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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_en_skooljare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Studies en skooljare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_en_skooljare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eggenoot_en_kinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggenoot_en_kinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eggenoot en kinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggenoot_en_kinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiese_agtergronde_en_prestasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiese_agtergronde_en_prestasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politiese agtergronde en prestasies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politiese_agtergronde_en_prestasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-“Kennedy_Curse”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#“Kennedy_Curse”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>“Kennedy Curse”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-“Kennedy_Curse”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laaste_Dae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laaste_Dae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Laaste Dae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laaste_Dae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 37 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8" title="جوزيف كينيدي الأب – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف كينيدي الأب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="چوزيف كينيدى الاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوزيف كينيدى الاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Patrik_Kennedi" title="Cozef Patrik Kennedi – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Patrik Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جوزف کندی سینیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف کندی سینیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" title="Joseph Kennedy – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr." data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%85" title="Τζόζεφ Πάτρικ Κέννεντυ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόζεφ Πάτρικ Κέννεντυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" title="Joseph Kennedy – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جوزف کندی سینیر – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف کندی سینیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy" title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Patrick Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr." data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="ג'וזף קנדי – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף קנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Ջոզեֆ Պատրիկ Քենեդի Ավագ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոզեֆ Պատրիկ Քենեդի Ավագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BBP%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ジョセフ・P・ケネディ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョセフ・P・ケネディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_P._%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94" title="조지프 P. 케네디 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 P. 케네디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жозеф Патрик Кеннеди – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жозеф Патрик Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy sr. – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy sr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" title="Joseph P. Kennedy – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Кеннеди, Джозеф Патрик (старший) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кеннеди, Джозеф Патрик (старший)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" title="Joseph Kennedy – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr." data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Джозеф Патрік Кеннеді – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Патрік Кеннеді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="老约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr._1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938.jpg/220px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938.jpg/330px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938.jpg/440px-Joseph_P._Kennedy%2C_Sr._1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span><div>Joseph P Kennedy Sr (1888–1969)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gebore</th><td><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</div><br />6 September 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Oos-Boston, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sterf</th><td>18 