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name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Struktur umum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktur_umum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Struktur umum</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struktur_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isomerisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isomerisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Isomerisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isomerisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rantai sisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_alifatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_alifatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Rantai sisi alifatik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_alifatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_berkutub_neutral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_berkutub_neutral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Rantai sisi berkutub neutral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_berkutub_neutral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_amida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_amida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Rantai sisi amida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_amida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_bersulfur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_bersulfur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Rantai sisi bersulfur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_bersulfur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_aromatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_aromatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Rantai sisi aromatik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_aromatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_anion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_anion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Rantai sisi anion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_anion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rantai_sisi_kation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rantai_sisi_kation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Rantai sisi kation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rantai_sisi_kation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asid amino</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 110 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosuur" title="Aminosuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aminosuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حمض أميني – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض أميني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="এমিন’ এছিড – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এমিন’ এছিড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cidu" title="Aminoácidu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aminoácidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amintur%C5%9Fular" title="Aminturşular – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aminturşular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آمینو اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمینو اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam amino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="অ্যামিনো অ্যাসিড – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামিনো অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-ki-sng" title="An-ki-sng – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="An-ki-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амінакіслоты – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амінакіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Амінакісьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амінакісьлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_amino" title="Asidong amino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asidong amino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A0cid" title="Aminoàcid – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aminoàcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Аминойӳçек – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аминойӳçек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aminokyselina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid amino" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosivra" title="Aminosivra – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aminosivra" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aminosäuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohapped" title="Aminohapped – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aminohapped" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Αμινοξέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμινοξέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aminoazido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آمینو اسید – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمینو اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BDra" title="Aminosýra – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aminosýra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9" title="Acide aminé – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide aminé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%ADonaig%C3%A9ad" title="Aimíonaigéad – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aimíonaigéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n-k%C3%AE-s%C3%B4n" title="Ôn-kî-sôn – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ôn-kî-sôn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미노산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ամինաթթու – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամինաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अमीनो अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमीनो अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADn%C3%B3s%C3%BDra" title="Amínósýra – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amínósýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amminoacido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="חומצת אמינו – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצת אמינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asem_amino" title="Asem amino – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asem amino" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಅಮಿನೊ ಆಮ್ಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮಿನೊ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამინომჟავები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამინომჟავები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%90%DA%88" title="اَمَینو ایسِڈ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَمَینو ایسِڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аминқышқылдар – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аминқышқылдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Амин кычкылдыктары (аминокислота) – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амин кычкылдыктары (аминокислота)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidi_amino" title="Asidi amino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asidi amino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amine" title="Asid amine – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asid amine" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_am%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Asîda amînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda amînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacidum" title="Aminoacidum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aminoacidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosk%C4%81bes" title="Aminoskābes – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aminoskābes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosaier" title="Aminosaier – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aminosaier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tys" title="Aminorūgštys – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aminorūgštys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozoer" title="Aminozoer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aminozoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminuacid" title="Aminuacid – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aminuacid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosavak" title="Aminosavak – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aminosavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="അമിനോ അമ്ലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിനോ അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अमिनो आम्ल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमिनो आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Амин хүчил – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амин хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aminozuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="アミノ酸 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アミノ酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BCren" title="Aminosüren – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aminosüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino-aside" title="Amino-aside – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Amino-aside" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aminoacid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoo_Asidii" title="Aminoo Asidii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aminoo Asidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aminokislotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਅਮੀਨੋ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮੀਨੋ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="امینو ایسڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امینو ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="امينو اسيد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امينو اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81" title="អាស៊ីតអាមីនេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ីតអាមីនេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokwasy" title="Aminokwasy – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aminokwasy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aminokislotalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aminoacid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аминокислоты – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аминокислоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BC%C3%BCren" title="Aminosüüren – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aminosüüren" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacidet" title="Aminoacidet – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aminoacidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD" title="ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aminokyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aminokislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ترشی ئەمینی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترشی ئەمینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam amino" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohapot" title="Aminohapot – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aminohapot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyror" title="Aminosyror – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aminosyror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_amino" title="Asidong amino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asidong amino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அமினோ அமிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமினோ அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఎమైనో ఆమ్లాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎమైనో ఆమ్లాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="กรดอะมิโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดอะมิโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Аминокислотаҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аминокислотаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_asit" title="Amino asit – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amino asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Амінокислоти – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амінокислоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="امینو ایسڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امینو ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aminozuur" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoasido" title="Aminoasido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aminoasido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="אמינא-זייערס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמינא-זייערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Amino_acid" title="Àwọn Amino acid – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Asid_amino" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asid_amino"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asid_amino"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Asid_amino" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Asid_amino" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&oldid=5854858" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Asid_amino&id=5854858&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAsid_amino"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAsid_amino"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Asid+amino"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Asid_amino&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amino_acids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8066" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:AminoAcidball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/200px-AminoAcidball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/300px-AminoAcidball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/400px-AminoAcidball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Struktur generik asid amino alpha dalam bentuk terion</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Asid amino</b> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Sebatian_organik" title="Sebatian organik">sebatian organik</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> yang terdiri mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_berfungsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumpulan berfungsi">kumpulan berfungsi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amina" title="Amina">amina</a> (-NH2) dan <a href="/wiki/Asid_karboksilik" title="Asid karboksilik">asid karboksilik</a> (-COOH), dengan rantai sisi yang khusus untuk setiap asid amino. Unsur-unsur utama asid amino ialah <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, walaupun unsur lain wujud dalam rantai sisinya. Terdapat lebih daripada 500 jenis amino asid yang telah dikenal pasti<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang boleh diklasifikasikan dalam pelbagai cara. Asid amino boleh dikategorikan mengikut teras kumpulan berfungsinya, sebagai contoh, asid amino alfa-(α), beta-(β), gama-(γ) atau delta-(δ); kategori lain adalah berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Kekutuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekutuban">kekutuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">tahap pH</a> atau kumpulan rantai sisinya (alifatik, acyclic, aromatik yang mengandungi hidroksil atau <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> dan lain-lain). Dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, asid amino merupakan komponen yang kedua terbesar (air merupakan yang terbesar) dalam struktur <a href="/wiki/Otot" title="Otot">otot</a> manusia, <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tisu_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tisu biologi (laman tidak wujud)">tisu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asid ini merupakan bahan penting selain protein dalam proses pengangkutan <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmiter" title="Neurotransmiter">neurotransmiter</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biosintesis" title="Biosintesis">biosintesis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asid amino mula dikenal pasti sejak awal abad ke-19. Pada 1806, ahli kimia Perancis Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin dan Pierre Jean Robiquet berjaya mengasingkan sejenis sebatian bernama <a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">asparagina</a> (dinamakan sedemikian kerana kaedah pemerolehannya daripada <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>) yang merupakan asid amino pertama yang dikenal pasti.