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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fuori dalla nostra galassia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuori_dalla_nostra_galassia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Buco nero supermassiccio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 53 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassiewe_swartkolk" title="Supermassiewe swartkolk - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Supermassiewe swartkolk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9" title="ثقب أسود فائق الكتلة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقب أسود فائق الكتلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%85%DD%A3%D8%B6%D8%B1" title="محفر كحل مݣضر - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محفر كحل مݣضر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furacu_negru_supermasivu" title="Furacu negru supermasivu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Furacu negru supermasivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobang_item_ged%C3%A9_betul" title="Lobang item gedé betul - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lobang item gedé betul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свръхмасивна черна дупка - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свръхмасивна черна дупка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forat_negre_supermassiu" title="Forat negre supermassiu - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forat negre supermassiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C5%99%C3%AD_%C4%8Dern%C3%A1_d%C3%ADra" title="Obří černá díra - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obří černá díra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassereiches_Schwarzes_Loch" title="Supermassereiches Schwarzes Loch - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Supermassereiches Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Supermassive black hole" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezega_nigra_truo" title="Pezega nigra truo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pezega nigra truo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_negro_supermasivo" title="Agujero negro supermasivo - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agujero negro supermasivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Climassiivne_must_auk" title="Ülimassiivne must auk - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülimassiivne must auk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulo_beltz_supermasibo" title="Zulo beltz supermasibo - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zulo beltz supermasibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85" title="سیاه‌چاله کلان‌جرم - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه‌چاله کلان‌جرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassiivinen_musta_aukko" title="Supermassiivinen musta aukko - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Supermassiivinen musta aukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_noir_supermassif" title="Trou noir supermassif - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trou noir supermassif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99" title="חור שחור על-מסיבי - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חור שחור על-מסיבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="विशालकाय ब्लैक होल - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विशालकाय ब्लैक होल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermasivna_crna_rupa" title="Supermasivna crna rupa - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supermasivna crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyon_nagy_t%C3%B6meg%C5%B1_fekete_lyuk" title="Nagyon nagy tömegű fekete lyuk - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagyon nagy tömegű fekete lyuk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_hitam_supermasif" title="Lubang hitam supermasif - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lubang hitam supermasif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="超大質量ブラックホール - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超大質量ブラックホール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სუპერმასიური შავი ხვრელი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუპერმასიური შავი ხვრელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%8C%80%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="초대질량 블랙홀 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초대질량 블랙홀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermasyvi_juodoji_bedugn%C4%97" title="Supermasyvi juodoji bedugnė - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Supermasyvi juodoji bedugnė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Супермасивна црна дупка - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Супермасивна црна дупка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohong_hitam_supermasif" title="Lohong hitam supermasif - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lohong hitam supermasif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzwaar_zwart_gat" title="Superzwaar zwart gat - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Superzwaar zwart gat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassivt_svart_h%C3%B2l" title="Supermassivt svart hòl - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Supermassivt svart hòl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassivt_sort_hull" title="Supermassivt sort hull - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Supermassivt sort hull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauc_negre_supermass%C3%ADs" title="Trauc negre supermassís - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trauc negre supermassís" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮਹਾਂਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਬਲੈਕ ਹੋਲ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਂਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਬਲੈਕ ਹੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermasywna_czarna_dziura" title="Supermasywna czarna dziura - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Supermasywna czarna dziura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraco_negro_supermassivo" title="Buraco negro supermassivo - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buraco negro supermassivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur%C4%83_neagr%C4%83_supermasiv%C4%83" title="Gaură neagră supermasivă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaură neagră supermasivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сверхмассивная чёрная дыра - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сверхмассивная чёрная дыра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermasivna_crna_rupa" title="Supermasivna crna rupa - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Supermasivna crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB" title="අති විශාල කළු කුහර - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අති විශාල කළු කුහර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supermassive black hole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermas%C3%ADvna_%C4%8Dierna_diera" title="Supermasívna čierna diera - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Supermasívna čierna diera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermasivna_%C4%8Drna_luknja" title="Supermasivna črna luknja - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Supermasivna črna luknja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Супермасивна црна рупа - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Супермасивна црна рупа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassivt_svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Supermassivt svart hål - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Supermassivt svart hål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="மீப்பெரும் கருந்துளை - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீப்பெரும் கருந்துளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="หลุมดำมวลยวดยิ่ง - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุมดำมวลยวดยิ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_k%C3%BCtleli_kara_delik" title="Süper kütleli kara delik - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süper kütleli kara delik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Надмасивна чорна діра - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надмасивна чорна діра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%97_%C4%91en_si%C3%AAu_kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Lỗ đen siêu khối lượng - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lỗ đen siêu khối lượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="超大质量黑洞 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="超大质量黑洞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/350px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/525px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/700px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7416" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Il <b>buco nero supermassiccio</b> nel nucleo della <a href="/wiki/Galassia_ellittica" title="Galassia ellittica">galassia ellittica</a> <a href="/wiki/Galassia_Virgo_A" title="Galassia Virgo A">Messier 87</a> nella <a href="/wiki/Vergine_(costellazione)" title="Vergine (costellazione)">costellazione della Vergine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si tratta della prima immagine diretta di un buco nero, realizzata dal progetto internazionale <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a>, pubblicata il 10 aprile <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>buco nero supermassiccio</b>, o <b>supermassivo</b>, è il più grande tipo di <a href="/wiki/Buco_nero" title="Buco nero">buco nero</a>, con una <a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">massa</a> milioni o miliardi di volte superiore a quella del <a href="/wiki/Sole" title="Sole">Sole</a>. Si ritiene che quasi tutte le <a href="/wiki/Galassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Galassie">galassie</a>, inclusa la nostra <a href="/wiki/Via_Lattea" title="Via Lattea">Via Lattea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contengano un buco nero supermassiccio al loro <a href="/wiki/Centro_galattico" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro galattico">centro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I buchi neri supermassicci hanno alcune interessanti proprietà che li distinguono dai loro simili di minori dimensioni: </p> <ul><li>La <a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0" title="Densità">densità</a> media, intesa come il rapporto fra massa del buco nero e volume racchiuso entro l'<a href="/wiki/Orizzonte_degli_eventi" title="Orizzonte degli eventi">orizzonte degli eventi</a> di un <a href="/wiki/Buco_nero" title="Buco nero">buco nero</a> supermassiccio, può essere uguale (per buchi neri di 1,36 × 10<sup>8</sup> masse solari) o anche inferiore a quella dell'acqua (per buchi neri di massa maggiore di 1,36 × 10<sup>8</sup> masse solari).