i></a>. BRILL. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12556-6"><bdi>90-04-12556-6</bdi></a>. <q>Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to flee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12556-6&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7s19sZFRxCUC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold1896-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold1896_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1896" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Sir Thomas Walker (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O45CAAAAIAAJ/page/n245"><i>The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith</i></a>. Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 227–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preaching+of+Islam%3A+A+History+of+the+Propagation+of+the+Muslim+Faith&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+and+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_O45CAAAAIAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindu-Muslim Relations in Bengal, 1905–1947: Study in Cultural Confrontation, Page 11, Nachiketa Publications, 1974, Hossainur Rahman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nalanda.nic.in/en/tourist-place/ancient-nalanda-universitys-ruins/">"Ancient Nalanda University's Ruins | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nalanda+University%27s+Ruins+%7C+District+Nalanda%2C+Government+of+Bihar+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnalanda.nic.in%2Fen%2Ftourist-place%2Fancient-nalanda-universitys-ruins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalam2024" class="citation news cs1">Salam, Ziya Us (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/of-a-gilded-past-and-the-future-nalandas-lost-glory-and-new-found-ambitions/article68414582.ece">"Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda's lost glory and new-found ambitions"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Of+a+gilded+past+and+the+future%3A+Nalanda%27s+lost+glory+and+new-found+ambitions&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Salam&rft.aufirst=Ziya+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fof-a-gilded-past-and-the-future-nalandas-lost-glory-and-new-found-ambitions%2Farticle68414582.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 28–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520205079" title="Special:BookSources/9780520205079"><bdi>9780520205079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=28-34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520205079&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sengupta2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta2011_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta2011_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Sengupta, Nitish K.</a> (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA63"><i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4"><bdi>978-0-14-341678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341678-4&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVSh_TyJ0YoC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GillYule2010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GillYule2010_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GillYule2010_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillYule2010" class="citation book cs1">Gill, William John; Yule, Henry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuk2OQeMwsMC&pg=PA43"><i>The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01953-8"><bdi>978-1-108-01953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+of+Golden+Sand%3A+The+Narrative+of+a+Journey+Through+China+and+Eastern+Tibet+to+Burmah&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01953-8&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft.au=Yule%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuk2OQeMwsMC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siraj-548-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siraj-548_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirāj1881" class="citation book cs1">Sirāj, Minhāju-s (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=548"><i>Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām</i></a>. Bibliotheca Indica #78. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Raverty" title="Henry George Raverty">Henry George Raverty</a>. Calcutta, India: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington). p. 548.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taba%E1%B8%B3%C4%81t-i-n%C4%81siri%3A+a+general+history+of+the+Muhammadan+dynastics+of+Asia%2C+including+Hindust%C4%81n%2C+from+A.H.+194+%28810+A.D.%29+to+A.H.+658+%281260+A.D.%29+and+the+irruption+of+the+infidel+Mughals+into+Isl%C4%81m&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Indica+%2378&rft.pages=548&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal+%28printed+by+Gilbert+%26+Rivington%29&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Sir%C4%81j&rft.aufirst=Minh%C4%81ju-s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_ixTEEz8ssC%26pg%3D548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC"><i>History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3"><bdi>81-269-0123-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Court</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India%3A+from+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-269-0123-3&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iri3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iri3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberling2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oberling, Pierre (15 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan">"ḴALAJ i. TRIBE"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B4ALAJ+i.+TRIBE&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.aulast=Oberling&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkhalaj-i-tribe-turkistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1966" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.</i></a> (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/575452554">575452554</a>. <q>His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non-Turks by Turks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+1000+A.D.-1707+A.D.&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F575452554&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Ashirbadi+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdw9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178"><i>The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-658-8</bdi></a>. <q>The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wrath%3A+A+History+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-658-8&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyEoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC"><i>History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> Atlantic. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3"><bdi>81-269-0123-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India%3A+from+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-269-0123-3&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENizami1970171-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENizami1970171_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNizami1970">Nizami 1970</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENizami1970172-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENizami1970172_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENizami1970172_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNizami1970">Nizami 1970</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandare2020" class="citation book cs1">Bhandare, Shailendra (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237">"Transregional Connections: The 'Lion and Sun' Motif and Coinage between Anatolia and India"</a>. In Peacock, A. C. S.; McClary, Richard Piran (eds.). <i>Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections</i>. BRILL. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transregional+Connections%3A+The+%27Lion+and+Sun%27+Motif+and+Coinage+between+Anatolia+and+India&rft.btitle=Turkish+History+and+Culture+in+India%3A+Identity%2C+Art+and+Transregional+Connections&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43736-4&rft.aulast=Bhandare&rft.aufirst=Shailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml75DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBF-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBF_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBF_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoronGoenkaRobinson_(numismatist.)2001" class="citation book cs1">Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8aAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1010-3"><bdi>978-81-215-1010-3</bdi></a>. <q>Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coins+of+the+Indian+Sultanates%3A+Covering+the+Area+of+Present-day+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1010-3&rft.aulast=Goron&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft.au=Goenka%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Robinson+%28numismatist.%29%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE8aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundraPrakashan2019" class="citation book cs1">Kundra, D. N.; Prakashan, Goyal Brothers (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGs8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>I.C.S.E. History & Civics for Class IX</i></a>. Goyal Brothers Prakashan. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88676-77-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-88676-77-9"><bdi>978-93-88676-77-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I.C.S.E.+History+%26+Civics+for+Class+IX&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Goyal+Brothers+Prakashan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-93-88676-77-9&rft.aulast=Kundra&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft.au=Prakashan%2C+Goyal+Brothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGs8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a>, ed. (1973) [First published 1948]. <i>The History of Bengal</i>. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/924890">924890</a>. <q>Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, <i>i.e.</i> 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bengal&rft.place=Patna&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Academica+Asiatica&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F924890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2021" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Himanshu (30 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAVBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Political Thought in Indic Civilization</i></a>. SAGE Publishing India. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5479-159-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5479-159-8"><bdi>978-93-5479-159-8</bdi></a>. <q>After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Thought+in+Indic+Civilization&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing+India&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft.isbn=978-93-5479-159-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Himanshu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAVBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andre_2002-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andre_2002_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andre_2002_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">Wink, André</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA147"><i>Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 146–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04174-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04174-6"><bdi>0-391-04174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%3A+The+Slave+Kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest%2C+11th-13th+centuries&rft.pages=146-148&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04174-6&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQ7k2vQlYxEC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalam2024" class="citation news cs1">Salam, Ziya Us (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/of-a-gilded-past-and-the-future-nalandas-lost-glory-and-new-found-ambitions/article68414582.ece">"Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda's lost glory and new-found ambitions"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Of+a+gilded+past+and+the+future%3A+Nalanda%27s+lost+glory+and+new-found+ambitions&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Salam&rft.aufirst=Ziya+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fof-a-gilded-past-and-the-future-nalandas-lost-glory-and-new-found-ambitions%2Farticle68414582.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Wire2024" class="citation audio-visual cs1">The Wire (2 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKe4pENohWk"><i>Indians | Ep 5: Nalanda and the Decline of Buddhism | A Brief History of a Civilization</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indians+%7C+Ep+5%3A+Nalanda+and+the+Decline+of+Buddhism+%7C+A+Brief+History+of+a+Civilization&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft.au=The+Wire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGKe4pENohWk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuzjani1881" class="citation book cs1">Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211405"><i>Tabakat-i-Nasiri Vol-I</i></a>. London: Gilbert And Rivington. p. 557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabakat-i-Nasiri+Vol-I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Gilbert+And+Rivington&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Juzjani&rft.aufirst=Minhaj-i+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.211405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDID&EL1996-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDID&EL1996_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalam1996" class="citation book cs1">Kalam, Abul, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7s7sAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bangladesh: Internal Dynamics and External Linkages</i></a>. University Press Limited. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789840513352" title="Special:BookSources/9789840513352"><bdi>9789840513352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Internal+Dynamics+and+External+Linkages&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=University+Press+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789840513352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7s7sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShawkatAli1965-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShawkatAli1965_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Shawkat_Ali1965" class="citation book cs1">M. Shawkat Ali, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+%26+Political+Sociology+for+Degree+Students&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Salma+Shawkat+via+Majid+Publishing+House&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=M.+Shawkat+Ali&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddfh0X92bVY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Awan1991-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Awan1991_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Awan1991" class="citation book cs1">Tariq Awan, Muhammad (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qghuAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of India and Pakistan - Volume 1</i></a>. Ferozsons. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789690100344" title="Special:BookSources/9789690100344"><bdi>9789690100344</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India+and+Pakistan+-+Volume+1&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Ferozsons&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789690100344&rft.aulast=Tariq+Awan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqghuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazimuddin1980-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nazimuddin1980_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1980" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Nazimuddin (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QquvJozv-KcC"><i>Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh</i></a>. Department of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Heritage+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Department+of+Films+and+Publications%2C+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Nazimuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQquvJozv-KcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and_Oceania-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and_Oceania_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Barbara_A._West" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span> (History / Reference, Asia -- History, Culture, Ethnology -- Encyclopedias -- Asia -- Oceania, Geography, Oceania, World history). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a>, ed. (1973) [First published 1948]. <i>The History of Bengal</i>. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/924890">924890</a>. <q>Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bengal&rft.place=Patna&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Academica+Asiatica&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F924890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1954" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amulyachandra (1954). <i>Rajagriha and Nalanda</i>. Institute of Indology. Vol. 4. Calcutta: Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28533779">28533779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajagriha+and+Nalanda&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.series=Institute+of+Indology&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Calcutta+Institute+of+Indology%2C+Indian+Publicity+Society&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28533779&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amulyachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RME-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RME_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RME_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p. Chapter 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.place=Berkeley+%C2%B7+Los+Angeles+%C2%B7+London&rft.pages=Chapter+1-2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft067n99v9%26chunk.id%3Dch02%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dch02%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&q=Tibetan+expedition+by+Islamic+Bengal&pg=PA19"><i>The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal</i></a>. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847740625" title="Special:BookSources/9781847740625"><bdi>9781847740625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.isbn=9781847740625&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mojlum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2s9BAAAQBAJ%26q%3DTibetan%2Bexpedition%2Bby%2BIslamic%2BBengal%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm#Khilji">Khilji Malik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra4143-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra4143_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 41–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110645"><bdi>9788124110645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pages=41-43&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788124110645&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchimura2001" class="citation book cs1">Ichimura, Shōhei (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&pg=PA65"><i>Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65 (note 87). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1798-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Critical+Spirituality%3A+Praj%C3%B1%C4%81+and+%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81&rft.pages=65+%28note+87%29&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1798-2&rft.aulast=Ichimura&rft.aufirst=Sh%C5%8Dhei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTW6XNxOxbkC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1964" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964). <i>The Story of Early Indian Civilization</i>. Orient Longmans. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610346317">610346317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Early+Indian+Civilization&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610346317&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Gertrude+Emerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNizami1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">Nizami, K. A.</a> (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Habib, Mohammad; Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (eds.). <i>A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)</i>. Vol. 5. People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/305725">305725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foundation+of+the+Delhi+Sultanat&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanat+%28A.D.+1206-1526%29&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F305725&rft.aulast=Nizami&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>History of the Muslims of Bengal – Volume 1A: Muslim Rule in Bengal (600-170/1203-1757), by Muhammad Mohar Ali, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University</a>, Department of Culture and Publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed,_ABM_Shamsuddin2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bakhtiyar_Khalji">"Bakhtiyar Khalji"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bakhtiyar+Khalji&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+ABM+Shamsuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBakhtiyar_Khalji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury,_AM2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chowdhury, AM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sena_Dynasty">"Sena Dynasty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sena+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSena_Dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Bakhtiyar+Khalji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman Sen">King Lakshman Sen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a> </b><br />1204–1206 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shiran_Khalji" title="Muhammad Shiran Khalji">Muhammad Shiran Khalji</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khalji_dynasty" title="Template:Khalji dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Khalji_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Khalji dynasty (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khalji_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khalji dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shiran_Khalji" title="Muhammad Shiran Khalji">Muhammad Shiran Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khalji" title="Ali Mardan Khalji">Ali Mardan Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaz_Khalji" title="Iwaz Khalji">Iwaz Khalji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balka_Khalji" title="Balka Khalji">Balka Khalji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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