CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hors d'oeuvre - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0dd73839-0a17-44ab-91ad-cd7dbeed5e5e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hors_d'oeuvre","wgTitle":"Hors d'oeuvre","wgCurRevisionId":1256364317,"wgRevisionId":1256364317,"wgArticleId":101151,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from December 2017","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from January 2024","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Articles containing French-language text","Pages with French IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with self-published sources", "Articles with self-published sources from December 2017","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018","Pages with Italian IPA","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Appetizers","Courses (food)","Garde manger"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hors_d'oeuvre", "wgRelevantArticleId":101151,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q96749544","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hors d'oeuvre - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hors_d_oeuvre rootpage-Hors_d_oeuvre skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hors+d%27oeuvre" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hors+d%27oeuvre" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hors+d%27oeuvre" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hors+d%27oeuvre" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>French service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_savouries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_savouries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>English savouries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_savouries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_appetisers_and_cocktail_hors_d'oeuvres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_appetisers_and_cocktail_hors_d'oeuvres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>American appetisers and cocktail hors d'oeuvres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_appetisers_and_cocktail_hors_d'oeuvres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_culture_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_culture_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By culture and language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_culture_and_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By culture and language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_culture_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>In Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>In other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hors d'oeuvre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hors d'oeuvre" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsd%E2%80%99%C5%93uvre" title="Horsd’œuvre – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Horsd’œuvre" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ордьовър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ордьовър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27%C5%93uvre" title="Hors d'œuvre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hors d'œuvre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsd%E2%80%99%C5%93uvre" title="Horsd’œuvre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horsd’œuvre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ορεκτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορεκτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hors d'oeuvre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="پیش‌غذا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیش‌غذا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%90%98%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="오르되브르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오르되브르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hors d'oeuvre" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hors d'oeuvre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors-d%27oeuvre" title="Hors-d'oeuvre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hors-d'oeuvre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB" title="オードブル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オードブル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%E2%80%99%C5%93uvre" title="Hors d’œuvre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hors d’œuvre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Предјело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предјело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%E2%80%99%C5%93uvre" title="Hors d’œuvre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hors d’œuvre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_d%27%C5%93uvre" title="Hors d'œuvre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hors d'œuvre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="பசியூக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசியூக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="อาหารเรียกน้ำย่อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหารเรียกน้ำย่อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord%C3%B6vr" title="Ordövr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ordövr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E8%83%83%E8%8F%9C" title="開胃菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="開胃菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96749544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hors_d%27oeuvre" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hors_d%27oeuvre" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&oldid=1256364317" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hors_d%27oeuvre&id=1256364317&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHors_d%2527oeuvre"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHors_d%2527oeuvre"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96749544" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small dish served before main meal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Appetizer" and "appetiser" redirect here. For drugs that stimulate an appetite, see <a href="/wiki/Appetite_stimulant" title="Appetite stimulant">appetite stimulant</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:200px"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Still life with fruits, nuts, and large wheels of cheese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg/190px-Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg/285px-Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg/380px-Floris_Claesz._van_Dyck_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1459" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f4eea1; padding-top: 0"> Meals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f4eea1; padding-top: 0"> Components and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f4eea1; padding-top: 0"> Related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_(human_eating_pattern)" title="Grazing (human eating pattern)">Grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_breakfast" class="mw-redirect" title="History of breakfast">History of breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayan" title="Kamayan">Kamayan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals" title="Template:Meals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals" title="Template talk:Meals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>An <b>hors d'oeuvre</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>)/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">or <span style="font-size:90%">DURV(</span>-rə)</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">hors-d'œuvre</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>dœvʁ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Fr-hors_d_oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg\/Fr-hors_d_oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-hors d oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Fr-hors_d_oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg/Fr-hors_d_oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-hors_d_oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg" title="File:Fr-hors d oeuvre-fr-Paris.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), <b>appetiser</b><sup id="cite_ref-Verma1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>starter</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknellKaufmann1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl2Om8L3diTQCpgPA87_87]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknellKaufmann1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl2Om8L3diTQCpgPA87_87]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a small <a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">dish</a> served before a <a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">meal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Waite2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waite2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European cuisine</a>. Some hors d'oeuvres are served cold, others hot.<sup id="cite_ref-Cracknell_&_Kaufmann-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracknell_&_Kaufmann-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hors d'oeuvres may be served at the dinner table as a part of the meal, or they may be served before seating, such as at a <a href="/wiki/Party#Reception" title="Party">reception</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party" title="Cocktail party">cocktail party</a>. Formerly, hors d'oeuvres were also served between courses.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically smaller than a main dish, an hors d'oeuvre is often designed to be eaten by hand. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Hors d'œuvre</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> literally means 'outside the work', that is "not part of the ordinary set of courses in a meal". In practice, it is a dish which stands on its own as a snack or supports the <a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">main course</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verma1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayto2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French spelling is the same for singular and plural usage. In English, the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">typographic ligature</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a>⟩</span> is usually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> and two plural forms are acceptable: "hors d'<em>oeuvre</em>" (same as singular) or "hors d'<em>oeuvres</em>"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_(2499873203)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_%282499873203%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_%282499873203%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_%282499873203%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_%282499873203%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_%282499873203%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Ringier_175_Jahre_Jubil%C3%A4um_%282499873203%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A tray of <a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9" title="Canapé">canapés</a>, a form of hors d'oeuvres, at a <a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party" title="Cocktail party">cocktail party</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A small number of food historians believe that the tradition may have begun in Russia, where small snacks of fish, <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> and meats were common after long travels.<sup id="cite_ref-Cabot2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabot2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> However, it may be that the custom originated in China, possibly coming through the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppes</a>, into Russia, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, France and other European countries. The tradition may have reached Italy, Greece and the Balkan nations through Russia or Persia. Many national customs are related, including the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">zakuska</a>, middle eastern <a href="/wiki/Mezze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezze">mezze</a>, and Italian <a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">antipasto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Period</a> the meal practice was to have two main courses which were supplemented before the meal with small amounts of fish, vegetables, cheeses, olives<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200327_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200327-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even stuffed <a href="/wiki/Edible_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible dormouse">dormice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Connell2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connell2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These would be served at the start of the meal known as either <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gustatio" class="extiw" title="wikt:gustatio">gustatio</a></i> or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/promulsis" class="extiw" title="wikt:promulsis">promulsis</a></i>. The Greeks called the appetiser course <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/propoma" class="extiw" title="wikt:propoma">propoma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200327_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200327-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Yoma" title="Yoma">Yoma</a></i> 83<sup>b</sup>) recounts the practice of feeding sweet desserts to a person before the main course of a meal in order to revive his strength and increase his appetite (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: מגרר גריר). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_service">French service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg/220px-Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg/330px-Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg/440px-Hors-d%27oeuvres_by_Claesz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Hors-d'oeuvres</i> (1623) by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Claesz" title="Pieter Claesz">Pieter Claesz</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> formal French meals were served with <a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">entremets</a> between the serving of plates. These secondary dishes could be either actual food dishes, or elaborate displays and even dramatic or musical presentations. In the 14th century, recipes for entremets were mostly made with meat, fish, pork and vegetables. By the 15th century the elaborate display and performances were served up between courses, and could be edible or displays of subjects relevant to the host, created in <a href="/wiki/Butter_sculpture" title="Butter sculpture">butter sculpture</a> or other types of crafted work.<sup id="cite_ref-oxsug_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxsug-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction in the 17th century of <i><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">service à la française</a></i>, where all the dishes are laid out at once in very rigid <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrical">symmetrical</a> fashion, entremets began to change in meaning but were still mainly savoury. Along with this came elaborate silver and ceramic table displays as well as <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">pièces montées</a>. The entremets were placed between the other dishes within the main work of the meal.