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class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Modeling for Bioterrorism Incidents</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="269788713" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZDembek"><img alt="Profile image of Zygmunt Dembek" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/269788713/120297110/109621602/s65_zygmunt.dembek.png" />Zygmunt Dembek</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2005, Biological Weapons Defense</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div 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class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="117538527" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117538527/Training_for_effective_decision_making_in_bioterrorism_preparedness_and_response">Training for effective decision-making in bioterrorism preparedness and response</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="258736100" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HassadRossi">Rossi Hassad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Epidemiology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Training for effective decision-making in bioterrorism preparedness and response","attachmentId":113369533,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117538527/Training_for_effective_decision_making_in_bioterrorism_preparedness_and_response","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117538527/Training_for_effective_decision_making_in_bioterrorism_preparedness_and_response"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="11675753" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11675753/First_Responder_Knowledge_and_Training_Needs_for_Bioterrorism">First Responder Knowledge and Training Needs for Bioterrorism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28561170" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeatherGalada">Heather Galada</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In order to understand gaps in bioterrorism training, we surveyed 70 first responders about their training for an anthrax event. A total of 82.6% of participants had some training, but most were trained on-site by someone from their facility. Internet-based training was rarely employed and may be an underutilized resource. Participants were fairly confident about most of their skills and training, but a plurality was not comfortable with the use of on-scene testing devices or responding to an outdoor release. Efforts to assess first responder knowledge of dispersion in both the indoor and outdoor environment suggest that first responders may underestimate the spread of anthrax. For an indoor release, 58% did not think that other parts of the building would be affected and 3% thought no environmental decontamination was needed even in the room of the release. In fact, 15% thought they could put their personal protective gear on inside the building (as actually happened in 2001) when experience has shown these areas are contaminated. In the outdoor environment downwind transport was underestimated and cross-wind transport overestimated.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"First Responder Knowledge and Training Needs for Bioterrorism","attachmentId":46579775,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11675753/First_Responder_Knowledge_and_Training_Needs_for_Bioterrorism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11675753/First_Responder_Knowledge_and_Training_Needs_for_Bioterrorism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="108471038" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108471038/Bioterrorism_preparedness_training_and_assessment_exercises_for_local_public_health_agencies">Bioterrorism preparedness training and assessment exercises for local public health agencies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="278146858" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlexisDiamond4">Alexis Diamond</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax attacks, the use of tabletop exercises in public health for emergency preparedness assessment and emergency response training has increased significantly. The evidence base for these exercises, however, remains sparse and the quality of many of these exercises is poor due to insufficient beta testing. Most exercises focus on training and few provide public health agencies (PHAs) with tools to assess exercise performance. This narrow focus limits the ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism preparedness training and assessment exercises for local public health agencies","attachmentId":106844764,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108471038/Bioterrorism_preparedness_training_and_assessment_exercises_for_local_public_health_agencies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108471038/Bioterrorism_preparedness_training_and_assessment_exercises_for_local_public_health_agencies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="94051001" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94051001/Assessing_and_Improving_Bioterrorism_Preparedness_Among_First_Responders_A_Pilot_Study">Assessing and Improving Bioterrorism Preparedness Among First Responders: A Pilot Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="244611184" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AtieraAbatemarco">Atiera Abatemarco</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the vulnerability of the United States became apparent. It also became evident that there was a need for respiratory protection. The purpose of this study was to determine the prior knowledge and perceptions of emergency medical technicians with respect to bioterrorism and to enhance their current knowledge to better prepare them for possible future events. The study was also designed to create a certified pool of trainers who would be capable of fit-testing all squad members with N-100 respirators. Representatives were recruited from each of the Hunterdon County, New Jersey, rescue squads. Participants attended a train-the-trainer session. Before the session and after, they were tested on knowledge and perceptions about relevant bioterrorism issues and were given an educational presentation on bioterrorism, threatening agents, respiratory health, and proper protection, along with being introduced to the fit-test steps for N-100 respirat...