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anfinsen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anfinsen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_umum">Struktur umum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Struktur umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Struktur umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg/260px-Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg/390px-Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg/520px-Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Lisina dengan zarah karbon pada rantai sisi berlabel</figcaption></figure> <p>Berdasarkan struktur generik asid amino, <b>R</b> merujuk kepada <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_berfungsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumpulan berfungsi">kumpulan berfungsi</a> khusus untuk setiap asid amino. Zarah <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> bersebelahan dengan <a href="/wiki/Asid_karboksilik" title="Asid karboksilik">kumpulan karboksil</a> dikenali sebagai karbon-α dan asid amino dengan rantai sisi terikat dengan karbon ini dirujuk sebagai <i>asid amino alfa</i>. Asid amino jenis ini merupakan bentuk yang paling umum dalan alam semula jadi. Dalam asid amino alpha, karbon-α merupakan zarah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiral_(Kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiral (Kimia) (laman tidak wujud)">kiral</a>, kecuali untuk glisina.<sup id="cite_ref-Creighton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manakala untuk asid amino yang mempunyai zarah karbon terikat dengan karbon-α (seperti <a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">lisina</a>, rajah di sebelah kanan) zarah karbon dilabel dalam urutan α, β, γ, δ dan seterusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sesetengah asid amino, kumpulan amina terikat dengan karbon-β atau γ lalu produk akhir dikenali sebagai <i>asid amino beta</i> atau <i>gama</i>. </p><p>Asid amino kebiasaannya diklasifikasikan mengikut ciri-ciri kimia kumpulan berfungsi yang dikategorikan dalam empat kumpulan. Kumpulan berfungsi tersebut mampu mengubah sifat asid amino untuk menjadi <a href="/wiki/Asid_lemah" title="Asid lemah">asid lemah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">bes lemah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofil (laman tidak wujud)">hidrofil</a> (sekiranya kumpulan berfungsi tersebut <a href="/wiki/Kekutuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekutuban">berkutub</a>) atau <a href="/wiki/Hidrofobik" title="Hidrofobik">hidrofobik</a> (sekiranya kumpulan berfungsi tersebut tidak berkutub). <sup id="cite_ref-Creighton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isomerisme">Isomerisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Isomerisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Isomerisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:D%2BL-Alanine.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Animasi menunjukkan molekul berputar pada paksi tengah." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif/220px-D%2BL-Alanine.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption> Gambar menunjukkan dua enanstiomer alanina iaitu D-alanina dan L-alanina</figcaption></figure> <p>Asid amino alfa kebiasannya dijumpai dalam alam semula jadi, tetapi hanya dalam L-isomer. Semua karbon alfa merupakan atom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiral (laman tidak wujud)">kiral</a> karbon, kecuali <a href="/wiki/Gliserin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliserin">gliserin</a> yang mempunyai dua atom hidrogen pada karbon alfa.<sup id="cite_ref-Creighton_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh itu, semua asid amino alfa kecuali <a href="/wiki/Gliserin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliserin">gliserin</a> wujud dalam bentuk dua <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> yang mempunyai imej cermin dan dikenali sebagai asid amino <small>L</small> atau <small>D</small>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rantai_sisi">Rantai sisi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asid amino kebiasaannya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan ciri-ciri fizikal rantai sisi yang dikategorikan dalam empat kumpulan.<sup id="cite_ref-Creighton_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creighton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>tidak berkutub dan neutral</li> <li>berkutub dan neutral</li> <li>asid dan berkutub</li> <li>berbes dan berkutub</li></ol> <p>Rantai sisi asid amino menentukan sama ada asid amino tersebut bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofil (laman tidak wujud)">hidrofil</a> (rantai sisi polar) atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofob (laman tidak wujud)">hidrofob</a> (rantai sisi tidak polar). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg/220px-Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg/330px-Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg/440px-Lysine_fisher_structure_and_3d_ball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a> dengan atom karbon pada rantai sisi berlabel</figcaption></figure> <p>Karbon dalam asid amino yang mempunyai rantai karbon terikat dengan karbon-α (seperti <a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">lisina</a>, lima atom karbon, termasuk atom karbon pusat) dilabelkan dalam urutan α, β, γ, δ dan selanjutnya. <sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sesetengah asid amino, kumpulan amina terikat dengan karbon β atau γ dan dikenali sebagain asid amino <i>beta</i> atau <i>gama</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_alifatik">Rantai sisi alifatik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi alifatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi alifatik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tujuh asid amino memiliki rantai sisi alifatik, yakni hanya terdiri daripada atom karbon dan hidrogen (<a href="/wiki/Hidrokarbon" title="Hidrokarbon">hidrokarbon</a>), yakni: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glisina" title="Glisina">Glisina</a> (Gly, G): <span class="chemf nowrap">H−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">Alanina</a> (Ala, A): <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">Valina</a> (Val, V): <span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleusina" title="Isoleusina">Isoleusina</a> (Ile, I): <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH(CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leusina" title="Leusina">Leusina</a> (Leu, L): <span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>)<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CHCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">Fenilalanina</a> (Phe, F): <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />6</span>H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />5</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a> (Pro, P): <span class="chemf nowrap">−CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span>; gelungan yang bercantum dengan amina</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_berkutub_neutral">Rantai sisi berkutub neutral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi berkutub neutral" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi berkutub neutral"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua asid amino memliki rantai sisi alkohol (-OH). Ia tak mengion dalam keadaan lazim, meskipun serina boleh dinyahproton (hilang hidrogen) dalam pemangkinan oleh serina protease, ini ialah satu hal luar kelaziman yang bukan sifat serina secara biasa. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serina" title="Serina">Serina</a> (Ser, S, tiada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b030798b388df75544df8fc8c18fd46eaaf59a9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"></span> melainkan dalam situasi khas): <span class="chemf nowrap">HOCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">Treonina</a> (Thr, T, tiada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b030798b388df75544df8fc8c18fd46eaaf59a9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"></span>): <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>CHOH−</span></li></ul> <p>Treonina mempunyai dua pusat kiral, selain pusat kiral L (2S) pada α-karbon lazim, tetapi juga (3R) pada β-karbon. Spesifikasi stereokimia penuh ialah L-treonina (2S,3R). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_amida">Rantai sisi amida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi amida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi amida"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua asid amino memliki rantai sisi <a href="/wiki/Amida" title="Amida">amida</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">Asparagina</a> (Asn, N): <span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>COCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamina" title="Glutamina">Glutamina</a> (Gln, Q): <span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>COCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li></ul> <p>Rantai-rantai sisi ini tidak mengion dalam pH lazim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_bersulfur">Rantai sisi bersulfur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi bersulfur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi bersulfur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua asid amino memiliki rantai sisi dengan atom sulfur; satu mengion dalam julat pH lazim: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sisteina" title="Sisteina">Sisteina</a> (Cys, C, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=8.3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=8.3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab1c702e2e59034c16d4118ba9934fe3384db6c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.39ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=8.3}"></span>): <span class="chemf nowrap">HSCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a> (Met, M, tiada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b030798b388df75544df8fc8c18fd46eaaf59a9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"></span>): <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>SCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_aromatik">Rantai sisi aromatik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi aromatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi aromatik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiga asid amino memiliki rantai sisi gelungan aromatik; tirosina mengion dalam julat lazim: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">Fenilalanina</a> (Phe, F, tiada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b030798b388df75544df8fc8c18fd46eaaf59a9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a> (Tyr, Y, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=9.6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=9.6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0784d679eb7ab84c24d8a2fb9df490565715b2e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.39ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=9.6}"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptofan" title="Triptofan">Triptofan</a> (Trp, W, tiada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b030798b388df75544df8fc8c18fd46eaaf59a9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.32ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }}"></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_anion">Rantai sisi anion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi anion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi anion"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua asid amino mempunyai rantai sisi yang merupakan anion pada pH lazim. Asid amino ini sering dirujuk sebagai <a href="/wiki/Asid_karboksilik" title="Asid karboksilik">asid karboksilik</a>, tetapi lebih tepat dipanggil karboksilat, kerana ia dinyahproton pada nilai pH biasa. Kumpulan karboksilat anionik berkelakuan sebagai bes Brønsted dalam semua keadaan kecuali enzim seperti <a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a> yang bertindak dalam persekitaran pH sangat rendah seperti dalam perut mamalia. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartat">Aspartat</a> ("asid aspartik", Asp, D, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=4.1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4.1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=4.1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10aa22c080c3ad197c7fe9825c5854c5070520b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.39ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=4.1}"></span>): <span class="chemf nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">-<br /></span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">Glutamat</a> ("asid glutamik", Glu, E, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=4.5}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4.5</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=4.5}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f514dae8c5f7cb1966bbe94357d6a740a92fc36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.39ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=4.5}"></span>): <span class="chemf nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;">-<br /></span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CCH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>CH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>−</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rantai_sisi_kation">Rantai sisi kation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Rantai sisi kation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rantai sisi kation"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histidine_lysine_arginine_sidechains.png"><img resource="/wiki/Fail:Histidine_lysine_arginine_sidechains.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Histidine_lysine_arginine_sidechains.png/450px-Histidine_lysine_arginine_sidechains.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Histidine_lysine_arginine_sidechains.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Kumpulan berfungsi pada histidina (kiri), lisina (tengah) dan arginina (kanan).</figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat tiga asid amino dengan rantai sisi yang merupakan kation pada pH neutral (walaupun satu asid amino, histidina, memiliki kedua-dua jenis kation dan neutral). Ia biasanya dipanggil asid amino bes, tetapi istilah ini mengelirukan: histidina boleh bertindak sebagai asid serta bes Brønsted pada pH neutral, lisina bertindak sebagai asid Brønsted, dan arginina mempunyai cas positif, tetap dan tidak mengion dalam keadaan neutral. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina">Histidina</a> (His, H, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=6.3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=6.3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5530aed786af0eade4123383a49ed826791d06e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.39ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=6.3}"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a> (Lys, K, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=10.4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10.4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=10.4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cac5ab8ebc7ed714991b2aa58b97be4740fe963" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.552ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=10.4}"></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">Arginina</a> (Arg, R, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }>12}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mn>12</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }>12}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12800c62933286ebd1c508fd2852919b87140694" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.743ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }>12}"></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWagnerMusso1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Ingrid; Musso, Hans (November 1983). "New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids". <i>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl</i>. <b>22</b> (22): 816–828. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.198308161">10.1002/anie.198308161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.+Engl.&rft.atitle=New+Naturally+Occurring+Amino+Acids&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=816-828&rft.date=1983-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.198308161&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft.au=Musso%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+amino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation report cs1">"8". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/W0073E/w0073e04.htm#P1625_217364">Human nutrition in the developing world</a> (Laporan). <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Makanan_dan_Pertanian" title="Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian">Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian</a> Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+nutrition+in+the+developing+world&rft.pub=Pertubuhan+Makanan+dan+Pertanian+Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FW0073E%2Fw0073e04.htm%23P1625_217364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+amino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVauquelin_LN,_Robiquet_PJ1806" class="citation journal cs1">Vauquelin LN, Robiquet PJ (1806). "The discovery of a new plant principle in Asparagus sativus". <i>Annales de Chimie</i>. <b>57</b>: 88–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+a+new+plant+principle+in+Asparagus+sativus&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=88-93&rft.date=1806&rft.au=Vauquelin+LN%2C+Robiquet+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+amino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anfinsen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anfinsen_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAnfinsen_CB,_Edsall_JT,_Richards_FM1972" class="citation book cs1">Anfinsen CB, Edsall JT, Richards FM (1972). <i>Advances in Protein Chemistry</i>. New York: Academic Press. m/s. 99, 103. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-034226-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-12-034226-6"><bdi>978-0-12-034226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Protein+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=99%2C+103&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-12-034226-6&rft.au=Anfinsen+CB%2C+Edsall+JT%2C+Richards+FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+amino" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creighton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1993" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Thomas H. (1993). "Chapter 1". <i>Proteins: structures and molecular properties</i>. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7167-7030-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7167-7030-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-7030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Proteins%3A+structures+and+molecular+properties&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7030-5&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+amino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html">"Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides"</a>. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2008-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+and+Symbolism+for+Amino+Acids+and+Peptides&rft.pub=IUPAC-IUB+Joint+Commission+on+Biochemical+Nomenclature&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiupac%2FAminoAcid%2FAA1n2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+amino" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20_asid_amino_yang_selalu_dijumpai" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asid_amino" title="Templat:Asid amino"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Asid_amino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Asid amino (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Asid_amino&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20_asid_amino_yang_selalu_dijumpai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">asid amino</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino_proteinogenik" title="Asid amino proteinogenik">selalu dijumpai</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perkara umum</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptida" title="Peptida">Peptida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod genetik (laman tidak wujud)">Kod genetik</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:L-amino_acid_any.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/L-amino_acid_any.png/182px-L-amino_acid_any.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/L-amino_acid_any.png/273px-L-amino_acid_any.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/L-amino_acid_any.png/364px-L-amino_acid_any.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mengikut ciri-ciri</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompaun_alifatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompaun alifatik (laman tidak wujud)">Alifatik</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_rantaian_bercabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino rantaian bercabang (laman tidak wujud)">Asid amino rantaian bercabang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">Valina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleusina" title="Isoleusina">Isoleusina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leusina" title="Leusina">Leusina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">Alanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glisina" title="Glisina">Glisina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kearomatikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kearomatikan (laman tidak wujud)">Aromatik</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">Fenilalanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptofan" title="Triptofan">Triptofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina">Histidina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekutuban_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekutuban kimia (laman tidak wujud)">Kutub</a>, tidak bercas</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">Asparagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamina" title="Glutamina">Glutamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serina" title="Serina">Serina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">Treonina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Cas positif (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a> (≈10.8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">Arginina</a> (≈12.