<sup id="cite_ref-oxsug_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxsug-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about this time in the 17th century, smaller dishes began to be served by being placed outside the main work of symmetrically placed dishes. These were known as hors d'oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxsug_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxsug-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hors d'oeuvres were originally served as a <a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9" title="Canapé">canapé</a> of small toasted bread with a savoury topping before a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-AdamsonSegan2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamsonSegan2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention of the food item was by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Massialot" title="François Massialot">François Massialot</a> in 1691, mentioned in his book: <i>Le cuisinier roial et bourgeois</i> (The Royal and Bourgeois Cook) and explained as <i>"Certain dishes served in addition to those one might expect in the normal composition of the feast"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WillanCherniavsky2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WillanCherniavsky2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the French publication <i>Les plaisirs de la table</i>, Edouard Nignon stated that hors d'oeuvres originated in Asia. He went on to state that the French considered hors-d'oeuvres to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superfluous" class="extiw" title="wikt:superfluous">superfluous</a> to a well cooked meal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezra2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezra2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Service à la française</i> continued in Europe until the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxsug_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxsug-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 19th century the entremet would become almost exclusively a sweet dish or dessert with the British custom of the "savoury" being the only remaining tradition of the savoury entremet.<sup id="cite_ref-oxsug_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxsug-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style of formal dining changed drastically in the 19th century, becoming successive courses served one after the other over a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connell2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connell2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditional hors d'oeuvres would remain on the table throughout the meal. These included olives, nuts, celery and radishes. The changing, contemporary hors d'oeuvres, sometimes called "dainty dishes", became more complicated in preparation. <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">Pastries</a>, with meat and cream sauces among other elaborate items, had become a course served after the soup.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_savouries">English savouries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English savouries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of French influence on the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, "hors d'oeuvre" has become a commonly used term in English to refer to small dishes served before meals.<sup id="cite_ref-Katamba2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katamba2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of the <a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">savoury course</a> is of British origin and comes towards the end of the meal, before dessert or sweets<sup id="cite_ref-CracknellKaufmann1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CracknellKaufmann1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even after the dessert, in contrast to the hors d'oeuvre, which is served before the meal.<sup id="cite_ref-Montagné1961_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagné1961-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British favored the savoury course as a <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> cleanser before drinking after the meal, which made the hors d'oeuvre before the meal unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaty-Pownall1905_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaty-Pownall1905-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The savoury is generally small, well spiced and often served hot, requiring cooking just before serving.<sup id="cite_ref-CracknellKaufmann1999_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CracknellKaufmann1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian periods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoury_(small_dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoury (small dish)">savouries</a> included such toppings as <a href="/wiki/Angels_on_horseback" title="Angels on horseback">fried oysters wrapped in bacon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_woodcock" title="Scotch woodcock">Scotch woodcock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AdamsonSegan2008_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamsonSegan2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a savoury made of scrambled eggs, ground <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Relish" title="Gentleman's Relish">Gentleman's Relish</a> on buttered toast, served hot.<sup id="cite_ref-Stelzer2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stelzer2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, cheese was often part of the savoury course or added with simple fruit as a dessert.<sup id="cite_ref-SchollanderSchollander2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchollanderSchollander2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical Edwardian dinner might consist of up to four courses<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1977_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1977-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that include two soups, two types of fish, two meats, ending with several savouries then sweets.<sup id="cite_ref-Lethbridge2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lethbridge2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_appetisers_and_cocktail_hors_d'oeuvres"><span id="American_appetisers_and_cocktail_hors_d.27oeuvres"></span>American appetisers and cocktail hors d'oeuvres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American appetisers and cocktail hors d'oeuvres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veggie_platter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Veggie_platter.jpg/220px-Veggie_platter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Veggie_platter.jpg/330px-Veggie_platter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Veggie_platter.jpg/440px-Veggie_platter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/Crudit%C3%A9s" title="Crudités">crudités</a> served at a cocktail party</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>appetiser</i> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>: <i>appetizer</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for hors d'oeuvre. It was first used in the United States and England simultaneously in 1860. Americans also use the term to define the first of three courses in a meal, an optional one generally set on the table before guests were seated.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drinks before dinner became a custom towards the end of the 19th century. As this new fashion caught on, the British took inspiration from the French to begin serving hors d'oeuvres before dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-Foy2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foy2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party" title="Cocktail party">cocktail party</a> is considered a small gathering with mixed drinks and light snacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hors d'oeuvres may be served as the only food offering at cocktail parties and <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">receptions</a>, where no dinner is served afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_p._16_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman_p._16-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> in the United States, the cocktail party gained acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the First World War, American dinner guests would be expected to enter the dining room immediately where drinks would be served at the table with appetisers. This changed by the 1920s, when hors d'oeuvres were served prior to a <a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic">non-alcoholic</a> cocktail; however, after the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Repeal of Prohibition in the United States">repeal of Prohibition in the United States</a>, cocktail parties became popular with many different hors d'oeuvres meant as something to help counter the stronger drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connell2014_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connell2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the cocktail party that helped transfer the hors d'oeuvres from the formal dining table to the mobility of the serving tray. These appetisers passed around the cocktail party may also be referred to as canapés.<sup id="cite_ref-Connell2014_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connell2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In restaurants or large estates, hors d'oeuvres are prepared in a <i><a href="/wiki/Garde_manger" title="Garde manger">garde manger</a></i> which is a cool room.<sup id="cite_ref-garde_manger_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garde_manger-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hors d'oeuvres are often prepared in advance. Some types may be refrigerated or frozen and then precooked and then reheated in an oven or <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a> as necessary before serving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_style_service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Butler_style_service.jpg/220px-Butler_style_service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Butler_style_service.jpg/330px-Butler_style_service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Butler_style_service.jpg/440px-Butler_style_service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Steward in a vintage 1920s railcar serving canapés on a tray as part of butler style service</div></figcaption></figure> <p>If there is an extended period between when guests arrive and when the meal is eaten, for example during a <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktail</a> hour, these might serve the purpose of sustaining guests during the wait, in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif#Apéritifs" title="Apéritif and digestif">apéritifs</a> are served as a drink before meals.<sup id="cite_ref-Weimer_2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weimer_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also an unwritten rule that the dishes served as hors d'oeuvres do not give any clue to the main meal.<sup id="cite_ref-whet_appetite_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whet_appetite-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are served with the main meal menu in view either in hot, room temperature or cold forms; when served hot they are brought out after all the guests arrive so that everyone gets to taste the dishes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hors d'oeuvres before a meal may be rotated by waiters or passed. Stationary hors d'oeuvres served at the table on a tray may be referred to as table hors d'oeuvres or as <a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">buffet</a>-style.<sup id="cite_ref-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passed hors d'oeuvres provided by servers are part of <a href="/wiki/Butler" title="Butler">butler</a>-style service.<sup id="cite_ref-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or butlered hors d'oeuvres.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy_1993_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy_1993-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hors_d%27oeuvre" title="List of hors d'oeuvre">List of hors d'oeuvre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG/220px-April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG/330px-April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG/440px-April_2012_Schnittchen_nichtvegetarisch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A tray of hors d'oeuvres</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Though any food served before the main course is technically an hors d'oeuvre, the phrase is generally limited to individual items, such as cheese or fruit. A glazed fig topped with <a href="/wiki/Mascarpone" title="Mascarpone">mascarpone</a> and wrapped with <a href="/wiki/Prosciutto" title="Prosciutto">prosciutto</a> is an hors d'oeuvre, and plain figs served on a platter may also be served as hors d'oeuvres.<sup id="cite_ref-Cracknell_Kaufmann_100_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracknell_Kaufmann_100-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be pickled beets or anchovy eggs as topping over tomatoes as part of the initial "drinks" session such as of alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages. They are also served in the forms of dips, spreads, pastries, olives or nuts with or without a base of egg, cheese, meats, vegetables, seafood or breads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single cold items served are <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoked salmon</a>, avocado pear, caviar, pâté, shellfish cocktails and melon with <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnishes</a> and decorations. Seasoned hot dishes served are of vegetables, meat, fish, egg, pasta, cheese, soufflés, tartlets, <a href="/wiki/Puff_pastry" title="Puff pastry">puff pastry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Choux_pastry" title="Choux pastry">choux pastry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201411_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201411-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruschetta" title="Bruschetta">Bruschetta</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[bruˈsketta]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/It-Bruschetta.ogg\/It-Bruschetta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Bruschetta.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/It-Bruschetta.ogg/It-Bruschetta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Bruschetta.ogg" title="File:It-Bruschetta.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chiarello_Frankeny_2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiarello_Frankeny_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9" title="Canapé">Canapés</a><sup id="cite_ref-Beilenson_2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilenson_2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hui_2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hui_2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cracknell_Kaufmann_97_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cracknell_Kaufmann_97-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devilled_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Devilled egg">Devilled eggs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">Dumplings</a><sup id="cite_ref-White_1998_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1998-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">Gherkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leto_Bode_2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leto_Bode_2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_a_blanket" title="Pigs in a blanket">Pigs in a blanket</a><sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_Pelzel_Stewart_2011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan_Pelzel_Stewart_2011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_egg" title="Smoked egg">Smoked egg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_2009_p._1235_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_2009_p._1235-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_toast" title="Tongue toast">Tongue toast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Olson_2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson_2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hors d'oeuvres</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restaurant_appetizers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Appetisers in a restaurant"><img alt="Appetisers in a restaurant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Restaurant_appetizers.jpg/276px-Restaurant_appetizers.