November 1969 (op 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, Verenigde State</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nasionaliteit</th><td class="category">Iers-Amerikaans</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Beroep</th><td class="role">Amerikaanse besigheidsman, politikus, belegger en filantroop</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">Eggenoot</span></th><td>Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Kinders</th><td>Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jnr., John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, Kathleen Kennedy, Eunice Mary Kennedy, Patricia Kennedy, Robert Francis Kennedy, Jean Ann Kennedy en Edward Moore Kennedy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Ouer(s)</th><td>Patrick Joseph Kennedy en Mary Augusta Hickey Kennedy</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</b> (6 September 1888 – 18 November 1969) was 'n Amerikaanse besigheidsman, politikus, belegger en filantroop.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geboorte,_kinderjare_en_gesinslewe"><span id="Geboorte.2C_kinderjare_en_gesinslewe"></span>Geboorte, kinderjare en gesinslewe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geboorte, kinderjare en gesinslewe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geboorte, kinderjare en gesinslewe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hy was gebore in Oos Boston, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, Amerika, in 'n politiese gesin op 6 September 1888. Hy was die oudste seun van Patrick Joseph Kennedy en Mary Augusta Hickey Kennedy. Hy het twee jonger susters gehad, Loretta en Margaret Kennedy. Margaret, sy jongste suster het baie opgekyk na hom en wou baie graag hê hy moes haar raaksien. Daar is later oorvertel dat sy gesê het sy dink hy was 'n “god”. Sy was baie bly as hy haar gevra het om iets weg te bêre of enige iets vir hom te doen, solank hy net aandag aan haar gegee het was sy gelukkig. Beide sy susters het hom soos 'n “Irish Prince” hanteer en was baie lief vir hom. Sy ma was 'n prominente figuur in sy lewe en hy het sy moeder baie lief gehad. </p><p>Mary Augusta Hickey Kennedy het vir Joe baie ondersteun om groot dinge te bereik. Sy het geglo dat sukses van die seuns af moet kom en nie van die dogters af nie. Met sy pa se skerpsinnige begrip van mense en sy ma se ambisies het hy nie geleenthede laat verby gaan nie. Sy pa was 'n hardwerkende en ambisieuse man. Hulle was 'n welaf gesin en sy ma wou hê dat hy by net die bestes instansies sy geleerdheid kry. Sy ma was 'n groot rolmodel vir hom en hy het baie opgekyk na haar. Hy het bekend gestaan as “The Irishman” en het nie baie van dit gehou nie. Sy oupagrootjie was 'n Ierse man en Joe was nie trots op hierdie herkoms nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_en_skooljare">Studies en skooljare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Studies en skooljare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Studies en skooljare"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hy het skool gegaan by die Boston Latyn Skool, waar hy besonders goed gedoen het in sagtebal as sport en gekies was as klasleier. </p><p>Hy en sy vriende het gereeld op Sondae op die strand, waar sy gesin 'n strandhuis besit het, geloop in hulle blou skooluniforms en sy ma se gerookte ham en gebakte bone geëet. Op hierdie geleenthede het hy sy vriende aangespoor om nuwe moeilike woorde te gaan soek in die woordeboek en dan sy ma te vra om dit vir hulle te spel. Maak nie saak of sy die woord geken het of verstaan het nie, sy was onverbeterlik. Sy was besonders slim en het dit altyd reg gehad. Hy sou dan trots uitroep dat niemand sy ma kan wen nie. </p><p>Op die ouderdom van twaalf het sy ma besluit om hom op 'n loopbaan te vestig deur vir hom 'n werk te kry by 'n hoë-klas maal werkswinkel waar hy hoede aan Brahmin dames afgelewer het. Hy het nie net groot geword om uit te kyk vir geleenthede nie, maar het ook geleer om marginale opbrengste te bereken. Hy was nie 'n besonderse geleerde man nie maar dit het nie vir hom 'n verskil gemaak het nie. Hy het geglo 'n geleerdheid maak nie van jou 'n man nie, maar om sport te beoefen en van politiek en besigheid te weet, professioneel aan te trek en geld te hê was wat dit gevat het. Hy was 'n bofbalspeler van legendariese reputasie met 'n kolf gemiddeld van 667, kolonel van die kadetkorps by Boston Latyn Skool, president van sy klas en was bekend in sy klas as 'n man wat uiteindelik sy fortuin maklik sou kon maak. Hy was dus baie innoverend. </p><p>Hy gegradeer in 1912 aan die <a href="/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit">Harvard-universiteit</a> en voltooi sy studies met 'n BA-Graad in Ekonomie. Tydens sy studies het hy