<sup id="cite_ref-CMS1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infatti, tenendo conto che il <a href="/wiki/Raggio_di_Schwarzschild" title="Raggio di Schwarzschild">raggio di Schwarzschild</a> di un corpo celeste aumenta linearmente con la sua massa, e che il volume di un oggetto sferico, come un buco nero non rotante, è proporzionale al cubo del suo raggio, si deduce che la densità di un buco nero è inversamente proporzionale al quadrato della sua massa poiché cala progressivamente all'aumentare delle sue dimensioni. In definitiva, i buchi neri supermassicci hanno densità più basse di quelli più piccoli.</li> <li>Le <a href="/wiki/Forza_di_marea" title="Forza di marea">forze di marea</a>, molto intense presso i buchi neri minori, sono assai deboli in prossimità di quelli supermassicci. Poiché la <a href="/wiki/Singolarit%C3%A0_gravitazionale" title="Singolarità gravitazionale">singolarità gravitazionale</a> è così lontana dall'orizzonte degli eventi, un ipotetico astronauta che viaggiasse verso il centro del buco nero non sperimenterebbe forze di marea significative, prima d'inoltrarsi ampiamente dentro esso.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formazione">Formazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Formazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Formazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rxj1242_comp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rxj1242_comp.jpg/220px-Rxj1242_comp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rxj1242_comp.jpg/330px-Rxj1242_comp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rxj1242_comp.jpg/440px-Rxj1242_comp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>In alto: rappresentazione artistica di un buco nero supermassiccio che assorbe materia da una stella vicina. In basso: immagini che si pensa mostrino un buco nero supermassiccio che divora una stella nella galassia <a href="/wiki/RXJ1242-11" title="RXJ1242-11">RXJ 1242-11</a>. A sinistra: immagine ai raggi X. A destra: immagine ottica.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sono stati ipotizzati vari modelli per spiegare la formazione di buchi neri di queste dimensioni. La prima e più ovvia è per accrescimento lento e graduale di materia a partire da un buco nero di grandezza stellare. </p><p>Un secondo modello considera una grande nube di gas che collassa in una <a href="/wiki/Collapsar" title="Collapsar">stella relativistica</a> di dimensioni pari a centinaia di masse solari o anche più.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questa stella risulterebbe presto instabile alle perturbazioni radiali a causa della produzione di coppie elettrone-positrone nel suo nucleo e potrebbe quindi collassare in un buco nero senza esplodere in una supernova, che altrimenti emetterebbe gran parte della massa rendendole così impossibile lasciare come residuo un buco nero supermassiccio. </p><p>Un altro modello considera un denso <a href="/wiki/Ammasso_stellare" title="Ammasso stellare">ammasso stellare</a> che va incontro a collasso perché la capacità termica negativa del sistema porta la dispersione delle velocità verso valori relativistici.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un'ulteriore ipotesi è l'evoluzione di un <a href="/wiki/Buco_nero_primordiale" title="Buco nero primordiale">buco nero primordiale</a> prodottosi a causa della pressione esterna nei primi istanti dopo il <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. </p><p>Le difficoltà della formazione di un buco nero supermassiccio risiedono nell'enorme quantità di materia, dotata di un basso <a href="/wiki/Momento_angolare" title="Momento angolare">momento angolare</a>, che deve venire condensata in un volume ristretto. Normalmente il processo di <a href="/wiki/Accrescimento_(astronomia)" title="Accrescimento (astronomia)">accrezione</a> coinvolge la cessione verso l'esterno di una quantità di momento angolare e questo sembra essere un fattore limitante alla formazione buco nero con la tendenza a favorire invece la formazione del <a href="/wiki/Disco_di_accrescimento" title="Disco di accrescimento">disco di accrescimento</a>. </p><p>In base alle conoscenze attuali, sembra esserci una lacuna nella distribuzione statistica delle masse dei buchi neri. Si conoscono, infatti, buchi neri generati dal collasso di una stella che hanno masse fino a 33 volte quella solare; mentre il valore minimo per un buco supermassiccio è dell'ordine delle centinaia di migliaia di masse solari: pertanto sembra che ci sia una carenza di <a href="/wiki/Buco_nero_di_massa_intermedia" title="Buco nero di massa intermedia">buchi neri di massa intermedia</a>. Questa lacuna sembra suggerire un processo di formazione differente, sebbene alcuni autori<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ritengano che le <a href="/wiki/Sorgente_ultraluminosa_di_raggi_X" title="Sorgente ultraluminosa di raggi X">sorgenti ultraluminose a raggi X</a> (o ULX, <i>Ultraluminous X-ray source</i>) potrebbero corrispondere a questi oggetti di massa intermedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffusione">Diffusione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Diffusione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Diffusione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Si pensa che molte galassie, se non tutte, ospitino un buco nero supermassiccio nel loro centro. Le misure <a href="/wiki/Effetto_Doppler" title="Effetto Doppler">doppler</a> della velocità della materia, sia