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<span>Transformation into a public festival</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transformation_into_a_public_festival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transformation into a public festival subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transformation_into_a_public_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1980 bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oide_Wiesn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oide_Wiesn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><span><i>Oide Wiesn</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oide_Wiesn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosa_Wiesn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosa_Wiesn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><span><i>Rosa Wiesn</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosa_Wiesn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highlights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Highlights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Highlights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Highlights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Highlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_of_the_restaurateurs_and_breweries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_of_the_restaurateurs_and_breweries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Entry of the restaurateurs and breweries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_of_the_restaurateurs_and_breweries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer_barrel_tapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_barrel_tapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beer barrel tapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_barrel_tapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costume_and_riflemen_parade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costume_and_riflemen_parade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Costume and riflemen parade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costume_and_riflemen_parade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facts_and_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facts_and_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Facts and data</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facts_and_data-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Facts and data subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Facts_and_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_at_the_Oktoberfest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_at_the_Oktoberfest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Security at the Oktoberfest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_at_the_Oktoberfest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Energy supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trash_and_toilets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trash_and_toilets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Trash and toilets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trash_and_toilets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_tents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_tents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Large tents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_tents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_tents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_tents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Small tents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_tents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Oktoberfest_Celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Oktoberfest_Celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other Oktoberfest Celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Oktoberfest_Celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oktoberfest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="أكتوبرفست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكتوبرفست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="অক্টোবরফেস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্টোবরফেস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Актобэрфэст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Актобэрфэст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октоберфест – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Октоберфест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesn" title="Wiesn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wiesn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84" title="Οκτόμπερφεστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οκτόμπερφεστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobrofesto" title="Oktobrofesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oktobrofesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جشن اکتبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جشن اکتبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%ED%86%A0%EB%B2%84%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="옥토버페스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옥토버페스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Օկտոբերֆեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օկտոբերֆեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98" title="אוקטוברפסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקטוברפסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ოქტობერფესტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქტობერფესტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octobralia" title="Octobralia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Octobralia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октоберфест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Октоберфест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="ऑक्टोबरफेस्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑक्टोबरफेस्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="オクトーバーフェスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オクトーバーフェスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F" title="ਓਕਤੂਬਰਫੇਸਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਕਤੂਬਰਫੇਸਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октоберфест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Октоберфест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Өктөбэфест – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өктөбэфест" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октоберфест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Октоберфест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్టోబర్‌ఫెస్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆక్టోబర్‌ఫెస్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="อ็อกโทเบอร์เฟสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ็อกโทเบอร์เฟสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октоберфест – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Октоберфест" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Oktoberfest" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1ng_M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Lễ hội tháng Mười – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lễ hội tháng Mười" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E8%8A%82" title="慕尼黑啤酒节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="慕尼黑啤酒节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E7%AF%80" title="慕尼黑啤酒節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="慕尼黑啤酒節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E8%8A%82" title="慕尼黑啤酒节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="慕尼黑啤酒节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102400#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">World's largest Volksfest</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original festival in Munich. For Oktoberfest celebrations around the world, see <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest celebrations</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oktoberfest (disambiguation)">Oktoberfest (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Oktoberfest</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27zapft_is!_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is!_Munich_5_season,_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_(9855483374).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/O%27zapft_is%21_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is%21_Munich_5_season%2C_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_%289855483374%29.jpg/240px-O%27zapft_is%21_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is%21_Munich_5_season%2C_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_%289855483374%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/O%27zapft_is%21_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is%21_Munich_5_season%2C_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_%289855483374%29.jpg/360px-O%27zapft_is%21_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is%21_Munich_5_season%2C_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_%289855483374%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/O%27zapft_is%21_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is%21_Munich_5_season%2C_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_%289855483374%29.jpg/480px-O%27zapft_is%21_M%C3%BCnchens_5_Jahreszeit_hat_begonnen_-_O%27zapft_is%21_Munich_5_season%2C_the_Oktoberfest_has_begun_%289855483374%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4822" data-file-height="3204" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">View at the Matthias-Pschorr-Straße in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Local</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data">Parades, food, music, drinking</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest celebrations</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oktoberfest</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɔkˈtoːbɐˌfɛst]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/De-Oktoberfest.ogg\/De-Oktoberfest.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Oktoberfest.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/De-Oktoberfest.ogg/De-Oktoberfest.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Oktoberfest.ogg" title="File:De-Oktoberfest.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: <i lang="bar">Wiesn, Oktobafest</i>) is the world's largest <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksfest" title="Volksfest">Volksfest</a></i></span>, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">beer festival</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Travelling_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling carnival">travelling carnival</a>, and is held annually in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, from mid- or late-September to the first Sunday in October. The annual event attracts more than seven million international and national visitors at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locally, it is called <b><span title="Bashkir-language text"><i lang="ba">d'Wiesn</i></span></b>, after the colloquial name for the fairgrounds, <a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a>. Oktoberfest is an important part of local culture, having been held since the year 1810 (with intermissions). Other cities across the world also hold <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest celebrations</a> that are modeled after the original Munich event. </p><p>During the event, large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberfest Beer">Oktoberfest Beer</a> are consumed: in 2014, 7.7 million L (2.0 million US gal) were served.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors also enjoy numerous attractions, such as amusement rides, side stalls, and games. There is also a wide variety of traditional foods available. </p><p>Oktoberfest originally took place in the 16-day period leading up to the first Sunday in October. In 1994, this longstanding schedule was modified in response to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. As a result, if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or the 2nd, then the festival runs until 3 October (<a href="/wiki/German_Unity_Day" title="German Unity Day">German Unity Day</a> which is a public holiday). Thus, the festival now runs for 17 days when the first Sunday is 2 October and 18 days when it is 1 October. In 2010, the festival lasted until the first Monday in October (4 October), to mark the event's bicentennial. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oktoberfest" title="Special:EditPage/Oktoberfest">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg/220px-Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg/330px-Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg/440px-Adam_Pferderennen_Oktoberfest_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Horse race at the Oktoberfest in Munich, 1823</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg/170px-Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg/255px-Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg/340px-Carl_Kricheldorf_Portrait_eines_M%C3%A4dchens_in_Tracht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a girl wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">Dirndl</a></i> dress</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kronprinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronprinz">Kronprinz</a></i> Ludwig (1786–1868), later <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I,_King_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig I, King of Bavaria">King Ludwig I</a> (reign: 1825–1848), married Princess <a href="/wiki/Therese_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen</a> on 12 October 1810. The citizens of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> were invited to attend the festivities held on the fields in front of the city gates to celebrate the royal event. The fields were named "<a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a>" ("Theresa's Meadow") in honour of the Crown Princess, and have kept that name ever since, although the locals have abbreviated the name simply to <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse races, in the tradition of the 15th-century <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Scharlachrennen</i></span> ("Scarlet Race at Karlstor"), were held on 18 October to honor the newlyweds. It is widely believed that Andreas Michael Dall'Armi, a major in the National Guard, proposed the idea. However, the origins of the horse races, and Oktoberfest itself, may have stemmed from proposals offered by Franz Baumgartner, a coachman and sergeant in the National Guard. The precise origins of the festival and horse races remain a matter of controversy. However, the decision to repeat the horse races, spectacle, and celebrations in 1811 launched what is now the annual Oktoberfest tradition. </p><p>The fairground, once outside the city, was chosen due to its natural suitability, which it still holds today. The Sendlinger Hill (today <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienhohe</i></span>) was used as a grandstand for 40,000 race spectators. The festival grounds remained undeveloped, except for the king's tent. The tastings of "Traiteurs" and other wine and beer took place above the visitors in the stands on the hill. Before the race started, a performance was held in homage to the bridegroom and of the royal family in the form of a train of 16 pairs of children dressed in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wittelsbach</i></span> costumes, and costumes from the nine Bavarian townships and other regions. This was followed by the punishing race with 30 horses on a 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) long racetrack, and concluded with the singing of a student choir. The first horse to cross the finish line belonged to Franz Baumgartner (one of the purported festival initiators). Horse racing champion and Minister of State <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Montgelas" title="Maximilian von Montgelas">Maximilian von Montgelas</a> presented Baumgartner with his gold medal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformation_into_a_public_festival">Transformation into a public festival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transformation into a public festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oktoberfest" title="Special:EditPage/Oktoberfest">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1811, a show was added to promote Bavarian agriculture. In 1813, the festival was canceled due to the involvement of Bavaria in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Napoleonic Wars</a>, after which the Oktoberfest grew from year to year. The horse races were accompanied by tree climbing, bowling alleys, and swings and other attractions. In 1818, <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> booths appeared; the main prizes awarded were of silver, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and jewelry. The city fathers assumed responsibility for festival management in 1819, and it was decided that Oktoberfest become an annual event. In 1832, the date was moved some weeks later, as a Greek delegation came. It inspired them for the <a href="/wiki/Zappas_Olympics" title="Zappas Olympics">Zappas Olympics</a>, which became in 1896 the modern Olympic Games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the Oktoberfest was lengthened, and the date pushed forward because days are longer and warmer at the end of September<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (October 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup>. The horse race continued until 1960, and the agricultural show still exists today and is held every four years in the southern part of the festival grounds. </p><p>To honour the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I,_King_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig I, King of Bavaria">Prince Ludwig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therese_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen</a>, a parade took place for the first time in 1810. Since 1850, the parade has become an annual event and an important component of the Oktoberfest. Eight thousand people—mostly from Bavaria—and dressed in traditional costumes walk from Maximilian Street through the centre of Munich to the Oktoberfest grounds. The march is led by the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Kindl" title="Münchner Kindl">Münchner Kindl</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_Bavaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Munich_Bavaria.jpg/220px-Munich_Bavaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Munich_Bavaria.jpg/330px-Munich_Bavaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Munich_Bavaria.jpg/440px-Munich_Bavaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Bavaria statue above the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1850, the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_statue" title="Bavaria statue">statue of Bavaria</a> has watched over the Oktoberfest. This worldly Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a> was first sketched by <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a> in a classic style and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Michael_Schwanthaler" title="Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler">Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler</a> romanticised and <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanised</a> the draft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The statue was constructed by Johann Baptist Stiglmaier and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Miller" title="Ferdinand von Miller">Ferdinand von Miller</a>. </p><p>In 1853, the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Ruhmeshalle_(Munich)" title="Ruhmeshalle (Munich)"><i>Ruhmeshalle</i></a> was completed. In 1854, the festival was cancelled after 3,000 residents of Munich including the queen consort died during a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic. There was no Oktoberfest in 1866 because Bavaria was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>. In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> again forced the cancellation of the festival. In 1873, the festival was cancelled due to yet another cholera epidemic. In 1880, electric light illuminated more than 400 booths and tents. In 1881, booths selling <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwurst</a> opened, and the first beer was served in glass mugs in 1892. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, a re-organization took place. Until then, there were games of <a href="/wiki/Skittles_(sport)" title="Skittles (sport)">skittles</a>, large dance floors, and trees for climbing in the beer booths. Organizers wanted more room for guests and musicians which resulted in the booths becoming beer halls which are still used today. </p><p>In 1887, the parade of the Oktoberfest staff and breweries took place for the first time. This event now showcases the splendidly decorated horse teams of the breweries and the bands that play in the festival tents. This event always takes place on the first Saturday of the Oktoberfest and serves as the official prelude to the Oktoberfest celebration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 100th anniversary of Oktoberfest in 1910, an estimated 120,000 litres of beer were consumed. Three years later, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bräurosl</i></span> was founded, which at that time was the largest pavilion ever built, accommodating approximately 12,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Oktoberfest was temporarily suspended from 1914 to 1918. The two years after the war, in 1919 and 1920, Oktoberfest was replaced by the so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kleineres Herbstfest</i></span> (which can be translated as "smaller autumn celebration"), and in 1923 and 1924 the Oktoberfest was cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a>, Oktoberfest was used as part of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, Jews were forbidden to work on the <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Oktoberfest's 125th anniversary was celebrated with all the frills. The main event was a big parade. </p><p>The slogan <i>proud city—cheerful country</i> was meant to show the alleged overcoming of differences between social classes, and can be seen as an example of the regime's consolidation of power. In 1938, after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> had annexed <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, Oktoberfest was renamed to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großdeutsches Volksfest</i></span> (Greater German folk festival), and as a showing of strength, the Nazi regime transported people from <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> to the <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span> by the score.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, from 1939 to 1945, no Oktoberfest was celebrated. Following the war, from 1946 to 1948, Munich celebrated only the "Autumn Fest". The sale of proper Oktoberfest beer—2% stronger in <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(alcoholic_beverage)" title="Gravity (alcoholic beverage)">gravity</a> than normal beer—was not permitted; guests could only drink normal beer. </p><p>Since its foundation, there have been 26 years in which it was canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1950, the festival has always been opened with the same traditional procedure: At noon, a 12-gun salute is followed by the tapping of the first keg of Oktoberfest beer by the Mayor of Munich with the proclamation "<span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar"><a href="/wiki/O%27zapft_is!" title="O'zapft is!">O'zapft is!</a></i></span>" ("It's tapped!" in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian language">Austro-Bavarian dialect</a>). The Mayor then gives the first litre of beer to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minister-Presidents_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Minister-Presidents of Bavaria">Minister-President of the State of Bavaria</a>. The first mayor to tap a keg was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wimmer_(politician)" title="Thomas Wimmer (politician)">Thomas Wimmer</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg/220px-Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg/330px-Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg/440px-Gamsbaerte_2194.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Gamsbart" title="Gamsbart">Gamsbärte</a></i> at the entry of the Oktoberfest restaurateurs, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the festival officially starts, parades are held with the traditional marksmen's clubs, beer-tent waitresses, and landlords participating. There are two different parades which both end at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span>. They start around 9:45 a.m. to 10.50 am.