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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stress_placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_placement"> 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href="#D-deletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>D-deletion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D-deletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pretonic_vowel_epenthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretonic_vowel_epenthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Pretonic vowel epenthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretonic_vowel_epenthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_lowering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_lowering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Vowel lowering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_lowering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stop_metathesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stop_metathesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Stop metathesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stop_metathesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Position classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumental_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Instrumental prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Case marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switch_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switch_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Switch reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switch_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_del_sud-est" title="Pomo del sud-est – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pomo del sud-est" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_du_Sud-Est" title="Pomo du Sud-Est – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pomo du Sud-Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_pomo_sud_oriental" title="Lenga pomo sud oriental – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga pomo sud oriental" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Southeastern Pomo</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-lastRemainingSpeaker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lastRemainingSpeaker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Southeastern Pomo</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pom" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pom">pom</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2982">sout2982</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4987">Southeastern Pomo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomoan_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pomoan_languages_map.svg/320px-Pomoan_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pomoan_languages_map.svg/480px-Pomoan_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pomoan_languages_map.svg/640px-Pomoan_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The seven Pomoan languages with an indication of their pre-contact distribution within California</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Southeastern Pomo</b>, also known by the dialect names <b>Elem Pomo</b>, Koi Nation <b>Lower Lake Pomo</b> and <b>Sulfur Bank Pomo,</b> is one of seven distinct languages comprising the <a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan language</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. In the language's prime, Southeastern Pomo was spoken primarily in an area surrounding <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastlake,_Lake_County,_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastlake, Lake County, California (page does not exist)">East Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lake,_California" title="Lower Lake, California">Lower Lake</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake County</a>, along the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_(California)" title="Clear Lake (California)">Clear Lake</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeastern Pomos inhabited an area on the northern bank of Cache Creek, and the Sulfur Bank Rancheria. Dialectal differences between the two sites of habitation seem to be minimal, and may be limited to a small number of lexical differences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southeastern Pomo has six vowels, as depicted in the following table. Vowels that are inserted via <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a> sometimes depend upon the adjacent consonants. Because of the variability of inserted vowels, they have been hypothesized to be <a href="/wiki/Excrescence_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excrescence (phonology)">excrescent</a>. Southeastern Pomo is the only language in the Pomoan language family with only a marginal vowel length distinction. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th> <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>  </th> <th> <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>  </th> <th> <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>  </th></tr> <tr> <th> <b><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> (close)</b>  </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th> <b><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></b>  </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th> <b><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> (open)</b>  </th> <td colspan="3" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants in Southeastern Pomo are as laid out in the following table. Following Moshinsky (1974), at a systematic phonemic and <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">abstract phonemic</a> level, the parenthesized segments could be removed from the inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voiced stop /d/ can in some cases be <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>, as in the production of the word [x̣óḍoḍ] 'gopher snake'. The ejective stops of /k/ and /q/ are often distinguished by articulatory position. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td align="center">t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">ṭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">t̺</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">c <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td align="center">tʼ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental ejective stop">t̪ʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">ṭʼ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">t̺ʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">(cʼ) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">d̺</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td align="center">š <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td align="center">x̣ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td align="center">y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Words are stressed on the first syllable. Although, in some cases a short epenthetic vowel is inserted to break up word-initial consonant clusters. Examples of these cases are: </p> <ul><li><i>pílatu</i> 'dish' from pláto  </li> <li><i>kálawa</i> 'nail' from clávo  </li> <li><i>tíriku</i> 'wheat' from trígo</li></ul> <p>In cases of loanwords, which are often borrowed from Spanish (similar to the examples above), the stress is changed from later stresses that are found in the Spanish language to an initial stress. Some examples of words that are borrowed from Spanish are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>sómlilu</i> 'hat', from sombréro      </li> <li><i>kúcala</i> 'spoon' from cuchára  </li> <li><i>ʔískina</i> 'corner' from esquína</li></ul> <p>Primary stress is applied to the first stem vowel within the categories of noun and verb, this vowel is also often the first phonemic vowel in the word. Although there are two distinct exceptions to this rule: when a directional prefix comes before the vowel and in reduplication, when the vowel is the second occurrence in the stem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress_placement">Stress placement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stress placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of this, as noted by Moshinsky (1974) are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>/ca+qla+m+t/ 'it flew down to the ground' <p>→ cáqlamat </p> </td> <td>/cicala/ 'pea' <p>→ cícala </p> </td> <td>/qlacac/ 'woodpecker' <p>→ qəlácac </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_processes">Phonological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonorant_syllabicization">Sonorant syllabicization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sonorant syllabicization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this phonological rule, /m/ and /l/ become syllabic when they precede a consonant which has the same point or articulation. Examples of this are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>/lde/ 'mountain lion' </td> <td>/lṭa/ 'shoulder blade' </td> <td>/mpu+k+t/ 'he whistles' </td> <td>/mbo+l+k+t/ 'it exploded' </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>→ ldé <p>→ ḷdé </p> </td> <td>→ lṭá <p>→ ḷṭá </p> </td> <td>→ mpú+k+t <p>→ ṃpú+k+t </p><p>→ ṃpú+ki+t </p><p>→ ṃpúkit </p> </td> <td>→ mbó+l+k+t <p>→ ṃbó+l+k+t </p><p>→ ṃbó+l+ki+t </p><p>→ ṃbólkit </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D-deletion">D-deletion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: D-deletion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This rule is as follows: d → ø / _ C </p><p>D-deletion occurs when it appears before a consonant, and Moshinsky (1974) has hypothesized that this may occur in order to eliminate two-consonant clusters when the first consonant is an alveolar stop or resonant. Some examples of d-deletion in Southeastern Pomo are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>/lod+t/ 'my hair is falling out' </td> <td>/bṭed+lay/ 'women' </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>→ lód+t <p>→ ló+t </p><p>→ lót </p> </td> <td>→ bṭéd+lay <p>→ bəṭéd+lay </p><p>→ biṭéd+lay </p><p>→ biṭé+lay </p><p>→ biṭélay </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pretonic_vowel_epenthesis">Pretonic vowel epenthesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pretonic vowel epenthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This rule inserts a schwa between stem-initial consonants, preceding the stress vowel. This phonological process most often appears in the most difficult to articulate constant clusters, such as two stops. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>/blay/ 'blood' </td> <td>/qbandu x̣le/ 'white oak tree' </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ bláy <p>→ b<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>láy </p><p>→ buláy </p> </td> <td>→qbándu x̣lé <p>→q<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>bándu x̣lé ~ q<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>bándu x̣<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>lé </p><p>→q<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>bàndu x̣<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>lé </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_lowering">Vowel lowering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowel lowering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This rule lowers /i/ and /u/ to /e/ and /o/, respectively. This lowering occurs morpheme-finally: /i/ lowering before /s/, /u/ before /cʹ/ and both /i/ and /u/ lowering before /l/. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>/ca+mlu+l+t/ 'he ran around' </td> <td>/cʹi+mkʹu+cʹ+t/ 'those three are fighting each other' </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ cá+mlu+l+t <p>→ cá+mlu+li+t </p><p>→cá+mlo+li+t </p><p>→cámlolit </p> </td> <td>→ cʹí+mkʹu+cʹ+t <p>→ cʹí+mkʹu+cʹi+t </p><p>→ cʹí+mkʹo+cʹi+t </p><p>→cʹímkʹocʹit </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stop_metathesis">Stop metathesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stop metathesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This rule <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesizes</a> the last two segments of the suffix <i>-mkʹu-</i> when it is directly preceded by a consonant. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>/pʹutʹ+mkʹu+t/ 'they kissed each other' </td> <td>/mxex+mkʹu+tta+t/ 'the two of them swapped something' </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ pʹútʹ+mkʹu+t <p>→ pʹútʹ+mukʹ+t </p><p>→ pʹútʹ+mukʹi+t </p><p>→pʹútʹmukʹit </p> </td> <td>→ mxéx+mkʹu+tta+t <p>→ mxéx+mukʹ+tta+t </p><p>→ mxéx+mukʹ+ta+t </p><p>→mxéxmukʹtat </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noun morphology is significantly more limited than among verbs. However, there are still some cases of morphological rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication"><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some nouns that show reduplication. As noted by Moshinsky (1974), these nouns include derived verbs, and the semantic domains of small animals, plants and birds. Below are a few examples of nouns with reduplication in the Southeastern Pomo language: </p> <ul><li><i>qwáqwà cà</i> 'kitchen, cookhouse'</li> <li><i>qólqòl</i> 'thunder'</li> <li><i>wówò</i> 'grandfather'</li> <li><i>iméimè</i> 'pneumonia'</li> <li><i>lúlù</i> 'flute'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Person: </td> <td>Number: </td> <td>Gender (in third person): </td> <td>Position with relation to speaker: </td> <td>Displacement: </td> <td>Case: </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><i>wi-</i> first <p><i>ma-</i> second </p><p>third </p> </td> <td>singular <p><i>-ay</i> plural </p> </td> <td><i>-yi, -wi</i> masculine <p><i>-med</i> feminine </p> </td> <td><i>mi-, me-</i> near—this <p>far—that </p> </td> <td>non-displaced <p>displaced </p> </td> <td>subject <p><i>-il</i> object </p><p><i>-itib</i> benefactive </p><p><i>-it+baq</i> alienable possession </p><p><i>-it</i> inalienable possession </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs take a great variety of suffixes divided into many position classes. There are also instrumental prefixes that figure crucially in the use of many verb stems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_classes">Position classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Position classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moshinsky (1974) identifies the following position classes; it can be seen that there is far more complexity in the set of suffixes than in the prefixes. </p> <ul><li>Prefixes <ul><li>A — Directional</li> <li>B — Instrumental</li></ul></li> <li>Root</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>Reduplicative Morphemes <ul><li>HAB habitual</li> <li>INST intensive</li> <li>DISTR distributed</li> <li>ITCOM iter. to comp.