daarop aangedring om op die Harvard-gronde te bly maar het nog steeds op naweke na die strandhuis gegaan wat aan sy gesin behoort het. </p><p>Terwyl hy aan die <a href="/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit">Harvard-universiteit</a> studeer het, het hy gedeeltelik as 'n toerbus operateur gewerk. Hy was 'n baie intelligente jong man en was gretig om meer en meer prestasies te behaal. Hy het ook geen geleentheid gemors nie en het als tot die beste van sy vermoë gedoen. Sodra 'n deur van geleentheid toegemaak het, het hy dadelik na 'n ander geleentheid gesoek. Sy ambisie om te verbeter was groot en hy was nie bang om hard te werk nie. Hy wou altyd meer hê en bereik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eggenoot_en_kinders">Eggenoot en kinders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Eggenoot en kinders" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eggenoot en kinders"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op 7 Oktober 1914 trou hy met John Francis Fitzgerald en Mary Josephine Hannon se oudste dogter, Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald. Joe het Rose by Old Orchard Strand ontmoet toe sy sewentien was. Sy sou later sê dat sy op sewentien verlief geword het en nooit weer daaruit geval het nie. Haar pa het nooit haar liefde vir Joe gedeel nie en alhoewel sy baie lief vir Joe was het Joe gedurende sy filmbedryf 'n romantiese verhouding gehad met <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a>. Sy vrou het dit geweet en het sy minnares steeds met 'n oop hart verwelkom in hulle huis. Nadat hy en Swanson se verhouding beëindig is, het hy met sy buite egtelike verhoudings voortgegaan. Rose het gemaak asof sy nie daarvan bewus was nie en het haar hartseer verdryf deur te reis. Joe en Rose se verhouding was vreemd. Hulle was lief vir mekaar maar het mekaar ruimte gegun om aparte lewens te lei. </p><p>Hulle gaan bly in Bealsstraat 83 in die voorstad van Boston, Brooklynn, Massachusetts na hulle troue. Saam het hulle nege kinders gehad waarvan Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jnr. die oudste gebore op 25 Julie 1915, John Fitzgerald Kennedy gebore op 29 May 1917, Rosemary Kennedy gebore op 13 September 1918, Kathleen Kennedy gebore op 1 Februarie 1920, Eunice Mary Kennedy gebore op 10 Julie 1921, Patricia Kennedy gebore op 6 May 1924, Robert Francis Kennedy gebore op 20 November 1925, Jean Ann Kennedy gebore op 20 Februarie 1928 en Edward Moore Kennedy gebore op 22 Februarie 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alhoewel hy bekend gestaan het as 'n aanmatigende, manipulerende ouer, was dit telkemale bewys dat hy 'n gelyktydige teerheid en opregte belangstelling in al sy kinders se lewens gehad het. Briewe en ander korrespondensie lewer bewys daarvan. Toe <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, die derde kind, siek geword het met skarlakenkoors op die ouderdom van twee het sy pa elke middag van die werk af gekom en langs sy siekbed in die hospitaal gesit. Nadat klein John beter begin raak het het hy en sy pa in 'n hotel gebly totdat hulle seker was dat hy nie die ander kinders kon aansteek nie. Hy het later oor hierdie tyd in sy seun se lewe geskryf: ”little did I realize what an effect such a happening could possibly have on me. During the darkest days I felt that nothing else mattered except his recovery.’’ Daar was baie kere tydens John se siekbed wat hulle gedink het dat hy naby aan die dood was. In hierdie tyd het Joe ook 'n spesiale band met John gevorm. </p><p>Selfs met die moeite en liefde wat hy vir sy kinders gehad het, was hy maar 'n baie onbetrokke ouer in sy kinders se lewe. Die oudste seun, Joe Kennedy Jnr., was soos 'n pa figuur vir sy broers en susters. Een van sy vriende het gesê dat toe hulle nog nie eers behoorlik uit die kar uitgeklim het na 'n naweek se kuier nie, het een van sy jonger broers na Joe Jnr. toe gehardloop en hom gedruk. Hy het hom opgetel en gesoen, asof hy sy pa was. Alhoewel die min sien van hulle pa nie 'n groot probleem vir al kinders was nie, was dit moeilik vir Joe Jnr. Hy het sy pa beter geken as al die ander kinders. Joe Sr. was meer prominent deel van Joe Jnr. se lewe toe Joe Jnr. nog jonger was. </p><p>Joe Sr. was ook baie lief vir Rosemary, wat 'n geneigdheid tot aggressiewe aanvalle en uitbarstings gehad het en het haar aangespoor om aan te hou hard werk en te verbeter.