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Oktoberfest, some locals wear <a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_hat" title="Tyrolean hat">Bavarian hats</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tirolerhüte</i></span>), which contain a tuft of chamois hair (<i><a href="/wiki/Gamsbart" title="Gamsbart">Gamsbart</a></i>). Historically, in Bavaria chamois hair was highly valued and prized. The more tufts of chamois hair on one's hat, the wealthier one was considered to be. Due to modern technology, this tradition has declined with the appearance of chamois hair imitations on the market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="need to determine who copied who in http://www.euro-poi.com/munich-oktoberfest-germany-121.html (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For medical treatment of visitors, the Bavarian branch of the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a> operates an aid facility and provides emergency medical care on the festival grounds, staffed with around 100 volunteer medics and doctors per day.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They serve together with special detachments of <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian State Police">Munich police</a>, the fire department and other municipal authorities in the service centre at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Behördenhof</i></span> (authorities' court), a large building specially built for the Oktoberfest at the east side of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span>, just behind the tents. There is also a station for lost and found children, a lost property office, a security point for women and other public services.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, local German gay organizations have organized "Gay Days" at Oktoberfest, which since the 21st century always begin in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bräurosl</i></span> tent on the first Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980_bombing">1980 bombing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980 bombing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_bombing" title="Oktoberfest bombing">Oktoberfest bombing</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a> was set off in a dustbin near the toilets at the main entrance on 26 September 1980 at 22:19. The bomb consisted of an empty <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> filled with 1.39 kilograms of <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar shell">mortar shells</a>. Thirteen people were killed and over 225 were injured, 68 seriously. The case is still under criminal investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian State Police">State Police</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_General_(Germany)" title="Public Prosecutor General (Germany)">National Prosecutor General</a> as of 2022 which had been stalled for several decades in between.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is the second-deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Germany after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a>. </p><p>Federal and state law enforcement authorities initiated numerous official inquiries, concluding that a <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">right-wing extremist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gundolf_K%C3%B6hler" title="Gundolf Köhler">Gundolf Köhler</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Donaueschingen" title="Donaueschingen">Donaueschingen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_outcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Social outcast">social outcast</a> who was killed in the explosion, was the sole perpetrator. However, both this account and the number of perpetrators are <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio#Germany" title="Operation Gladio">strongly disputed</a> by various groups.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg/220px-Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg/330px-Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg/440px-Oktoberfest_-_Flickr_-_GregTheBusker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Music entertainment at the Oktoberfest, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>To keep the Oktoberfest, especially the beer tents, amicable for the elderly and families, the concept of the "quiet Oktoberfest" was developed in 2005. Until 6:00 pm, the orchestras in the tents only play <a href="/wiki/Brass_musical_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass musical instrument">brass music</a> (for example traditional folk music). Only after that may <a href="/wiki/Schlager" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlager">Schlager</a> pop or electric music be played, which had led to excessively raucous behaviour in earlier years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music played in the afternoon is limited to 85 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>. With these rules, the organisers of the Oktoberfest were able to curb<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Oktoberfest#Dubious" title="Talk:Oktoberfest">discuss</a></i>]</sup> the tumultuous party mentality and preserve the traditional beer-tent atmosphere. </p><p>In 2005 Germany's last traveling enterprise amusement ride, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mondlift</i></span>, returned to the Oktoberfest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 2008, a new Bavarian law was passed to ban smoking in all enclosed spaces open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Welle_www.dw.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welle_www.dw.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of problems enforcing the anti-smoking law in the big tents, an exception was granted to the Oktoberfest in 2008, although the sale of tobacco was not allowed. After heavy losses in the 2008 local elections, with the smoking ban being a big issue in political debates, the state's ruling party implemented general exemptions to beer tents and small pubs. </p><p>The change in regulations was aimed in particular to benefit the large tents of the Oktoberfest:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> smoking in the tents is still legal, but the tents usually have non-smoking areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale of tobacco in the tents is now legal, but is widely boycotted by mutual agreement. However, in early 2010, a referendum held in Bavaria as a result of a popular initiative re-instituted the original, strict, smoking ban of 2008; thus, no beer will be sold to people caught smoking in the tents.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blanket smoking ban did not take effect until 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Welle_www.dw.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welle_www.dw.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but all tents instituted the smoking ban in 2010 to do a "dry run" to identify any unforeseeable issues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg/220px-Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg/330px-Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg/440px-Historische_Wiesen_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Celebrating 200 years of Oktoberfest in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 2010 marked the Oktoberfest Bicentennial.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the anniversary, a horse race in historical costumes was held on opening day. A so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">historische Wiesn</i></span> (historical Oktoberfest) took place,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starting one day earlier than usual on the southern part of the festival grounds. A specially brewed beer (solely available at the tents of the historical Oktoberfest), horse races, and a museum tent gave visitors an impression of how the event felt two centuries ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, 6.4 million people visited Oktoberfest, and visitors were served 6.7 million litres of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 April 2020, Bavarian Minister-President Markus Söder and the mayor of Munich Dieter Reiter announced the cancellation of the 2020 Oktoberfest due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Germany">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 May 2021, Söder and Reiter announced that the Oktoberfest hiatus would be extended, deferring the next one to 2022. Söder noted the unfeasibility of social distancing in the festival's beer tents, adding, "Imagine there was a new wave and it then became a super-spreader event. The brand would be damaged forever, and we don't want that."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oide_Wiesn"><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Oide Wiesn</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oide Wiesn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the occasion of the 200th anniversary in 2010 a so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Historisches Oktoberfest</i></span> (Historical Oktoberfest) was designed on the site of the Central Agricultural Festival at the south end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a></i>. It opened one day before the official Oktoberfest with the traditional keg tapping by the Lord Mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the popularity of the <i>Oide Wiesn</i>, it was established as a permanent feature from 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG/220px-Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG/330px-Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG/440px-Historisches_Oktoberfest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance to the Historical Oktoberfest</figcaption></figure> <p>The comprehensive five acres of fenced grounds presented historic rides, beer tents and other historical attractions such as a <i><a href="/wiki/Steckerlfisch" title="Steckerlfisch">Steckerlfisch</a></i> grilling, a chain swing and a cotton candy stand. Included in the price of admission, an animal tent and the racecourse could be visited next to the museum. </p><p>The animal tent included, among other things, a petting zoo, and was managed by the <a href="/wiki/Hellabrunn_Zoo" title="Hellabrunn Zoo">Hellabrunn Zoo</a> and the Bavarian Farmers Association. The <a href="/wiki/Munich_Stadtmuseum" title="Munich Stadtmuseum">Munich Stadtmuseum</a> took over the design of the museum tent. The Oktoberfest anniversary was accompanied by an artistic and cultural program, in which for example the <i><a href="/wiki/Bierm%C3%B6sl_Blosn" title="Biermösl Blosn">Biermösl Blosn</a></i> (local entertainers) performed. </p><p>The bands performing in the relatively small <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herzkasperl</i></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Pole_marquee" title="Pole marquee">Festzelt</a>—</i>offering 850 seats—had to do without electrical amplification.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fest-tent name derives from a famous stage character of the actor <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Hube" title="Jörg Hube">Jörg Hube</a>, who died in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six main Munich breweries <a href="/wiki/Augustiner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Augustiner-Bräu">Augustiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr_Brewery" title="Hacker-Pschorr Brewery">Hacker-Pschorr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staatliches_Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus_in_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München">Hofbräu</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenbräu">Löwenbräu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulaner_Brewery" title="Paulaner Brewery">Paulaner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaten-Franziskaner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu">Spaten</a> presented a special exclusively brewed dark beer, which was made after a historic recipe from the early 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_(5033833399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_%285033833399%29.jpg/220px-Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_%285033833399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_%285033833399%29.jpg/330px-Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_%285033833399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_%285033833399%29.jpg/440px-Historisches_Oktoberfest_2010_%285033833399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Folk dancers performing at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Historisches Oktoberfest</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The beer mugs in the beer tents did not have the company logo of the breweries, but rather the inscription "Munich beer". Unlike the usual Oktoberfest, the Historic <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span> closed at 8 pm. Instead of the 300,000 guests estimated by the city council, well over half a million visitors came. The festival site had to be temporarily closed several times due to overcrowding. </p><p>According to the Munich City Council Decision on 16 October 2012, the entry fee for the Historical Oktoberfest, now called <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Oide Wiesn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> for "old fairground"), in 2013 was to be three euros again. For the first time a re-entry was possible with the tickets. The historic rides in 2013 required a 1 Euro fee. </p><p>Other changes made at that Munich City Council meeting were that the musicians' tent increased the number of indoor seats from 1000 to 1,500. Outside tent seating increased from 800 to 1,000. They also supported the Showman Foundation with a contribution of €200,000, so it could run a museum tent, a velodrome, as well as a children's program.