</li> <li>PLS plural source</li> <li>PLF plural figure</li> <li>ITER iterative</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 1 <ul><li><i>-b-</i> intensive change</li> <li><i>-š-</i> forceful contact</li> <li><i>-p<b>ʹ-</b></i> with force</li> <li><i>-t-</i> iterative</li> <li><i>-y-</i> plural figure</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 2 Directionals <ul><li><i>-mlu-</i> circulative</li> <li><i>-qla-</i> downward</li> <li><i>-qlo-~-ql-</i> upward</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 3 <ul><li><i>-mg-</i> down towards a surface</li> <li><i>-qc-</i> causative</li> <li><i>-qp-</i> non-singular</li> <li><i>-qx-</i> to away from</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Suffix Position 4 <ul><li><i>-mi-</i> iterative</li> <li><i>-n-</i> figure separation</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 5 <ul><li><i>-mk<b>ʹ</b>u-</i> reciprocal</li> <li><i>-w-</i> plural action</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 6 <ul><li><i>-ki-</i> inceptive</li> <li><i>-kp-</i> plural figure, source</li> <li><i>-ks-</i> semelfactive</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 7 <ul><li><i>-mp-</i> plural source</li> <li><i>-ćx-</i> to away</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Suffix Position 8 <ul><li><i>-c<b>ʹ</b>r-</i> reflexive</li> <li><i>-kp-</i> plural figure, source</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 9 <ul><li><i>-l-</i> durative</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 10 <ul><li><i>-c<b>ʹ</b>p-</i> plural action</li> <li><i>-qc-</i> causative</li> <li><i>-qp-</i> non-singular</li> <li><i>-ki-</i> inceptive</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 11 <ul><li><i>-x̣ot-</i> negative</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Suffix Position 12 <ul><li><i>-tta-</i> dual</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 13 <p>MODE </p> <ul><li><i>-d-</i> potential</li> <li><i>-dey-</i> about to</li> <li><i>-mlaʔm-</i> almost</li></ul> </td> <td>Suffix Position 14 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>MODE <ul><li><i>-a</i> imperative</li> <li><i>-da</i> future conditional</li> <li><i>-dowa</i> hortative</li> <li><i>-hine</i> imperfect optative</li> <li><i>-k<b>ʹ</b>li</i> inabilitive</li> <li><i>-wa</i> impersonal agent</li></ul> </td> <td>ASPECT <ul><li><i>-kle</i> habitual</li> <li><i>-s</i> negative imperfect</li> <li><i>-t</i> positive imperfect</li> <li><i>-ya</i> perfective</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>Deverbalizers <ul><li><i>-baq</i> past passive part.</li> <li><i>-m</i> instr. or place nom.</li> <li><i>-n</i> absolutive</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Conjoining Elements <ul><li><i>-btonwa</i> after</li> <li><i>-day</i> simultaneous</li> <li><i>-fed</i> conditional</li> <li><i>-fla</i> sequential</li> <li><i>-qat</i> when</li> <li><i>-yukin<b>ʹ</b></i> before-switch reference</li> <li><i>-miṭ</i> identical subj.</li></ul> </td> <td>Interrogatives <ul><li><i>-ʔe</i> interrogative</li> <li><i>-ʔha</i> yes no interrogative</li> <li><i>-we</i> locative interrogative</li></ul> </td> <td>Evidentials <ul><li><i>-do</i> quotative</li> <li><i>-q<b>ʹ</b>o</i> introspective</li> <li><i>-ya</i> visual</li></ul> </td> <td>Mode <ul><li><i>-y</i> perfective optative</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication_2">Reduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six verb affixes that are realized phonologically by reduplication, and they are as follows: </p> <ol><li>Habitual (HAB)</li> <li>Intensive (INTS)</li> <li>Iterative (ITER)</li> <li>Iterative to Completion (ITCOM)</li> <li>Plural source of motion (PLS)</li> <li>Plural figure (PLF)</li></ol> <p>Many, but not all, verb stems that occur with reduplication can also occur without it. There are four reduplication rules for verbs (two of which are minor), that accompany the reduplicative morphemes in the above table. </p><p>Reduplication 1. Stem reduplication, (Directional Prefix) + (Instrumental Prefix) + Root → (DP)+(IP)+Root+(IP)+Root </p> <ul><li>/b+la+ITCOM+k+t/ → <i>bláblàtkit</i> 'lap it up'</li></ul> <p>Reduplication 2. Directional prefix + -o- </p> <ul><li>/qʹwo+ITCOM+t/ → <i>qʹwóqʹwòt</i> 'cough something up'</li></ul> <p>Reduplication 3. Stem-final Consonant Loss (minor rule) </p> <ul><li>/ʔ+loy+HAB+l+t/ → <i>ʔlóylòlit</i> 'he skins an animal every day'</li></ul> <p>Reduplication 4. Root+Suffix (minor rule), Root+Suffix → Root+Suffix+Root+Suffix </p> <ul><li>/ʔ+na+PLF+t/ → <i>ʔnáʔnàt</i> '1 ties 3 up'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instrumental_prefixes">Instrumental prefixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Instrumental prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instrumental prefixes in Southeastern Pomo are significantly more limited than other Pomo languages. Moshinsky (1974) found that this is the result of a pre-Southeastern Pomo phonological rule which deleted an unstressed vowel that preceded the stressed root vowel, reducing in shape from CV- to C-.