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing and Improving Bioterrorism Preparedness Among First Responders: A Pilot Study","attachmentId":96618765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94051001/Assessing_and_Improving_Bioterrorism_Preparedness_Among_First_Responders_A_Pilot_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94051001/Assessing_and_Improving_Bioterrorism_Preparedness_Among_First_Responders_A_Pilot_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="73614901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73614901/Emergency_Preparedness_from_a_Health_Perspective_Preparing_for_Bioterrorism_at_the_Federal_State_and_Local_Levels">Emergency Preparedness from a Health Perspective: Preparing for Bioterrorism at the Federal, State, and Local Levels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="133428572" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobinStrongin">Robin Strongin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A background paper, with resource lists, prepared by Robin J. Strongin, Consultant 2 BACKGROUND PAPER</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Emergency Preparedness from a Health Perspective: Preparing for Bioterrorism at the Federal, State, and Local Levels","attachmentId":82067876,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73614901/Emergency_Preparedness_from_a_Health_Perspective_Preparing_for_Bioterrorism_at_the_Federal_State_and_Local_Levels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73614901/Emergency_Preparedness_from_a_Health_Perspective_Preparing_for_Bioterrorism_at_the_Federal_State_and_Local_Levels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="39877239" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39877239/Nurses_and_Medical_Officers_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Preparedness_Toward_Potential_Bioterrorism_Attacks">Nurses' and Medical Officers' Knowledge, Attitude, and Preparedness Toward Potential Bioterrorism Attacks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="89473017" href="https://elisemay.academia.edu/ConfidenceAlorseAtakro">Confidence Alorse Atakro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nurses’ and Medical Officers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Preparedness Toward Potential Bioterrorism Attacks, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Terrorist attacks are increasingly becoming more lethal and less discriminate. The threat of bioterrorism is increasing daily. The ease of production and the broad availability of biological agents and technical know-how have led to a further spread of biological weapons and an increased desire among nations as well as terrorists to have them. Health professionals in emergency departments are expected to play crucial roles in the management of victims of bioterrorism when bioterrorism occurs. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of emergency department nurses and medical officers (MOs) toward potential bioterrorist attacks in Ghana. This qualitative study utilized focus group discussions and semistructured interviews to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of emergency department nurses and MOs toward potential bioterrorist attacks in Ghana. Data were subjected to a qualitative content analysis in which three main thematic categories were developed. These thematic categories are as follows: (a) differences in bioterrorism knowledge between emergency department nurses and emergency department MOs, (b) unprepared emergency department nurses and MOs for care during bioterrorism attacks, and (c) positive attitudes of emergency department nurses and MOs toward bioterrorism preparedness. Although emergency MOs had better knowledge of bioterrorism than their nursing counterparts , both groups of health professionals were unprepared to respond to any form of bioterrorism. Both nurses and MOs indicated the need for staff education and infrastructure readiness to be able to respond effectively to a bioterrorist attack. A well-prepared emergency department and health professionals against bioterrorism could prevent high casualty rates in a bioterrorist attack and also serve a dual purpose of dealing with other natural disasters when they occur.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nurses' and Medical Officers' Knowledge, Attitude, and Preparedness Toward Potential Bioterrorism Attacks","attachmentId":60061319,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39877239/Nurses_and_Medical_Officers_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Preparedness_Toward_Potential_Bioterrorism_Attacks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39877239/Nurses_and_Medical_Officers_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Preparedness_Toward_Potential_Bioterrorism_Attacks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="122349931" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122349931/Bioterrorism_and_the_Emergency_Room_Planning_for_the_Unexpected">Bioterrorism and the Emergency Room: Planning for the Unexpected</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45070147" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SophiaDziegielewski">Sophia Dziegielewski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Stress, trauma, and crisis, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Previously, the threat of bioterrorism was not taken seriously. Today, in the aftermath of 9À11, Americans know this threat can no longer be ignored. The effects of terrorism can be covert and can catch unsuspecting individuals off guard. In the event of an attack, Americans will look to hospital emergency departments as the first responders for all levels of care. Therefore, helping professionals such as physicians, nurses, and social workers employed in these departments must be prepared to assist with formulation and delivery of these plans. This implementation will require quick and accurate assessment and intervention strategies reflecting multiple levels of disaster preparedness. Suggestions are made for how to identify the threat related to bioterrorism and guidelines for plans to address this threat are postulated in an attempt to avoid further crisis and trauma toward all involved. Recommendations for future improvements in service delivery are made.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism and the Emergency Room: Planning for the Unexpected","attachmentId":117032959,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122349931/Bioterrorism_and_the_Emergency_Room_Planning_for_the_Unexpected","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122349931/Bioterrorism_and_the_Emergency_Room_Planning_for_the_Unexpected"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="55757951" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55757951/Bioterrorism_and_its_impact_on_the_emergency_department">Bioterrorism and its impact on the emergency department</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51341563" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErinEndom">Erin Endom</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With the recent anthrax attacks, bioterrorism has become a reality in the United States. These attacks have changed our understanding of anthrax and the use of bioweapons (BWs). Emergency department staff will be the first line of defense against probable future attacks. It is therefore critical that medical personnel are trained to recognize, respond to, and manage BW attacks. Recognizing a BW attack requires an understanding of the specific signals indicating a possible outbreak, as well as knowledge of the agents that constitute the most likely threat. Responding to an attack involves the proper notification of public health and law enforcement officials, surveillance tools to alert the medical community, and appropriate communication with the public to prevent panic. Managing an attack, in addition to direct treatment of victims, involves hospital defensive actions and effective utihzation of resources and staff. Fundamental to the entire process is appropriate education and training of medical staff. Current data indicates a need for more BWs training to ensure preparedness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism and its impact on the emergency