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Restaurant_appetizers.jpg/414px-Restaurant_appetizers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Restaurant_appetizers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Appetisers in a restaurant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomato bruschetta"><img alt="Tomato bruschetta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg/240px-Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg/360px-Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg/480px-Tomato_Bruschetta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomato <a href="/wiki/Bruschetta" title="Bruschetta">bruschetta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deviled eggs, a cold hors d'oeuvre"><img alt="Deviled eggs, a cold hors d'oeuvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg/180px-Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg/270px-Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg/360px-Deviled_egg_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Deviled_egg" title="Deviled egg">Deviled eggs</a>, a cold hors d'oeuvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlebicky.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Obložené chlebíčky, a Czech and Slovak appetiser or snack"><img alt="Obložené chlebíčky, a Czech and Slovak appetiser or snack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chlebicky.JPG/334px-Chlebicky.JPG" decoding="async" width="223" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chlebicky.JPG/501px-Chlebicky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chlebicky.JPG/668px-Chlebicky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oblo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_chleb%C3%AD%C4%8Dky" class="mw-redirect" title="Obložené chlebíčky">Obložené chlebíčky</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovak</a> appetiser or snack</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi,_Dining,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hors-d'oeuvre, Georgia"><img alt="Hors-d'oeuvre, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tbilisi%2C_Dining%2C_Georgia.jpg/271px-Tbilisi%2C_Dining%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tbilisi%2C_Dining%2C_Georgia.jpg/407px-Tbilisi%2C_Dining%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tbilisi%2C_Dining%2C_Georgia.jpg/542px-Tbilisi%2C_Dining%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hors-d'oeuvre, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hors d'oeuvres in Azerbaijani cuisine"><img alt="Hors d'oeuvres in Azerbaijani cuisine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg/229px-Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg/343px-Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg/457px-Azerbaijan_Light_snack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hors d'oeuvres in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani cuisine</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_culture_and_language">By culture and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By culture and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Americas">In the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Botanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanas">botanas</a></i> refers to the vegetarian varieties<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz_2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz_2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly served in small portions in wine bars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomero200748_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomero200748-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> countries, hors d'oeuvres are known as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boca" class="extiw" title="wikt:boca">bocas</a></i> (lit. "mouthfuls").<sup id="cite_ref-Conord_Conord_2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conord_Conord_2006-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pasapalos</i> (lit. "drink passer") is <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan Spanish</a> for an hors d'oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-Baguley_2003_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baguley_2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra_metzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petra_metzes.jpg/220px-Petra_metzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petra_metzes.jpg/330px-Petra_metzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petra_metzes.jpg/440px-Petra_metzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian cuisine</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a>, <i>moqabbelat</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مقبلات</span></span>, "things which make one accept what is to come". From root <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قبل</span></span> lit. "to accept") is the term for an hors d'oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Chaat" title="Chaat">chaat</a>, which is served throughout the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dahi_puri" title="Dahi puri">Dahi puri</a> is another snack from India which is especially popular from the city of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> state. Chaat is the snack food consumed separately and not part of main course meals.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Zensai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">前菜</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">lit. before dish</i></span>)</span> is <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> for an hors d'oeuvre; commonly for western dishes, <i>ōdoburu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オードブル</span></span>)</span>, which is a direct transcription of hors d'oeuvre, is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsuji_2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsuji_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WAttention_2014_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAttention_2014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mente_2007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mente_2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">반찬</span></span>) is a small serving of vegetables, cereals or meats. Additional Korean terms for hors d'oeuvres include <i>jeonchae</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">전채</span></span>), meaning "before dish" or <i>epitaijeo</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">에피타이저</span></span>), meaning "appetiser".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đồ nguội khai vị</i></span></i> ("cold plate first course") is the name for an hors d'oeuvre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <i>lěng pán</i> <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><span lang="cmn">冷盘</span></span> ("cold plate") or <i>qián cài</i> <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><span lang="cmn">前菜</span></span> ("before dish") are terms used for hors d'oeuvres, which are served in steamer baskets or on small plates. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></i> is a selection of small dishes<sup id="cite_ref-Barron_Roth_2002_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barron_Roth_2002-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan cuisine</a>. <i>Mezedakia</i> is a term for small mezes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barron_Roth_2002_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barron_Roth_2002-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pembuka</i> (lit. "opening") is <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> for an hors d'oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-Utama_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utama-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yemekaltı</i> is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> for an hors d'oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caviar served in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is the traditional <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> from wild <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Seas</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2006150_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2006150-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaat, a starter in Indian cuisine"><img alt="Chaat, a starter in Indian cuisine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg/158px-Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg/237px-Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg/317px-Bhalla_Papri_Chaat_with_saunth_chutney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chaat" title="Chaat">Chaat</a>, a starter in <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A sampling of starters in Northern Thai cuisine (Lanna cuisine)"><img alt="A sampling of starters in Northern Thai cuisine (Lanna cuisine)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG/160px-Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG/240px-Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG/320px-Lanna_cuisine_starters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sampling of starters in <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine#Northern_shared_dishes" title="Thai cuisine">Northern Thai cuisine</a> (Lanna cuisine)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiseki_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zensai in Japanese cuisine"><img alt="Zensai in Japanese cuisine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kaiseki_001.jpg/210px-Kaiseki_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kaiseki_001.jpg/315px-Kaiseki_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kaiseki_001.jpg/420px-Kaiseki_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zensai in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg/220px-Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg/330px-Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg/440px-Russian_Celebration_Zakuski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devils_on_horseback" title="Devils on horseback">devils on horseback</a> is a hot hors d'oeuvre in different recipes, but in general they are a variation on <a href="/wiki/Angels_on_horseback" title="Angels on horseback">angels on horseback</a>, made by replacing oysters with dried fruit. The majority of recipes contain a pitted <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">date</a> (though <a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prunes</a> are sometimes used).<sup id="cite_ref-Metro.co.uk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metro.co.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Starter</i> is a common colloquial term for an hors d'oeuvre in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crudit%C3%A9s" title="Crudités">Crudités</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are a blend of salads of raw vegetables and the serving has a minimum of three vegetables of striking colors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillan2012245_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillan2012245-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grad_2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grad_2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></i> are hors d'oeuvres in <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a> and other post-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet cuisines</a>, served in the form of a buffet of cured meats and fishes. In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">antipasto</a></i> means it is served cold in the form of olive, cheese, pickled vegetables<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. In Italian, "antipasto" means the whole lot of possible hors d'oeuvre, not just this very basic and small selection (April 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other similar hors d'oeuvres can be found in the rest of Southern Europe under different names (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">entrada</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">entrante</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">entremés</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-PEDROSO_2011_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEDROSO_2011-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Batty_2009_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batty_2009-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Voorgerecht</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> means the dish ('<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gerecht</i></span>') before ('<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">voor</i></span>') the main course.<sup id="cite_ref-Jong-Müggler_Kelling_2011_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jong-Müggler_Kelling_2011-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fattoush" title="Fattoush">Fattoush</a> is a bread salad in <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a> made from toasted or fried pieces of <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> bread (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">khubz 'arabi</i></span>) combined with <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf vegetables">mixed greens</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>. It belongs to the family of dishes known as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">fattat</i></span> (plural) or <a href="/wiki/Fatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatta">fatta</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/Staling" title="Staling">stale</a> flatbread as a base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2003243_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2003243-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various hors d'oeuvres at a banquet of Romanian cuisine"><img alt="Various hors d'oeuvres at a banquet of Romanian cuisine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg/210px-Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg/315px-Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg/420px-Hors_d%27oeuvres_at_a_romanian_banquet1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various hors d'oeuvres at a <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian cuisine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApetitizerShp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An appetiser served at a restaurant serving Swiss cuisine"><img alt="An appetiser served at a restaurant serving Swiss cuisine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ApetitizerShp.jpg/143px-ApetitizerShp.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ApetitizerShp.jpg/214px-ApetitizerShp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ApetitizerShp.jpg/285px-ApetitizerShp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An appetiser served at a restaurant serving <a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss cuisine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brettljause_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical Carinthian or Styrian "Brettljause", composed of different kinds of cold meat, horseradish, hard-boiled egg, meat paste, Liptauer, vegetables, butter and curd cheese"><img alt="Typical Carinthian or Styrian "Brettljause", composed of different kinds of cold meat, horseradish, hard-boiled egg, meat paste, Liptauer, vegetables, butter and curd cheese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brettljause_02.jpg/210px-Brettljause_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brettljause_02.jpg/315px-Brettljause_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brettljause_02.jpg/420px-Brettljause_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styrian</a> "Brettljause", composed of different kinds of cold meat, horseradish, hard-boiled egg, meat paste, <a href="/wiki/Liptauer" title="Liptauer">Liptauer</a>, vegetables, butter and curd cheese</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimp_poke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shrimp_poke.jpg/220px-Shrimp_poke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shrimp_poke.jpg/330px-Shrimp_poke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shrimp_poke.jpg/440px-Shrimp_poke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Poke_(fish_salad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poke (fish salad)">Poke</a> is a raw fish salad served as an appetiser in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">cuisine of Hawaii</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States the custom appears to have come from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where a foreign saloon owner may have put out trays of simple hors d'oeuvres to serve his customers. This tradition soon became the 5-cent beer and free lunch in early America before <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> ended the custom.