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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91_%EA%B4%80%EC%B8%A1_%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1" title="태양 관측 위성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태양 관측 위성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Орбитирачка сончева опсерваторија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орбитирачка сончева опсерваторија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="太陽観測衛星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽観測衛星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Orbiting Solar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uydu_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_G%C3%B6zlemevi" title="Uydu Güneş Gözlemevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uydu Güneş Gözlemevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Орбітальна сонячна обсерваторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орбітальна сонячна обсерваторія" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of American solar space observatories</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSO4.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/OSO4.gif/220px-OSO4.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/OSO4.gif/330px-OSO4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/OSO4.gif 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>OSO 4</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oso_diagram.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Oso_diagram.gif/220px-Oso_diagram.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Oso_diagram.gif/330px-Oso_diagram.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Oso_diagram.gif/440px-Oso_diagram.gif 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Orbiting Solar Observatory diagram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg/220px-Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg/330px-Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg/440px-Delta_launches_OSO_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>A Delta rocket launching OSO 8 on 21 June 1975, at Cape Canaveral, Florida</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Orbiting Solar Observatory</b> (abbreviated <b>OSO</b>) Program was the name of a series of American <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescopes</a> primarily intended to study the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, though they also included important non-solar experiments. Eight were launched successfully into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> between 1962 and 1975 using <a href="/wiki/Delta_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta rocket">Delta rockets</a>. Their primary mission was to observe an 11-year <a href="/wiki/Sun_spot_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun spot cycle">sun spot cycle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> spectra. The initial seven (OSO 1–7) were built by <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace">Ball Aerospace</a>, then known as Ball Brothers Research Corporation (BBRC), in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stars_to_Jars_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stars_to_Jars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSO 8 was built by Hughes Space and Communications Company, in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiting_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic design of the entire series featured a rotating section, the "Wheel", to provide gyroscopic stability. A second section, the "Sail", was driven electrically against the Wheel's rotation, and stabilized to point at the Sun. The Sail carried pointed solar instruments, and also the array of solar photovoltaic cells which powered the spacecraft. The critical bearing between the Wheel and the Sail was a major feature of the design, as it had to operate smoothly for months in the hard vacuum of space without normal lubrication. It also carried both the power from the Sail and the data from the pointed solar instruments to the Wheel, where most of the spacecraft functions were located. Additional science instruments could also be located in the Wheel, generally looking out on a rotating radius vector which scanned the sky, and also across the Sun, every few seconds. </p><p><b>OSO B</b> suffered an incident during integration and checkout activities on 14 April 1964. The satellite was inside the Spin Test Facility at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> attached to the third stage of its <a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">Delta C</a> booster when a technician accidentally ignited the booster through static electricity. The third-stage motor activated, launched itself and the satellite into the roof, and ricocheted into a corner of the facility until burning out. Three technicians were burned to death. The satellite, although damaged, was able to be repaired using a combination of prototype parts, spare flight parts and new components. It was launched ten months later on 3 February 1965 and was designated OSO 2 on orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-ntrs-n6711368_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntrs-n6711368-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>OSO C</b> never made it to orbit. Liftoff took place on 25 August 1965 and all went well through the second stage burn. During the coasting phase prior to third stage separation, its rocket motor ignited prematurely. This registered on ground readouts as an attitude disturbance followed by loss of second stage <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>, and although the third stage managed to separate itself, it suffered from an 18% drop in thrust. The OSO spacecraft could not attain orbital velocity and instead fell back into the atmosphere and burned up. The failure was suspected to have been caused by a modification to the igniter mechanism in the third stage after some minor technical difficulties experienced on the previous Delta C launch (TIROS 10 on 2 Jul).<sup id="cite_ref-ntrs-n6740193_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntrs-n6740193-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Designation</th> <th>Launch Date</th> <th>Re-entry date</th> <th>Notable results </th></tr> <tr> <td>OSO 1 (OSO A) </td> <td>7 March 1962 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7 October 1981<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSO 2 (OSO B2) </td> <td>3 February 1965 </td> <td>8 August 1989<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a> (OSO E1)</span> </td> <td>8 March 1967 </td> <td>4 April 1982<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Observed <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a> from the Sun, as well as a flare from <a href="/wiki/Scorpius_X-1" title="Scorpius X-1">Scorpius X-1</a><sup id="cite_ref-ImagineOSO3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImagineOSO3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSO 4 (OSO D) </td> <td>18 October 1967 </td> <td>14 June 1982<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSO 5 (OSO F) </td> <td>22 January 1969 </td> <td>2 April 1984<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Measured diffuse background <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> radiation from 14-200 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">keV</a><sup id="cite_ref-ImagineOSO5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImagineOSO5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSO 6 (OSO G) </td> <td>9 August 1969 </td> <td>7 March 1981<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Observed three instances of hard X-ray coincidences with <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> bursts.