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2013, the total festival area was enlarged and attractive entrances were added. </p><p>Lastly, according to a City Council decision, there will be an <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Oide Wiesn</i></span> again in 2015 before the Central Agricultural Exhibition claims the location once more on the Theresienwiese in 2016.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosa_Wiesn"><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Rosa Wiesn</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rosa Wiesn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg/220px-Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg/330px-Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg/440px-Mvgphoto_Bierfest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Rosa Wiesn</i></span> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Rosa Wiesn</i></span>, also known as Gay Oktoberfest, refers to a number of annual <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> events which take place throughout the Oktoberfest period in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. The main feature event is in the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_tents" title="Oktoberfest tents"><i>Bräurosl</i> (Hacker-Pschorr)</a> tent on the first Sunday and is sometimes called 'Gay Sunday'. Other events take place throughout the weeks of the festival with some requiring a pre-booking. These include meet and greets, Lion's night (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Löwennacht</i></span>), brunches and cultural programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Rosa Wiesn</i></span> traces its origins to the 1970s when friends of the Munich Lion's Club, MLC (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Münchner Löwen Club</i></span>), a leather and fetish society, first booked the balcony at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bräurosl</i></span> festival tent and were mistaken to have been a football club. However, the group was welcomed by the owners and waiters who enjoyed having them, and so the meet-up became an annual event. <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Rosa Wiesn</i></span> is now one of the major events in the LGBT calendar in Germany with Gay Sunday alone attracting over 8,000 LGBT festival-goers. It is now the second-biggest LGBT event to take place after <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street_Day" title="Christopher Street Day">Christopher Street Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highlights">Highlights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg/220px-Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg/330px-Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg/440px-Oktoberfest-Kutscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Coachmen in costume</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_of_the_restaurateurs_and_breweries">Entry of the restaurateurs and breweries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Entry of the restaurateurs and breweries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG/220px-Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG/330px-Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG/440px-Cabalgata_Oktoberfest_1688.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The Hacker-Pschorr Brewery horse team</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the entry of the Oktoberfest <a href="/wiki/Restaurateur" title="Restaurateur">restaurateurs</a> and breweries for the opening of the Oktoberfest began in 1887, when the then manager, Hans Steyrer, first marched from his meadow to the <a href="/wiki/Tegernseer_Landstra%C3%9Fe" title="Tegernseer Landstraße">Tegernseer Landstraße</a> with his staff, a brass band and a load of beer to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In its current form, the parade has taken place since 1935, where all the breweries first took part. Since then, the parade is led by the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Kindl" title="Münchner Kindl">Münchner Kindl</a>, followed by the incumbent <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Munich" title="List of mayors of Munich">mayor of Munich</a> in the Schottenhammel family carriage since 1950. This is followed by the decorated horse carriages and floats of the breweries and the carriages of the other restaurateurs and showmen. The music bands from the beer tents accompany the parade.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer_barrel_tapping">Beer barrel tapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beer barrel tapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/O%27zapft_is!" title="O'zapft is!">O'zapft is!</a></div> <p>After the parade of the restaurateurs on carriages from downtown to the festival grounds, at exactly 12:00 clock the lord mayor opens the first beer barrel in the Schottenhammel tent. With the initial pass and the Bavarian exclamation, "<span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">O'zapft is</i></span><i>!</i>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">es ist angezapft</i></span>—It has been tapped!) the Oktoberfest is declared opened. </p><p>Twelve gunshots are then fired on the stairway of <a href="/wiki/Ruhmeshalle_(Munich)" title="Ruhmeshalle (Munich)">Ruhmeshalle</a>. This is the signal for the other restaurateurs to start with the serving of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister-President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President">Minister-President</a> is served the first litre of beer. Then in the other tents, the first barrels are tapped and beer is served to the visitors. </p><p>Every year, visitors eagerly await to see how many strokes the mayor needs to use before the first beer flows. Bets are even made. The best performance is still two strokes (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Ude" title="Christian Ude">Christian Ude</a>, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013; <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Reiter" title="Dieter Reiter">Dieter Reiter</a>, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was also 19 strokes required (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wimmer_(politician)" title="Thomas Wimmer (politician)">Thomas Wimmer</a>, 1950). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costume_and_riflemen_parade">Costume and riflemen parade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Costume and riflemen parade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In honor of the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">silver wedding</a> anniversary of King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therese_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Princess Therese</a>, a traditional costume parade took place in 1835 for the first time. In 1895, the Bavarian novelist <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Schmidt" title="Maximilian Schmidt">Maximilian Schmidt</a> organized another parade with 1,400 participants in 150 traditional costume groups.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another parade was organized for the 100th anniversary celebrations in 1910 by Julius and Moritz Wallach, promoters of the <a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">Dirndl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lederhosen" title="Lederhosen">Lederhosen</a> as fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-staendecke_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staendecke-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bielefeld_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bielefeld-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG/220px-021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG/330px-021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG/440px-021_Trachtenzumzug_Beuerberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Participants in the 2013 costume and riflemen parade</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1950 to 2019 and resuming in 2022, this parade is organized annually and has become one of the highlights of the Oktoberfest and one of the world's largest parades of its kind. On the first festival Sunday, 8000 participants march in the parade in their historic festival costumes from the <a href="/wiki/Maximilianeum" title="Maximilianeum">Maximilianeum</a> on a seven-kilometer stretch to the festival grounds. </p><p>This parade is also led by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Münchner Kindl</i></span>; followed by notables of the city council and the city administration and the state of Bavaria, usually the minister-president and his wife, traditional costume and rifle clubs, musical bands, marching bands, flag-wavers and about 40 carriages with decorated horses and carts. The clubs and groups come mostly out of Bavaria, but also from other German states, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and other European countries. The entry of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wiesnwirte</i></span> (innkeepers) and the traditional costume and marksmen procession is organized by the <a href="/wiki/Festring_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Festring München">Festring München</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beers">Beers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg/170px-Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg/255px-Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg/340px-Hacker-Pschorr_Oktoberfest_Girl_Remix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3961" data-file-height="3870" /></a><figcaption>A waitress with <a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker-Pschorr">Hacker-Pschorr</a>, one of the traditional beers allowed to be served at Oktoberfest. She wears a <i><a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">Dirndl</a></i>, a traditional women's dress of Bavaria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only beer conforming to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a></i> and brewed within the city limits of Munich can be served at the Munich Oktoberfest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beers meeting these criteria are designated Oktoberfest Beer,<sup id="cite_ref-Oktoberfest_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oktoberfest-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the name "Oktoberfest beer" also denotes two distinct beer styles: a traditional <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></i> lager and a paler <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Festbier</i></span>, that is now more commonly served at Oktoberfest itself.