CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>English Poor Laws - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"59ce3cf1-de1b-494b-97a8-5ef7473f236f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"English_Poor_Laws","wgTitle":"English Poor Laws","wgCurRevisionId":1253890763,"wgRevisionId":1253890763,"wgArticleId":204287,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2021","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2021","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from December 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019","Articles with dead external links from August 2024","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Good articles","English Poor Laws"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"English_Poor_Laws","wgRelevantArticleId":204287,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q681925","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles" :"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="924"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/800px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="616"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/640px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="493"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="English Poor Laws - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Poor_Laws"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Poor_Laws"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-English_Poor_Laws rootpage-English_Poor_Laws skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=English+Poor+Laws" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=English+Poor+Laws" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=English+Poor+Laws" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=English+Poor+Laws" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Poor_Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Poor_Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Medieval Poor Laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Poor_Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudor_Poor_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudor_Poor_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Tudor Poor Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudor_Poor_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_new_colonial_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_new_colonial_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 A new colonial solution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_new_colonial_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Poor_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Poor_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Old Poor Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Poor_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 The Royal Commission on the Poor Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Poor_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Poor_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 New Poor Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Poor_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_New_Poor_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_New_Poor_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 After the New Poor Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_New_Poor_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Decline and abolition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scotland and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">English Poor Laws</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99d%C9%99_yoxsullar_haqq%C4%B1nda_qanunlar" title="İngiltərədə yoxsullar haqqında qanunlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərədə yoxsullar haqqında qanunlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfraith_tlodi" title="Cyfraith tlodi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfraith tlodi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armengesetz" title="Armengesetz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armengesetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Laws" title="Poor Laws – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poor Laws" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Laws" title="Poor Laws – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poor Laws" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%91%E8%B2%A7%E6%B3%95" title="救貧法 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="救貧法" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1t%C3%A6kral%C3%B6gin_%C3%A1_Englandi" title="Fátækralögin á Englandi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fátækralögin á Englandi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Laws" title="Poor Laws – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poor Laws" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%91%E8%B2%A7%E6%B3%95" title="救貧法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="救貧法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8D_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="د انګليستان د بېوزلۍ قوانين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګليستان د بېوزلۍ قوانين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Laws" title="Poor Laws – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poor Laws" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Английские законы о бедных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английские законы о бедных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Law" title="Poor Law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poor Law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englands_fattigv%C3%A5rdslagar" title="Englands fattigvårdslagar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Englands fattigvårdslagar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="กฎหมายประชาสงเคราะห์ของอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมายประชาสงเคราะห์ของอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%91%E8%B2%A7%E6%B3%95" title="救貧法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="救貧法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q681925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:English_Poor_Laws" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/English_Poor_Laws" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/English_Poor_Laws" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&oldid=1253890763" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=English_Poor_Laws&id=1253890763&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnglish_Poor_Laws">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnglish_Poor_Laws">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=English_Poor_Laws&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q681925" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Laws regarding poverty in England, 16th–19th century</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/300px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/450px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/600px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Although many deterrent <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a> developed in the period after the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">New Poor Law</a>, some had already been built under the existing system.<a href="#cite_note-publicpolicy1-1">[1]</a> This workhouse in <a href="/wiki/Nantwich" title="Nantwich">Nantwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, dates from 1780.</figcaption></figure> The English Poor Laws<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> were a system of <a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">poor relief</a> in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-victorianweb1-3">[3]</a> that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws in 1587–1598. The system continued until the modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> emerged in the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-publicpolicy1-1">[1]</a> English Poor Law legislation can be traced back as far as 1536,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> when legislation was passed to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Impotent_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotent poor">impotent poor</a>, although there were much earlier <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> laws dealing with the problems caused by <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">vagrants</a> and beggars.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> The history of the Poor Law in England and Wales is usually divided between two statutes: the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Old Poor Law</a> passed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603)<a href="#cite_note-institutions2007-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">New Poor Law</a>, passed in 1834, which significantly modified the system of poor relief. The New Poor Law altered the system from one which was administered haphazardly at a local parish level to a highly centralised system which encouraged the large-scale development of <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">poor law unions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-workhouses1-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Poor Law system fell into decline at the beginning of the 20th century owing to factors such as the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7">[7]</a> and the availability of other sources of assistance from <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly societies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7">[7]</a> as well as piecemeal <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reforms</a> which bypassed the Poor Law system.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Poor Law system was not formally abolished until the <a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act_1948" title="National Assistance Act 1948">National Assistance Act 1948</a> (<a href="/wiki/11_%26_12_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="11 & 12 Geo. 6">11 & 12 Geo. 6</a>. c. 29),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with parts of the law remaining on the books until 1967.<a href="#cite_note-workhouses1-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Poor_Laws">Medieval Poor Laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval Poor Laws">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doutielt3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/290px-Doutielt3.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/435px-Doutielt3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/580px-Doutielt3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>The Poor Laws in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (pictured), when labour was in short supply, were concerned with making the able-bodied work.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>(also see: <a href="/wiki/Sturdy_beggar" title="Sturdy beggar">Sturdy beggar</a>)</figcaption></figure> The earliest medieval Poor Law was the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Labourers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance of Labourers">Ordinance of Labourers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward III</a>, issued in 1349 and revised in 1350.<a href="#cite_note-kingsnorton.info-10">[10]</a> The ordinance was issued in response to the 1348–1350 outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-disease-11">[11]</a> when an estimated 30–40% of the population died.<a href="#cite_note-econ-12">[12]</a> The decline in population left surviving workers in great demand in the agricultural economy.<a href="#cite_note-disease-11">[11]</a> Landowners had to face the choice of raising wages to compete for workers or letting their lands go unused. Wages for labourers rose, and this forced up prices across the economy as goods became more expensive to produce.<a href="#cite_note-econ-12">[12]</a> An attempt to rein in prices, the ordinance (and subsequent acts, such the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Labourers" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Labourers">Statute of Labourers</a> of 1351) required that everyone who could work did; that wages were kept at pre-plague levels; and that food was not overpriced.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Workers saw these shortage conditions as an opportunity to flee employers and become freemen, so Edward III passed additional laws to provide for the punishment of the wave of escapee workers.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Cambridge">Statute of Cambridge</a>, passed in 1388,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> placed restrictions on the movement of labourers and beggars.<a href="#cite_note-kingsnorton.info-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudor_Poor_Law">Tudor Poor Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tudor Poor Law">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_poor_laws" title="Tudor poor laws">Tudor poor laws</a></div> The origins of the English Poor Law system can be traced back to late medieval statutes dealing with beggars and vagrancy, but it was only during the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> that the Poor Law system was codified. Before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> during the Tudor <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> had been the primary source of poor relief, but their dissolution resulted in poor relief moving from a largely voluntary basis to a compulsory tax that was collected at a parish level.<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb2-16">[16]</a> Early legislation was concerned with <a href="/wiki/Vagrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrants">vagrants</a> and making the <a href="/wiki/Able-bodied" title="Able-bodied">able-bodied</a> work, especially while labour was in short supply following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> attempts to tackle the problem originated during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. In 1495, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_and_Beggars_Act_1494" title="Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494">Vagabonds and Beggars Act</a>, ordering that "vagabonds, idle and suspected persons shall be set in the <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a> for three days and three nights and have none other sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town. Every beggar suitable to work shall resort to the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a> where he last dwelled, is best known, or was born and there remain upon the pain aforesaid."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Although this returned the burden of caring for the jobless to the communities producing more children than they could employ, it offered no immediate remedy to the problem of poverty; it was merely swept from sight, or moved from town to town. Moreover, no distinction was made between vagrants and the jobless; both were simply categorised as "<a href="/wiki/Sturdy_beggar" title="Sturdy beggar">sturdy beggars</a>", to be punished and moved on.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1530, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, a proclamation was issued, describing idleness as the "mother and root of all vices"<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and ordering that whipping should replace the stocks as the punishment for vagabonds. This change was confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1530" title="Vagabonds Act 1530">Vagabonds Act 1530</a> the following year, with one important change: it directed the <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a> to assign to the impotent poor an area within which they were to beg. Generally, the licences to beg for the impotent poor were limited to the disabled, sick, and elderly.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> An impotent person begging out of his area was to be imprisoned for two days and nights in the stocks, on bread and water, and then sworn to return to the place in which he was authorised to beg.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> An able-bodied beggar was to be whipped, and sworn to return to the place where he was born, or last dwelt for the space of three years, and there put himself to labour. Still no provision was made, though, for the healthy man simply unable to find work. All able-bodied unemployed were put into the same category. Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> to deal with the problem of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In London, there was a great massing of the poor, and the Reformation threatened to eliminate some of the infrastructure used to provide for the poor. As a result, King Henry VIII consented to re-endow <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital#Early_history" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St. Bartholomew's Hospital</a> in 1544 and <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital#The_Hospital_at_The_Borough,_Southwark" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St. Thomas' Hospital</a> in 1552 on the condition that the citizens of London pay for their maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, the city was unable to raise enough revenue from voluntary contributions, so it instituted the first definite compulsory Poor Rate in 1547, which replaced Sunday collections in church with a mandatory collection for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1555, London became increasingly concerned with the number of poor who could work, but yet could not find work, so it established the first <a href="/wiki/House_of_correction" title="House of correction">House of Correction</a> (predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Bridewell_Palace" title="Bridewell Palace">King's Palace at Bridewell</a> where poor could receive shelter and work at cap-making, feather-bed making, and wire drawing.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For the able-bodied poor, life became even tougher during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1547" title="Vagabonds Act 1547">Vagabonds Act 1547</a> was passed that subjected <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">vagrants</a> to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law, namely two years servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offence, and death for the second. Justices of the Peace were reluctant to apply the full penalty.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1552, Edward VI passed the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Act_1551" title="Poor Act 1551">Poor Act 1551</a> which designated a position of "Collector of Alms" in each parish and created a register of licensed poor. Under the assumption that parish collections would now relieve all poor, begging was completely prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, Edward VI's successor after <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, was also inclined to severity. The <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1572" title="Vagabonds Act 1572">Vagabonds Act 1572</a> called for offenders to be burned through the ear for a first offence, and that persistent beggars should be hanged; however, the Act also made the first clear distinction between the "professional beggar" and those unemployed through no fault of their own. Early in her reign, Elizabeth I also passed laws directly aimed at providing relief for the poor. For example, in 1563, her <a href="/wiki/Poor_Act_1562" title="Poor Act 1562">Act for the Relief of the Poor</a> required all parish residents with ability[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to contribute to poor collections.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Those who "of his or their forward willful mind shall obstinately refuse to give weekly to the relief of the poor according to his or their abilities" could be bound over to justices of the peace and fined £10.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Additionally, the 1572 Act further enabled Justices of the Peace to survey and register the impotent poor, determine how much money was required for their relief, and then assess parish residents weekly for the appropriate amount.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Act_1575" title="Poor Act 1575">Poor Act 1575</a> required towns to create "a competent stock of wool, hemp, flax, iron and other stuff" for the poor to work on and houses of correction for those who refused to work where recalcitrant or careless workers could be forced to work and punished accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_new_colonial_solution">A new colonial solution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A new colonial solution">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1580s, with the development of English colonisation schemes, initially in <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Ireland</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions#List_of_English_possessions_in_North_America" title="English overseas possessions">North America</a>, a new method to alleviate the condition of the poor would be suggested and utilised considerably over time. Merchant and colonisation proponent <a href="/wiki/George_Peckham_(merchant)" title="George Peckham (merchant)">George Peckham</a> noted the then-current domestic conditions; "there are at this day great numbers which live in such <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">penurie</a> & want, as they could be content to hazard their lives, and to ser[v]e one yeere for meat, drinke and apparell only, without wages, in hope thereby to amend their estates." With this, he may have been the first to suggest what became the institution of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geiser-32">[32]</a> At the same time <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, in his preface to Divers Voyages, likens <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">English planters</a> to "Bees...led out by their Captaines to swarme abroad"; he recommends "deducting" the poor out of the realm. Hakluyt also broadens the scope and additionally recommends to empty the prisons and send them off to the New World.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> By 1619 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia's</a> system of indentured service would be fully developed, and subsequent colonies would adopt the method with modifications suitable to their different conditions and times.<a href="#cite_note-Geiser-32">[32]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> would be implemented soon afterwards, and evolve into a subsidized government endeavour with the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">Transportation Act 1717</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Poor_Law">Old Poor Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Poor Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Old Poor Law" redirects here. For the Old Poor Law of Scotland between 1574-1845, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Scottish_Poor_Law" title="Old Scottish Poor Law">Old Scottish Poor Law</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/220px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/330px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/440px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> is sometimes referred to as the "43rd Elizabeth"<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> as it was passed in the 43rd year of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> (pictured).</figcaption></figure> In 1597, <a href="/wiki/9th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="9th Parliament of Elizabeth I">a session of Parliament</a> was called to deal with the issues of increased poverty and vagrancy, among other things. This session culminated in the passage of several Acts referred to as the "Poor Laws of 1598".<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge1350-36">[36]</a> Among them were the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1597" title="Poor Relief Act 1597">Poor Relief Act 1597</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1597" title="Vagabonds Act 1597">Vagabonds Act 1597</a>. These laws were further refined and formalized by <a href="/wiki/10th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="10th Parliament of Elizabeth I">the next session of Parliament</a>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a>. Together, these Acts of 1598 and 1601 came to be known as "The Elizabethan Poor Laws."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-MedievalDrama-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The more immediate origins of the Elizabethan Poor Law system were deteriorating economic circumstances in sixteenth-century England. Historian <a href="/wiki/George_Boyer" title="George Boyer">George Boyer</a> has stated that England suffered rapid inflation at this time caused by population growth, the debasement of coinage and the inflow of American silver.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> Poor harvests in the period between 1595 and 1598 caused the numbers in poverty to increase, while charitable giving had decreased after the dissolution of the monasteries and religious guilds.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a> created a system administered at parish level,<a href="#cite_note-historyhome2-41">[41]</a> paid for by levying local rates on rate payers.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Relief for those too ill or old to work, the '<a href="/wiki/Impotent_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotent poor">impotent poor</a>', was in the form of a payment or items of food ('the parish loaf') or clothing also known as <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a>. Some aged people might be accommodated in parish <a href="/wiki/Alms_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Alms house">alms houses</a>, though these were usually private charitable institutions. Meanwhile, able-bodied beggars who had refused work were often placed in <a href="/wiki/House_of_Correction" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Correction">Houses of Correction</a> or even subjected to beatings to mend their attitudes. Provision for the many able-bodied poor in the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> was relatively unusual, and most workhouses developed later. The 1601 Law made parents and children responsible for each other, so elderly parents would live with their children.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Poor Law">Old Poor Law</a> was a parish-based system;<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> there were around 15,000 such parishes based upon the area around a parish church. The system allowed for despotic behaviour from the <a href="/wiki/Overseer_of_the_poor" title="Overseer of the poor">overseers of the poor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-historyhome1-45">[45]</a> but as they would know their paupers, they were considered able to differentiate between the deserving and undeserving poor, making the system both more humane and initially more efficient.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome1-45">[45]</a> The population was then small enough for everyone to know everyone else's circumstances, so the <a href="/wiki/Idle_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Idle poor">idle poor</a> would be unable to claim on the parishes' <a href="/wiki/Poor_rate" title="Poor rate">poor rate</a>. The system provided social stability yet by 1750 needed to be adapted to cope with population increases,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> greater mobility and regional price variations. The 1601 act sought to deal with 'settled' poor who had found themselves temporarily out of work—it was assumed they would accept <a href="/wiki/Indoor_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor relief">indoor relief</a> or outdoor relief. Neither method was then deemed harsh. The act was intended to deal with beggars who were considered a threat to civil order. The act was passed at a time when poverty was considered necessary as fear of poverty made people work. In 1607 a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Correction" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Correction">House of Correction</a> was set up in each county. However, this system was separate from the 1601 system which distinguished between the settled poor and '<a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">vagrants</a>'. There was much variation in the application of the law and there was a tendency for the destitute to migrate towards the more generous parishes, usually situated in the towns.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome2-41">[41]</a> This led to the Settlement Act 1662 also known as the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1662" title="Poor Relief Act 1662">Poor Relief Act 1662</a>, which allowed relief only to established residents of a parish; mainly through birth, marriage and <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>. Unfortunately, the laws reduced the mobility of labour and discouraged the pauper from leaving his parish to find work.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They also encouraged industry to create short contracts (e.g. 364 days) that did not make an employee eligible for poor relief.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome2-41">[41]</a> A pauper applicant had to prove a settlement. If he could not, he was removed to the parish nearest to his birthplace, or where he prove some connection; some paupers were moved hundreds of miles. Although the parishes he passed through en route had no responsibility for him, they were supposed to supply food and drink and shelter for at least one night. An act of 1697 required beggars to wear a badge of red or blue cloth on the right shoulder with an embroidered letter "P" and the initial of their parish.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, this practice soon fell into disuse.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The workhouse movement began at the end of the 17th century with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Corporation_of_the_Poor" title="Bristol Corporation of the Poor">Bristol Corporation of the Poor</a>, founded by the Bristol Poor Act in 1696.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The corporation established a <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> which combined housing and care of the poor with a house of correction for petty offenders. Following the example of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, some twelve further towns and cities established similar corporations in the next two decades. As these corporations required private acts, they were unsuitable for smaller towns and individual parishes. Starting with the parish of <a href="/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshire" title="Olney, Buckinghamshire">Olney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> in 1714 several dozen small towns and individual parishes established their own institutions without any specific legal authorization. These were concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/South_Midlands" title="South Midlands">South Midlands</a> and in the county of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. From the late 1710s the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Christian_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge">Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge</a> began to promote the idea of parochial workhouses. The society published several pamphlets on the subject, and supported <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Knatchbull,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Knatchbull, 4th Baronet">Sir Edward Knatchbull</a> in his successful efforts to steer the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse_Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Workhouse Test Act">Workhouse Test Act</a> through Parliament in 1723.