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because many of the prefixes are now rather similar, there is reduced analyzability of their meanings. The instrumental prefixes are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>ʔ-</i> 'with the hand' <ul><li><i>ʔbóʔkit</i> 'pull a plant out of the ground'</li></ul></li> <li><i>ʔ-</i> 'action by natural forces, by gravity' <ul><li><i>ʔ<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>bétit</i> 'destroy, run out of'</li></ul></li> <li><i>ʔ-</i> 'with one or more fingers or claws' <ul><li><i>ʔlótit</i> 'touch with the finger'</li></ul></li> <li><i>b-</i> 'with a protrusion; with the mouth, tongue, beak; talking, eating' <ul><li><i>bqóyit</i> 'to chop something into two pieces'</li></ul></li> <li><i>b-</i> 'handling a number of objects' <ul><li><i>bʔélit</i> 'gather food'</li></ul></li> <li><i>c-</i> 'with the front end, by flowing water' <ul><li><i>cdót</i> 'see'</li></ul></li> <li><i>c-</i> 'with a massive object, with a knife' <ul><li><i>cqát</i> 'he put it down'</li></ul></li> <li><i>c<b>ʹ</b>-</i> 'momentaneous, intensive action, projecting from a surface' <ul><li><i>c<b>ʹ</b>létit</i> 'it's dripping'</li></ul></li> <li><i>f-</i> 'with the end of a long object' <ul><li><i>fádak<b>ʹ</b>it</i> 'to dress a deer'</li></ul></li> <li><i>f</i>- 'with the side of a long object, piercing' <ul><li><i>fq<b>ʹ</b>álit</i> 'knock nuts off a tree'</li></ul></li> <li><i>k-</i> 'poking, piercing, pounding, squeezing, mashing' <ul><li><i>kcát</i> 'to kick'</li></ul></li> <li><i>m-</i> 'with a projection at the end of a long object; with the fingers, with the butt of the hand, with the foot' <ul><li><i>mdútkit</i> 'squeeze with the fingers'</li></ul></li> <li><i>m-</i> 'with internal energy; with heat, exploding, burning; with the emotions' <ul><li><i>mhólkit</i> 'wood turns to charcoals'</li></ul></li> <li><i>m-</i> 'with the projected end of an object' <ul><li><i>mpúkit</i> 'to whistle, blow a whistle'</li></ul></li> <li><i>q-</i> 'with a biting, scratching, tearing, mashing action' <ul><li><i>qcékit</i> 'to eat along with, in addition to'</li></ul></li> <li><i>s-</i> 'cutting, slicing, shearing' <ul><li><i>sqóyit</i> 'cut with scissors; saw off"</li></ul></li> <li><i>s-</i> 'with water' <ul><li><i>swótkiqat</i> 'dissolve'</li></ul></li> <li><i>š-</i> 'with a long, often flexible object' <ul><li><i>šbút</i> 'weave a basket'</li></ul></li> <li><i>š-</i> 'spreading out, stretching' <ul><li><i>šmó</i> 'foam'</li></ul></li> <li><i>x̣-</i> 'break, undo' <ul><li><i>x̣lókit</i> 'unwind, tear down, erase'</li></ul></li></ul> <p>As noted by Sally McLendon (1973), most of the prefixes are cognate with prefixes in <a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those that are not direct cognates with the prefixes in these other languages, they are highly related. An example of this with two languages in the Pomoan family is <i>c-</i> 'with the front end, by flowing water';, which is cognate with <a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a> /cû/ and may be related to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a> /ku-/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Moshinsky (1974) notes that Southeastern Pomo has a somewhat free word order, and that sentences are often generated in the neutral order, Southeastern Pomo is a largely <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of this are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>c<b>ʹ</b>ada wil da cix̣otkle.</i> - 'No one bothered us.' (someone we not they.bothered)</li> <li><i>ʔà yìl syímya.</i> - 'I borrowed it.' (I it borrowed)</li></ul> <p>Object-Verb sentences are also exemplified in the Moshinsky grammar:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>xa qlakmat, bxe c<b>ʹ</b>amat, xac<b>ʹ</b>it c<b>ʹ</b>amat.</i> - 'We went fishing, deer hunting, mudhen hunting' (fish we.caught, deer we.hunted, mudhen we.hunted)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_marking">Case marking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Case marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southeastern Pomo is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative-accusative</a> in nature. Some examples of this syntactic feature, as noted by Bernard Comrie<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>hàyu wóʔwòʔkikle.</i> - 'The dog barks.' (dog it.barks)</li> <li><i>ʔa tilodeyʔha.</i> - 'Should I leave?' (I should.I.leave)</li> <li><i>cada wil da c<b>ʹ</b>ix̣otkle. -</i> 'No one bothered us.' (someone we not he.bothered)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switch_reference">Switch reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Switch reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southeastern Pomo also has various <a href="/wiki/Switch_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch reference">switch references</a> that come through in a number of sentences. The categories for each sentence type are outlined below with some examples of how they are used in Southeastern Pomo. </p><p>-fla 'sequential action', affixed to the verb of the first sentence </p> <ul><li><i>ʔà x̣ólofla qnáḱya. -</i> 'He fell asleep after I came.' (I after.I.came he.fell.asleep)</li> <li><i>yìwi yóqfla bxè ṭláqya</i>. - 'After he shot it, the deer fell over.' (he after.he.shot the.deer fell.over)</li></ul> <p>-yukin 'sequential actions, different subjects', this suffix conjoins sentences with sequentially occurring events but that have different subjects </p> <ul><li><i>ʔà x̣òloyukin t<b>ʹ</b>u qnák<b>ʹ</b>inya</i>. - 'He fell asleep before I came.' (I before.I.came already I.saw.he.had.fallen.asleep</li> <li><i>mà móćkiyukin ʔà tílodit</i>. - 'I'll go before you wake up.' (you before.you.wake.up I'll.go)</li></ul> <p>-day 'simultaneous actions', this suffix conjoins sentences in which the actions are occurring simultaneously, and can include either the same or different subjects </p> <ul><li><i>x̣ólblòt cale ʔà btékit wàlday.