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The breweries that can produce Oktoberfest beer under the aforementioned criteria are:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustiner_Br%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustiner Bräu">Augustiner-Bräu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker-Pschorr">Hacker-Pschorr-Bräu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenbräu">Löwenbräu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulaner">Paulaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaten-Franziskaner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu">Spatenbräu</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Staatliches</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofbräuhaus">Hofbräu-München</a></li></ul> <p>Oktoberfest Beer is a registered trademark by the Club of Munich Brewers, which consists of the above six breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-Oktoberfest_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oktoberfest-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts_and_data">Facts and data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Facts and data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg/220px-Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg/330px-Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg/440px-Wiesn2006_Luftaufnahme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>The Oktoberfest fairground (Theresienwiese) in Munich, aerial view</figcaption></figure> <p>The Oktoberfest is known as the largest <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksfest</i></span> (folk festival) in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, there were six and a half million visitors<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 42-hectare <a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese" title="Theresienwiese">Theresienwiese</a>; 72% of visitors are from Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15% of visitors come from foreign countries, including surrounding EU countries and other non-European countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the Oktoberfest, there are other public festivals that take place at the same location. The <i>Munich Frühlingsfest</i> ("spring festival") is held in April and May; the <a href="/wiki/Tollwood_Festival" title="Tollwood Festival">Tollwood Festival</a> is in December and attracts 650,000 visitors. </p><p>After the Oktoberfest, the next largest public fairs in Germany are: the <i><a href="/wiki/Cannstatter_Volksfest" title="Cannstatter Volksfest">Cannstatter Volksfest</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, with about 4.5 million visitors each year; the <i><a href="/wiki/Cranger_Kirmes" title="Cranger Kirmes">Cranger Kirmes</a></i> in Herne (Wanne-Eickel) (the largest fair in <a href="/wiki/Northrhine-Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>), with 4.4 million visitors; the <a href="/wiki/Largest_Fair_on_the_Rhine" title="Largest Fair on the Rhine">Rheinkirmes</a> in Düsseldorf (called "the largest fair on the Rhine"); and the <i><a href="/wiki/Freimarkt" title="Freimarkt">Freimarkt</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> (the biggest fair in northern Germany), with over 4 million visitors per year each. Also noteworthy is the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schützenfest Hannover</i></span>, the world's largest marksmen's fun fair in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hannover</a>, with over 1 million visitors per year; the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Week" title="Kiel Week">Kiel Week</a>, the world's biggest sailing event; and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksfest</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, with about 3 million visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates">Dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oktoberfest" title="Special:EditPage/Oktoberfest">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since 1994, the Oktoberfest runs for 16 days with the last day being the first Sunday in October. However, if day 16 falls before 3 October (<a href="/wiki/German_Unity_Day" title="German Unity Day">German Unity Day</a>), then the festival will continue until the 3rd (see table below). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Special Features </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>16 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>18 days, with ZLF* </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>22 Sep – 7 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>21 Sep – 6 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>20 Sep – 5 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>18 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>with ZLF* </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>17 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>17 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>16 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>18 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>22 Sep – 7 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>20 Sep – 5 Oct </td> <td>175th Oktoberfest (with ZLF*) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>19 Sep – 4 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>18 Sep – 4 Oct </td> <td>200th Anniversary (with ZLF*) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>17 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>17 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>22 Sep – 7 Oct </td> <td>with ZLF* </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>21 Sep – 6 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>20 Sep – 5 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>19 Sep – 4 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>17 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>17 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>16 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>18 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>22 Sep – 7 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>21 Sep – 6 Oct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>19 Sep – 4 Oct </td> <td rowspan="2">Cancelled, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>18 Sep – 3 Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>17 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>17 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>16 Sep – 3 Oct </td> <td>18 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>21 Sep – 6 Oct </td> <td>16 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2025 </td> <td>20 Sep – 5 Oct </td> <td>16 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>*</small> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bayerisches Zentral-Landwirtschaftsfest</i></span> <small>(Bavarian Central Agriculture Fair)</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_at_the_Oktoberfest">Security at the Oktoberfest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Security at the Oktoberfest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg/220px-2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg/330px-2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg/440px-2010-09-20_WiesnSicherheit_8441.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Police video surveillance</figcaption></figure> <p>Technical accidents have rarely occurred throughout Oktoberfest history. The rides are extensively tested in advance, and the examination is performed by the cableways and temporary structures department of today's <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CV_S%C3%9CD" class="mw-redirect" title="TÜV SÜD">TÜV SÜD</a></i>. </p><p>On 30 September 1996, there was a collision on the Euro Star roller coaster, which injured 30, and was caused by a worn safety brake that went unnoticed during inspection. The Munich prosecutor tried to accuse the engineer, from TÜV Munich, of negligent injury, but the proceedings did not come to a conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reduce the number of thefts, fights, and sexual assault cases during Oktoberfest, protection measures for visitors have been improved in recent years. For example, in 2003 the campaign <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sichere Wiesn für Mädchen und Frauen</i></span> (Safe Oktoberfest for Girls and Women) was launched. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg/220px-Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg/330px-Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg/440px-Beh%C3%B6rdenhof_Oktoberfest_Muenchenjpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>The authorities court</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, a new service center was placed in the authorities court, in which the police, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Fire_Department" title="Munich Fire Department">Munich Fire Department</a>, medical services, and a department of district administration are located. During the Oktoberfest, a police station specifically for the festival is installed, and can be reached with the emergency number 5003220. </p><p>Due to the numerous Italian visitors to the Oktoberfest, since 2005 <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">officers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, Italy have also been present. For decades, the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">Red Cross</a> has been responsible for medical service at the Oktoberfest. </p><p>Additional medical services are located in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fischer Vroni</i></span> tent (Aicher Ambulance), and the <a href="/wiki/Munich_U-Bahn" title="Munich U-Bahn">Munich U-Bahn</a> has commissioned additional backups in the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> station <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span> provided by the <a href="/wiki/Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe" title="Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe">Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe</a>. In the authorities court, an <a href="/wiki/Ambulance_emergency_response_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambulance emergency response vehicle">ambulance</a> and miniature hospital, complete with <a href="/wiki/Operating_theater" title="Operating theater">operating theater</a>, are readily available. During the Oktoberfest, additional emergency vehicles are on the alert at the control centers, and extra staff is on hand in case they are needed. </p><p>In 2010, as a public safety measure, a dog and animal ban was put into place. 2012 brought the banning of glass bottles after the increase in the number of injuries and cuts. </p><p>The safety concepts of the event have been modified and adapted continuously over the past decades: </p> <ul><li>After the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_terror_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberfest terror attack">bombing in 1980</a>, the main entrance of the Oktoberfest was redesigned in 1981.</li> <li>In 2001, a few weeks after <a href="/wiki/9-11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9-11 attacks">9-11 attacks</a>, security checkpoints were added at the main entrance.</li> <li>In 2008, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span> was closed off to the public during the construction of the Oktoberfest.</li> <li>In 2009, road blocks were raised, and access controls during the festival, due to the perceived threat of attacks by <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a>, were increased.</li> <li>2010 brought the implementation of advances to the security plan, including three lockdown rings around the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span> as well as access control and flight bans over the festival grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In addition, 52 two-metre (6 ft 7 in) high concrete <a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">bollards</a> were placed in the access roads and pedestrian entrances to prevent <a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">vehicle-ramming attacks</a>.</li> <li>In 2011, the security measures were once again increased, this time with 170 partially retractable bollards also designed to prevent forcible access to the festival grounds with a vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Bavariaring is closed off to allow security forces adequate space to react. Police can quickly divert the crowds if needed through radio communication, as well as closing down train stations.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Following the <a href="/wiki/2016_Munich_shooting" title="2016 Munich shooting">2016 Munich shooting</a>, a retractable security fence was added. Previously, 350 metres (1,150 ft) of the Oktoberfest were still unfenced.</li> <li>Up to 450 security guards will stand at the 13 official entrances and check all incoming guests. Also, backpacks and bags with a volume of more than 3 litres (0.66 imp gal; 0.79 US gal) are no longer allowed on the festival grounds.</li> <li>In addition, the front exit of the subway station <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theresienwiese</i></span> has been closed off.