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toe sy sestien was, het hy besluit om 'n privaat onderwyser vir haar te kry. Die onderwyser het aanhoudend gekla oor Rosemary se slegte ingesteldheid en houding, maar Joe het die onderwyser sag kuns reggehelp om sy dogter se probleem te help oorkom. Ongelukkig het hy later toe sy 23 was 'n besluit geneem wat haar gestremd gelaat het. In 'n poging om haar te help met haar uitbarstings het hy haar gestuur om 'n lobotomie te ondergaan. Dit was die verkeerde keuse wat hy gemaak het op die aanbeveling van die Voorsitter van die Departement van Neurologie van die George Washington Mediese Universiteit en hy sou homself later daaroor verwyt. Hy moes daarna haar stuur om in 'n Katolieke koshuis te gaan bly in 'n poging om die mislukte operasie van sy vrou weg te hou. Hy het sy dogter glad nie tydens die laaste 25 jaar van sy lewe gesien nie. </p><p>Hy het gestreef daarna dat sy kinders net die beste toekoms sal hê. Joe het al sy seuns gestuur om by Harold Laski,’n Joodse sosialis by die Londen Skool van Ekonomie, te studeer. </p><p>Joe Kennedy het die droom gehad dat sy oudste seun en eerste kind, Joe Kennedy Jnr., president moes word van die VSA, maar sy planne vir sy seun het geëindig in 1944 toe sy seun se vliegtuig tydens die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> afgeskiet was. Later het hy aan sy neef 'n brief geskryf waarin hy sê hoe hartseer hy is dat sy seun se toekoms en die drome wat hy vir hom gehad het eindig voor sy oë. Die hartseer vir sy oorlede oudste seun was oorweldigend vir hom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiese_agtergronde_en_prestasies">Politiese agtergronde en prestasies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Politiese agtergronde en prestasies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Politiese agtergronde en prestasies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sy eerste werk nadat hy by <a href="/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit">Harvard-universiteit</a> gegradueer het was as 'n staat aangestelde bank eksaminator waar die werk hom 'n groot deel van die bank industrie geleer het. In 1913 was Columbia Trust Bank onder bedreiging van oorname en Joe se pa het 'n beduidende aandeel in hierdie bank gehad. Hy het toe $45 000 van familie en vriende geleen en het beheer van die bank oorgeneem. </p><p>Hy het op die ouderdom van vyf en twintig die jongste president van die bank van Amerika geword. 'n Plaaslike joernalis het hom gevra wat hy wil bereik in die lewe. Sy antwoord het so natuurlik vir hom gekom, hy het sommer dadelik geantwoord hy wil 'n miljoenêr word op die ouderdom van vyf en dertig. Hy was hoof voorsitter van die effekte- en ruil kommissie van 1934 tot 1935, hoof voorsitter van die maritieme kommissie tussen 1936 tot 1938, hy het gedien as 44ste FDR (Franklin D. Roosevelt) vir Verenigde State en ambassadeur in die Verenigde Koninkryk van 17 Januarie 1938 tot 22 Oktober 1940 en was die eerste Ierse Amerikaanse man om in hierdie pos te dien. </p><p>Hy was al 'n miljoenêr op die ouderdom van 30 en het dit alles bereik in die tydperk gedurende sy betrokkenheid as bank president. Hy het menige beleggings in die rolprent- en alkohol bedryf gemaak. Hy het op die ouderdom van 41 gestop met aandele verhandeling waartydens hy genoeg kapitaal bymekaar gemaak het om veelvuldige miljoene dollars trustfondse vir al nege sy kinders te gee. Hy het ook sy seuns se politiese loopbane bevorder en befonds, selfs al het hy verskil op baie politiese wyse met sy seun John Fitzgerald Kennedy, veral in buitelandse sake. </p><p>Hy was 'n baie suksesvolle besigheidsman wat 'n oog gehad het vir waarde. Alhoewel hy skepties was oor die Amerikaanse betrokkenheid in die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a>, het hy gesoek om deel te neem aan oorlogstyd produksie as 'n assistent-hoofbestuurder van Fore River, 'n groot Bethlem Staal-skeepswerf in Quincy, Massachusetts. Daar het hy die produksie van vervoer en oorlogskepe oorsien. Deur hierdie werk was hy aangestel as Assistent Sekretaris van die Vloot <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. Hy het in 1932 <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> ondersteun in die hoop om die presidensie te behaal. Dit was sy eerste groot betrokkenheid met 'n nasionale politiese veldtog, en hy het geld geskenk, geleen en belê vir die veldtog. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="“Kennedy_Curse”"><span id=".E2.80.9CKennedy_Curse.E2.80.9D"></span>“Kennedy Curse”</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: “Kennedy Curse”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: “Kennedy Curse”"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vier van sy seuns, sy een dogter, skoonseun en drie van sy kleinkinders het tragies gesterf en sy een dogter was gestremd as gevolg van geboorte komplikasies en die lobotomie wat daarop gevolg het. </p> <ul><li>Rosemary Kennedy was op 1941 gediagnoseer met inteuel gestremdheid. Met haar geboorte kon die dokters nie by haar uitkom nie en toe moes Rose wag om geboorte te skenk. Die verpleegster het vir Rose gesê om haar bene styf teen mekaar te druk sodat die baba nie kon uitkom nie en