</i> - 'It happened when I was grown up.' (it.happened I was.grown.up when)</li> <li><i>yìwi ʔà scàday smán q<b>ʹ</b>làlya.</i> - 'He fell asleep while I was there.' (he I when.I.was.there sleep got.him)</li> <li><i>ʔa wìt x̣bàc̕day x̣ólodit.</i> - 'I come when he asks me.' (I me when.he.asks I'll.come)</li></ul> <p>-fed 'conditional', conjoins two sentences, when the second of which is conditional upon the first </p> <ul><li><i>ʔ'uyi wi yukin x̣ólofedmiṭ, dàwa da fdíkix̣otdit.</i> - 'If he gets there before me, he won't know the road.' (he me before if.he.comes road not he.won't.know)</li> <li><i>ʔa bdékfed wiyaq kàcuce cáqdit.</i> - 'If I throw, my cap will fall.' (I if.I.throw my cap will.fall)</li> <li><i>ʔòmlay ʔuyil ʔqóyfed ʔa mqódit.</i> - 'If they ever head him off, I'll see it.' (they him if.they.head.him.off I will.see)</li></ul> <p>-qat 'contingent actions', this suffix conjoins two sentences in which the actions occur either simultaneously or sequentially, and can be used when the subject is the same or differs between the sentences </p> <ul><li><i>málot ke lèluša x̣óloqat. -</i> 'When he came to Leluša, he landed.' (he.landed and Leluša when.he.came)</li> <li><i>ʔòmlay mqóx̣qatmiṭ hàyu wóʔwòʔkikle.</i> - 'When they holler, the dog barks.' (they when.they.holler the.dog barks)</li></ul> <p>-miṭ 'contingent actions, same subject', conjoins two sentences with the same subject in which the actions are connected or simultaneous </p> <ul><li><i>ʔòmlay t<b>ʹ</b>át<b>ʹ</b>t<b>ʹ</b>àbkic<b>ʹ</b>itmiṭ qéykiqèykimkle.</i> - 'Whenever they play, they laugh.' (they when.they.play they.laugh)</li> <li><i>mà c<b>ʹ</b>ìnak<b>ʹ</b>otay q<b>ʹ</b>ówlimiṭ q<b>ʹ</b>lálimiṭ mà c<b>ʹ</b>ìnaḱotay q<b>ʹ</b>nìlki tìlodit.</i> - 'If you do bad things, when you die you will go to a bad place.' (you bad when.you.do when.you.die you bad towards will.go)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lastRemainingSpeaker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lastRemainingSpeaker_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of 2009, there is only one remaining fluent native speaker, Loretta Kelsey.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/203904">"Last living speaker works to keep NorCal tribe's language alive"</a>. www.azstarnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+living+speaker+works+to+keep+NorCal+tribe%27s+language+alive&rft.pub=www.azstarnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azstarnet.com%2Fallheadlines%2F203904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Fagan2007" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Fagan (September 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Only-living-Elem-Pomo-speaker-teaches-so-she-2537689.php#page-1">"Only living Elem Pomo speaker teaches so she won't be the last"</a>. <i>SFGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=Only+living+Elem+Pomo+speaker+teaches+so+she+won%27t+be+the+last&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft.au=Kevin+Fagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FOnly-living-Elem-Pomo-speaker-teaches-so-she-2537689.php%23page-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonny_Shavelson2006" class="citation web cs1">Lonny Shavelson (March 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdiversity.com/villages/native/family_lifestyle_traditions/voa_elempomo_language_0306.asp">"California's Elém Pomo Tribe Tries to Save Its Language"</a>. <i>VOA News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=California%27s+El%C3%A9m+Pomo+Tribe+Tries+to+Save+Its+Language&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft.au=Lonny+Shavelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdiversity.com%2Fvillages%2Fnative%2Ffamily_lifestyle_traditions%2Fvoa_elempomo_language_0306.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshinsky1974" class="citation book cs1">Moshinsky, Julius (1974). <i>A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo</i>. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Southeastern+Pomo&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Moshinsky&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLendon,_Sally.1973" class="citation book cs1">McLendon, Sally. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/185287286"><i>Proto Pomo</i></a>. Univ. of Calif. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09444-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09444-1"><bdi>0-520-09444-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185287286">185287286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+Pomo&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Calif.+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185287286&rft.isbn=0-520-09444-1&rft.au=McLendon%2C+Sally.