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_supply">Energy supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Energy supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg/220px-Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg/330px-Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg/440px-Oktoberfest_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Oktoberfest 2003 seen at night from the Ferris wheel</figcaption></figure> <p>The Oktoberfest is powered via 43 kilometers of cable and 18 partially underground <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> stations. The Oktoberfest's power consumption totals approximately 2.9 million <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a>, not including assembly and dismantling of the attractions.<sup id="cite_ref-acp.copernicus.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acp.copernicus.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To supply the tents with natural gas, a four-kilometer long network of gas lines was built. The gas consumption amounts to 159,000 cubic meters for the kitchens of various catering establishments, and 42,000 cubic meters to heat the beer gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-acp.copernicus.org_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acp.copernicus.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most festival tents and rides use <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">green electricity</a> from <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Stadtwerke München</span></span> (Munich City Utilities) to reduce pollution. </p><p>Because even a short <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a> could lead to panic, all power supplies have redundancy and are fed separately. Even the lights of the individual marquees are supplied from two different substations. Despite all the precautions, on 25 September 2007, several hours of power failure occurred after a cable channel had been flooded due to heavy rains. Since the power outage occurred in the morning, there were service shortages in the catering areas, but no panic resulted.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ensure sufficient capacity of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a>, each year several mobile masts are set up in the lawn areas surrounding the festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG/220px-Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG/330px-Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG/440px-Oktoberfest_UBahnTheresienwiese.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Theresienwiese, the closest U-Bahn station to the Oktoberfest</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Verkehrsgesellschaft" title="Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft">Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft</a> (Munich Transport Company) reports transporting almost four million visitors, to and from, the festival grounds each Oktoberfest. Especially at night, the <a href="/wiki/U-Bahn_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Bahn München">U-</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn München">S-Bahn</a> trains are full. The underground station, <a href="/wiki/Theresienwiese_station" title="Theresienwiese station">Theresienwiese</a>, has trains arriving at rush hour in three-minute intervals. The station occasionally needs to be closed due to overcrowding after the closure of the beer tents. To ensure smooth operation and safety of passengers, the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft</span></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> have increased their security personnel. People are also encouraged to use the nearby stations <a href="/wiki/Goetheplatz_(Munich_U-Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goetheplatz (Munich U-Bahn)">Goetheplatz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwanthalerh%C3%B6he_(Munich_U-Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwanthalerhöhe (Munich U-Bahn)">Schwanthalerhöhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Hackerbr%C3%BCcke_station" title="Munich Hackerbrücke station">Hackerbrücke</a> (the latter of the S-Bahn) or walk the short distance from the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen_Hauptbahnhof" title="München Hauptbahnhof">main railway station</a> on foot. </p><p>There are significant negative effects pertaining to traffic. Since numerous festival goers make their way home by car despite having consumed <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian State Police">Bavarian State Police</a> carries out large-scale <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">DUI controls</a>. The city ring roads and highways around Munich are periodically blocked to allow only one lane of through traffic, which leads to massive traffic congestion. </p><p>Especially during the middle weekend of the festival, many Italians arrive with <a href="/wiki/Travel_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel trailer">caravans</a> (this weekend is therefore referred to by the residents of Munich as "the Italians' weekend").<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the government imposes camping bans in many parts of the city. At the same time, special parking outside the city is established, which can be reached by public transportation. Large parking areas are available, for example, close to the <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a>. Nevertheless, the parking situation around the festival grounds is critical. As a consequence, the effort for controls and towing services is substantial. </p><p>2010, in coordination with the new security concept, taxi stands were relocated. They are now found outside the security ring further away from the fairground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trash_and_toilets">Trash and toilets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trash and toilets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For safety reasons (bombing 1980), there are no trash bins in public areas.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the queues outside the toilets became so long that the police had to regulate access. To keep traffic moving through the toilets, men headed for the toilets were directed first to the urinals (giant enclosed grates) if they only needed to urinate. Consequently, the number of toilets was increased by 20% in 2005. Approximately 1,800 toilets and urinals are available today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many guests visit the quiet stalls to use their mobile phones. For this reason, there were plans in 2005 to install a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cage" title="Faraday cage">Faraday cage</a> around the toilets or to use <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_jammer" title="Mobile phone jammer">Mobile phone jammers</a> to prevent telephoning with those devices. Jamming devices are, however, illegal in Germany, and Faraday cages made of copper would have been too expensive, so these ambitious plans were dropped, and signs were placed instead, warning toilet users not to use cellular phones in the stalls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More recently, amplifying live music in the toilets has led to them no longer representing a quiet retreat for telephoning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tents">Tents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_tents" title="Oktoberfest tents">Oktoberfest tents</a></div> <p>There are currently fourteen large tents and twenty small tents at the Oktoberfest. The tents are wooden<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-permanent structures which are constructed for and only used during the festival. The beer (or wine) served in each is in the accompanying table.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_tents">Large tents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Large tents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#000000"> <th rowspan="2">Name</th> <th rowspan="2">Brewery</th> <th colspan="2">Seating </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#000000"> <th>inside</th> <th>outside </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Large tents</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marstall</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spaten-Franziskaner-Br%C3%A4u" title="Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu">Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,200</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armbrustschützenzelt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paulaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulaner">Paulaner</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,839</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4u-Festzelt" title="Hofbräu-Festzelt">Hofbräu-Festzelt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4u_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofbräu München">Hofbräu München</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,896</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,622 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hacker-Festzelt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker-Pschorr">Hacker-Pschorr</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,900</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schottenhamel</td> <td>Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Winzerer Fähndl</td> <td>Paulaner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,450</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schützen-Festhalle</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenbräu">Löwenbräu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,442</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Käfer Wiesn-Schänke</td> <td>Paulaner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Weinzelt</td> <td>Nymphenburger Sekt</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">1,300</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paulaner Weißbier </td></tr> <tr> <td>Löwenbräu-Festhalle</td> <td>Löwenbräu</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bräurosl</td> <td>Hacker-Pschorr</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Augustiner-Festhalle</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustiner_Br%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustiner Bräu">Augustiner Bräu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ochsenbraterei</td> <td>Spaten</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,900</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fischer-Vroni</td> <td>Augustiner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,695</td> <td style="text-align:right;">700 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Marstall</i></span></b>—one of the larger tents, it is the first tent that many visitors see. Traditionally, in the evening, the Oktoberfest band <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Münchner Zwietracht</span></span> plays Oktoberfest classics.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Armbrustschützenzelt</i></span></b>—translates as the "Crossbowman's Tent", a competition that has been a part of the Oktoberfest since 1895.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4u-Festzelt" title="Hofbräu-Festzelt">Hofbräu-Festzelt</a></b></i>—the counterpart to the famous <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hofbräuhaus</i></span>, this tent is especially popular with Americans, Australians, and New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hacker-Festzelt</i></span></b>—one of the largest tents on the <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span>, they have a rock band that plays during the brass band's evening break. This tent markets itself as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Himmel der Bayern</i></span> (Heaven of the Bavarians).</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schottenhamel</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—reckoned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the most important tent at the Oktoberfest, mainly because it is located at the beginning. On the first Saturday of the event, no beer is allowed to be served until the Mayor of Munich (currently <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Reiter" title="Dieter Reiter">Dieter Reiter</a>) taps the first keg, at exactly high noon.