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina">Histidina</a> (≈6.1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Cas negatif (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asid_aspartik" title="Asid aspartik">Asid aspartik</a> (≈3.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asid_glutamik" title="Asid glutamik">Asid glutamik</a> (≈4.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisteina" title="Sisteina">Sisteina</a> (≈8.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a> (≈10.1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengelasan lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_yang_diperlukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino yang diperlukan (laman tidak wujud)">Asid amino yang diperlukan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_ketogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino ketogenik (laman tidak wujud)">Asid amino ketogenik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_glukogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino glukogenik (laman tidak wujud)">Asid amino glukogenik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_tidak_berproteinogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino tidak berproteinogenik (laman tidak wujud)">Asid amino tidak berproteinogenik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-size:110%;"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_biokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga biokimia (laman tidak wujud)">Keluarga biokimia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Karbohidrat" title="Templat:Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Alkohol" title="Templat:Alkohol">alkohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Glikoprotein" title="Templat:Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Glikosida" title="Templat:Glikosida">glikosida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Lipid" title="Templat:Lipid">lipid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Eikosanoid" title="Templat:Eikosanoid">eikosanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asid_lemak" title="Templat:Asid lemak">asid lemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Gliserida" title="Templat:Gliserida">gliserida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Fosfolipid" title="Templat:Fosfolipid">fosfolipid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sfingolipid" title="Templat:Sfingolipid">sfingolipid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kolesterol_dan_steroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Kolesterol dan steroid (laman tidak wujud)">steroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asid_nukleik" title="Templat:Asid nukleik">asid nukleik</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Nukleobes,_nukleosida,_and_nukleotida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Nukleobes, nukleosida, and nukleotida (laman tidak wujud)">konstituen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Protein">protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asid_amino" title="Templat:Asid amino">asid amino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tetrapirrola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tetrapirrola (laman tidak wujud)">tetrapirrola</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolisme:_Enzim_metabolisme,_sintesis_dan_katabolisme_protein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Enzim_metabolisme_asid_amino" title="Templat:Enzim metabolisme asid amino"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Enzim_metabolisme_asid_amino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Enzim metabolisme asid amino (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Enzim_metabolisme_asid_amino&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolisme:_Enzim_metabolisme,_sintesis_dan_katabolisme_protein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzim</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_protein" title="Metabolisme protein">metabolisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_asid_amino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis asid amino (laman tidak wujud)">sintesis</a> dan katabolisme protein</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Asid_amino_perlu_ditulis_huruf_besar"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_perlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino perlu (laman tidak wujud)">Asid amino perlu</a> ditulis huruf besar</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_ketogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino ketogenik (laman tidak wujud)">Ketogenik</a><br />→<a href="/wiki/Asetil-KoA" title="Asetil-KoA">Asetil-KoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">LISINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakaropina_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakaropina dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">Sakaropina dehidrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutaril-KoA_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutaril-KoA dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">Glutaril-KoA dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leusina" title="Leusina">LEUSINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Hidroksibutiril-KoA_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Hidroksibutiril-KoA dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">3-Hidroksibutiril-KoA dehidrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminotransferase_asid_amino_berantai_cabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminotransferase asid amino berantai cabang (laman tidak wujud)">Aminotransferase asid amino berantai cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_dehidrogenase_asid_alfa-keto_berantai_cabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks dehidrogenase asid alfa-keto berantai cabang (laman tidak wujud)">Kompleks dehidrogenase asid alfa-keto berantai cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoil-KoA_hidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enoil-KoA hidratase (laman tidak wujud)">Enoil-KoA hidratase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-hidroksi-3-metilglutaril-KoA_liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-hidroksi-3-metilglutaril-KoA liase (laman tidak wujud)">HMG-KoA liase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMG-KoA_reduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMG-KoA reduktase (laman tidak wujud)">HMG-KoA reduktase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isovaleril_koenzim_A_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isovaleril koenzim A dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">Isovaleril koenzim A dehidrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-ketoisokaproat_dioksigenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-ketoisokaproat dioksigenase (laman tidak wujud)">α-Ketoisokaproat dioksigenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leusina_2,3-aminomutase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leusina 2,3-aminomutase (laman tidak wujud)">Leusina 2,3-aminomutase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilkrotonil-KoA_karboksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilkrotonil-KoA karboksilase (laman tidak wujud)">Metilkrotonil-KoA