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The act gave legislative authority for the establishment of parochial workhouses, by both single parishes and as joint ventures between two or more parishes. More importantly, the act helped to publicise the idea of establishing workhouses to a national audience. By 1776 some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales, housing almost 100,000 paupers. Perhaps one million people were receiving some kind of parish poor relief by the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Although many parishes and pamphlet writers expected to earn money from the labour of the poor in workhouses, the vast majority of people obliged to take up residence in workhouses were ill, elderly, or children whose labour proved largely unprofitable. The demands, needs and expectations of the poor also ensured that workhouses came to take on the character of general social policy institutions, combining the functions of creche, and night shelter, geriatric ward and orphanage. In 1782, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilbert_(politician)" title="Thomas Gilbert (politician)">Thomas Gilbert</a> finally succeeded in passing the <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_the_Poor_Act_1782" title="Relief of the Poor Act 1782">Relief of the Poor Act</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> that established poor houses solely for the aged and infirm and introduced a system of outdoor relief for the able-bodied. This was the basis for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a>, which made financial provision for low-paid workers. Settlement Laws were altered by the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Removal_Act_1795" title="Poor Removal Act 1795">Poor Removal Act 1795</a> which prevented non-settled persons from being moved on unless they had applied for relief.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> An investigation of the history and current state of the Poor Laws was made by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nolan_(MP)" title="Michael Nolan (MP)">Michael Nolan</a> in his 1805 Treatise of the Laws for the Relief and Settlement of the Poor. The work would go on to three subsequent editions in Nolan's lifetime (Nolan was elected an MP for Barnstaple in 1820), and stoked the discussion both within and outside of Parliament. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg/220px-To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg/330px-To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg/440px-To_Builders_and_Contractors_1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for builders to build a new Workhouse in north <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, 1829</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> it became difficult to <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> cheap grain into Britain which resulted in the price of bread increasing.<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb1-3">[3]</a> As wages did not also increase, many agricultural labourers were plunged into poverty. Following peace in 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> to keep the price of <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> artificially high. 1815 saw great social unrest<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> as the end of the French Wars<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> saw industrial and agricultural depression and high <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>. Social attitudes to poverty began to change after 1815 and overhauls of the system were considered. The Poor Law system was criticized as distorting the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> and in 1816 a parliamentary select committee looked into altering the system<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb3-58">[58]</a> which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Sturges-Bourne%27s_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturges-Bourne's Act">Sturges-Bourne's Act</a> being passed. 1817 also saw the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Loans_Act_1817" title="Public Works Loans Act 1817">Public Works Loans Act 1817</a> (<a href="/wiki/57_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="57 Geo. 3">57 Geo. 3</a>. c. 34), "to authorise the issue of Exchequer Bills and the Advance of Money out of the Consolidated Fund, to a limited Amount, for the carrying on of Public Works and Fisheries in the United Kingdom and Employment of the Poor in Great Britain".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> By 1820, before the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a> workhouses were already being built to reduce the spiralling cost of poor relief.<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb3-58">[58]</a> Boyer suggests several possible reasons for the gradual increase in relief given to able-bodied males, including the <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosure movement">enclosure movement</a> and a decline in industries such as wool spinning and lace making.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> Boyer also contends that farmers were able to take advantage of the poor law system to shift some of their labour costs onto the tax payer.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Law">The Royal Commission on the Poor Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Royal Commission on the Poor Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1832_Royal_Commission_into_the_Operation_of_the_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws">1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nassau_William_Senior_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nassau_William_Senior_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-Nassau_William_Senior_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nassau_William_Senior_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Nassau_William_Senior_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Nassau_William_Senior_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nassau_William_Senior" title="Nassau William Senior">Nassau William Senior</a> argued for greater centralization of the Poor Law system.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1832_Royal_Commission_into_the_Operation_of_the_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws">1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws</a><a href="#cite_note-victorianweb4-61">[61]</a> was set up following the widespread destruction and machine breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">Swing Riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The report was prepared by a commission of nine, including <a href="/wiki/Nassau_William_Senior" title="Nassau William Senior">Nassau William Senior</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and served by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Chadwick" title="Edwin Chadwick">Edwin Chadwick</a> as Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The royal commission's primary concerns were with <a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimacy</a> (or "bastardy"), reflecting the influence of <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusians</a>, and the fear that the practices of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Poor Law">Old Poor Law</a> were undermining the position of the independent labourer.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Two practices were of particular concern: the "<a href="/wiki/Roundsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundsman">roundsman</a>" system,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> where overseers hired out paupers as cheap labour, and the <a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a>, which subsidised low wages without relief.<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb4-61">[61]</a> The report concluded that the existing Poor Laws undermined the prosperity of the country by interfering with the natural laws of supply and demand, that the existing means of poor relief allowed employers to force down wages, and, that poverty itself was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The commission proposed the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Amendment Act">New Law</a> be governed by two overarching principles: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Less_eligibility" title="Less eligibility">less eligibility</a>": that the <a href="/wiki/Pauper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauper">pauper</a> should have to enter a workhouse with conditions worse than that of the poorest free labourer outside of the workhouse.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome4-69">[69]</a></li> <li>the "<a href="/wiki/Workhouse_test" title="Workhouse test">workhouse test</a>", that relief should only be available in the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-publicpolicy1-1">[1]</a> The reformed workhouses were to be uninviting, so that anyone capable of coping outside them would choose not to be in one.</li></ul></blockquote> When the act was introduced however it had been partly watered down. The workhouse test and the idea of "less eligibility" were never mentioned themselves and the recommendation of the royal commission that <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a> (relief given outside of a workhouse)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> should be abolished – was never implemented. The report recommended separate workhouses for the aged, infirm, children, able-bodied females and able-bodied males. The report also stated that parishes should be grouped into unions in order to spread the cost of workhouses and a central authority should be established in order to enforce these measures. The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a> set up by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> took a year to write its report, the recommendations passed easily through Parliament support by both main parties the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>. The bill gained <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> in 1834. The few who opposed the bill were more concerned about the centralisation which it would bring rather than the underpinning philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Poor_Law">New Poor Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Poor Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Labour_Test_Order" title="Outdoor Labour Test Order">Outdoor Labour Test Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Relief_Prohibitory_Order" title="Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order">Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Less_eligibility" title="Less eligibility">Less eligibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></div> The Poor Law Amendment Act<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> was passed in 1834 by the government of <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a> and largely implemented the findings of the royal commission which had presented its findings two years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb5-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New Poor Law">New Poor Law</a> is considered to be one of the most "far-reaching pieces of legislation of the entire Nineteenth Century"<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb1-3">[3]</a> and "classic example of the fundamental <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a>–<a href="/wiki/Benthamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthamite">Benthamite</a> reforming legislation of the period".<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb5-73">[73]</a> The act aimed to reduce the burden on rate payers and can be seen as an attempt by the Whig government to win the votes of the classes enfranchised by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a>. Despite being labelled an "amendment act" it completely overhauled the existing system<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb3-58">[58]</a> and established a <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a> to oversee the national operation of the system.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This included the forming together of small parishes into <a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">poor law unions</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and the building of workhouses in each union for the giving of poor relief. Although the legislation sought to reduce costs to rate payers, one area not reformed was the system's continued financing via "poor rates"<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> on property owners. Although the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Amendment Act">Poor Law Amendment Act</a> did not ban all forms of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> it stated that no able-bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>. Conditions in workhouses were to be made harsh to discourage people from claiming. Workhouses were to be built in every parish, or in poor law unions. The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Commissioners">Poor Law Commissioners</a> were to be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the act. Various reasons prevented the application of some of the act's terms. <a href="/wiki/Less_eligibility" title="Less eligibility">Less eligibility</a> was in some cases impossible without starving paupers, and the high cost of building workhouses incurred by rate payers meant that outdoor relief continued to be a popular alternative. Despite efforts to ban outdoor relief, parishes continued to offer it as a more cost-effective method of dealing with pauperism. The <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Labour_Test_Order" title="Outdoor Labour Test Order">Outdoor Labour Test Order</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Relief_Prohibitory_Order" title="Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order">Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> were both issued to try to prevent people receiving relief outside of the workhouse. When the new amendment was applied to the industrial North of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (an area the law had never considered during reviews), the system failed catastrophically as many found themselves temporarily unemployed, due to recessions or a fall in stock demands (so-called '<a href="/wiki/Cyclical_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclical unemployment">cyclical unemployment</a>') and were reluctant to enter a workhouse, despite its being the only method of gaining aid. <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> also was allowed an exemption from the law and continued to provide outdoor relief.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The abuses and shortcomings of the system are documented in the novels of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Trollope" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Trollope">Frances Trollope</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_the_Abyss" title="The People of the Abyss">The People of the Abyss</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Despite the aspirations of the reformers, the New Poor Law was unable to make the Workhouse as bad as life outside. The primary problem was that in order to make the diet of the workhouse inmates "less eligible" than what they could expect outside, it would be necessary to starve the inmates beyond an acceptable level.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome4-69">[69]</a> It was for this reason that other ways were found to deter entrance to the workhouses. These measures ranged from the introduction of prison-style uniforms to the segregation of inmates into separate yards for men, women, boys, and girls. In 1846, the <a href="/wiki/Andover_workhouse_scandal" title="Andover workhouse scandal">Andover workhouse scandal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> where conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover</a> Union workhouse were found to be inhumane and dangerous, prompted a government review and the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Board" title="Poor Law Board">Poor Law Board</a>. Now, a committee of Parliament was to administer the Poor Law, with a cabinet minister as head. Despite this <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_workhouse_scandal" title="Huddersfield workhouse scandal">another scandal</a> occurred over inhumane treatment of paupers in the <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> workhouse.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_New_Poor_Law">After the New Poor Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the New Poor Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_policy_after_the_New_Poor_Law" title="Poor Law policy after the New Poor Law">Poor Law policy after the New Poor Law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Board" title="Poor Law Board">Poor Law Board</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirEdwinChadwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SirEdwinChadwick.jpg/170px-SirEdwinChadwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SirEdwinChadwick.jpg/255px-SirEdwinChadwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SirEdwinChadwick.jpg/340px-SirEdwinChadwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Infighting between <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Chadwick" title="Edwin Chadwick">Edwin Chadwick</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Commissioners">Poor Law Commissioners</a> was one reason for an overhaul of Poor Law administration.