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F185287286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(83)90066-9">"The languages of native America: historical and comparative assessment"</a>. <i>Lingua</i>. <b>59</b> (2–3): 275–291. February 1983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2883%2990066-9">10.1016/0024-3841(83)90066-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=The+languages+of+native+America%3A+historical+and+comparative+assessment&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=275-291&rft.date=1983-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2883%2990066-9&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2883%2990066-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122071757/https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/staff/comrie.php">"Department of Linguistics – Director"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/staff/comrie.php">the original</a> on January 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Department+of+Linguistics+%E2%80%93+Director&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Flingua%2Fstaff%2Fcomrie.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/valuesets/98A-pso">"WALS Online - Datapoint Pomo (Southeastern) / Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases"</a>. <i>wals.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wals.info&rft.atitle=WALS+Online+-+Datapoint+Pomo+%28Southeastern%29+%2F+Alignment+of+Case+Marking+of+Full+Noun+Phrases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fvaluesets%2F98A-pso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Pomo_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/southeastern-pomo.php">Southeastern Pomo language</a> overview at the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/pom">OLAC resources in and about the Southeastern Pomo language</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Moshinsky1974" class="citation web cs1">Julius Moshinsky (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dr494jr">"A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> Publications in Linguistics 72<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Southeastern+Pomo&rft.pub=University+of+California+Publications+in+Linguistics+72&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Julius+Moshinsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3dr494jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Pomo+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pso">Southeastern Pomo, World Atlas of Language Structures Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hok\pom&limit=-1">Southeastern Pomo basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~sepomo/index.html">http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~sepomo/index.html</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño language">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achomawi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi language">Yahi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath-Modoc language">Klamath-Modoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_Yokuts" title="Palewyami Yokuts">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tule%E2%80%93Kaweah_Yokuts" title="Tule–Kaweah Yokuts">Tule–Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_languages" title="Miwok languages">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Southern Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint language">Panamint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Patwin language">Southern Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yukian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukian languages">Yukian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates <br /> and unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hokan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hokan_languages" title="Template:Hokan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hokan_languages" title="Template talk:Hokan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hokan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hokan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hokan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeastern Pomo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delta–California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipai language">Tipai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_Yuman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland Yuman language">Upland Yuman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualapai language">Hualapai dialect</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Havasupai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai language">Havasupai dialect</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huamelultec_language" title="Huamelultec language">Huamelultec</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatec_language" title="Tequistlatec language">Tequistlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Oaxaca_Chontal" title="Highland Oaxaca Chontal">Highland Oaxaca Chontal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tol_language" title="Tol language">Tol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Jicaque_language" title="Western Jicaque language">Western Jicaque</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana/Yahi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct 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