karboksilase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilglutakonil-KoA_hidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilglutakonil-KoA hidratase (laman tidak wujud)">Metilglutakonil-KoA hidratase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triptofan" title="Triptofan">TRIPTOFAN</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indolamina_2,3-dioksigenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indolamina 2,3-dioksigenase (laman tidak wujud)">Indolamina 2,3-dioksigenase</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Triptofan_2,3-dioksigenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triptofan 2,3-dioksigenase (laman tidak wujud)">Triptofan 2,3-dioksigenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arilformamidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arilformamidase (laman tidak wujud)">Arilformamidase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinureninase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinureninase (laman tidak wujud)">Kinureninase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-hidroksiantranilat_oksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-hidroksiantranilat oksidase (laman tidak wujud)">3-hidroksiantranilat oksidase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminokarboksimukonat-semialdehid_dekarboksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminokarboksimukonat-semialdehid dekarboksilase (laman tidak wujud)">Aminokarboksimukonat-semialdehid dekarboksilase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminomukonat-semialdehid_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminomukonat-semialdehid dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">Aminomukonat-semialdehid dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">FENILALANINA</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">tirosina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>(lihat di bawah)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_amino_glukogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid amino glukogenik (laman tidak wujud)">Glukogenik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G→piruvat→sitrat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Piruvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Piruvat">piruvat</a><br />→<a href="/wiki/Sitrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitrat">sitrat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glisina" title="Glisina">glisina</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serina" title="Serina">serina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serina_hidroksimetiltransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serina hidroksimetiltransferase (laman tidak wujud)">Serina hidroksimetiltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serina_dehidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serina dehidratase (laman tidak wujud)">Serina dehidratase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glisina" title="Glisina">glisina</a>→<a href="/wiki/Kreatina" title="Kreatina">kreatina</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanidinoasetat_N-metiltransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanidinoasetat N-metiltransferase (laman tidak wujud)">Guanidinoasetat N-metiltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreatina_kinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreatina kinase (laman tidak wujud)">Kreatina kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alanina_transaminase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alanina transaminase (laman tidak wujud)">Alanina transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sisteina" title="Sisteina">sisteina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-sisteina_desulfhidrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-sisteina desulfhidrase (laman tidak wujud)">D-sisteina desulfhidrase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">treonina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-treonina_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-treonina dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">L-treonina dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">glutamat</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Asid_alfa-ketoglutarik" title="Asid alfa-ketoglutarik">α-ketoglutarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina">HISTIDINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histidina_ammonia-liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histidina ammonia-liase (laman tidak wujud)">Histidina ammonia-liase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urokanase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urokanase (laman tidak wujud)">Urokanat hidratase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formiminotransferase_siklodeaminase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formiminotransferase siklodeaminase (laman tidak wujud)">Formiminotransferase siklodeaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">prolina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolina_oksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolina oksidase (laman tidak wujud)">Prolina oksidase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirolina-5-karboksilat_reduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirolina-5-karboksilat reduktase (laman tidak wujud)">Pirolina-5-karboksilat reduktase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-Pirolina-5-karboksilat_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-Pirolina-5-karboksilat dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">1-Pirolina-5-karboksilat dehidrogenase</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_aldehid_dehidrogenase_4,_ahli_A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga aldehid dehidrogenase 4, ahli A1 (laman tidak wujud)">ALDH4A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PYCR1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PYCR1 (laman tidak wujud)">PYCR1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">arginina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornitina_aminotransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornitina aminotransferase (laman tidak wujud)">Ornitina aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornitina_dekarboksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornitina dekarboksilase (laman tidak wujud)">Ornitina dekarboksilase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agmatinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agmatinase (laman tidak wujud)">Agmatinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">→<a href="/wiki/Alfa-ketoglutarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfa-ketoglutarat">alfa-ketoglutarat</a>→TCA</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamat_dehidrogenase" title="Glutamat dehidrogenase">Glutamat dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sisteina" title="Sisteina">sisteina</a>+<a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">glutamat</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutation (laman tidak wujud)">glutation</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gama-glutamilsisteina_sintetase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gama-glutamilsisteina sintetase (laman tidak wujud)">Gama-glutamilsisteina sintetase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutation_sintetase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutation sintetase (laman tidak wujud)">Glutation sintetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gama-glutamil_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gama-glutamil transpeptidase">Gama-glutamil transpeptidase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">glutamat</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glutamina" title="Glutamina">glutamina</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamina_sintetase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutamina sintetase (laman tidak wujud)">Glutamina sintetase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutaminase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutaminase (laman tidak wujud)">Glutaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propionil-KoA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propionil-KoA (laman tidak wujud)">propionil-KoA</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Suksinil-KoA" title="Suksinil-KoA">suksinil-KoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">VALINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminotransferase_asid_amino_berantai_cabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminotransferase asid amino berantai cabang (laman tidak wujud)">Aminotransferase asid amino berantai cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_dehidrogenase_asid_alfa-keto_berantai_cabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks dehidrogenase asid alfa-keto berantai cabang (laman tidak wujud)">Kompleks dehidrogenase asid alfa-keto berantai cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoil-KoA_hidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enoil-KoA hidratase (laman tidak wujud)">Enoil-KoA hidratase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-hidroksiisobutiril-KoA_hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-hidroksiisobutiril-KoA hidrolase (laman tidak wujud)">3-hidroksiisobutiril-KoA hidrolase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-hidroksiisobutirat_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-hidroksiisobutirat dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">3-hidroksiisobutirat dehidrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilmalonat-semialdehid_dehidrogenase_(pengasil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilmalonat-semialdehid dehidrogenase (pengasil) (laman tidak wujud)">Metilmalonat semialdehid dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isoleusina" title="Isoleusina">ISOLEUSINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminotransferase_asid_amino_berantai_cabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminotransferase asid amino berantai cabang (laman tidak wujud)">Aminotransferase asid amino berantai cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_dehidrogenase_asid_alfa-keto_berantai_cabang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks dehidrogenase asid alfa-keto berantai cabang (laman tidak wujud)">Kompleks dehidrogenase asid alfa-keto berantai cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-hidroksi-2-metilbutiril-KoA_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-hidroksi-2-metilbutiril-KoA dehidrogenase (laman tidak wujud)">3-hidroksi-2-metilbutiril-KoA dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">METIONINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metionina#Generation_of_homocysteine" title="Metionina">penghasilan homosisteina</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metionina_adenosiltransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metionina adenosiltransferase (laman tidak wujud)">Metionina adenosiltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosilhomosisteinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosilhomosisteinase (laman tidak wujud)">Adenosilhomosisteinase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metionina#Regeneration_of_methionine" title="Metionina">penghasilan semula metionina</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metionina_sintase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metionina sintase (laman tidak wujud)">Metionina sintase</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metionina_sintase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metionina sintase (laman tidak wujud)">Homosisteina metiltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betaina-homosisteina_S-metiltransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betaina-homosisteina S-metiltransferase (laman tidak wujud)">Betaina-homosisteina metiltransferase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metionina#Conversion_to_cysteine" title="Metionina">penukaran ke sisteina</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistationina_beta_sintase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistationina beta sintase (laman tidak wujud)">Sistationina beta sintase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystathionine_gamma-liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystathionine gamma-liase (laman tidak wujud)">Cystathionine gamma-liase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">TREONINA</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treonina_aldolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treonina aldolase (laman tidak wujud)">Treonina aldolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">→<a href="/wiki/Suksinil-KoA" title="Suksinil-KoA">suksinil-KoA</a>→TCA</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propionil-KoA_karboksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propionil-KoA karboksilase (laman tidak wujud)">Propionil-KoA karboksilase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilmalonil_KoA_epimerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilmalonil KoA epimerase (laman tidak wujud)">Metilmalonil KoA epimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilmalonil-KoA_mutase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilmalonil-KoA mutase (laman tidak wujud)">Metilmalonil-KoA mutase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Fumarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumarat">fumarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">FENILALANINA</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">tirosina</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenilalanina_hidroksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenilalanina hidroksilase (laman tidak wujud)">Fenilalanina hidroksilase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirosina_aminotransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirosina aminotransferase (laman tidak wujud)">Tirosina aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Hidroksifenilpiruvat_dioksigenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Hidroksifenilpiruvat dioksigenase (laman tidak wujud)">4-Hidroksifenilpiruvat dioksigenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogentisat_1,2-dioksigenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homogentisat 1,2-dioksigenase (laman tidak wujud)">Homogentisat 1,2-dioksigenase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fumarilasetoasetat_hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fumarilasetoasetat hidrolase (laman tidak wujud)">Fumarilasetoasetat hidrolase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">tirosina</a>→<a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirosinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirosinase (laman tidak wujud)">Tirosinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Asid_oksaloasetik" title="Asid oksaloasetik">oksaloasetat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">asparagina</a>→<a href="/wiki/Aspartat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartat">aspartat</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asparaginase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asparaginase (laman tidak wujud)">Asparaginase</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asparagina_sintetase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asparagina sintetase (laman tidak wujud)">Asparagina sintetase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspartat_transaminase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspartat transaminase (laman tidak wujud)">Aspartat transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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