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard2015_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., '<i>appetizers</i>',<sup id="cite_ref-America_2007_p._6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America_2007_p._6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to anything served before a meal, is the most common term for hors d'oeuvres. Light <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">snacks</a> served outside of the context of a meal are called hors d'oeuvres (with the English-language pluralization).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaii">Hawaii</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a> hors d'oeuvres and appetisers are called <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C5%ABp%C5%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:pūpū">pūpū</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_2011_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small_2011-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> culinary influences are very diverse due to the multiple ethnicities living in the islands. This diversity, along with the Americanization of entertaining in the mid 20th century led to the Hawaiian Cocktail and the <i>pūpū</i> (hors-d'oeuvre) served at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Luau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luau">luaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haden2009_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haden2009-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This invention of a faux Polynesian experience is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Don_the_Beachcomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Don the Beachcomber">Don the Beachcomber</a>, who is credited for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter"><i>pūpū</i> platter</a> and the drink named the <i><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(cocktail)" title="Zombie (cocktail)">Zombie</a></i> for his Hollywood restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-Charming2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charming2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charming2006_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charming2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Don's the food was traditional <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a> served with a fancy presentation. The first <i>pūpū</i> platters were eggrolls, chicken wings, spare ribs as well as other <a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">Chinese-American foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Machlin2011_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machlin2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually <a href="/wiki/Trader_Vic%27s" title="Trader Vic's">Trader Vic</a> would create the <a href="/wiki/Mai_Tai" title="Mai Tai">Mai Tai</a> in his restaurants in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">Tiki bar</a> would become an American cocktail tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Charming2006_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charming2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Oceania">In Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant,_Daylesford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant%2C_Daylesford.jpg/220px-Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant%2C_Daylesford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant%2C_Daylesford.jpg/330px-Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant%2C_Daylesford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant%2C_Daylesford.jpg/440px-Parmesan_Pannacotta_-_Amuse_Bouche_-_Lake_House_Restaurant%2C_Daylesford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Hors d'oeuvres, also called <a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">amuse-bouches</a>, served around bars in Australia are <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">alsace</a> <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouisD'ArcyGilbertHarding2012434_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouisD'ArcyGilbertHarding2012434-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appetisers in New Zealand are lamb skewer or blue cod sliders.<sup id="cite_ref-Fodor's2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodor's2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> call their snacks <i>Kai Timotimo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> appetisers served include pastes made from chickpeas and eggplant, meat dishes with spices and wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samoan foil chicken and roast pork, tidbits of meat in a smoky, spicy sauce are appetisers in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, puu-puus or appetisers served are <a href="/wiki/Waikiki" title="Waikiki">Waikiki</a> shrimp and grilled pineapple with dipping sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appetisers served in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> are raw and fresh vegetables and assorted dips with decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunham200489_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunham200489-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before modern-day hors d'oeuvre were introduced from Europe into South Africa, starters served consisted of eastern fish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sambal" class="extiw" title="wikt:sambal">sambals</a> and cooked <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> served with bread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykBarton20078_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykBarton20078-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hors_d%27oeuvre" title="List of hors d'oeuvre">List of hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquette" title="Barquette">Barquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicchetti (food)">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crostini" title="Crostini">Crostini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujeolpan" title="Gujeolpan">Gujeolpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of foods">List of foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picada" title="Picada">Picada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchito" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinchito">Pinchito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincho" title="Pincho">Pincho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Verma1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verma1999_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verma1999_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDhirendra_Verma1999" class="citation book cs1">Dhirendra Verma (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpgIQyInjWkC&pg=PA140"><i>Word Origins</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1930-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1930-9"><bdi>978-81-207-1930-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpgIQyInjWkC&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Origins&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1930-9&rft.au=Dhirendra+Verma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpgIQyInjWkC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknellKaufmann1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl2Om8L3diTQCpgPA87_87]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknellKaufmann1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl2Om8L3diTQCpgPA87_87]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCracknellKaufmann1999">Cracknell & Kaufmann 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA87">87</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waite2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waite2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Waite2013" class="citation book cs1">Maurice Waite (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqKcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA439"><i>Pocket Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966615-7"><bdi>978-0-19-966615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966615-7&rft.au=Maurice+Waite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqKcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cracknell_&_Kaufmann-1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cracknell_&_Kaufmann-1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Louis_CracknellR._J._Kaufmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Harry Louis Cracknell; R. J. Kaufmann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA87">"Chapter 6: Hors-d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Practical Professional Cookery</i>. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6"><bdi>1-86152-873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Hors-d%27oeuvre&rft.btitle=Practical+Professional+Cookery&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86152-873-6&rft.au=Harry+Louis+Cracknell&rft.au=R.+J.+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2Om8L3diTQC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, First Edition, 1899 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/88582"><i>s.v.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117090649/https://www.oed.com/start?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/88582">Archived</a> 17 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayto2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayto2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ayto2009" class="citation book cs1">John Ayto (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsRISNLSSHAC&pg=PT496"><i>Word Origins</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0160-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-0160-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160543/https://books.google.com/books?id=hsRISNLSSHAC&pg=PT496#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Origins&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0160-5&rft.au=John+Ayto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsRISNLSSHAC%26pg%3DPT496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/hors-d-oeuvre">"hors d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>plural hors d'oeuvre or hors d'oeuvres</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hors+d%27oeuvre&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+%26+Thesaurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhors-d-oeuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/en/writing-tips-plus/hors-doeuvre">"hors d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Resources of the Language Portal of Canada</i>. Government of Canada. 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>Hors d'oeuvres has two plural forms: hors d'oeuvre (without an s) or hors d'oeuvres (with an s).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resources+of+the+Language+Portal+of+Canada&rft.atitle=hors+d%E2%80%99oeuvre&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fwriting-tips-plus%2Fhors-doeuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hors%20d%27oeuvre">"hors d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>plural hors d'oeuvres also hors d'oeuvre</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hors+d%27oeuvre&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhors%2520d%2527oeuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabot2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cabot2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_S._Cabot2014" class="citation book cs1">Claire S. Cabot (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HU3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>A Short History of Ingredients</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4630-4"><bdi>978-1-4990-4630-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160536/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HU3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ingredients&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4990-4630-4&rft.au=Claire+S.+Cabot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HU3BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard2015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard2015_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard2015_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard2015_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Beard2015" class="citation book cs1">James Beard (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSJpBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13"><i>Hors d'oeuvre and Canapés</i></a>. Open Road Media. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-0454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-0454-1"><bdi>978-1-5040-0454-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160543/https://books.google.com/books?id=oSJpBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hors+d%27oeuvre+and+Canap%C3%A9s&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-5040-0454-1&rft.au=James+Beard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSJpBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_F._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Andrew F. Smith (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PA19"><i>The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530796-2"><bdi>978-0-19-530796-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160543/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Food+and+Drink&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530796-2&rft.au=Andrew+F.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoWlCmNDA3QC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200327-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200327_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200327_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connell2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connell2014_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connell2014_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connell2014_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connell2014_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibby_O_Connell2014" class="citation book cs1">Libby O Connell (11 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tETQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT279"><i>The American Plate: A Culinary History in 100 Bites</i></a>. Sourcebooks. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4926-0303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4926-0303-0"><bdi>978-1-4926-0303-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160536/https://books.google.com/books?id=tETQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT279#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Plate%3A+A+Culinary+History+in+100+Bites&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4926-0303-0&rft.au=Libby+O+Connell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtETQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxsug-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxsug_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxsug_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxsug_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxsug_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxsug_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 1 April 2015. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931361-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931361-7"><bdi>978-0-19-931361-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931361-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1bCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdamsonSegan2008-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsonSegan2008_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsonSegan2008_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelitta_Weiss_AdamsonFrancine_Segan2008" class="citation book cs1">Melitta Weiss Adamson; Francine Segan (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPDIx6WWuOQC&pg=PA304"><i>Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08689-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08689-2"><bdi>978-0-313-08689-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertaining+from+Ancient+Rome+to+the+Super+Bowl%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-08689-2&rft.au=Melitta+Weiss+Adamson&rft.au=Francine+Segan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPDIx6WWuOQC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WillanCherniavsky2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WillanCherniavsky2012_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_WillanMark_Cherniavsky2012" class="citation book cs1">Anne Willan; Mark Cherniavsky (3 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDNFbocxamEC&pg=PA134"><i>The Cookbook Library: Four Centuries of the Cooks, Writers, and Recipes That Made the Modern Cookbook</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24400-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cookbook+Library%3A+Four+Centuries+of+the+Cooks%2C+Writers%2C+and+Recipes+That+Made+the+Modern+Cookbook&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012-03-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24400-9&rft.au=Anne+Willan&rft.au=Mark+Cherniavsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDNFbocxamEC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezra2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ezra2000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Ezra2000" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Ezra (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialunconsci00ezra"><i>The Colonial Unconscious: Race and Culture in Interwar France</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialunconsci00ezra/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8647-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8647-5"><bdi>0-8014-8647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Unconscious%3A+Race+and+Culture+in+Interwar+France&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8014-8647-5&rft.au=Elizabeth+Ezra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialunconsci00ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katamba2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katamba2015_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Katamba2015" class="citation book cs1">Francis Katamba (11 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6qgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157"><i>English Words: Structure, History, Usage</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42542-6"><bdi>978-1-134-42542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Words%3A+Structure%2C+History%2C+Usage&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42542-6&rft.au=Francis+Katamba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6qgBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CracknellKaufmann1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CracknellKaufmann1999_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CracknellKaufmann1999_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Louis_CracknellR._J._Kaufmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Harry Louis Cracknell; R. J. Kaufmann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA696"><i>Practical Professional Cookery</i></a>. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6"><bdi>1-86152-873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Professional+Cookery&rft.pages=696&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86152-873-6&rft.au=Harry+Louis+Cracknell&rft.au=R.+J.+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2Om8L3diTQC%26pg%3DPA696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montagné1961-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montagné1961_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProsper_Montagné1961" class="citation book cs1">Prosper Montagné (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laroussegastrono00mont"><i>Larousse gastronomique: the encyclopedia of food, wine & cookery</i></a></span>. Crown Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laroussegastrono00mont/page/868">868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517503331" title="Special:BookSources/9780517503331"><bdi>9780517503331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+gastronomique%3A+the+encyclopedia+of+food%2C+wine+%26+cookery&rft.pages=868&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780517503331&rft.au=Prosper+Montagn%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaroussegastrono00mont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaty-Pownall1905-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beaty-Pownall1905_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Beaty-Pownall1905" class="citation book cs1">S. Beaty-Pownall (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKlUVNZv-C0C&pg=PA41"><i>The "Queen" Cookery Books ...</i></a> H. Cox. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Queen%22+Cookery+Books+...&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=H.+Cox&rft.date=1905&rft.au=S.+Beaty-Pownall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKlUVNZv-C0C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stelzer2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stelzer2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCita_Stelzer2013" class="citation book cs1">Cita Stelzer (8 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAqDMVWcY4C&pg=PT107"><i>Dinner with Churchill: Policy-Making at the Dinner Table</i></a>. Open Road Media. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-7161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-7161-2"><bdi>978-1-4532-7161-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dinner+with+Churchill%3A+Policy-Making+at+the+Dinner+Table&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4532-7161-2&rft.au=Cita+Stelzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFAqDMVWcY4C%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchollanderSchollander2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchollanderSchollander2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendell_SchollanderWes_Schollander2002" class="citation book cs1">Wendell Schollander; Wes Schollander (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pLDuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Forgotten Elegance: The Art, Artifacts, and Peculiar History of Victorian and Edwardian Entertaining in America</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31685-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31685-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Elegance%3A+The+Art%2C+Artifacts%2C+and+Peculiar+History+of+Victorian+and+Edwardian+Entertaining+in+America&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31685-2&rft.au=Wendell+Schollander&rft.au=Wes+Schollander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpLDuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston1977-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1977_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Johnston1977" class="citation book cs1">James P. Johnston (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QI4OAQAAIAAJ"><i>A hundred years eating: food, drink and the daily diet in Britain since the late nineteenth century</i></a>. Gill and Macmillan. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773503069" title="Special:BookSources/9780773503069"><bdi>9780773503069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+hundred+years+eating%3A+food%2C+drink+and+the+daily+diet+in+Britain+since+the+late+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780773503069&rft.au=James+P.+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQI4OAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lethbridge2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lethbridge2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucy_Lethbridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Lucy Lethbridge (18 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXCtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31"><i>Servants: A Downstairs History of Britain from the Nineteenth Century to Modern Times</i></a>. W. W. Norton. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24195-2"><bdi>978-0-393-24195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servants%3A+A+Downstairs+History+of+Britain+from+the+Nineteenth+Century+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24195-2&rft.au=Lucy+Lethbridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXCtAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foy2014-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foy2014_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Foy2014" class="citation book cs1">Karen Foy (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vtsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Life in the Victorian Kitchen: Culinary Secrets and Servants' Stories</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-639-4"><bdi>978-1-78303-639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+the+Victorian+Kitchen%3A+Culinary+Secrets+and+Servants%27+Stories&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78303-639-4&rft.au=Karen+Foy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vtsBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black2010_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Black2010" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Black (14 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbJzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Alcohol in Popular Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38049-5"><bdi>978-0-313-38049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+in+Popular+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38049-5&rft.au=Rachel+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbJzCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_p._16-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_p._16_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman" class="citation book cs1">Berman, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxnhikQKYnoC&pg=PA16"><i>Little Black Book of Hors D'Oevure</i></a>. Little Black Bks. Peter Pauper Press, Incorporated. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4413-0045-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4413-0045-4"><bdi>978-1-4413-0045-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Black+Book+of+Hors+D%27Oevure&rft.series=Little+Black+Bks&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Peter+Pauper+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.isbn=978-1-4413-0045-4&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxnhikQKYnoC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garde_manger-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garde_manger_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulinary_Institute_of_America2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Culinary_Institute_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary Institute of America">Culinary Institute of America</a> (16 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0b6FXufGWsQC"><i>Garde Manger: The Art and Craft of the Cold Kitchen</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-58780-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-58780-5"><bdi>978-0-470-58780-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112161037/https://books.google.com/books?id=0b6FXufGWsQC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garde+Manger%3A+The+Art+and+Craft+of+the+Cold+Kitchen&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-470-58780-5&rft.au=Culinary+Institute+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0b6FXufGWsQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997143–44_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997">Rombauer et al. 1997</a>, pp. 143–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weimer_2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weimer_2005_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeimer2005" class="citation book cs1">Weimer, Jan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDmNGKQZx3kC&pg=PA7"><i>Hors D'oeuvres</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 7, 11, 18, 20, 121, 131, 132, 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6738-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-6738-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112161039/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDmNGKQZx3kC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hors+D%27oeuvres&rft.pages=7%2C+11%2C+18%2C+20%2C+121%2C+131%2C+132%2C+137&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6738-0&rft.aulast=Weimer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDmNGKQZx3kC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whet_appetite-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whet_appetite_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwgAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43">"Appétit: take on a new flair. Naturally!"</a>. <i>Vegetarian Times</i>. No. 124. Active Interest Media, Inc. December 1987. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-8497">0164-8497</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112161039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwgAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetarian+Times&rft.atitle=App%C3%A9tit%3A+take+on+a+new+flair.+Naturally%21&rft.issue=124&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1987-12&rft.issn=0164-8497&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwgAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGisslenGriffinBleu2006" class="citation book cs1">Gisslen, W.; Griffin, M.E.; Bleu, Le Cordon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzSwCGBHr3YC&pg=PA756"><i>Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-66377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-66377-5"><bdi>978-0-471-66377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Cooking+for+Canadian+Chefs&rft.pages=756&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-66377-5&rft.aulast=Gisslen&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Bleu%2C+Le+Cordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzSwCGBHr3YC%26pg%3DPA756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy_1993-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_1993_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1993" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9u5CCtTw4AC&q=butlered+Hors+doeuvre"><i>For the Bride</i></a>. JE House Pub. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9638939-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9638939-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9638939-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Bride&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=JE+House+Pub.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9638939-0-1&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv9u5CCtTw4AC%26q%3Dbutlered%2BHors%2Bdoeuvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cracknell_Kaufmann_100-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cracknell_Kaufmann_100_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Louis_CracknellR._J._Kaufmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Harry Louis Cracknell; R. J. Kaufmann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA100">"Chapter 6: Hors-d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Practical Professional Cookery</i>. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6"><bdi>1-86152-873-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112161147/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Hors-d%27oeuvre&rft.btitle=Practical+Professional+Cookery&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86152-873-6&rft.au=Harry+Louis+Cracknell&rft.au=R.+J.+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2Om8L3diTQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201411-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201411_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe2014">Foskett et al. 2014</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiarello_Frankeny_2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiarello_Frankeny_2011_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiarelloFrankeny2011" class="citation book cs1">Chiarello, M.; Frankeny, F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_j6620b8QC&pg=PA44"><i>Bottega: Bold Italian Flavors from the Heart of California's Wine Country</i></a>. Chronicle Books LLC. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0032-6"><bdi>978-1-4521-0032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bottega%3A+Bold+Italian+Flavors+from+the+Heart+of+California%27s+Wine+Country&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4521-0032-6&rft.aulast=Chiarello&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Frankeny%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB_j6620b8QC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beilenson_2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beilenson_2012_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilenson2012" class="citation book cs1">Beilenson, Edna (27 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hynM4nN0xKoC"><i>The ABC of Canapes</i></a>. Peter Pauper Press, Inc. pp. 3, 34, 36, 37, 55, 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4413-1093-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4413-1093-4"><bdi>978-1-4413-1093-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC+of+Canapes&rft.pages=3%2C+34%2C+36%2C+37%2C+55%2C+56&rft.pub=Peter+Pauper+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4413-1093-4&rft.aulast=Beilenson&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhynM4nN0xKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hui_2006-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hui_2006_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui2006" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Y.H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTjysvUxB8wC&pg=PA215"><i>Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering</i></a>. Food Science and Technology – CRC Taylor & Francis. Taylor & Francis. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9849-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9849-0"><bdi>978-0-8493-9849-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Food+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Engineering&rft.series=Food+Science+and+Technology+%E2%80%93+CRC+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9849-0&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Y.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTjysvUxB8wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cracknell_Kaufmann_97-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cracknell_Kaufmann_97_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Louis_CracknellR._J._Kaufmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Harry Louis Cracknell; R. J. Kaufmann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA97">"Chapter 6: Hors-d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Practical Professional Cookery</i>. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86152-873-6"><bdi>1-86152-873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Hors-d%27oeuvre&rft.btitle=Practical+Professional+Cookery&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86152-873-6&rft.au=Harry+Louis+Cracknell&rft.au=R.+J.+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2Om8L3diTQC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler_2013-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_2013_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2013" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, D.L. (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_a2d6"><i>Essentials of Southern Cooking</i></a></span>. Lyons Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_a2d6/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-9222-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-9222-1"><bdi>978-0-7627-9222-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Southern+Cooking&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-9222-1&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_a2d6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_1998-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White_1998_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1998" class="citation book cs1">White, J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFwuW3qrC7UC&pg=PA114"><i>Lobster at Home</i></a>. Scribner. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80077-6"><bdi>978-0-684-80077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lobster+at+Home&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80077-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFwuW3qrC7UC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leto_Bode_2006-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leto_Bode_2006_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetoBode2006" class="citation book cs1">Leto, M.J.; Bode, W.K.H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35CESNLtg8gC&pg=PA224"><i>The Larder Chef</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6899-6"><bdi>978-0-7506-6899-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Larder+Chef&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-6899-6&rft.aulast=Leto&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=Bode%2C+W.K.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35CESNLtg8gC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callahan_Pelzel_Stewart_2011-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callahan_Pelzel_Stewart_2011_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahanPelzelStewart2011" class="citation book cs1">Callahan, P.; Pelzel, R.; Stewart, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4J5Nyjj8p0EC&pg=PA121"><i>Bite by Bite</i></a>. Clarkson Potter. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71879-2"><bdi>978-0-307-71879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bite+by+Bite&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-71879-2&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Pelzel%2C+R.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4J5Nyjj8p0EC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair_2009_p._1235-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_2009_p._1235_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2009" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mdwm7jI9J10C&pg=PA1235"><i>Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0218-3"><bdi>978-1-4081-0218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Food%3A+International+Food+and+Cooking+Terms+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=1235&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0218-3&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdwm7jI9J10C%26pg%3DPA1235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zane, Eva (1992). <i>Greek Cooking for the Gods</i>. Santa Rosa, California: The Cole Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56426-501-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56426-501-2">978-1-56426-501-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson_2014-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson_2014_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2014" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Miles (21 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTv0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT99"><i>The Compassionate Hunter's Guidebook: Hunting from the Heart</i></a>. New Society Publishers. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55092-553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55092-553-1"><bdi>978-1-55092-553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Compassionate+Hunter%27s+Guidebook%3A+Hunting+from+the+Heart&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-55092-553-1&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTv0AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Díaz_2012-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Díaz_2012_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffan_Igor_Ayora_Díaz2012" class="citation book cs1">Steffan Igor Ayora Díaz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPepq1QnT6oC&pg=PA223"><i>Foodscapes, Foodfields, and Identities in Yucatán</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 84, 92, 101, 102, 104, 130, 142, 216, 220, 223, 224, 233, 274, 275, 277, 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-220-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-220-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foodscapes%2C+Foodfields%2C+and+Identities+in+Yucat%C3%A1n&rft.pages=84%2C+92%2C+101%2C+102%2C+104%2C+130%2C+142%2C+216%2C+220%2C+223%2C+224%2C+233%2C+274%2C+275%2C+277%2C+306&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-220-7&rft.au=Steffan+Igor+Ayora+D%C3%ADaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPepq1QnT6oC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomero200748-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomero200748_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomero2007">Romero 2007</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conord_Conord_2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conord_Conord_2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConordConord2006" class="citation book cs1">Conord, Bruce; Conord, June (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZvA7mtWKXsC&pg=PT65"><i>Costa Rica Pocket Adventures: Pocket Adventure Guide</i></a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-607-8"><bdi>978-1-58843-607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rica+Pocket+Adventures%3A+Pocket+Adventure+Guide&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-607-8&rft.aulast=Conord&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Conord%2C+June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZvA7mtWKXsC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baguley_2003-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baguley_2003_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaguley2003" class="citation book cs1">Baguley, Kitt (1 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKVZrs8mFmsC"><i>Culture Shock Venezuela</i></a>. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. pp. 4, 113, 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55868-634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55868-634-2"><bdi>978-1-55868-634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Shock+Venezuela&rft.pages=4%2C+113%2C+230&rft.pub=Graphic+Arts+Center+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55868-634-2&rft.aulast=Baguley&rft.aufirst=Kitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKVZrs8mFmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodfood.com.au/good-food/cook/exploring-australian-home-cookery-a-vintage-cookbook-from-the-1930s-20141029-11dmcf.html">"Exploring Australian Home Cookery: a vintage cookbook from the 1930s"</a>. <i>Good Food</i>. 4 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173333/http://www.goodfood.com.au/good-food/cook/exploring-australian-home-cookery-a-vintage-cookbook-from-the-1930s-20141029-11dmcf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+Food&rft.atitle=Exploring+Australian+Home+Cookery%3A+a+vintage+cookbook+from+the+1930s&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodfood.com.au%2Fgood-food%2Fcook%2Fexploring-australian-home-cookery-a-vintage-cookbook-from-the-1930s-20141029-11dmcf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe201410_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe2014">Foskett et al. 2014</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907092006/https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100490400.htm">"Mouthful of joy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 11 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/02/11/stories/2004021100490400.htm">the original</a> on 7 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mouthful+of+joy&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fmp%2F2004%2F02%2F11%2Fstories%2F2004021100490400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsuji_2007-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tsuji_2007_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizuo_Tsuji2007" class="citation book cs1">Shizuo Tsuji (16 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fby2Er0seMMC&pg=PA48"><i>Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art</i></a>. Kodansha International. pp. 48, 48, 241, 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3049-8"><bdi>978-4-7700-3049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Cooking%3A+A+Simple+Art&rft.pages=48%2C+48%2C+241%2C+507&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2007-02-16&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-3049-8&rft.au=Shizuo+Tsuji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfby2Er0seMMC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAttention_2014-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WAttention_2014_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWAttention_Co.,_Ltd.2014" class="citation book cs1">WAttention Co., Ltd. (22 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhWjAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>WAttention Tokyo VOL.10</i></a>. ゴマブックス株式会社. p. 14. GGKEY:LQA0UQUGNC3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WAttention+Tokyo+VOL.10&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=%E3%82%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.au=WAttention+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhWjAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mente_2007-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mente_2007_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoye_De_Mente2007" class="citation book cs1">Boye De Mente (12 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QH2B9TSdjW0C"><i>Japanese In Plain English (EB)</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148296-7"><bdi>978-0-07-148296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+In+Plain+English+%28EB%29&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148296-7&rft.au=Boye+De+Mente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQH2B9TSdjW0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barron_Roth_2002-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barron_Roth_2002_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barron_Roth_2002_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarronRoth2002" class="citation book cs1">Barron, R.; Roth, D. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mezesmallbitesbi00barr"><i>Meze: Small Bites, Big Flavors from the Greek Table</i></a></span>. Chronicle Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mezesmallbitesbi00barr/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-3148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-3148-2"><bdi>978-0-8118-3148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meze%3A+Small+Bites%2C+Big+Flavors+from+the+Greek+Table&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-3148-2&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Roth%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmezesmallbitesbi00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utama-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utama_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0FydJSRkB0C&pg=PA3"><i>Finger food: kue kecil untuk camilan</i></a>. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. 2005. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-22-1630-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-22-1630-1"><bdi>978-979-22-1630-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finger+food%3A+kue+kecil+untuk+camilan&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Gramedia+Pustaka+Utama&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-979-22-1630-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0FydJSRkB0C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.53cfd3481fd3b4.82157655">"TÜRK DİL KURUMU"</a>. <i>tdk.gov.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151337/http://tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.53cfd3481fd3b4.82157655">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tdk.gov.tr&rft.atitle=T%C3%9CRK+D%C4%B0L+KURUMU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftdk.gov.tr%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_gts%26arama%3Dgts%26guid%3DTDK.GTS.53cfd3481fd3b4.82157655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2006150-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2006150_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2006">Davidson 2006</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metro.co.uk-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metro.co.uk_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2012/12/19/how-to-make-the-best-devils-on-horseback-3321836/">"How to make the best devils on horseback"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a></i>. 