het selfs so ver gegaan om die kop vir twee ure lank terug te druk in die geboorte kanaal in wat Rosemary se suurstof afgesny het. Toe die dokter uiteindelik kom en Rosemary gebore word het die dokter haar verklaar as 'n gesonde baba, min wetend dat hierdie gebeure tydens die geboorte die oorsaak van haar siekte was. Op 23 jarige ouderdom het Joe Kennedy toe gereël dat daar 'n lobotomie uitgeoefen word op Rosemary en dit was duidelik dat die operasie verkeerd gegaan het. Haar persoonlikheid was verewig weggevat van haar af en haar vryheid vernietig. Haar pa het haar toe weg van die wêreld af gehou en eers nadat hy 'n hartaanval gehad het het hy haar ligging bekendgestel aan sy familie. Eunice Mary Kennedy, haar suster was hierna die enigste familielid wat Rosemary beter leer ken het. Dit het daartoe gelei dat Eunice die <a href="/wiki/Paralimpiese_Spele" title="Paralimpiese Spele">Paralimpiese Spele</a> vir gestremdes begin het.</li> <li>Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jnr. se vliegtuig het op 12 Augustus 1944 gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog ontplof.</li> <li>John Fitzgerald Kennedy was vermoor in Dallas, Texas gedurende sy presidensiële veldtog in 1963.</li> <li>Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy was vermoor in Los Angeles gedurende sy presidensiële veldtog in 1968.</li> <li>John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jnr., sy kleinseun, het in 1999 gesterf in 'n vliegtuig ongeluk saam met sy vrou, Carolyn Bessette Kennedy en haar suster, Lauren Bessette.</li> <li>Michael Kennedy, sy kleinseun, het gesterf in 'n ski-ongeluk in 1997.</li> <li>David Kennedy, sy kleinseun, het gesterf van 'n oordosis pille in 1984.</li> <li>Kathleen Kennedy, sy kleindogter, se man, William Cavendish, was vermoor in 1944 dieselfde jaar wat hulle getrou het en vier jaar na sy dood het sy gesterf in 'n Europese vliegtuigongeluk.</li> <li>Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, sy kleinseun, het dood gegaan gedurende geboorte in 1963.</li> <li>Arabella Kennedy, sy kleindogter, het gesterf voor geboorte in 1956.</li> <li>Mary Richardson Kennedy, die vrou van Robert F. Kennedy Jnr., het op 16 Mei 2012 selfmoord gepleeg.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laaste_Dae">Laaste Dae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Laaste Dae" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Laaste Dae"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op 19 Oktober 1961 het Joe Kennedy 'n hartaanval gehad wat die regterkant van sy liggaam verlam het en veroorsaak het dat hy sukkel om te kommunikeer. Voor sy dood het meeste van sy kinders al gesterwe of is vermoor op wrede maniere. Toe sy seun John F. Kennedy vermoor is en hy daarvan hoor, het hy vir drie dae voor die televisie gesit en treur, sonder om te eet of slaap. Dieselfde het weer gebeur toe sy seun Bobby ook doodgeskiet is. Hy is oorlede op 18 November 1969 in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. Die pyn en hartseer wat hy deurgegaan het in sy leeftyd was vir hom hartverskeurend en het sy moed gebreek. In die laaste paar dae van sy lewe het hy die entoesiasme in die lewe en die vuur binne in hom verloor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-P-Kennedy">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-P-Kennedy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/joseph-p-kennedy/">https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/joseph-p-kennedy/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref3_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref4_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug03/omara-alwala/JPKennedy.html">https://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug03/omara-alwala/JPKennedy.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref5_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://honey.nine.com.au/latest/kennedy-family-tree-in-photos/c63f47d3-05ea-42f2-a377-89be913c5837">https://honey.nine.com.au/latest/kennedy-family-tree-in-photos/c63f47d3-05ea-42f2-a377-89be913c5837</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref6_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref6_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/birth-of-rosemary-kennedy-pandemic.amp">https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/birth-of-rosemary-kennedy-pandemic.amp</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Collier, Peter and Horowitz, David (1984). Martin Secker & Warburg Limited. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0436105519" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-436-10551-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Patrick_Kennedy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" 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