</figcaption></figure> After 1847 the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a> was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Board" title="Poor Law Board">Poor Law Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-institutions2007-5">[5]</a> This was because of the <a href="/wiki/Andover_workhouse_scandal" title="Andover workhouse scandal">Andover workhouse scandal</a> and the criticism of Henry Parker who was responsible for the Andover union as well as the tensions in Somerset House caused by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Chadwick" title="Edwin Chadwick">Chadwick's</a> failure to become a <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Commissioner">Poor Law Commissioner</a>. The Poor Law had been altered in 1834 because of increasing costs. The <a href="/wiki/Workhouse_Visiting_Society" title="Workhouse Visiting Society">Workhouse Visiting Society</a> which formed in 1858 highlighted conditions in workhouses<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and led to workhouses being inspected more often.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Union_Chargeability_Act_1865" title="Union Chargeability Act 1865">Union Chargeability Act 1865</a> was passed in order to make the financial burden of pauperism be placed upon the whole unions rather than individual parishes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Most boards of guardians were middle class and committed to keeping poor rates as low as possible. After the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a> there was increasing welfare legislation. As this legislation required local authorities' support the Poor Law Board was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board</a> in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board</a> led a crusade against outdoor relief supported by the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Organisation_Society" title="Charity Organisation Society">Charity Organisation Society</a>, an organization which viewed <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a> as destroying the self-reliance of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> The effect of this renewed effort to deter outdoor relief was to reduce claimants by a third and to increase numbers in the work house by 12–15%.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">[2]</a> County councils were formed in 1888, and district councils in 1894. This meant that public housing, unlike health and income maintenance, developed outside the scope of the Poor Law. Poor Law policy after the <a href="/wiki/New_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New Poor Law">New Poor Law</a> concerning the elderly, the <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">sick</a> and mentally ill and children became more humane.<a href="#cite_note-gloucs1-88">[88]</a> This was in part due to the expense of providing "mixed workhouses"<a href="#cite_note-gloucs1-88">[88]</a> as well as changing attitudes regarding the causes and nature of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_abolition">Decline and abolition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline and abolition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_abolition_of_the_Poor_Law_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline and abolition of the Poor Law system">Decline and abolition of the Poor Law system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Laws_and_Relief_of_Distress_1905%E2%80%9309" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–09">Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–09</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interwar_poverty_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar poverty in Britain">Interwar poverty in Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/170px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/255px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/340px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>David Lloyd George, architect of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a> which were implemented outside of the Poor Law system and paved the way for the eventual abolition of the Poor Law.</figcaption></figure> The Poor Law system began to decline with the availability of other forms of assistance. The growth of <a href="/wiki/Friendly_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly societies">friendly societies</a> provided help for its members without recourse to the Poor Law system. Some <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> also provided help for their members. The <a href="/wiki/Medical_Relief_Disqualification_Removal_Act_1885" title="Medical Relief Disqualification Removal Act 1885">Medical Relief Disqualification Removal Act 1885</a> meant that people who had accessed medical care funded by the poor rate were no longer disqualified from voting in elections. In 1886 the <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_Circular" title="Chamberlain Circular">Chamberlain Circular</a> encouraged the Local Government Board to set up work projects when unemployment rates were high rather than use workhouses. The Conservatives passed the <a href="/wiki/Unemployed_Workmen_Act_1905" title="Unemployed Workmen Act 1905">Unemployed Workmen Act 1905</a> which provided for temporary employment for workers in times of unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1905 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Laws_and_Relief_of_Distress_1905-09" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09">royal commission</a> was set up to investigate what changes could be made to the Poor Law.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The commission produced two conflicting reports but both investigations were largely ignored by the Liberal government when implementing their own scheme of <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> legislation. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">welfare reforms</a> of the Liberal government<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> made several provisions to provide social services without the stigma of the Poor Law, including <a href="/wiki/Old_age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age pension">old age pensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a>, and from that period fewer people were covered by the system.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> From 1911, the term "workhouse" was replaced by "<a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Institution">Poor Law Institution</a>".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">Means tests</a> were developed during the inter-war period, not as part of the Poor Law, but as part of the attempt to offer relief that was not affected by the stigma of <a href="/wiki/Pauperism" title="Pauperism">pauperism</a>. According to Lees by slowly dismantling the system the Poor Law was "to die by attrition and surgical removals of essential organs".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> there is evidence that some workhouses were used as makeshift hospitals for wounded servicemen.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Numbers using the Poor Law system increased during the interwar years and between 1921 and 1938 despite the extension of unemployment insurance to virtually all workers except the self-employed.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Many of these workers were provided with outdoor relief. One aspect of the Poor Law that continued to cause resentment was that the burden of poor relief was not shared equally by rich and poor areas but, rather, fell most heavily on those areas in which poverty was at its worst. This was a central issue in the <a href="/wiki/Poplar_Rates_Rebellion" title="Poplar Rates Rebellion">Poplar Rates Rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a> and others in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Lansbury had in 1911 written a provocative attack on the workhouse system in a pamphlet entitled "<a href="/wiki/Smash_Up_the_Workhouse!" title="Smash Up the Workhouse!">Smash Up the Workhouse!</a>".<a href="#cite_note-workhousesystem-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interwar_poverty_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar poverty in Britain">Poverty in the interwar years (1918–1939)</a> was responsible for several measures which largely killed off the Poor Law system. The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Guardians_(Default)_Act_1926" title="Board of Guardians (Default) Act 1926">Board of Guardians (Default) Act 1926</a> was passed in response to some <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Boards of Guardians">Boards of Guardians</a> supporting the miners during the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">General Strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Workhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Workhouses">Workhouses</a> were officially abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1929" title="Local Government Act 1929">Local Government Act 1929</a>,<a href="#cite_note-workhousesystem-101">[101]</a> and between 1929 and 1930 <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Guardians">Poor Law Guardians</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Workhouse_test" title="Workhouse test">workhouse test</a>" and the term "<a href="/wiki/Pauper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauper">pauper</a>" disappeared. The <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Assistance_Board" title="Unemployment Assistance Board">Unemployment Assistance Board</a> was set up in 1934 to deal with those not covered by the earlier <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a> passed by the Liberals, and by 1937 the <a href="/wiki/Able-bodied_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Able-bodied poor">able-bodied poor</a> had been absorbed into this scheme. By 1936 only 13% of people were still receiving poor relief in some form of institution.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 1948 the Poor Law system was finally abolished with the introduction of the modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and the passing of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assistance Act">National Assistance Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-publicpolicy1-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946" title="National Health Service Act 1946">National Health Service Act 1946</a> came into force in 1948 and created the modern day <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_English_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the English Poor Laws">Opposition to the English Poor Laws</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_Poor_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Punch_Poor_Law.jpg/220px-Punch_Poor_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Punch_Poor_Law.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> criticized the New Poor Law's workhouses for splitting mothers and their infant children.</figcaption></figure> Opposition to the Poor Law grew at the beginning of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Poor Law">1601 system</a> was felt to be too costly<a href="#cite_note-historyhome2-41">[41]</a> and was considered in academic circles as encouraging the underlying problems.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> argued for a disciplinary, punitive approach to social problems, whilst the writings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> focused attention on <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, and the growth of illegitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> argued that there was an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_law_of_wages" title="Iron law of wages">iron law of wages</a>". The effect of poor relief, in the view of the reformers, was to undermine the position of the "independent labourer".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In the period following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, several reformers altered the function of the "poorhouse" into the model for a deterrent workhouse. The first of the deterrent workhouses in this period was at <a href="/wiki/Bingham,_Nottinghamshire" title="Bingham, Nottinghamshire">Bingham, Nottinghamshire</a>. The second was <a href="/wiki/The_Workhouse,_Southwell" title="The Workhouse, Southwell">Becher's workhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwell,_Nottinghamshire" title="Southwell, Nottinghamshire">Southwell</a>, now maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Nicholls_(commissioner)" title="George Nicholls (commissioner)">George Nicholls</a>, the overseer at Southwell, was to become a Poor Law Commissioner in the reformed system. The 1817 Report of the Select Committee on the Poor Laws condemned the Poor Law as causing poverty itself.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/New_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New Poor Law">New Poor Law</a> also resulted in opposition. Some who gave evidence to the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws suggested that the existing system had proved adequate and was more adaptable to local needs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This argument was strongest in the industrial North of England and in the textile industries<a href="#cite_note-historyhome2-41">[41]</a> where outdoor relief was a more effective method of dealing with <a href="/wiki/Cyclical_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclical unemployment">cyclical unemployment</a> as well as being a more cost-effective method. Poor Law commissioners faced greatest opposition in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> where in 1837 there was high unemployment during an <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a>. The New Poor Law was seen as interference from Londoners with little understanding of local affairs.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome3-110">[110]</a> Opposition was unusually strong because committees had already been formed in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Hours_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Hours Movement">Ten Hours Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> leaders of the Ten Hours campaign such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler" title="Richard Oastler">Richard Oastler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rayner_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rayner Stephens">Joseph Rayner Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fielden" title="John Fielden">John Fielden</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> became the leaders of the Anti-Poor Law campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Murder" title="Book of Murder">Book of Murder</a> was published and was aimed at creating opposition to the workhouse system.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and pamphlets were published spreading rumour and propaganda about Poor Law Commissioners and alleged infanticide inside of workhouses.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Opposition to the Poor Law yielded some successes in delaying the development of workhouses, and one workhouse in <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a> was attacked by a crowd of rioters.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> As many <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Boards of Guardians">Boards of Guardians</a> were determined to continue under the <a href="/wiki/Old_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Poor Law">old system</a>, the Poor Law Commission granted some boards the right to continue providing relief under the Old Poor Law. However, the movement against the New Poor Law was short-lived, leading many to instead turn towards <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historyhome3-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland_and_Ireland">Scotland and Ireland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scotland and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_poor_laws" title="Scottish poor laws">Scottish poor laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_poor_laws" title="Irish poor laws">Irish poor laws</a></div> The Poor Law systems of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> were distinct from the English Poor Law system covering <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> although Irish legislation was heavily influenced by the English <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In Scotland the Poor Law system was reformed by the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_(Scotland)_Act_1845" title="Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845">Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In Ireland the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_(Ireland)_Act_1838" title="Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838">Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838</a> was the first attempt to put control of the destitute and responsibility for their welfare on a statutory basis.