stellare sia gassosa, presente al centro delle galassie vicine hanno rivelato moti di rotazione molto veloci, possibili solo con una grande concentrazione di materia al centro. Al momento, l'unico oggetto conosciuto che può concentrare abbastanza materia in uno spazio così piccolo è un buco nero. Nelle galassie attive più lontane si sospetta che la larghezza delle <a href="/wiki/Linea_spettrale" title="Linea spettrale">linee spettrali</a> sia correlata con la massa del buco nero centrale. </p><p>Una spettacolare evidenza riguardante la presenza di uno di questi buchi neri di massa estremamente grande al centro della <a href="/wiki/Via_lattea" class="mw-redirect" title="Via lattea">nostra galassia</a> è stata recentemente ottenuta seguendo direttamente l'orbita ellittica di una stella, dal cui periodo si può misurare la massa del buco nero con ottima precisione. </p><p> Questi buchi neri supermassicci posti al centro di molte galassie sono sospettati di essere il "motore" di <a href="/wiki/Galassia_attiva" title="Galassia attiva">galassie attive</a> come le <a href="/wiki/Galassia_di_Seyfert" title="Galassia di Seyfert">galassie di Seyfert</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a>. Tuttavia questi buchi neri possono svolgere un ruolo rilevante nella dinamica dei sistemi galattici anche in molti altri casi, come mostra la recente scoperta della correlazione tra la massa del buco nero centrale e la dispersione di velocità delle stelle nel <a href="/wiki/Bulge" title="Bulge">bulge</a> di numerose galassie a spirale. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg/220px-Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg/330px-Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg/440px-Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Visione artistica di un buco nero supermassiccio al centro di una galassia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nella_Via_Lattea">Nella Via Lattea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Nella Via Lattea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Nella Via Lattea"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galactic_centre_orbits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/220px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/330px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/440px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Orbite desunte di sei stelle attorno all'ipotizzato buco nero supermassiccio in direzione di <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>, al centro della Via Lattea.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Gli astronomi ritengono che anche la <a href="/wiki/Via_Lattea" title="Via Lattea">Via Lattea</a> contenga al suo centro un buco nero supermassiccio, in direzione della radiosorgente <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>, a 26.000 anni luce dal sistema solare<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in quanto: </p> <ul><li>La stella <a href="/wiki/S2_(astronomia)" title="S2 (astronomia)">S2</a> segue un'orbita ellittica con un <a href="/wiki/Periodo_orbitale" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodo orbitale">periodo</a> di 15,56 ± 0,35 anni alla distanza media di 134,6 <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_astronomica" title="Unità astronomica">UA</a> (17 ore-luce).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dal moto di S2 la massa dell'oggetto viene stimata in 4,1 milioni di masse solari.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghez08_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghez08-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Il raggio dell'oggetto centrale deve ovviamente essere inferiore a 17 ore luce, altrimenti S2 entrerebbe in collisione o verrebbe lacerata dalle forze di marea. Misure recenti<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicano che il raggio dell'oggetto non sia superiore a 6,25 ore luce, cioè all'incirca il raggio dell'orbita di Urano.</li> <li>Solo un buco nero ha la densità sufficiente per stivare 4,1 milioni di masse solari in un volume così piccolo. L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Istituto_Max_Planck_di_fisica_extraterrestre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istituto Max Planck di fisica extraterrestre (la pagina non esiste)">Istituto Max Planck di fisica extraterrestre</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e l'<a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Galactic Center Group<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hanno fornito la più forte evidenza che Sagittarius A* sia la sede di un buco nero supermassiccio,<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> basandosi sui dati dell'<a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e dei <a href="/wiki/Telescopi_Keck" title="Telescopi Keck">telescopi Keck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La massa calcolata risulta appunto di 4,1 milioni di masse solari,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pari a circa 8,2 × 10<sup>36</sup> kg.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuori_dalla_nostra_galassia">Fuori dalla nostra galassia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Fuori dalla nostra galassia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Fuori dalla nostra galassia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>È ormai ritenuto molto probabile che al centro della maggior parte delle galassie si trovi un buco nero supermassiccio.