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only then can the other tents begin to serve beer. The tent is very popular among younger people. A substantial part of the tent is guaranteed to traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">Studentenverbindungen</a></i> (a particular form of student fraternities) and outfitted with their distinctive colors and coats of arms.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Winzerer Fähndl</i></span></b>—literally translates as "Winzerer's little flag" and refers to the name of an old crossbowmen's guild, itself referring to a military unit for the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fähnlein</i></span> being a 16th–17th century German word for the equivalent of a company/battalion of approximately 400 mercenary soldiers. Kaspar III. Winzerer was the famous Bavarian captain of such a unit. This tent is noted for its huge tower, with a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Maß</i></span> of Paulaner beer sitting atop it.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schützen-Festhalle</i></span></b>—this is a mid-sized tent. Situated under the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_statue" title="Bavaria statue">Bavaria statue</a>, the current tent was newly built in 2004.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Käfer Wiesn-Schänke</i></span></b>—the smallest of the large tents at the Oktoberfest, it is frequented by celebrities, and is known for its especially good—and expensive—food. In contrast to the other tents (which must close by 11 p.m.), it is open until 12:30 a.m., and it can be very difficult to gain admittance.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weinzelt</i></span></b>—translates as "wine tent". This tent offers a selection of more than 15 wines, as well as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weißbier</i></span>.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Löwenbräu-Festhalle</i></span></b>—above the entrance is a 4.50-meter (15 foot)-high lion who occasionally drinks from his beer. This is overshadowed by yet another tower where an even larger drinking lion sits.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bräurosl</i></span></b> (Hacker-Pschorr)—translates as "brewer's Rosemary". Named after the daughter of the original brewery owner (Pschorr), this tent has the usual brass band and yodeler. On the first Sunday of the festival, this tent hosts the hugely popular gay and lesbian party, <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Rosa Wiesn</i></span>.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Augustiner-Festhalle</i></span></b>—considered by many locals to be the best tent, due to the fact it sells the favourite local brew, <a href="/wiki/Augustiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustiner">Augustiner</a>, from individually tapped wooden kegs rather than stainless-steel vats used by the other tents.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ochsenbraterei</i></span></b>—true to its name, this tent offers a great variety of roasted ox dishes.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fischer-Vroni</i></span></b>—translates as "Fisher's Veronika". Another of the smaller tents. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fisch</i></span> is the German word for fish and this tent carries a huge selection on its menu. The main dish is <i><a href="/wiki/Steckerlfisch" title="Steckerlfisch">Steckerlfisch</a></i>, which is grilled outside the tent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_tents">Small tents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Small tents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#000000"> <th rowspan="2">Name</th> <th rowspan="2">Brewery</th> <th colspan="2">Seating </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#000000"> <th>inside</th> <th>outside </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Small tents</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Able's Kalbs-Kuchl</td> <td>Spaten</td> <td style="text-align:right;">300</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ammer Hühner & Entenbraterei</td> <td>Augustiner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">450</td> <td style="text-align:right;">450 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bodo's Cafezelt</td> <td>Exotic Cocktails</td> <td style="text-align:right;">450</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Café Kaiserschmarrn</td> <td>Cocktail bar</td> <td style="text-align:right;">400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Café Mohrenkopf</td> <td>XXL cocktails</td> <td style="text-align:right;">420</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feisingers Ka's und Weinstubn</td> <td>Wine & Wheat Beer</td> <td style="text-align:right;">92</td> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glöckle Wirt</td> <td>Spaten</td> <td style="text-align:right;">140</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heimer Hendl- und Entenbratere</td> <td>Paulaner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heinz Wurst- Und Hühnerbraterei</td> <td>Paulaner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">360</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hochreiters Haxnbraterei</td> <td>Löwenbräu</td> <td style="text-align:right;">250</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Münchner Knödelei</td> <td>Paulaner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">300</td> <td style="text-align:right;">90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poschners Hühner- Und Entenbraterei</td> <td>Hacker-Pschorr</td> <td style="text-align:right;">350</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schiebl's Kaffeehaferl</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coffee">Irish Coffee</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wiesn Guglhupf Café-Dreh-Bar</td> <td>Mix Bar</td> <td style="text-align:right;">60</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wildmoser Hühnerbraterei</td> <td>Hacker-Pschorr</td> <td style="text-align:right;">320</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wildstuben</td> <td>Augustiner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">271</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wirtshaus im Schichtl</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zum Stiftl</td> <td>Paulaner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">360</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zur Bratwurst</td> <td>Augustiner</td> <td style="text-align:right;">160</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Able's Kalbs-Kuchl</i></span></b>—resembling a large Bavarian hut, the "calf kitchen" has a lively party atmosphere.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ammer Hühner & Entenbraterei</i></span></b>—in 1885, poultry dealer Joseph Ammer was allowed to construct his small booth at the Oktoberfest, creating the world's first chicken roastery. Duck is offered as well.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bodo's Cafezelt</i></span></b>—this tent offers exotic cocktails, Prosecco, champagne, coffee, donuts, ice cream, pastries, and strudel variations of all kinds.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Café Kaiserschmarrn</i></span></b>—created by Rischart, the café holds a daily commemoration of the occasion of the first Oktoberfest—the wedding of Ludwig I and Therese of Saxony.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Café Mohrenkopf</i></span></b>—since 1950 Café Mohrenkopf has been baking cakes and pies fresh daily in the Oktoberfest tent.</li> <li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Feisingers Ka's und Weinstubn</i></span></b>—cheese and everything that complements it is the specialty of the house in this tent.</li> <li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Glöckle Wirt</i></span></b>—decorated with oil paintings, antique instruments and cooking utensils.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heimer Hendl- und Entenbraterei</i></span></b>—very popular among the locals, Heimer's is a family-friendly tent.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heinz Wurst- Und Hühnerbraterei</i></span></b>—since 1906, the Heinz sausage and chicken grill has been a fixture on the <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span>, specializing in authentic Oktoberfest tradition.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochreiters Haxnbraterei</i></span></b>—barbecue experts prepare pork knuckles in the only <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Haxenbraterei</i></span> (pork knuckle roaster) at the Oktoberfest.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Münchner Knödelei</i></span></b>—the dumpling is an icon of Bavarian cuisine, and "preserving and spreading the dumpling culture" is the motto of this smaller tent.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Poschners Hühner- Und Entenbraterei</i></span></b>—Poschner's roasted chicken and duck have been a tradition of the <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn</i></span> for four generations.</li> <li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Schiebl's Kaffeehaferl</i></span></b>—with seating for about 100, Schiebl's coffeehouse tent is a meeting place for the whole family. <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Haferl</i></span> is the Bavarian term for a (coffee or tea) mug or pot.</li> <li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wiesn Guglhupf Café-Dreh-Bar</i></span></b>—a <i><a href="/wiki/Gugelhupf" title="Gugelhupf">Guglhupf</a></i> is a German cake, like an English bundt cake; this slowly moving carousel bar is easy to spot because it's shaped like one.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wildmoser Hühnerbraterei</i></span></b>—owned by the Wildmoser family since 1981, this small tent has been adopted and popularized by the Munich locals.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wildstuben</i></span></b>—the newest tent at Oktoberfest, featuring intricately detailed woodwork and a hunting lodge ambiance.</li> <li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wirtshaus im Schichtl</i></span></b>—"The <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Schichtl</i></span> is as essential as beer, radish and chicken", former mayor Christian Ude once wrote: "An Oktoberfest without <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Schichtl</i></span> is inconceivable".</li> <li><b><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Zum Stiftl</i></span></b>—famous for its traditional duck and roasted chicken dishes, atmosphere, and daily entertainment.</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zur Bratwurst</i></span></b>—debuting in 2007, the Hochreiter family has brought back the former <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Bratwurstglöckl</i></span><i>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Oktoberfest_Celebrations">Other Oktoberfest Celebrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other Oktoberfest Celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest celebrations</a></div> <p>Similar folk festivals emerged, following the example of the Munich Oktoberfest. The biggest are the Oktoberfest in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> (China) with around three million visitors annually, the Oktoberfest in <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchener, Canada">Kitchener, Canada</a> with around 700,000 visitors annually, and the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_of_Blumenau" title="Oktoberfest of Blumenau">Oktoberfest of Blumenau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blumenau,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Blumenau, Brazil">Blumenau, Brazil</a> with around 600,000 visitors annually. Similar fairs are also celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_Zinzinnati" title="Oktoberfest Zinzinnati">Oktoberfest Zinzinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> has been commemorating their German ancestors every year since 1976 and named the festival after the German pronunciation. With over 500,000 visitors annually, it the largest Oktoberfest in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, there are various, regional variants of the Oktoberfest. The biggest is <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberfest Hannover">Oktoberfest Hannover</a>, which represents the second biggest Oktoberfest in Germany with around 500,000 visitors a year. </p><p>From September 23 to October 2, 2011, the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22Viennese_Wiesn%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""Viennese Wiesn" (page does not exist)">"Viennese Wiesn"</a> on the Kaiserwiese between <a href="/wiki/Praterstern" title="Praterstern">Praterstern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riesenrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Riesenrad">Riesenrad</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Prater" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener Prater">Wiener Prater</a> was visited by 150,000 people with three tents.