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Due to exceptional overcrowding, workhouses in Ireland stopped admissions during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish famine">Irish famine</a> and increasingly resorted to <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-proni.gov.uk-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a> was sometimes used by landlords as a method of keeping the cost of poor relief down and removing surplus labour.<a href="#cite_note-proni.gov.uk-121">[121]</a> Reforms after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> resulted in the abolition of Boards of Guardians in the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> and their replacement by County Boards of Health.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Historiography of the Poor Laws</a></div> The historiography of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law">Poor Laws</a> has passed through several distinct phases.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The "traditionalist" or "orthodox" account of the Poor Laws focuses upon the deficiencies of the Old Poor Law.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> This early historiography was influential in successfully overhauling the system. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Blaug" title="Mark Blaug">Mark Blaug</a> presents the first revisionist analysis of the Poor Law in "The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the making of the New", commenting that the Old Poor Law did not reduce the efficiency of agricultural workers, lower wages, depress rents or compound the burden on rate payers.<a href="#cite_note-blaug229-125">[125]</a> Blaug argues that Old Poor Law was a device "for dealing with the problems of structural unemployment and substandard wages in the lagging rural sector of a rapidly growing but still underdeveloped economy".<a href="#cite_note-blaug229-125">[125]</a> Other areas of Poor Law which have concerned historians include the extent to which the Second <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Amendment Act">Poor Law Amendment Act</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a> was abolished following the <a href="/wiki/New_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New Poor Law">New Poor Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a>, government programs that seek to provide a minimum level of income, service or other support for certain people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_poor_law_system" title="Timeline of the English poor law system">Timeline of the English poor law system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom">History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-publicpolicy1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-publicpolicy1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publicpolicy1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publicpolicy1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-publicpolicy1_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430120726/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm">"British social policy 1601–1948"</a>. .rgu.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+social+policy+1601%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=.rgu.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.rgu.ac.uk%2Fpublicpolicy%2Fintroduction%2Fhistoryf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia2_2-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105105148/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/boyer.poor.laws.england">"Encyclopedia: English Poor Laws"</a>. Eh.net. 7 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/boyer.poor.laws.england">the original</a> on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia%3A+English+Poor+Laws&rft.pub=Eh.net&rft.date=2002-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fboyer.poor.laws.england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianweb1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb1_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/plintro.html">"The Poor Law: overview"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poor+Law%3A+overview&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fplintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> G. R. Elton, "An Early Tudor Poor Law", Economic History Review, 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-institutions2007-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-institutions2007_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-institutions2007_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504111530/http://institutions.org.uk/poor_law_unions/the_poor_law1.htm">"The Poor Law"</a>. Institutions.org.uk. 6 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutions.org.uk/poor_law_unions/the_poor_law1.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Institutions.org.uk&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutions.org.uk%2Fpoor_law_unions%2Fthe_poor_law1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-workhouses1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-workhouses1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-workhouses1_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Higginbotham" class="citation web cs1">Peter Higginbotham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/newpoorlaw.shtml">"The New Poor Law"</a>. The Workhouse Web Site. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Workhouse+Web+Site&rft.atitle=The+New+Poor+Law&rft.au=Peter+Higginbotham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workhouses.org.uk%2Fpoorlaws%2Fnewpoorlaw.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/english-poor-laws/">"English Poor Laws"</a>. EH.net Encyclopedia. Economic History Foundation. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+Poor+Laws&rft.btitle=EH.net+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Economic+History+Foundation&rft.date=2002-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenglish-poor-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Lees, Lynn Hollen. The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1770–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/726694.pdf">"Five Hundred Years of English Poor Laws, 1349–1834:Regulating the Working and Nonworking Poor"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Hundred+Years+of+English+Poor+Laws%2C+1349%E2%80%931834%3ARegulating+the+Working+and+Nonworking+Poor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uakron.edu%2FdotAsset%2F726694.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988">Akron Law Review 30 (1996): 73–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-kingsnorton.info-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingsnorton.info_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsnorton.info_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713202144/http://www.kingsnorton.info/time/poor_law_workhouse_timeline.htm">"Timeline – Poor Laws, Workhouses, and Social Support"</a>. Kingsnorton.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsnorton.info/time/poor_law_workhouse_timeline.htm">the original</a> on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+%E2%80%93+Poor+Laws%2C+Workhouses%2C+and+Social+Support&rft.pub=Kingsnorton.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingsnorton.info%2Ftime%2Fpoor_law_workhouse_timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-disease-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disease_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disease_11-1">b</a> Cartwright, Frederick F. 1991. Disease and History. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 32–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430031619/http://www.cf.ac.uk/hisar/teach/history/projects/plague/economy.html">"What was the Economy Like After the Black Death?"</a>. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+was+the+Economy+Like+After+the+Black+Death%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cf.ac.uk%2Fhisar%2Fteach%2Fhistory%2Fprojects%2Fplague%2Feconomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) The Plague and England, Cardiff University. Retrieved on April 11, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/blacksocial_01.shtml">"BBC - History - British History in depth: Black Death: Political and Social Changes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+History+-+British+History+in+depth%3A+Black+Death%3A+Political+and+Social+Changes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmiddle_ages%2Fblacksocial_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pp. 1–2, 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Byrne, Joseph Patrick, The black death, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianweb2-16"><a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb2_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html">"The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1601+Elizabethan+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Felizpl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witheridge-historical-archive.com/poor-1.htm">"Poor Law Origins"</a>. Witheridge-historical-archive.com. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poor+Law+Origins&rft.pub=Witheridge-historical-archive.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.witheridge-historical-archive.com%2Fpoor-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616095301/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0">"Sturdy Beggars"</a>. Probertencyclopaedia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0">the original</a> on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sturdy+Beggars&rft.pub=Probertencyclopaedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.probertencyclopaedia.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fres.pl%3Fkeyword%3DSturdy%2BBeggars%26offset%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2003" class="citation book cs1">Baker, John Hamilton (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofl00john">The Oxford History of the Laws of England: 1483–1558</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofl00john/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198258179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198258179"><bdi>978-0198258179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Laws+of+England%3A+1483%E2%80%931558&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0198258179&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=John+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofl00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Lewis C. Vollmar, Jr., "The Effect of Epidemics on the Development of English Law from the Black Death Through the Industrial Revolution," Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 15 (1994), p. 385 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbone2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rathbone, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/vagabond">"Vagabond!"</a>. History Review. History Today: 8–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Vagabond%21&rft.pages=8-13&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fvagabond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/poortudors.html">"Poor Tudors"</a>. Localhistories.org. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poor+Tudors&rft.pub=Localhistories.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fpoortudors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, pp. 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Poor_Act_1562" title="Poor Act 1562">Poor Act 1562</a> (<a href="/wiki/5_Eliz._1" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Eliz. 1">5 Eliz. 1</a>. c. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Poor_Act_1575" title="Poor Act 1575">Poor Act 1575</a> (<a href="/wiki/18_Eliz._1" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Eliz. 1">18 Eliz. 1</a>. c. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiser-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geiser_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geiser_32-1">b</a> Karl Frederick Geiser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/redemptionersind00geis/redemptionersind00geis_djvu.txt">Redemptioners and indentured servants in the colony and commonwealth of Pennsylvania</a>, p. 5. Supplement to the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Review">Yale Review</a>, Vol. X, No. 2, August, 1901. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Philip J. Stern, Carl Wennerlind Eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXNBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166">Mercantilism Reimagined: Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire</a>, p. 166 (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/the-poor-law.htm">"The Poor Law"</a>. Elizabethan-era.org.uk. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Elizabethan-era.org.uk&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elizabethan-era.org.uk%2Fthe-poor-law.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhshistory.net/regions_&_districts.htm">"Regions & Districts"</a>. Nhshistory.net. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regions+%26+Districts&rft.pub=Nhshistory.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhshistory.net%2Fregions_%26_districts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge1350-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge1350_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2011" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Marjorie Kensington (2011). "The Poor Laws of 1598 and 1601". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/poor-relief-in-england-13501600/poor-laws-of-1598-and-1601/DD47B704ECD7DED525DC5A4310B14408">Poor Relief in England, 1350-1600</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139057547.014">10.1017/CBO9781139057547.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01508-1"><bdi>978-1-107-01508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Laws+of+1598+and+1601&rft.btitle=Poor+Relief+in+England%2C+1350-1600&rft.pages=273-293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139057547.014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01508-1&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+Kensington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fpoor-relief-in-england-13501600%2Fpoor-laws-of-1598-and-1601%2FDD47B704ECD7DED525DC5A4310B14408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindle2004" class="citation book cs1">Hindle, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230523104_2">Identity and Agency in England, 1500–1800</a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230523104_2">10.1057/9780230523104_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52310-4"><bdi>978-0-230-52310-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Agency+in+England%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230523104_2&rft.isbn=978-0-230-52310-4&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230523104_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MedievalDrama-38"><a href="#cite_ref-MedievalDrama_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1995" class="citation journal cs1">McDonald, Marcia A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24322412">"The Elizabethan Poor Laws and the Stage in the Late 1590s"</a>. Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England. 7: 121–144. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24322412">24322412</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Drama+in+England&rft.atitle=The+Elizabethan+Poor+Laws+and+the+Stage+in+the+Late+1590s&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=121-144&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24322412%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Marcia+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24322412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzreter2022" class="citation web cs1">Szreter, Simon (6 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyandpolicy.org/opinion-articles/articles/how-elizabethan-law-once-protected-the-poor-from-the-high-cost-of-living-and-led-to-unrivalled-economicprosperity">"How Elizabethan law once protected the poor from the high cost of living – and led to unrivalled economic prosperity"</a>. History and Policy. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Policy&rft.atitle=How+Elizabethan+law+once+protected+the+poor+from+the+high+cost+of+living+%E2%80%93+and+led+to+unrivalled+economic+prosperity&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Szreter&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandpolicy.org%2Fopinion-articles%2Farticles%2Fhow-elizabethan-law-once-protected-the-poor-from-the-high-cost-of-living-and-led-to-unrivalled-economicprosperity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Slack, Paul. The English Poor Law, 1531–1782. London: Macmillan, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-historyhome2-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome2_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome2_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome2_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome2_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome2_41-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/plaa.htm">"The Old Poor Law 1795–1834"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Poor+Law+1795%E2%80%931834&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fplaa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdlp.co.uk/resources/general/poor_law.htm">"A Short Explanation of the English Poor Law"</a>. Mdlp.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Explanation+of+the+English+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Mdlp.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdlp.co.uk%2Fresources%2Fgeneral%2Fpoor_law.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html">"The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1601+Elizabethan+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Felizpl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/parishmap2.html">"Parishes in southern Yorkshire"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 1 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parishes+in+southern+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fparishmap2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyhome1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome1_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/justify.htm">"Justifying the relief of poverty"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justifying+the+relief+of+poverty&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fjustify.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/social/pop.htm">"Population Growth in the Age of Peel"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Growth+in+the+Age+of+Peel&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fsocial%2Fpop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/settle.html">"The 1662 Settlement Act"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1662+Settlement+Act&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fsettle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepotteries.org/dates/poor.htm">"Key dates in Poor Law and Relief Great Britain 1300–1899"</a>. Thepotteries.org. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+dates+in+Poor+Law+and+Relief+Great+Britain+1300%E2%80%931899&rft.pub=Thepotteries.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepotteries.org%2Fdates%2Fpoor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Knott, John, Popular opposition to the 1834 Poor Law, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/stpetershospital.shtml">"History of St Peter's Hospital, Bristol"</a>. Buildinghistory.org. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+St+Peter%27s+Hospital%2C+Bristol&rft.pub=Buildinghistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildinghistory.org%2Fbristol%2Fstpetershospital.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~maxineweddell/108.htm">"Edward Reynolds"</a>. Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Reynolds&rft.pub=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~maxineweddell%2F108.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, at 147. Full text available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://libcom.org/library/making-english-working-class-ep-thompson">https://libcom.org/library/making-english-working-class-ep-thompson</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/gilbert.html">"Gilbert's Act (1782)"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilbert%27s+Act+%281782%29&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fgilbert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/pms/Liverpool.html">"Lord Liverpool"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Liverpool&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpms%2FLiverpool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/cornlaws1.html">"The Corn Laws"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 11 October 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Corn+Laws&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fcornlaws1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/distress/distress.htm">"Causes of the Discontent and Distress, 1812–22"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Causes+of+the+Discontent+and+Distress%2C+1812%E2%80%9322&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fc-eight%2Fdistress%2Fdistress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/waterloo.htm">"The Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Waterloo%3A+18+June+1815&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fc-eight%2Ffrance%2Fwaterloo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianweb3-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb3_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb3_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb3_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/changes.html">"Changing attitudes towards poverty after 1815"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+attitudes+towards+poverty+after+1815&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fchanges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlinn1961" class="citation journal cs1">Flinn, M. W. (1 January 1961). "The Poor Employment Act of 1817". The Economic History Review. 14 (1): 82–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2591355">10.2307/2591355</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591355">2591355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Employment+Act+of+1817&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-92&rft.date=1961-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2591355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2591355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1990" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, George R. (1990). An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+the+English+Poor+Law%2C+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianweb4-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb4_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb4_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/royalcom.html">"The 1832 Royal Commission of Inquiry into the operation of the Poor Laws"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1832+Royal+Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+operation+of+the+Poor+Laws&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Froyalcom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/ruralife/swing.htm">"Rural Unrest in the 1830s: the "Swing" riots"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rural+Unrest+in+the+1830s%3A+the+%22Swing%22+riots&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fruralife%2Fswing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106050650/http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/walras.htm">"Nassau William Senior"</a>. Homepage.newschool.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.newschool.edu/het//profiles/senior.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nassau+William+Senior&rft.pub=Homepage.newschool.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.newschool.edu%2Fhet%2F%2Fprofiles%2Fsenior.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chad1.html">"Edwin Chadwick"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 14 October 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edwin+Chadwick&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fchad1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/plevils.htm">"The burdens and evils associated with the existing Poor Laws"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+burdens+and+evils+associated+with+the+existing+Poor+Laws&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fplevils.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/speen.html">"The Speenhamland System"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 7 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Speenhamland+System&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fspeen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/royalcom.html">"The 1832 Royal Commission of Inquiry into the operation of the Poor Laws"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1832+Royal+Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+operation+of+the+Poor+Laws&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Froyalcom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/soundsys.html">"Principles of a sound system of Poor Relief"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 22 August 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles+of+a+sound+system+of+Poor+Relief&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fsoundsys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyhome4-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome4_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome4_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/eligibil.htm">"Less eligibility"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Less+eligibility&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Feligibil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/plaatext.htm">"The New Poor Law, 14 August 1834"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Poor+Law%2C+14+August+1834&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fplaatext.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Rees, Rosmary, Poverty and Public Health 1815–1948, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/poorlaw.htm">"The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834"</a>. History Home. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Home&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Law+Amendment+Act%2C+1834&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fpoorlaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianweb5-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb5_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb5_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/plaatext.html">"The Poor Law Amendment Act: 14 August 1834"</a>. The Victorian Web. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Law+Amendment+Act%3A+14+August+1834&rft.date=2002-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fplaatext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/plcommiss.html">"The Poor Law Commission"</a>. The Victorian Web. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Law+Commission&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fplcommiss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/types/status_page.jsp?unit_status=PLU">"Administrative Units Typology | Status definition: Poor Law Union"</a>. A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+through+Time&rft.atitle=Administrative+Units+Typology+%26%23124%3B+Status+definition%3A+Poor+Law+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Ftypes%2Fstatus_page.jsp%3Funit_status%3DPLU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/savings.html">"Savings on the poor rates made by the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act"</a>. The Victorian Web. 17 September 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=Savings+on+the+poor+rates+made+by+the+1834+Poor+Law+Amendment+Act&rft.date=2002-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fsavings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828041756/http://learningcurve.gov.uk/victorianbritain/caring/default.htm">"Did the treatment of the poor improve after the 1834 Poor Law?"</a>. Learning Curve. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/victorianbritain/caring/default.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learning+Curve&rft.atitle=Did+the+treatment+of+the+poor+improve+after+the+1834+Poor+Law%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learningcurve.gov.uk%2Fvictorianbritain%2Fcaring%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Higginbotham" class="citation web cs1">Peter Higginbotham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workhouses.org.uk/gco/outdoorlabourtestintro.shtml">"The 1842 Outdoor Labour Test Order"</a>. The Workhouse: The story of an institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028090101/http://www.workhouses.org.uk/gco/outdoorlabourtestintro.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1842+Outdoor+Labour+Test+Order&rft.pub=The+Workhouse%3A+The+story+of+an+institution&rft.au=Peter+Higginbotham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workhouses.org.uk%2Fgco%2Foutdoorlabourtestintro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Williams, Karel, From Pauperism to Poverty, p. 64, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0698-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0698-5">0-7100-0698-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/nottingh.html">"Unemployment in Nottingham (1837–8)"</a>. The Victorian Web. 7 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=Unemployment+in+Nottingham+%281837%E2%80%938%29&rft.date=2002-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fnottingh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon1903" class="citation book cs1">London, Jack (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1688/1688-h/1688-h.htm">The People of the Abyss</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+the+Abyss&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1688%2F1688-h%2F1688-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/andover.html">"The Andover Workhouse scandal, 1845–6"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Andover+Workhouse+scandal%2C+1845%E2%80%936&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlaw%2Fandover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/huddscand.htm">"The Huddersfield workhouse scandal: 1848"</a>. History Home. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Huddersfield+workhouse+scandal%3A+1848&rft.pub=History+Home&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fhuddscand.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906140144/http://www.swallowcliffehall.com/workh.html">"The workhouse"</a>. Swallowcliffehall.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swallowcliffehall.com/workh.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+workhouse&rft.pub=Swallowcliffehall.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swallowcliffehall.com%2Fworkh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Margaret Anne Crowther, The workhouse system, 1834–1929: the history of an English social institution, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agreg-ink.net/civi/2005/morris5.html">"William Morris: Life and Times"</a>. Agreg-ink.net. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Morris%3A+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Agreg-ink.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagreg-ink.net%2Fcivi%2F2005%2Fmorris5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040328110522/http://library-2.lse.ac.uk/archives/handlists/CollMisc0231/CollMisc0231.html">"The collection of Local Government Board held at the British Library of Political and Economic Science"</a>. Library-2.lse.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library-2.lse.ac.uk/archives/handlists/CollMisc0231/CollMisc0231.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2004. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+collection+of+Local+Government+Board+held+at+the+British+Library+of+Political+and+Economic+Science&rft.pub=Library-2.lse.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary-2.lse.ac.uk%2Farchives%2Fhandlists%2FCollMisc0231%2FCollMisc0231.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gloucs1-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gloucs1_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gloucs1_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082356/http://www.balcarras.gloucs.sch.uk/curriculum/pupilpages/his/year13/poverty/poorlaw18471900.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balcarras.gloucs.sch.uk/curriculum/pupilpages/his/year13/poverty/poorlaw18471900.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balcarras.gloucs.sch.uk%2Fcurriculum%2Fpupilpages%2Fhis%2Fyear13%2Fpoverty%2Fpoorlaw18471900.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Rees, Rosmary, Poverty and Public Health, 1815–1948, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090506233648/http%3A//www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/timeline/g2_timeline.htm">"Britain 1906–18 | Gallery 2 | Timeline"</a>. Learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/timeline/g2_timeline.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain+1906%E2%80%9318+%26%23124%3B+Gallery+2+%26%23124%3B+Timeline&rft.pub=Learningcurve.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learningcurve.gov.uk%2Fbritain1906to1918%2Ftimeline%2Fg2_timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglander1998" class="citation book cs1">Englander, D. (1998). Poverty and Poor Law Reform in 19th Century Britain, 1834–1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Poor+Law+Reform+in+19th+Century+Britain%2C+1834%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Englander&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/britain/liberalreformsrev1.shtml">"GCSE Bitesize – The Liberal reforms 1906–1914"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCSE+Bitesize+%E2%80%93+The+Liberal+reforms+1906%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fhistory%2Fmwh%2Fbritain%2Fliberalreformsrev1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120213539/http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g2/background.htm">"The National Archives Learning Curve | Britain 1906–18 | Achievements of Liberal Reforms: Gallery Background"</a>. Learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g2/background.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Archives+Learning+Curve+%26%23124%3B+Britain+1906%E2%80%9318+%26%23124%3B+Achievements+of+Liberal+Reforms%3A+Gallery+Background&rft.pub=Learningcurve.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learningcurve.gov.uk%2Fbritain1906to1918%2Fg2%2Fbackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mrlhp/local/poorlaw/poorlaw.htm">"Mike Royden's Local History Pages The 19th Century Poor Law in Liverpool and its Hinterland: Towards the Origins of the Workhouse Infirmary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mike+Royden%27s+Local+History+Pages+The+19th+Century+Poor+Law+in+Liverpool+and+its+Hinterland%3A+Towards+the+Origins+of+the+Workhouse+Infirmary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roydenhistory.co.uk%2Fmrlhp%2Flocal%2Fpoorlaw%2Fpoorlaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Lees, Lynn Hollen. The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1770–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssmjchurchyard.org.uk/the_workhouse.php">"Ss Mary & John Churchyard::the workhouse"</a>. Ssmjchurchyard.org.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ss+Mary+%26+John+Churchyard%3A%3Athe+workhouse&rft.pub=Ssmjchurchyard.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssmjchurchyard.org.uk%2Fthe_workhouse.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.museumofreading.org.uk/collections/album/pdfs/battle%20hospital%20-%2070.pdf">http://www.museumofreading.org.uk/collections/album/pdfs/battle%20hospital%20-%2070.pdf</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Higginbotham" class="citation web cs1">Peter Higginbotham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workhouses.org.uk/">"The Workhouse Web Site"</a>. www.workhouses.org.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workhouse+Web+Site&rft.pub=www.workhouses.org.uk&rft.au=Peter+Higginbotham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workhouses.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105105148/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/boyer.poor.laws.england">"Encyclopedia: English Poor Laws"</a>. Eh.net. 7 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/boyer.poor.laws.england">the original</a> on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia%3A+English+Poor+Laws&rft.pub=Eh.net&rft.date=2002-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fboyer.poor.laws.england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O</a> (26 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/george-lansbury-at-the-heart-of-old-labour-by-john-shepherd-605420.html">"George Lansbury: at the heart of Old Labour by John Shepherd – Reviews, Books"</a>. The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=George+Lansbury%3A+at+the+heart+of+Old+Labour+by+John+Shepherd+%E2%80%93+Reviews%2C+Books&rft.date=2002-11-26&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fgeorge-lansbury-at-the-heart-of-old-labour-by-john-shepherd-605420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-workhousesystem-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-workhousesystem_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-workhousesystem_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1983" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, M.A. (2 March 1983). The workhouse system, 1834–1929. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-36090-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-36090-4"><bdi>0-416-36090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+workhouse+system%2C+1834%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1983-03-02&rft.isbn=0-416-36090-4&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Keith D. The right to strike. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+strike&rft.pages=93&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepotteries.org/local_history/010.htm">"The Poor Law"</a>. Thepotteries.org. 30 November 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Thepotteries.org&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepotteries.org%2Flocal_history%2F010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Jones, Kathleen, The making of social policy in Britain, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615032741/http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/SSH5.HTM">"Social Science and the 1834 Poor Law: The Theories that Smith, Bentham, Malthus and Owen made Law"</a>. Mdx.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/SSH5.HTM">the original</a> on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Science+and+the+1834+Poor+Law%3A+The+Theories+that+Smith%2C+Bentham%2C+Malthus+and+Owen+made+Law&rft.pub=Mdx.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdx.ac.uk%2FWWW%2FSTUDY%2FSSH5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Huzel, James, ”Malthus, the Poor Law, and Population in Early Nineteenth-Century England”, University of Kent, The Economic History Review Volume 22 Issue 3, pp. 430–52, Published Online: 11 February 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/comrep.htm">"Principles of a sound system of Poor Relief"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 4 July 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles+of+a+sound+system+of+Poor+Relief&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fcomrep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Boyer, George. An economic history of the English poor law, 1750–1850, p. 58, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36479-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36479-5">0-521-36479-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/ellison.htm">"The Good Old System"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Good+Old+System&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fellison.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyhome3-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome3_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyhome3_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/antiplm.htm">"The Anti-Poor Law Movement"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Poor+Law+Movement&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fantiplm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/factmine/factory.htm">"The Factory Question"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Factory+Question&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Ffactmine%2Ffactory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/oastler2.htm">"Richard Oastler's opposition to the Poor Law Amendment Act"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Oastler%27s+opposition+to+the+Poor+Law+Amendment+Act&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Foastler2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/hudunion.htm">"The state of the Huddersfield Union (April 1838)"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+state+of+the+Huddersfield+Union+%28April+1838%29&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fhudunion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Knott, J, Popular Opposition to the 1834 Poor Law, p. 95, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-1532-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-1532-2">0-7099-1532-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/bom.htm">"Book of Murder"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Murder&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fbom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/poorlaw/attacks.htm">"Printed attacks on the Poor Law Amendment Act"</a>. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Printed+attacks+on+the+Poor+Law+Amendment+Act&rft.pub=Historyhome.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpoorlaw%2Fattacks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/iln/38c.html">"Attack on the Workhouse at Stockport (1842 Riots)"</a>. Victorianweb.org. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attack+on+the+Workhouse+at+Stockport+%281842+Riots%29&rft.pub=Victorianweb.org&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fperiodicals%2Filn%2F38c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061005072715/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/research/poorlaw.html">"Research: Guide to the records of the Poor Law"</a>. Nationalarchives.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.ie/research/poorlaw.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research%3A+Guide+to+the+records+of+the+Poor+Law&rft.pub=Nationalarchives.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.ie%2Fresearch%2Fpoorlaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/bsurface_08.shtml">"History – Beneath the Surface: A Country of Two Nations"</a>. BBC. 1 January 2001. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Beneath+the+Surface%3A+A+Country+of+Two+Nations&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fbsurface_08.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/poorlawact.htm">"Ennistymon Union – The Poor Law Act"</a>. Clare Library. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ennistymon+Union+%E2%80%93+The+Poor+Law+Act&rft.pub=Clare+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarelibrary.ie%2Feolas%2Fcoclare%2Fhistory%2Fpoorlawact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-proni.gov.uk-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proni.gov.uk_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-proni.gov.uk_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/exhibitions_talks_and_events/19th_century_emigration_to_the_north_america_online/helping_hands/the_irish_poor_law.htm">"The Irish poor law | Public Record Office of Northern Ireland"</a>. Proni.gov.uk. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+poor+law+%26%23124%3B+Public+Record+Office+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Proni.gov.uk&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proni.gov.uk%2Findex%2Fexhibitions_talks_and_events%2F19th_century_emigration_to_the_north_america_online%2Fhelping_hands%2Fthe_irish_poor_law.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Higginbotham" class="citation web cs1">Peter Higginbotham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234634/http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Ireland%2FIreland.shtml">"The Workhouse Web Site"</a>. www.workhouses.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Ireland/Ireland.shtml">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workhouse+Web+Site&rft.pub=www.workhouses.org.uk&rft.au=Peter+Higginbotham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workhouses.org.uk%2Findex.html%3FIreland%2FIreland.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Boyer, George, An economic history of the English poor law, 1750–1850, Chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Boyer, George, An economic history of the English poor law, 1750–1850, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-blaug229-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blaug229_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blaug229_125-1">b</a> Blaug, Mark, "The Poor Law Report Reexamined", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1964), pp. 229–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Rees, Rosmary, Poverty and Public Health, 1815–1948, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Rose, Michael E. The English Poor Law, 1780–1930. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Slippery_Slope">The Slippery Slope </a>. London: John Murray. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slippery+Slope&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blaug, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2116435">The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New</a> Journal of Economic History 23 (1963): 151–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Blaug, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2115861">The Poor Law Report Re-examined</a> Journal of Economic History (1964) 24: 229–45. JSTOR</li> <li>Boot, H.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/4285843">Unemployment and Poor Law Relief in Manchester, 1845–5</a> Social History 15 (1990): 217–28. JSTOR</li> <li>Booth, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agedpoorinengla00bootgoog">The Aged Poor in England and Wales</a>. London: MacMillan, 1894. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, George R. (1997). "Poor Relief, Informal Assistance, and Short Time during the Lancashire Cotton Famine". Explorations in Economic History. 34: 56–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexeh.1996.0663">10.1006/exeh.1996.0663</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F75967">1813/75967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Poor+Relief%2C+Informal+Assistance%2C+and+Short+Time+during+the+Lancashire+Cotton+Famine&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=56-76&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F75967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fexeh.1996.0663&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boyer, George R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swlJwIZDwH4C&q=An+Economic+History+of+the+English+Poor+Law,+1750-1850">An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36479-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36479-9">978-0-521-36479-9</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li>Brundage, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjiyAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Making+of+the+New+Poor+Law">The Making of the New Poor Law</a>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0855-9">978-0-8135-0855-9</a></li> <li>Charlesworth, Lorie. Welfare's forgotten past: a socio-legal history of the poor law (Routledge-Cavendish, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sas.ac.uk/amicus/article/download/1215/1098">author's summary</a></li> <li>Clark, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/farm_wages_&_living_standards.pdf">Farm Wages and Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution: England, 1670–1869</a> Economic History Review, 2nd series 54 (2001): 477–505. <a href="/wiki/UCDavis" class="mw-redirect" title="UCDavis">UCDavis</a></li> <li>Clark, Gregory and Anthony Clark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/commons.pdf">Common Rights to Land in England, 1475–1839</a> Journal of Economic History 61 (2001): 1009–36. UCDavis</li> <li>Digby, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2594373">The Labour Market and the Continuity of Social Policy after 1834: The Case of the Eastern Counties</a> Economic History Review, 2nd series 28 (1975): 69–83.