<sup id="cite_ref-King_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richstone_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richstone-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La stretta correlazione tra la massa del buco nero e la dispersione delle velocità nel <a href="/wiki/Bulge" title="Bulge">bulbo</a> galattico, nota come relazione M-sigma,<sup id="cite_ref-MSigma_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSigma-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggerisce che la formazione della galassia e del buco nero al suo centro siano tra loro collegate;<sup id="cite_ref-King_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anche se una spiegazione dettagliata della correlazione tra i due eventi non è ancora stata fornita. Si ritiene che il buco nero e la sua galassia ospitante si siano sviluppati assieme nel periodo compreso tra 300 e 800 milioni di anni dopo il <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, passando attraverso la fase di <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> e le sue caratteristiche correlate, sebbene i modelli proposti differiscano sul fatto che sia stato il buco nero a innescare la formazione della galassia o viceversa; ma anche una formazione sequenziale dei due oggetti non è esclusa. La natura ancora sconosciuta della <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura" title="Materia oscura">materia oscura</a> è una variabile cruciale in tutti questi modelli.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La vicina <a href="/wiki/Galassia_di_Andromeda" title="Galassia di Andromeda">Galassia di Andromeda</a>, sita a 2,5 milioni di anni luce da noi, ospita nel suo centro un buco nero avente una massa compresa tra 1,1 × 10<sup>8</sup> e 2,3 × 10<sup>8</sup> masse solari, ben superiore a quella del buco nero centrale della Via Lattea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il maggior buco nero supermassiccio nelle nostre vicinanze sembra essere quello di <a href="/wiki/Galassia_Virgo_A" title="Galassia Virgo A">M87</a>, distante 53,5 milioni di anni luce, la cui massa è stimata in <span class="nowrap">(6,4 ± 0,5) × 10<sup>9</sup></span> masse solari.<sup id="cite_ref-apj700_2_1690_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj700_2_1690-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apj489_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj489-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pare che alcune galassie, come la galassia 0402+379, abbiano al centro due buchi neri che interagiscono tra loro in modo da formare un sistema binario, che si ritiene sia il risultato della fusione di due galassie.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In caso di collisione essi potrebbero dar luogo a forti <a href="/wiki/Onde_gravitazionali" class="mw-redirect" title="Onde gravitazionali">onde gravitazionali</a>. Il <a href="/wiki/Buco_nero_binario" title="Buco nero binario">sistema binario</a> in OJ 287 contiene uno tra i buchi neri più massicci conosciuti, con una massa stimata in 19 miliardi di masse solari.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un buco nero supermassiccio è stato recentemente scoperto nella <a href="/wiki/Galassia_nana" title="Galassia nana">galassia nana</a> <a href="/wiki/Henize_2-10" title="Henize 2-10">Henize 2-10</a>, che è priva della prominenza centrale. Le precise implicazioni di questa scoperta sulla formazione dei buchi neri non sono ancora del tutto chiare, ma potrebbero indicare che essi si formino prima del bulbo.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il 28 marzo 2011 è stata osservata per la prima volta la lacerazione di una stella di dimensioni medie da parte di un supposto buco nero; o almeno questa è l'interpretazione più accreditata dell'improvvisa emissione di raggi X rilevata.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buco_nero_supermassiccio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> (<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205">The Astrophysical Journal Letters - IOPscience</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/canale_scienza_tecnica/notizie/spazio_astronomia/2019/04/10/ecco-la-foto-del-secolo-e-la-prima-di-un-buco-nero_3414097d-9364-492c-ad9a-18027bbd8495.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ecco la foto del secolo, è la prima di un buco nero</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ansa.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/ANSA" title="ANSA">ANSA</a>, 10 aprile 2019. <small>URL consultato il 10 aprile 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> R. 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Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">Universo</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Struttura_a_grande_scala_dell%27universo" title="Struttura a grande scala dell'universo">Struttura a grande scala dell'universo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Singolarit%C3%A0_gravitazionale" title="Singolarità gravitazionale">Singolarità gravitazionale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Inflazione_(cosmologia)" title="Inflazione (cosmologia)">Inflazione cosmica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">Gravitazione universale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_generale" title="Relatività generale">Relatività generale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Varianza_cosmica" title="Varianza cosmica">Varianza cosmica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_di_de_Sitter" title="Universo di de Sitter">Universo di de