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cannstatter_Volksfest" title="Cannstatter Volksfest">Cannstatter Volksfest</a>, with around four million visitors, has a similarly long history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A German historical drama called <i>Oktoberfest: Beer and Blood</i> was released in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set in 1900, it focuses on the showman brewer Curt Prank as he transforms the festival into a global tourist attraction by replacing the local brewery stands with one large pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have compared the show's graphic violence and German <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave music</a> soundtrack to <i><a href="/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)" title="Peaky Blinders (TV series)">Peaky Blinders</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second season was announced by head writer Ronny Schalk in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_Oktoberfest_Museum" title="Beer and Oktoberfest Museum">Beer and Oktoberfest Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schunkeln" title="Schunkeln">Schunkeln</a> (sway dance)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oktoberfestbier&rft.pub=German+Beer+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanbeerinstitute.com%2FOktoberfestbier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiesnkini.de/magazin/das-erste-oktoberfest-1810/">"Das erste Oktoberfest"</a>. <i>wiesnkini.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiesnkini.de&rft.atitle=Das+erste+Oktoberfest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiesnkini.de%2Fmagazin%2Fdas-erste-oktoberfest-1810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oktoberfest.net/history-oktoberfest/">"History of the Oktoberfest"</a>. <i>Oktoberfest</i>. 24 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oktoberfest&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Oktoberfest&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oktoberfest.net%2Fhistory-oktoberfest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemmens2005" class="citation book cs1">Semmens, Kristin (2005). <i>Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herzlich+Willkommen+beim+M%C3%BCnchner+Roten+Kreuz&rft.pub=Bayerisches+Rotes+Kreuz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foktoberfest.bereitschaften.brk-muenchen.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oktoberfest.de/en/information/service-for-visitors/safe-wiesn">"Project "Safe Oktoberfest"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Project "Safe Oktoberfest" • Oktoberfest.de – The Official Website for the Oktoberfest in Munich</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+%22Safe+Oktoberfest%22+%E2%80%A2+Oktoberfest.de+%E2%80%93+The+Official+Website+for+the+Oktoberfest+in+Munich&rft.atitle=Project+%22Safe+Oktoberfest%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oktoberfest.de%2Fen%2Finformation%2Fservice-for-visitors%2Fsafe-wiesn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Guardian</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/blog/2009/sep/22/oktoberfest-gay-munich">Kate Connolly, "Gay times at Munich's Oktoberfest," September 22, 2011</a>, accessed 27 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.bayern.de/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/003413/index.html">"Die Bayerische Polizei – 26. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.de/panorama/855787462/oktoberfest-2019-heute-im-news-ticker-in-muenchen-wiesn-wetter-aktuell-trachtler-und-schuetzen-unterwegs-farbenfroher-trachtenzug-zur-wiesn/1/">the original</a> on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.festring.de/organisation/geschichte-ueber-uns/">the original</a> on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Costume+Crazy&rft.atitle=10+Things+you+didn%27t+know+about+Oktoberfest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.costumecrazy.com.au%2Fblog%2Fblog-posts%2F10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-oktoberfest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/oktoberfest/oktoberfestnews/2018/muenchner-brauereien-stellen-das-oktoberfestbier-2018-vor.html">"Kein Oktoberfest im Jahr 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kein+Oktoberfest+im+Jahr+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Fveranstaltungen%2Foktoberfest%2Foktoberfestnews%2F2018%2Fmuenchner-brauereien-stellen-das-oktoberfestbier-2018-vor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beerandbrewing.com/the-real-oktoberfest-beer/">"The Real Oktoberfest Beer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Oktoberfest+Beer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeerandbrewing.com%2Fthe-real-oktoberfest-beer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oktoberfest.de/en/article/About+the+Oktoberfest/About+the+Oktoberfest/It's+all+about+the+beer_-3-__-3-__-3-_/839/">"It's all about the beer..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512011938/http://www.oktoberfest.de/en/article/About+the+Oktoberfest/About+the+Oktoberfest/It%27s+all+about+the+beer_-3-__-3-__-3-_/839">Archived</a> 12 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Oktoberfest.de</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008052501/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-09-05-oktoberfest-local-tips_N.htm">"How to enjoy Oktoberfest like a local"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. 5 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-09-05-oktoberfest-local-tips_N.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realbeer.com%3A+Beer+News%3A+Oktoberfest+visitors+set+records&rft.pub=realbeer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realbeer.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fnews-000283.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/raw/Tourismusamt/oktoberfest/98789/w14_wirtschaftsfaktor_wiesn.html">"Informationen zum Oktoberfest"</a> (in German). muenchen.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informationen+zum+Oktoberfest&rft.pub=muenchen.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2FRathaus%2Fraw%2FTourismusamt%2Foktoberfest%2F98789%2Fw14_wirtschaftsfaktor_wiesn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/tourist_office/presse/Press_Releases/142504/octoberfest_economic_factor_2005.html">"Oktoberfest Economics"</a> (Press release). muenchen.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oktoberfest+Economics&rft.pub=muenchen.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2FRathaus%2Ftourist_office%2Fpresse%2FPress_Releases%2F142504%2Foctoberfest_economic_factor_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504165209/https://www.oktoberfest.de/en/magazine/oktoberfest-news/2020/oktoberfest-2020-will-be-cancelled">"Oktoberfest 2020 will be cancelled"</a>. <i>oktoberfest.de</i>. 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The Oktoberfest Website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oktoberfest.de/en/ressort/The+big+tents/">the original</a> on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beer+Tents&rft.pub=The+Oktoberfest+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oktoberfest.de%2Fen%2Fressort%2FThe%2Bbig%2Btents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722134034/http://marstall-oktoberfest.com/">"The Marstall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marstall-oktoberfest.com/">the original</a> on 22 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marstall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marstall-oktoberfest.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrau2024" class="citation web cs1">Brau, Hans (14 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oktoberfest2024.us/hofbrau-festzelt-tent/">"Hofbräu-Festzelt Oktoberfest Tent: Menu, Beer, and Must-Know Tips"</a>. <i>Oktoberfest 2024</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oktoberfest+2024&rft.atitle=Hofbr%C3%A4u-Festzelt+Oktoberfest+Tent%3A+Menu%2C+Beer%2C+and+Must-Know+Tips&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft.aulast=Brau&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foktoberfest2024.us%2Fhofbrau-festzelt-tent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oktoberfesttent.com/festhalle-schottenhamel/">"Festhalle Schottenhamel Oktoberfest Tent"</a>. oktoberfesttent.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festhalle+Schottenhamel+Oktoberfest+Tent&rft.pub=oktoberfesttent.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foktoberfesttent.com%2Ffesthalle-schottenhamel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiesnkini.de/magazin/anzapfen/">"Anzapfen, the opening ritual of Oktoberfest"</a> (in German). Wiesnkini<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anzapfen%2C+the+opening+ritual+of+Oktoberfest&rft.pub=Wiesnkini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiesnkini.de%2Fmagazin%2Fanzapfen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074712/https://myfountainsquare.com/event/oktoberfest-zinzinnati-2">"Oktoberfest-Zinzinnati"</a>. <i>Fountain Square</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myfountainsquare.com/event/oktoberfest-zinzinnati-2/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fountain+Square&rft.atitle=Oktoberfest-Zinzinnati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyfountainsquare.com%2Fevent%2Foktoberfest-zinzinnati-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123195938/https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2503971/">"150.000 durstige "Wiener Wiesn"-Besucher"</a>. <i>wien.orf.at</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2503971/">the original</a> on 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wien.orf.at&rft.atitle=150.000+durstige+%22Wiener+Wiesn%22-Besucher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwien.orf.at%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2503971%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10244612/">Oktoberfest on IMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/oktoberfest-beer-blood-builds-on-the-ambitious-legacy-of-dark">Inverse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-oktoberfest-drama-tastes-like-peaky-blinders-beer-and-blood/">"Netflix made a drama about Oktoberfest and it's a deliciously dark devil's brew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126042051/https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-oktoberfest-drama-tastes-like-peaky-blinders-beer-and-blood/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Netflix+made+a+drama+about+Oktoberfest+and+it%27s+a+deliciously+dark+devil%27s+brew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fnetflix-oktoberfest-drama-tastes-like-peaky-blinders-beer-and-blood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOktoberfest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/oktoberfest-beer-blood-season-2-release-date-trailer-renewal">Oktoberfest Season 2 release</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktoberfest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" class="extiw" title="commons:Oktoberfest"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Oktoberfest</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">15</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="928" data-mwtitle="En-Oktoberfest-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/En-Oktoberfest-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/En-Oktoberfest-article.ogg/En-Oktoberfest-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Oktoberfest-article.ogg" title="File:En-Oktoberfest-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 26 September 2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013-09-26</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oktoberfest.de/en/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li>Virtual exhibition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-CMS-0000000000008926?lang=en">Oktoberfest – History, Background, Highlights</a>, in the culture portal bavarikon</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1213980-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oktoberfest (festival)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2015896106&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external 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