</li> <li>Eastwood, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhrkMoxq58C&q=Governing+Rural+England:+Tradition+and+Transformation">Governing Rural England: Tradition and Transformation in Local Government, 1780–1840</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820481-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820481-7">978-0-19-820481-7</a></li> <li>Fraser, Derek, editor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHYgHAAACAAJ&q=The+New+Poor+Law+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+fraser+intitle:new+intitle:poor+intitle:law">The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century</a>. London: Macmillan, 1976.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond, J. L.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Barbara Hammond</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/villagelabournew00hammuoft">The Village Labourer, 1760–1832</a>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1911.</li> <li>Hampson, E.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeU8AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Treatment+of+Poverty+in+Cambridgeshire,+1597-1834">The Treatment of Poverty in Cambridgeshire, 1597–1834</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934 (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00234-9">978-1-108-00234-9</a>)</li> <li>Humphries, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2123436">Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries</a> (1990): 17–42.</li> <li>King, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brMIf8yPmJQC&q=Poverty+and+Welfare+in+England,+1700-1850">Poverty and Welfare in England, 1700–1850: A Regional Perspective</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Lees, Lynn Hollen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cw3WWvjG6MUC&q=The+Solidarities+of+Strangers:+The+English+Poor+Laws">The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1770–1948</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Lindert, Peter H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615224440/http://eh.net/abstracts/archive/0171.php">Poor Relief before the Welfare State: Britain versus the Continent, 1780–1880</a> European Review of Economic History 2 (1998): 101–40.</li> <li>MacKinnon, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2121332">English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade Against Outrelief</a> Journal of Economic History 47 (1987): 603–25.</li> <li>Marshall, J.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgxKAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Old+Poor+Law,+1795-1834+marshall">The Old Poor Law, 1795–1834</a>. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan, 1985.</li> <li>Nagl, Dominik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C">No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions – Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630–1769</a>, Berlin: LIT, 2013: 149–59.</li> <li>Pinchbeck, Ivy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DAFAQAAIAAJ&q=Women+Workers+and+the+Industrial+Revolution,+1750-1850">Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850</a>. London: Routledge, 1930.</li> <li>Pound, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0iFAAAAIAAJ&q=Poverty+and+Vagrancy+in+Tudor+England">Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England</a>, 2nd edition. London: Longmans, 1986.</li> <li>Rose, Michael E. “The New Poor Law in an Industrial Area”. in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqG0AAAAIAAJ&q=hartwell++The+New+Poor+Law+in+an+Industrial+Area">The Industrial Revolution</a>, edited by R.M. Hartwell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.</li> <li>Rose, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAGxAAAAIAAJ&q=The+English+Poor+Law,+1780-1930">The English Poor Law, 1780–1930</a>. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971.</li> <li>Royden, Mike, 'The Poor Law and Workhouse in Liverpool' in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mikeroydenbooks/books/talesfromthepool/talesfromthepool.html">Tales from the 'Pool</a>, (2017) Creative Dreams, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0993552410" title="Special:BookSources/978-0993552410">978-0993552410</a></li> <li>Royden, Mike, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mrlhp/local/poorlaw/poorlaw.htm">‘The Nineteenth century Poor Law in Liverpool and its Hinterland: Towards the Origins of the Workhouse Infirmary’, Journal of the Liverpool Medical History Society</a>, Volume 11 (2000)</li> <li>Shaw-Taylor, Leigh. "Parliamentary Enclosure and the Emergence of an English Agricultural Proletariat." Journal of Economic History 61 (2001): 640–62.</li> <li>Slack, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75y0AAAAIAAJ&q=Poverty+and+Policy+in+Tudor+and+Stuart+England">Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England</a>. London: Longmans, 1988.</li> <li>Slack, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmeB-7om2ZYC&dq=The+English+Poor+Law,+1531-1782&pg=PP1">The English Poor Law, 1531–1782</a>. London: Macmillan, 1990.</li> <li>Smith, Richard (1996). “Charity, Self-interest and Welfare: Reflections from Demographic and Family History” in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U7xwDAOXJ0C&dq=Charity,+Self-interest+and+Welfare:+Reflections&pg=PA23">Charity, Self-Interest and Welfare in the English Past</a>.</li> <li>Sokoll, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCWFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Household+and+Family+among+the+Poor%22">Household and Family among the Poor: The Case of Two Essex Communities in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries</a>. 1993.</li> <li>Solar, Peter M. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2597868">'Poor Relief and English Economic Development before the Industrial Revolution'</a>." Economic History Review, 2nd series 48 (1995): 1–22.</li> <li>Tawney, R.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionandtheri012275mbp">Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study</a>. London: J. Murray, 1926.</li> <li>Webb, Sidney and Beatrice Webb. English Poor Law History. Part I: The Old Poor Law. London: Longmans, 1927.</li> <li>Webb, Sidney and Beatrice Webb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpoorlawpo00webbuoft">English poor law policy</a> (1910)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/sech/sech_081.htm">Annotated text of an Act of 1598 of which the 1601 Act was a revision (scroll down to (H))</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/workhouse.asp">Workhouse records on The National Archives' website.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poor_Law">"Poor Law" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 74–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poor+Law&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=74-80&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Poor+Laws" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A famous depiction of women in the Victorian workhouse – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/furtherReading.asp?id=146&venue=2">'A scene in the Westminster Union, 1878'</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poor_laws_of_the_British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poor_law" title="Template:Poor law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poor_law" title="Template talk:Poor law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poor_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poor law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poor_laws_of_the_British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poor laws of the British Isles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poor laws by territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_poor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="English poor laws">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_poor_laws" title="Scottish poor laws">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poor_laws" title="Irish poor laws">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_laws_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Poor laws of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nantwich workhouse"><img alt="Nantwich workhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/120px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/180px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/240px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="924" /></a> Nantwich workhouse</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Poor Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_and_Beggars_Act_1494" title="Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494">Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_poor_laws" title="Tudor poor laws">Tudor poor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1597" title="Poor Relief Act 1597">Poor Relief Act 1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1662" title="Poor Relief Act 1662">Poor Relief Act 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_the_Poor_Act_1696" title="Relief of the Poor Act 1696">Relief of the Poor Act 1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1722" title="Poor Relief Act 1722">Poor Relief Act 1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_the_Poor_Act_1782" title="Relief of the Poor Act 1782">Relief of the Poor Act 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_correction" title="House of correction">House of correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseer_of_the_poor" title="Overseer of the poor">Overseer of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_rate" title="Poor rate">Poor rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">Poor relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttock_mail" title="Buttock mail">Buttock mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">Outdoor relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Rate" title="Labour Rate">Labour Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundsman_System" title="Roundsman System">Roundsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Relief_of_the_Black_Poor" title="Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor">Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Poor Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_the_Operation_of_the_Poor_Laws_1832" title="Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832">Royal commission (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_(Scotland)_Act_1845" title="Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845">Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_eligibility" title="Less eligibility">Less eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse_test" title="Workhouse test">Workhouse test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_guardians" title="Board of guardians">Board of guardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Labour_Test_Order" title="Outdoor Labour Test Order">Outdoor Labour Test Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Relief_Prohibitory_Order" title="Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order">Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">Poor law unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_English_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the English Poor Laws">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Murder" title="Book of Murder">Book of Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_poorhouse" title="Scottish poorhouse">Scottish poorhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_policy_after_the_New_Poor_Law" title="Poor Law policy after the New Poor Law">Changes after 1834</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Board" title="Poor Law Board">Poor Law Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover_workhouse_scandal" title="Andover workhouse scandal">Andover workhouse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_workhouse_scandal" title="Huddersfield workhouse scandal">Huddersfield workhouse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Chargeability_Act_1865" title="Union Chargeability Act 1865">Union Chargeability Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_abolition_of_the_poor_law_system" title="Decline and abolition of the poor law system">Decline and abolition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Laws_and_Relief_of_Distress_1905%E2%80%931909" title="Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–1909">Royal Commission (1905–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_report_(Poor_Law)" title="Majority report (Poor Law)">Majority Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_report_(Poor_Law)" title="Minority report (Poor Law)">Minority Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_unemployment_and_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom">Interwar poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act_1948" title="National Assistance Act 1948">National Assistance Act 1948</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Historiography of the Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Poor_Law_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the English Poor Law system">Timeline of the English Poor Law system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act" title="Poor Relief Act">Poor Relief Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_England" title="List of poor law unions in England">List of poor law unions in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_Wales" title="List of poor law unions in Wales">List of poor law unions in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_poor_law_unions" title="List of Irish poor law unions">List of Irish poor law unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681925#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567324">Japan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&oldid=1253890763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&oldid=1253890763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Poor_Laws" title="Category:English Poor Laws">English Poor Laws</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2016">Articles with dead external links from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2021">Articles with dead external links from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2021">Use dmy dates from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 October 2024, at 12:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Poor_Laws&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dxng5","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.973","walltime":"1.170","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8144,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":181674,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7317,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":372247,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 993.567 1 -total"," 51.17% 508.391 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.18% 339.637 79 Template:Cite_web"," 8.93% 88.759 1 Template:Poor_Law"," 8.29% 82.369 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.25% 72.063 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.45% 64.074 5 Template:Fix"," 4.85% 48.173 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.62% 45.887 1 Template:Better_source_needed"," 3.91% 38.832 8 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.534","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6450203,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-9dkhl","timestamp":"20241122141151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"English Poor Laws","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Poor_Laws","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q681925","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q681925","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-01T00:44:05Z","dateModified":"2024-10-28T12:24:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1a\/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg","headline":"Laws regarding poverty in England, 16th\u201319th century"}</script> </body> </html>