Sitter</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Teorie della nascita dell'universo</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Modello_Lambda-CDM" title="Modello Lambda-CDM">Modello Lambda-CDM</a> o <i>modello standard della cosmologia</i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cronologia_del_Big_Bang" title="Cronologia del Big Bang">Cronologia del Big Bang</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nucleosintesi_primordiale" title="Nucleosintesi primordiale">Nucleosintesi primordiale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Buco_nero_primordiale" title="Buco nero primordiale">Buco nero primordiale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_quantistica" title="Cosmologia quantistica">Cosmologia quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stato_di_Hartle-Hawking" title="Stato di Hartle-Hawking">Stato di Hartle-Hawking</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_ciclica_conforme" title="Cosmologia ciclica conforme">Cosmologia ciclica conforme</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Inflazione_eterna" title="Inflazione eterna">Inflazione eterna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Inflazione_eterna#Teoria_delle_bolle" title="Inflazione eterna">Inflazione caotica</a> o <i>teoria delle bolle</i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_ecpirotico" title="Universo ecpirotico">Universo ecpirotico</a> o Big Splat/<a href="/wiki/Mondo-brana" title="Mondo-brana">Mondo-brana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Selezione_naturale_cosmologica" title="Selezione naturale cosmologica">Selezione naturale cosmologica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_oscillante" title="Universo oscillante">Universo oscillante</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Teorie sul destino dell'universo</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Destino_ultimo_dell%27universo" title="Destino ultimo dell'universo">Destino ultimo dell'universo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Morte_termica_dell%27universo" title="Morte termica dell'universo">Morte termica dell'universo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_oscillante" title="Universo oscillante">Universo oscillante</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_ciclica_conforme" title="Cosmologia ciclica conforme">Cosmologia ciclica conforme</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Inflazione_eterna" title="Inflazione eterna">Inflazione eterna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Inflazione_eterna#Teoria_delle_bolle" title="Inflazione eterna">Inflazione caotica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_ecpirotico" title="Universo ecpirotico">Universo ecpirotico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_oscillante#Il_modello_di_Baum-Frampton" title="Universo oscillante">Modello di Baum-Frampton</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_(astronomia)" title="Cosmologia (astronomia)">Cosmologia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica">astrofisica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Formazione_ed_evoluzione_galattica" title="Formazione ed evoluzione galattica">Formazione ed evoluzione galattica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Popolazioni_stellari" title="Popolazioni stellari">Popolazioni stellari</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Radiazione_cosmica_di_fondo" title="Radiazione cosmica di fondo">Radiazione cosmica di fondo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_non_standard" title="Cosmologia non standard">Cosmologia non standard</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_del_plasma" title="Cosmologia del plasma">Cosmologia del plasma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_di_stringa" title="Cosmologia di stringa">Cosmologia di stringa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia_frattale" title="Cosmologia frattale">Cosmologia frattale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_reciproco_di_teoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema reciproco di teoria (la pagina non esiste)">Sistema reciproco di teoria</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_dello_stato_stazionario" title="Teoria dello stato stazionario">Teoria dello stato stazionario</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Luce_stanca" title="Luce stanca">Luce stanca</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teorie_MOND" title="Teorie MOND">Teorie MOND</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_statico" title="Universo statico">Universo statico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ylem" title="Ylem">Ylem</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">Astronomia</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27astronomia" title="Storia dell'astronomia">Storia dell'astronomia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_della_radiazione_cosmica_di_fondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia della radiazione cosmica di fondo (la pagina non esiste)">Cronologia della radiazione cosmica di fondo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Macho_(fisica)" title="Macho (fisica)">Massive compact halo object</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nana_rossa" title="Nana rossa">Nana rossa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Forma_dell%27universo" title="Forma dell'universo">Forma dell'universo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stella" title="Stella">Stella</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buco