<sup id="cite_ref-ImagineOSO6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImagineOSO6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a> (OSO H) </td> <td><span class="nowrap">29 September 1971</span> </td> <td>8 July 1974<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Observed solar flares in the gamma ray spectrum. Collected data allowed for identification of <a href="/wiki/Vela_X-1" title="Vela X-1">Vela X-1</a> as a <a href="/wiki/High-mass_X-ray_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="High-mass X-ray binary">High-mass X-ray binary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ImagineOSO7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImagineOSO7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OSO 8 (OSO I) </td> <td>21 June 1975 </td> <td>8 July 1986<sup id="cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrajectoryOSO8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Found an iron <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission line</a> in the X-ray <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">galaxy cluster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ImagineOSO8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImagineOSO8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory,_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory%2C_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg/220px-Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory%2C_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory%2C_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg/330px-Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory%2C_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory%2C_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg/440px-Advanced_Orbiting_Solar_Observatory%2C_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption>Engineering model of the Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory</b> (<b>AOSO</b>) program was developed in the mid 1960s as a more advanced version of the OSO series. Conceived as a polar-orbiting satellite system, these spacecraft would continuously monitor the Sun and surrounding environment with detectors and electronic imaging ranging from x-rays to visual light. Due to budget constraints, the AOSO program was cancelled in 1965. Instead, it was replaced by the OSO-I, <b>OSO-J</b> and <b>OSO-K</b> satellites. Only OSO-I, which became OSO 8, was ever launched.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another satellite using the Orbiting Solar Observatory platform was developed and launched: the <a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> satellite. It was launched February 24, 1979. It was operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program" title="Space Test Program">Space Test Program</a>. It was destroyed September 13, 1985 on an <a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">ASAT</a> missile test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiting_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiting_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stars_to_Jars-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stars_to_Jars_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd Neff (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthviewmedia.com/books/jars.html">From Jars to the Stars: How Ball Came to Build a Comet-Hunting Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318055139/http://www.earthviewmedia.com/books/jars.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Denver, CO.: Earthview Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntrs-n6711368-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ntrs-n6711368_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670002039.pdf">History of Orbiting Solar Observatory, OSO-2</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center. April 1966. N67-11368; TM X-55590.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=History+of+Orbiting+Solar+Observatory%2C+OSO-2&rft.pub=NASA+%2F%26%2332%3BGoddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19670002039.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntrs-n6740193-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ntrs-n6740193_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670030864.pdf">Delta Vehicle Flight Failure Report, Launch 33</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center. October 1966. N67-40193; TM X-55988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Delta+Vehicle+Flight+Failure+Report%2C+Launch+33&rft.pub=NASA+%2F%26%2332%3BGoddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=1966-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19670030864.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-006A">"Trajectory Details OSO 1"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1962-006A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-007A">"Trajectory Details OSO 2"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1965-007A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-020A">"Trajectory Details OSO 3"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1967-020A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImagineOSO3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImagineOSO3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010417114024/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso3.html">"The Third Orbiting Solar Observatory"</a>. <i>NASA's Imagine the Universe!</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso3.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Imagine+the+Universe%21&rft.atitle=The+Third+Orbiting+Solar+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fsats_n_data%2Fmissions%2Foso3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107029866">"WATCH TO BE KEPT ON SUN"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. Vol. 41, no. 11, 627. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 3 March 1967. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=WATCH+TO+BE+KEPT+ON+SUN&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=11%2C+627&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1967-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article107029866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-100A">"Trajectory Details OSO 4"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1969-006A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImagineOSO5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImagineOSO5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010417122428/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso5.html">"The Fifth Orbiting Solar Observatory"</a>. <i>NASA's Imagine the Universe!</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso5.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Imagine+the+Universe%21&rft.atitle=The+Fifth+Orbiting+Solar+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fsats_n_data%2Fmissions%2Foso5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107074774">"Safeguard for spacemen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. Vol. 43, no. 12, 217. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 24 January 1969. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Safeguard+for+spacemen&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12%2C+217&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1969-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article107074774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO6_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-068A">"Trajectory Details OSO 6"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1969-068A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImagineOSO6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImagineOSO6_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010417122924/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso6.html">"The Sixth Orbiting Solar Observatory"</a>. <i>NASA's Imagine the Universe!</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso6.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Imagine+the+Universe%21&rft.atitle=The+Sixth+Orbiting+Solar+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fsats_n_data%2Fmissions%2Foso6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO7_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-083A">"Trajectory Details OSO 7"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1971-083A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImagineOSO7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImagineOSO7_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219005247/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso7.html">"The Seventh Orbiting Solar Observatory"</a>. <i>NASA's Imagine the Universe!</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso7.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Imagine+the+Universe%21&rft.atitle=The+Seventh+Orbiting+Solar+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fsats_n_data%2Fmissions%2Foso7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article102006900">"IN BRIEF"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. Vol. 47, no. 13, 243. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 2 October 1972. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=IN+BRIEF&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=13%2C+243&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1972-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article102006900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrajectoryOSO8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrajectoryOSO8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-057A">"Trajectory Details OSO 8"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Trajectory+Details+OSO+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1975-057A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImagineOSO8-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImagineOSO8_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010417123504/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso8.html">"The Eighth Orbiting Solar Observatory"</a>. <i>NASA's Imagine the Universe!</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso8.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Imagine+the+Universe%21&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Orbiting+Solar+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fsats_n_data%2Fmissions%2Foso8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=AOSO">"Advanced OSO"</a>. <i>NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+-+NSSDC+-+Spacecraft+-+Details&rft.atitle=Advanced+OSO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3DAOSO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbiting+Solar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiting_Solar_Observatory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018170745/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentSearch.do?spacecraft=OSO%201">OSO 1 experiments record</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Data_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Science Data Center">National Space Science Data Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010417113433/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/oso1.html">OSO 1</a> at NASA's Imagine the Universe</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_space_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun#Solar_space_missions" title="Sun">Solar space missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_telescopes" title="List of solar telescopes">List of solar telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE (Xihe)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)"><i>Wind</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-I" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-F" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronas-Foton" title="Koronas-Foton">CORONAS-Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESRO_2B" title="ESRO 2B">ESRO 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">GOES 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)"><i>Helios</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_50" title="Explorer 50">IMP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">ISEE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE / ISEE-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_2" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 2">OSO 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/OSO_B" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO B">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_(satellite)" title="Picard (satellite)">PICARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_5" title="Pioneer 5">Pioneer 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">SolarMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87#SPARTAN-201" title="STS-87">Spartan 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh (Solar-A)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrojet_Zeeman_Imaging_Explorer" title="Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer">Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Follow_On-Lagrange_1" title="Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1">SWFO-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR-C" title="SOLAR-C">SOLAR-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelioSwarm" title="HelioSwarm">HelioSwarm</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil"><i>Vigil</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2031)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAHELI" title="ADAHELI">ADAHELI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Enabling_Technologies_for_Heliophysics" title="Science-Enabling Technologies for Heliophysics">SETH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiver_(space_mission)" title="Sundiver (space mission)">Sundiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OSO J</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Cruiser" title="Solar Cruiser">Solar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Sentinels" title="Solar Sentinels">Solar Sentinels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer E">Pioneer E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_C" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO C">OSO C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Climate_Experiment" title="Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment">SORCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_X-ray_Imager" title="Solar X-ray Imager">SXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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