department","attachmentId":71477303,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55757951/Bioterrorism_and_its_impact_on_the_emergency_department","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55757951/Bioterrorism_and_its_impact_on_the_emergency_department"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="49212671" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49212671/Educating_health_professionals_to_respond_to_bioterrorism">Educating health professionals to respond to bioterrorism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53902794" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GinnySprang">Ginny Sprang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In September 2003, a consortium of bioterrorism and health education experts from the University of Louisville, the University of Kentucky, the Kentucky Department for Public Health, and the Louisville Metro Health Department received funding from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) to develop a broadly based bioterrorism education program for health professionals in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the surrounding region. This grant will fund a series of presentations tailored to the needs of professionals in medicine, dentistry, public health, nursing, behavioral medicine, allied health, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and agriculture, providing coordinated training both on site and through distance learning technology. This article outlines the major grant-funded activities envisioned for the grant years 2003 through 2005, focusing on the use of standardized patients and computerized biosimulators, the transdisciplinary partnerships of the universities involved...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Educating health professionals to respond to bioterrorism","attachmentId":67598936,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49212671/Educating_health_professionals_to_respond_to_bioterrorism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49212671/Educating_health_professionals_to_respond_to_bioterrorism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28894882" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28894882/What_we_need_to_know_about_bioterrorism_preparedness_Results_from_focus_groups_conducted_at_APIC_2000">What we need to know about bioterrorism preparedness: Results from focus groups conducted at APIC 2000</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35831161" href="https://slu.academia.edu/TerriRebmann">Terri Rebmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Infection control practitioners (ICPs) are important partners in enhancing the US public health infrastructure, both as essential recipients of continuing education and as instructors responsible for providing this education. Focus groups were conducted at APIC 2000, the annual meeting for the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, to determine the ICPs' priorities for educational opportunities in bioterrorism preparedness and the preferred methods of education delivery. Focus group participants affirmed the need to provide education in sessions of less than 60 minutes, with use of a variety of technologies and methods of presentation such as video, Internet, and paper-based self-learning texts. The participants' comments suggested a lack of awareness by employees in health care institutions about the potential threat of bioterrorism in the United States and a deficiency in knowledge about the potential consequences of an attack. The focus group participants believed this lack of awareness also leads to unwillingness by their administrators to allocate funds for planning and education. Since it appears that ICPs will be looking for direction and expertise from the local health departments in their communities, the first subset of professionals to target for bioterrorism education and preparedness should probably be the public health professionals. (Am J Infect Control 2001;29:347-51.)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What we need to know about bioterrorism preparedness: Results from focus groups conducted at APIC 2000","attachmentId":49326960,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28894882/What_we_need_to_know_about_bioterrorism_preparedness_Results_from_focus_groups_conducted_at_APIC_2000","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28894882/What_we_need_to_know_about_bioterrorism_preparedness_Results_from_focus_groups_conducted_at_APIC_2000"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":108412191,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":108412191,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_108412191" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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HOSPITAL FACILITY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11512148" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JakeBebber">Jake Bebber</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"USING COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELING TO EVALUATE THE BIOTERRORISM RESPONSE PLAN AT A LOCAL HOSPITAL FACILITY","attachmentId":37460471,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12156331/USING_COMPUTER_SIMULATION_MODELING_TO_EVALUATE_THE_BIOTERRORISM_RESPONSE_PLAN_AT_A_LOCAL_HOSPITAL_FACILITY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohanJenvald">Johan Jenvald</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Using Simulation, Modeling and Visualization to Prepare First Responders for Homeland Defense","attachmentId":39532759,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17478540/Using_Simulation_Modeling_and_Visualization_to_Prepare_First_Responders_for_Homeland_Defense","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17478540/Using_Simulation_Modeling_and_Visualization_to_Prepare_First_Responders_for_Homeland_Defense"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="2257801" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2257801/Principles_for_emergency_response_to_bioterrorism">Principles for emergency response to bioterrorism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2857456" href="https://emory.academia.edu/MarkKeim">Mark Keim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Principles for emergency response to bioterrorism","attachmentId":50695705,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2257801/Principles_for_emergency_response_to_bioterrorism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2257801/Principles_for_emergency_response_to_bioterrorism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="98691695" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98691695/The_role_of_education_and_hands_on_training_in_emergency_preparedness_and_response">The role of education and hands-on training in emergency preparedness and response</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="262042551" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hangdoan66">hang doan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of education and hands-on training in emergency preparedness and 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translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26156226/Emergency_mental_health_management_in_bioterrorism_events"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="69834039" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69834039/Bioterrorism_readiness_plan_a_template_for_healthcare_facilities">Bioterrorism readiness plan: a template for healthcare facilities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" 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