nero supermassiccio</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Creazione_(teologia)" title="Creazione (teologia)">Creazione (teologia)</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Mito_cosmogonico" title="Mito cosmogonico">Mito cosmogonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Creazionismo" title="Creazionismo">Creazionismo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Disegno_intelligente" title="Disegno intelligente">Disegno intelligente</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Data_della_creazione" title="Data della creazione">Data della creazione</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Argomenti di fisica correlati</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Freccia_del_tempo" title="Freccia del tempo">Freccia del tempo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_comoventi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate comoventi">Distanza comovente</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Effetto_Compton" title="Effetto Compton">Effetto Compton</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Energia_oscura" title="Energia oscura">Energia oscura</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Energia_del_vuoto" title="Energia del vuoto">Energia del vuoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quintessenza_(fisica)" title="Quintessenza (fisica)">Quintessenza</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura" title="Materia oscura">Materia oscura</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura_fredda" title="Materia oscura fredda">Materia oscura fredda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Materia_oscura_calda" title="Materia oscura calda">Materia oscura calda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Legge_di_Hubble" title="Legge di Hubble">Legge di Hubble</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Effetto_Sachs-Wolfe" title="Effetto Sachs-Wolfe">Effetto Sachs-Wolfe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Campo di Higgs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluttuazione_quantistica" title="Fluttuazione quantistica">Fluttuazione quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magnetico" title="Monopolo magnetico">Monopolo magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Multiverso" title="Multiverso">Multiverso</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Paradosso_di_Olbers" title="Paradosso di Olbers">Paradosso di Olbers</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Transizione_di_fase_quantistica" title="Transizione di fase quantistica">Transizione di fase quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%A0_quantistica" title="Gravità quantistica">Gravità quantistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Principio_cosmologico_perfetto" title="Principio cosmologico perfetto">Principio cosmologico perfetto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spaziotempo" title="Spaziotempo">Spaziotempo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spostamento_verso_il_rosso_cosmologico" title="Spostamento verso il rosso cosmologico">Spostamento verso il rosso cosmologico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_del_tutto" title="Teoria del tutto">Teoria del tutto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_M" title="Teoria M">Teoria M</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_delle_stringhe" title="Teoria delle stringhe">Teoria delle stringhe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_delle_superstringhe" title="Teoria delle superstringhe">Teoria delle superstringhe</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Processo_tre_alfa" title="Processo tre alfa">Processo tre alfa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Postulato_di_Weyl" title="Postulato di Weyl">Postulato di Weyl</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universo_in_espansione_accelerata" title="Universo in espansione accelerata">Universo in espansione accelerata</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Scienziati</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Fridman" title="Aleksandr Aleksandrovič Fridman">Aleksandr Fridman</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lynds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lynds (la pagina non esiste)">Peter Lynds</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Schroeder" title="Gerald Schroeder">Gerald Schroeder</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Janez_Strnad" title="Janez Strnad">Janez Strnad</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Gabriele Veneziano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Smolin" title="Lee Smolin">Lee Smolin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Turok" title="Neil Turok">Neil Turok</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Borisovi%C4%8D_Zel%27dovi%C4%8D" title="Jakov Borisovič Zel'dovič">Jakov Zel'dovič</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Dmitrievi%C4%8D_Linde" title="Andrej Dmitrievič Linde">Andrej Linde</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Copernico" title="Niccolò Copernico">Niccolò Copernico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre Simon Laplace">Pierre Simon Laplace</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Hermann Minkowski</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Cosmologi" title="Categoria:Cosmologi"><i>altri cosmologi</i></a><b> ·</b> <a 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