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{"work":{"id":113177142,"created_at":"2024-01-08T12:00:40.961-08:00","from_world_paper_id":247791554,"updated_at":"2024-11-17T07:57:03.045-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Duke University Press","publication_date":"2001,,","publication_name":"American Literature"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"West of the Border: The Multicultural Literature of the Western American Frontiers","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [44151013]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div 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data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="10780607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10780607/Placing_the_Frontier_in_Early_American_Literature">Placing the Frontier in Early American Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26242416" href="https://mcmaster.academia.edu/DavidHou">David Hou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans and Nathaniel 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Unlike the shortsighted and rationally limited traveller, he would not have walked without a companion, and he most cer tainly would have built a fire in the correct way. What London seems to be suggesting, then, in "T o Build a Fire," is not any kind of animalistic return for man to a presymbolic state of existence in order to survive; on the contrary, he seems to strongly imply that animals survive through instinct; men of limited mental capacity fail; and that human beings who exercise good judgment, tempered with emotional insights are the human beings who win out over a hostile environment. J a m es K. B o w e n , Southern Oregon College</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Annual Bibliography of Studies in Western American Literature","attachmentId":106619832,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108163668/Annual_Bibliography_of_Studies_in_Western_American_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108163668/Annual_Bibliography_of_Studies_in_Western_American_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="49873476" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49873476/Crossing_Frontiers_Papers_in_American_and_Canadian_Western_Literature">Crossing Frontiers: Papers in American and Canadian Western Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145339660" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShelleyArmitage">Shelley Armitage</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, 1980</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Crossing Frontiers: Papers in American and Canadian Western Literature","attachmentId":68069452,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49873476/Crossing_Frontiers_Papers_in_American_and_Canadian_Western_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49873476/Crossing_Frontiers_Papers_in_American_and_Canadian_Western_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="50124908" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50124908/Hayes_Kevin_J_2012_A_Journey_Through_American_Literature">Hayes, Kevin J. 2012: A Journey Through American Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42653313" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JustineTally">Justine Tally</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association For Anglo American Studies, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Unless you are a hobo and hop a freight train to wherever it takes you, a 'journey' means an itinerary, which means a series of choices of destinations and an organization of possibilities: how long to linger, what to report, what photos to keep and to share with your friends, what souvenirs to buy. Inevitably your choices would not necessarily be mine, but nor do personal preferences (and a somewhat idiosyncratic selection) mean that the journey is less interesting. Kevin J. Hayes' decision to organize his journey through American Literature not by the traditional chronology or diff erent movements but by genre and by theme is full of pitfalls, yet even these challenges give us a new way to approach and a diff erent sense of understanding of the 'journey'. In a more straightforward chronology one can examine the specifi c socio-historical moment within which to explore each literary text as a response to that era, as a cultural production of its time. Choosing a 'thematic' approach is tenuous: what themes are consistent? How do diff erent authors develop them? What happens if themes are mixed within one text? Even considering all these possible limitations, Hayes' personal Journey is oft en interesting and a lot of fun. In spite of, or perhaps even because of, the problematics of his selection, there is a wealth of information here, particularly for an instructor of American Literature who wants to teach a course on, say, 'travel literature' , or for the graduate student reading widely in order to decide on focus and familiarize him/herself with the multitude of possibilities. For the less well-versed, however, the selections and focus are not always useful as an overview. Sometimes trying to make a general statement about a variety of very diff erent works leads the author into diffi culties. Each of the eight diff erent chapters are subdivided into various sections and, although what is included in each section is sometimes arbitrary, a fairly inclusive index makes it somewhat easier to read for content and specifi c writers or their works. Chapter 1, 'Beginnings' , piques the reader's interest by citing the 'Opening Lines' of many of our major writers. And we may confi dently agree with the author when he asserts that "American literature is about identity. .. [and] there may be no general theme more prevalent in it or more pertinent to it" (3). Yet Hayes is on more slippery ground when he asserts on page six that "[i]n the United States, the expression of individuality is</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hayes, Kevin J. 2012: A Journey Through American Literature","attachmentId":68227914,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50124908/Hayes_Kevin_J_2012_A_Journey_Through_American_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50124908/Hayes_Kevin_J_2012_A_Journey_Through_American_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="42703988" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42703988/Wallace_Stevens_Savage_Commonplace">Wallace Stevens' Savage Commonplace</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13247940" href="https://boisestate.academia.edu/JeffWestover">Jeff Westover</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Wallace Stevens Journal, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ExpLOREd the nuances of the savage in poems throughout his career, making an American modernism partly out of an indigenous primitive that corresponds, on the one hand, to the primitivism of transatlantic modernism and, on the other, to the mythology of the American Indian. 1 He makes the idea of the savage central to several poems by defining it as native, exotic, wild, and authentic, but it is in his figuration of common American places that Stevens eventually comes to locate the savage in order to salvage it from the excesses of his early poetry. This gesture risks, yet implicitly recognizes, the dangers of colonial projections on native others, for such projections violate Stevens' stoic allegiance to reality. Stevens echoes the preoccupation with primitivism of his contemporaries, but he is far more interested in the savage as an attribute than a particular embodiment, human or otherwise. Instead, the figure of the Native American haunts and enlivens Stevens' work, influencing his aesthetics by coloring his varied uses of the words savage, barbaric, native, and wild. 2 In a way that parallels the late-nineteenth-, early twentieth-century policy of Indian assimilation into mainstream American society, Stevens figuratively assimilates the savage into his poetic mundo, making it the sign of the authentic by locating it in the heart of the ordinary.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wallace Stevens' Savage Commonplace","attachmentId":62916295,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42703988/Wallace_Stevens_Savage_Commonplace","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42703988/Wallace_Stevens_Savage_Commonplace"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="8906027" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8906027/ENG_141_Life_and_Thought_in_American_Literature_To_1865">ENG 141 - Life and Thought in American Literature, To 1865</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138362" href="https://myunion.academia.edu/KarstenPiep">Karsten Piep</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An obviously propagandist depiction of American Indians receiving their conquerors.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ENG 141 - Life and Thought in American Literature, To 1865","attachmentId":35233948,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8906027/ENG_141_Life_and_Thought_in_American_Literature_To_1865","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8906027/ENG_141_Life_and_Thought_in_American_Literature_To_1865"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":110204744,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":110204744,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_110204744" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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