19 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222161202/http://metro.co.uk/2012/12/19/how-to-make-the-best-devils-on-horseback-3321836/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=How+to+make+the+best+devils+on+horseback&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2Fhow-to-make-the-best-devils-on-horseback-3321836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2015-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2015_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Pamela A. (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ySa6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>Britain Unravelled: A North American Guide to the UK</i></a>. Friesen Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-4304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-4304-6"><bdi>978-1-4602-4304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Unravelled%3A+A+North+American+Guide+to+the+UK&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Friesen+Press&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4602-4304-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Pamela+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DySa6CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillan2012245-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillan2012245_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillan2012">Willan 2012</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grad_2011-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grad_2011_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrad2011" class="citation book cs1">Grad, Laurie (11 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQcEETRKK4C&pg=PA61"><i>Make it Easy, Make it Light</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4518-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4518-0"><bdi>978-1-4391-4518-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+it+Easy%2C+Make+it+Light&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-4518-0&rft.aulast=Grad&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRQcEETRKK4C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEDROSO_2011-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PEDROSO_2011_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepperPedroso2011" class="citation book cs1">Pepper, Lucy; Pedroso, Célia (22 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OEicaWIMysC&pg=PA144"><i>Eat Portugal</i></a>. Leya. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-23-1186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-23-1186-9"><bdi>978-989-23-1186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eat+Portugal&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Leya&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft.isbn=978-989-23-1186-9&rft.aulast=Pepper&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Pedroso%2C+C%C3%A9lia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OEicaWIMysC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batty_2009-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Batty_2009_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatty2009" class="citation book cs1">Batty, Peggy A. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLaR3uz4-ikC&pg=PA705"><i>Spanish for the Nutrition Professional</i></a>. American Dietetic Association. pp. 70, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88091-428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88091-428-4"><bdi>978-0-88091-428-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+for+the+Nutrition+Professional&rft.pages=70%2C+174&rft.pub=American+Dietetic+Association&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88091-428-4&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=Peggy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLaR3uz4-ikC%26pg%3DPA705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jong-Müggler_Kelling_2011-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jong-Müggler_Kelling_2011_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVreni_de_Jong-MügglerIrmela_KellingJaap_Verheij2011" class="citation book cs1">Vreni de Jong-Müggler; Irmela Kelling; Jaap Verheij (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3lMDGteoUEC&pg=PA72"><i>Gezond lekker eten / druk 6: kookboek voor volwaardige voeding</i></a>. Uitgeverij Christofoor. pp. 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 132, 262, 267, 328, 351, 397, 422, 423, 430, 435, 448, 628, 631, 637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6238-304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6238-304-7"><bdi>978-90-6238-304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gezond+lekker+eten+%2F+druk+6%3A+kookboek+voor+volwaardige+voeding&rft.pages=67%2C+68%2C+70%2C+72%2C+73%2C+74%2C+132%2C+262%2C+267%2C+328%2C+351%2C+397%2C+422%2C+423%2C+430%2C+435%2C+448%2C+628%2C+631%2C+637&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Christofoor&rft.date=2011-10&rft.isbn=978-90-6238-304-7&rft.au=Vreni+de+Jong-M%C3%BCggler&rft.au=Irmela+Kelling&rft.au=Jaap+Verheij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3lMDGteoUEC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2003243-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2003243_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2003">Wright 2003</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-America_2007_p._6-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-America_2007_p._6_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lt-bpdo4UxoC&pg=PA6"><i>Hors D'Oeuvre at Home with The Culinary Institute of America</i></a>. Wiley. 2007. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9562-2"><bdi>978-0-7645-9562-2</bdi></a>. <q>Appetizers from Hors d'oeuvre To create appetizers from hors d'oeuvre, the portion size ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hors+D%27Oeuvre+at+Home+with+The+Culinary+Institute+of+America&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-9562-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlt-bpdo4UxoC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--365/chicken-description-of-parts.asp">"Chicken – Description of Parts"</a>. RecipeTips.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220140226/http://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--365/chicken-description-of-parts.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicken+%E2%80%93+Description+of+Parts&rft.pub=RecipeTips.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recipetips.com%2Fkitchen-tips%2Ft--365%2Fchicken-description-of-parts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leitesculinaria.com/52349/writings-history-chicken-fingers.html">"The History of Chicken Fingers"</a>. Leite's Culinaria. 7 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109041052/http://leitesculinaria.com/52349/writings-history-chicken-fingers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chicken+Fingers&rft.pub=Leite%27s+Culinaria&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleitesculinaria.com%2F52349%2Fwritings-history-chicken-fingers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Small_2011-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Small_2011_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2011" class="citation book cs1">Small, Ernest (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Au3RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA376"><i>Top 100 Exotic Food Plants</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-5688-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-5688-8"><bdi>978-1-4398-5688-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+100+Exotic+Food+Plants&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-5688-8&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAu3RBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haden2009-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haden2009_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Haden2009" class="citation book cs1">Roger Haden (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eZe7e-1Y3sC&pg=PA136"><i>Food Culture in the Pacific Islands</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34492-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34492-3"><bdi>978-0-313-34492-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34492-3&rft.au=Roger+Haden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eZe7e-1Y3sC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charming2009-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charming2009_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_Charming2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheryl Charming (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJKr67ceXpMC&pg=PA96"><i>Knack Bartending Basics: More than 400 Classic and Contemporary Cocktails for Any Occasion</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-772-7"><bdi>978-1-59921-772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knack+Bartending+Basics%3A+More+than+400+Classic+and+Contemporary+Cocktails+for+Any+Occasion&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-772-7&rft.au=Cheryl+Charming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJKr67ceXpMC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charming2006-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charming2006_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charming2006_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_Charming2006" class="citation book cs1">Cheryl Charming (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5igQMFsCtUC&pg=PA4"><i>Miss Charming's Guide for Hip Bartenders and Wayout Wannabes</i></a>. Sourcebooks. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-5004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-5004-0"><bdi>978-1-4022-5004-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miss+Charming%27s+Guide+for+Hip+Bartenders+and+Wayout+Wannabes&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4022-5004-0&rft.au=Cheryl+Charming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5igQMFsCtUC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machlin2011-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Machlin2011_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherri_Machlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Sherri Machlin (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCMskYrWKVMC&pg=PA81"><i>American Food by the Decades</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37699-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37699-3"><bdi>978-0-313-37699-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Food+by+the+Decades&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37699-3&rft.au=Sherri+Machlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCMskYrWKVMC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouisD'ArcyGilbertHarding2012434-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouisD'ArcyGilbertHarding2012434_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouisD'ArcyGilbertHarding2012">Louis et al. 2012</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fodor's2014-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fodor's2014_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodor's2014" class="citation book cs1">Fodor's (29 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YzIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT980"><i>Fodor's New Zealand</i></a>. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-4251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-4251-9"><bdi>978-0-8041-4251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+New+Zealand&rft.pages=980&rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel+Publications&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8041-4251-9&rft.au=Fodor%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YzIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maoritelevision.com/tv/shows/marae-kai-masters/maori-glossary/kitchen-terms">"Kitchen Terms – Māori Glossary"</a>. <i>Māori Television</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105144450/http://www.maoritelevision.com/tv/shows/marae-kai-masters/maori-glossary/kitchen-terms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C4%81ori+Television&rft.atitle=Kitchen+Terms+%E2%80%93+M%C4%81ori+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maoritelevision.com%2Ftv%2Fshows%2Fmarae-kai-masters%2Fmaori-glossary%2Fkitchen-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturegrams200302axio"><i>CultureGrams: Africa</i></a></span>. Axiom Press. 2002. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturegrams200302axio/page/227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931694-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931694-36-0"><bdi>978-1-931694-36-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureGrams%3A+Africa&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Axiom+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-931694-36-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturegrams200302axio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9EgvAQAAIAAJ"><i>Cue: The Weekly Magazine of New York Life</i></a>. Cue Publishing Company. April 1976. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cue%3A+The+Weekly+Magazine+of+New+York+Life&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cue+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1976-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9EgvAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXNIcE7uxYC&pg=PA43">"MotorBoating"</a>. <i>Motor Boating (New York, N.Y. 2000)</i>: 43. July 1966. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-2623">1531-2623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Boating+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.+2000%29&rft.atitle=MotorBoating&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1966-07&rft.issn=1531-2623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yXNIcE7uxYC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunham200489-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunham200489_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunham2004">Dunham 2004</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykBarton20078-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykBarton20078_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWykBarton2007">Wyk & Barton 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracknellKaufmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Cracknell, H. L.; Kaufmann, R. J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Om8L3diTQC&pg=PA87">"Chapter 6: Hors-d'oeuvre"</a>. <i>Practical Professional Cookery</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 87–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86152-873-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86152-873-5"><bdi>978-1-86152-873-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Hors-d%27oeuvre&rft.btitle=Practical+Professional+Cookery&rft.pages=87-108&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86152-873-5&rft.aulast=Cracknell&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2Om8L3diTQC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (21 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTr-ouCbL2AC&pg=PA150"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280681-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280681-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTr-ouCbL2AC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunham2004" class="citation book cs1">Dunham, J. R. (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Zdx5sWt7RwC&pg=PA89"><i>Two Women in Africa: The Ultimate Adventure</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-31232-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-31232-0"><bdi>978-0-595-31232-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Women+in+Africa%3A+The+Ultimate+Adventure&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-0-595-31232-0&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Zdx5sWt7RwC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe2014" class="citation book cs1">Foskett, David; Paskins, Patricia; Rippington, Neil; Thorpe, Steve (29 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9F0QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10"><i>Practical Cookery for the Level 3 NVQ and VRQ Diploma, 6th edition</i></a>. Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-0671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-0671-1"><bdi>978-1-4718-0671-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Cookery+for+the+Level+3+NVQ+and+VRQ+Diploma%2C+6th+edition&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4718-0671-1&rft.aulast=Foskett&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Paskins%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Rippington%2C+Neil&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9F0QBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisD'ArcyGilbertHarding2012" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Regis St; D'Arcy, Jayne; Gilbert, Sarah; Harding, Paul; Le Nevez, Catherine; Maxwell, Virginia; Pozzan, Olivia; Watson, Penny (1 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bpqidjx0dIQC&pg=PT434"><i>Lonely Planet East Coast Australia 4</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-660-8"><bdi>978-1-74220-660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+East+Coast+Australia+4&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-74220-660-8&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Regis+St&rft.au=D%27Arcy%2C+Jayne&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Harding%2C+Paul&rft.au=Le+Nevez%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Virginia&rft.au=Pozzan%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Watson%2C+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpqidjx0dIQC%26pg%3DPT434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2007" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Pedro (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LFl80xGY8sC&pg=PA48"><i>Night+Day Mexico City</i></a>. ASDavis Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9776245-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9776245-6-0"><bdi>978-0-9776245-6-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Night%2BDay+Mexico+City&rft.pub=ASDavis+Media+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9776245-6-0&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LFl80xGY8sC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997" class="citation book cs1">Rombauer, Irma S.; Becker, Marion Rombauer; Becker, Ethan; Guarnaschelli, Maria (5 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&pg=PA143"><i>JOC All New Rev. – 1997</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81870-2"><bdi>978-0-684-81870-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JOC+All+New+Rev.+%E2%80%93+1997&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81870-2&rft.aulast=Rombauer&rft.aufirst=Irma+S.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Marion+Rombauer&rft.au=Becker%2C+Ethan&rft.au=Guarnaschelli%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbyW2LeXIOkC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Dennis Edwin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MsYUcMFx9cC&pg=PA27"><i>From Symposium to Eucharist: The Banquet in the Early Christian World</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0653-5"><bdi>978-1-4514-0653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Symposium+to+Eucharist%3A+The+Banquet+in+the+Early+Christian+World&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0653-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MsYUcMFx9cC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillan2012" class="citation book cs1">Willan, Anne (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4LqbcSF0fkC&pg=PA245"><i>The Country Cooking of France</i></a>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0767-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0767-7"><bdi>978-1-4521-0767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Country+Cooking+of+France&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4521-0767-7&rft.aulast=Willan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4LqbcSF0fkC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2003" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Clifford A. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3t2IJeFIh8C&pg=PA241"><i>Little Foods of the Mediterranean: 500 Fabulous Recipes for Antipasti, Tapas, Hors D'Oeuvre, Meze, and More</i></a>. Harvard Common Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-227-1"><bdi>978-1-55832-227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Foods+of+the+Mediterranean%3A+500+Fabulous+Recipes+for+Antipasti%2C+Tapas%2C+Hors+D%27Oeuvre%2C+Meze%2C+and+More&rft.pub=Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55832-227-1&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3t2IJeFIh8C%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWykBarton2007" class="citation book cs1">Wyk, Magdaleen Van; Barton, Pat (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abmTKV1E-TwC&pg=PA7"><i>Traditional South African Cooking</i></a>. Struik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-407-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-407-1"><bdi>978-1-77007-407-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+South+African+Cooking&rft.pub=Struik&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-407-1&rft.aulast=Wyk&rft.aufirst=Magdaleen+Van&rft.au=Barton%2C+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabmTKV1E-TwC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/article/bon-appetit-s-guide-to-modern-hors-d-oeuvres">"Bon Appetit's Guide to Modern Hors d'Oeuvres"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bon_App%C3%A9tit" title="Bon Appétit">Bon Appétit</a></i>. 4 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bon+App%C3%A9tit&rft.atitle=Bon+Appetit%27s+Guide+to+Modern+Hors+d%27Oeuvres&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonappetit.com%2Fentertaining-style%2Farticle%2Fbon-appetit-s-guide-to-modern-hors-d-oeuvres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHors+d%27oeuvre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Hors d'oeuvre</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hors_d%27oeuvre" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hors d'oeuvre">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Appetizers" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Appetizers">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hors_d%27oeuvre" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hors d'oeuvre">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hors_d%27oeuvre" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hors d'oeuvre">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Appetiser_recipes" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Appetiser recipes">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appetiser" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appetiser">Appetiser</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saveur.com/gallery/One-Bite-Hors-dOeuvres">Hors d'oeuvre Recipes</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saveur" title="Saveur">Saveur</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals_navbox" title="Template talk:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components<br />and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">Table service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt_sushi" title="Conveyor belt sushi">Conveyor belt sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter_(dinner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter (dinner)">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADzio" title="Rodízio">Rodízio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">Service à la française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_service" title="Silver service">Silver service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_reservation" title="Table reservation">Table reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_fresco_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Al fresco dining">Al fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_presentation" title="Food presentation">Food presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">Garnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyotaimori" title="Nyotaimori">Nyotaimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">Pièce montée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serving_size" title="Serving size">Serving size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">Tablecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_utensil_etiquette" title="Eating utensil etiquette">Eating utensil etiquette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">Waiting staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">Antipasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti" title="Cicchetti">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_table_d%27h%C3%B4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean table d'hôte">Korean table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastarkh%C4%81n" title="Dastarkhān">Dastarkhān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three" title="Meat and three">Meat and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazuya" title="Okazuya">Okazuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">Plate lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter">Pu pu platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_three" title="Rice and three">Rice and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">Dosirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_rations" title="Emergency rations">Emergency rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">Frozen meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_breakfast" title="Instant breakfast">Instant breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_lunch" title="Packed lunch">Packed lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">Take-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">Menus</a> and<br />meal deals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-plate_special" title="Blue-plate special">Blue-plate special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">Free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_refill" title="Free refill">Free refill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">School meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_meal" title="Suspended meal">Suspended meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_menu" title="Value menu">Value menu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">Commercium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittning" title="Sittning">Sittning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">Supra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableround" class="mw-redirect" title="Tableround">Tableround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_restaurant" title="Virtual restaurant">Virtual restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places to eat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">Picnic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traiteur_(culinary_profession)" title="Traiteur (culinary profession)">Traiteur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">Chef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_food_and_beverage_topics" title="Lists of food and beverage topics">Lists of food and beverage topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumeria" title="Salumeria">Salumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meals" title="Category:Meals">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Meals">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&oldid=1256364317">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&oldid=1256364317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appetizers" title="Category:Appetizers">Appetizers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Courses_(food)" title="Category:Courses (food)">Courses (food)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garde_manger" title="Category:Garde manger">Garde manger</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_December_2017" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from December 2017">Accuracy disputes from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use British English from January 2024">Use British English from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from December 2017">Articles with self-published sources from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mandarin_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text">Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 15:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hors_d%27oeuvre&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-vmp2z","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.448","walltime":"1.728","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8484,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":216229,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7209,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":341658,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1530.813 1 -total"," 35.21% 539.044 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.25% 417.116 71 Template:Cite_book"," 8.00% 122.467 18 Template:Sfn"," 7.12% 109.037 1 Template:Langx"," 6.14% 94.042 1 Template:Meals"," 6.01% 92.068 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.48% 83.928 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.21% 64.519 6 Template:Fix"," 3.32% 50.755 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.939","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19151298,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_F._Smith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnne_WillanMark_Cherniavsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaguley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarronRoth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatty2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeilenson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoye_De_Mente2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallahanPelzelStewart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheryl_Charming2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheryl_Charming2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiarelloFrankeny2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCita_Stelzer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaire_S._Cabot2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConordConord2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCracknellKaufmann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulinary_Institute_of_America2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhirendra_Verma1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Ezra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFodor\u0026#039;s2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoskettPaskinsRippingtonThorpe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Katamba2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGisslenGriffinBleu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrad2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarry_Louis_CracknellR._J._Kaufmann1999\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHui2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Beard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_P._Johnston1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Ayto2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren_Foy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetoBode2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibby_O_Connell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouisD\u0026#039;ArcyGilbertHarding2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucy_Lethbridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice_Waite2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelitta_Weiss_AdamsonFrancine_Segan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepperPedroso2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProsper_Montagné1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Black2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Haden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRombauerBeckerBeckerGuarnaschelli1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Beaty-Pownall1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherri_Machlin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShizuo_Tsuji2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteffan_Igor_Ayora_Díaz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVreni_de_Jong-MügglerIrmela_KellingJaap_Verheij2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWAttention_Co.,_Ltd.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeimer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendell_SchollanderWes_Schollander2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWykBarton2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Angbr\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hors Doeuvre\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 17,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Meals\"] = 1,\n [\"Meals_navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-cjzmp","timestamp":"20241207144653","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hors d'oeuvre","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hors_d%27oeuvre","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q96749544","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q96749544","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-08T15:46:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T15:59:09Z","headline":"appetizer in French cuisine"}</script> </body> </html>