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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significance as a trading outpost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_as_a_trading_outpost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%87" title="سوخته ڪوه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوخته ڪوه" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotka-koh" title="Sotka-koh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sotka-koh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1568926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokhta_Koh&params=25_18_0_N_63_25_0_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°18′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°25′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.30000°N 63.41667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.30000; 63.41667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Balochistan, Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sotkakoh</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokhta_Koh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sokhta_Koh.jpg/220px-Sokhta_Koh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sokhta_Koh.jpg/330px-Sokhta_Koh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sokhta_Koh.jpg/440px-Sokhta_Koh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="491" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Computer-aided reconstruction of coastal Harappan settlement at Sokhta Koh near <a href="/wiki/Pasni_(city)" title="Pasni (city)">Pasni</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokhta Koh is located in Balochistan, Pakistan"><img alt="Sokhta Koh is located in Balochistan, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg/250px-Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg/375px-Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg/500px-Pakistan_Balochistan_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.032%;left:28.362%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sokhta Koh"><img alt="Sokhta Koh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Balochistan, Pakistan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Balochistan, Pakistan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokhta Koh is located in Pakistan"><img alt="Sokhta Koh is located in Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Pakistan_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.331%;left:14.583%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sokhta Koh"><img alt="Sokhta Koh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Sokhta Koh (Pakistan)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Pakistan</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sotkakoh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sokhta_Koh&params=25_18_0_N_63_25_0_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°18′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°25′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.30000°N 63.41667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.30000; 63.41667</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sokhta Koh</b> (also known as <b>Sotka Koh</b>; lit. "burnt hill") is a <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Harappan</a> site on the <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> coast, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Pasni_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni City">Pasni</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. It was first surveyed by American archaeologist <a href="/wiki/George_F._Dales" title="George F. Dales">George F. Dales</a> in 1960, while exploring estuaries along the Makran coast. The site is located about 15 miles north of <a href="/wiki/Pasni_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni City">Pasni</a>. A similar site at Sutkagen-dor (also spelt <a href="/wiki/Sutkagan_Dor" title="Sutkagan Dor">Sutkagan Dor</a>) lies about 48 km (30 mi) inland, astride <a href="/wiki/Dasht_River" title="Dasht River">Dasht River</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Jiwani" title="Jiwani">Jiwani</a>. Their position along a coastline (that was possibly much farther inland) goes well with evidence of overseas commerce in Harappan times. Based on pottery styles, it is estimated that the settlement belongs to the Mature Harappan (Integration) Era (2600–1900 BC). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topography">Topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokhta_Koh3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sokhta_Koh3.jpg/250px-Sokhta_Koh3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sokhta_Koh3.jpg/375px-Sokhta_Koh3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sokhta_Koh3.jpg/500px-Sokhta_Koh3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Aerial picture of site, un-retouched</figcaption></figure> <p>Sokhta Koh is an outcrop of low hillocks in the Shadi Kaur (river) valley, surrounded by jagged, stratified hills north of Pasni. Presently, the river flows just next to the site while loops of old riverbeds meander nearby. Small rivulets and 'nullahs' mostly fed by rainwater, empty into Shadi Kaur, rather anemic in the stark and dry countryside. </p><p>While the hillocks are about two miles in circuit, the visible remnants of the settlement, which occupy the south-eastern portion, are less than a mile around. The settlement itself is difficult to appreciate from the ground since no structures stand out in relief. Except for a few sporadic digs, the site has not been extensively excavated. </p><p>Dry ravines, which mark out the northern and southern boundaries, traverse the site. Also visible are signs of numerous open-pit ovens buried under rubble. Another noteworthy point is the lack of visible evidence of walled fortification </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of detailed excavation, little can be said with certainty about the architecture and buildings. However, at several places, erosion by elements reveals remnants of rooms in which stratified rock was used as a base, over which mud or mud-brick walls were raised. Absence of baked bricks, despite a well-established pottery industry, indicates that rainfall may have been low and hence not a threat to mud structures. Riverine flooding, if any, was also probably not a factor due to the siting of the settlement atop hillocks. An aerial view (picture, above) gives a clear indication of rectangular room foundations as well as alignment with the cardinal points of the compass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pottery">Pottery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokhta_Koh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sokhta_Koh2.jpg/250px-Sokhta_Koh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sokhta_Koh2.jpg/375px-Sokhta_Koh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sokhta_Koh2.jpg/500px-Sokhta_Koh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Pottery jar excavated from the corner of a room at Sokhta Koh (Pointed bottom outlined)</figcaption></figure> <p>The site is strewn all over by hundreds of thousands of potsherds which constitute the visible detritus of the extinct settlement. Scores of open pit ovens for firing the pottery can also be discerned. It is tempting to think of this vast pottery-making industry as a sort of a 'packaging facility' for perishable commodities that were exported in exchange for luxury goods. The shreds are of kiln-baked ware that includes jars, plates, pierced colanders, lids with knobs and fine terra cotta bangle-shaped pieces. The pottery is wheel-turned and mostly pink, with a few buff samples. Some wares, particularly jars, have a reddish glazed band around the neck. The designs are a decorative feature of most pottery and are only of black colour. Designs are restricted to geometrical shapes and include horizontal lines of varying thickness, fish scale patterns, intersecting circles, comb-like patterns and wavy lines. Human and animal motifs are notably absent. 'Potters marks' are evident on the rims of some jars and pots. The complete absence of toys, seals, statues and jewelry, at least at the uppermost level, indicate a rather utilitarian environment. Further excavation is bound to reveal at least some elements that might mitigate the seeming sociocultural isolation of this Harappan outpost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandonment_and_relocation">Abandonment and relocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abandonment and relocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sokhta Koh may have been abandoned due to recession of coast caused by one or more of following reasons: </p> <ul><li>Gradual or catastrophic tectonic uplift</li> <li>Deposition of alluvial soil/silt in Shadi Kaur delta</li> <li>Deposition of sand on beach and in the estuary by wave action</li></ul> <p>Evidence of ruins of another location nearer to the sea, at the mouth of Shadi Kaur, seems to indicate possible relocation after the estuary harbour at Sokhta Koh had dried up due to coastal recession. Discovery of a harbour, as well as the source of firewood for large-scale pottery firing would be significant challenges for future excavations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_as_a_trading_outpost">Significance as a trading outpost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Significance as a trading outpost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chris J D Kostman in his paper, <i>The Indus Valley Civilization: In Search of Those Elusive Centers and Peripheries</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.adventurecorps.com/archaeo/centperiph.html">[1]</a>, discusses: "A primary, if not the primary, rationale for long-range trade driving force would be a need for 'luxury goods,' raw materials, and other items not found in the riverine alluvial plain which made up the vast majority of the Indus Civilization. In the Indus Valley, sought-after materials included copper, gold, silver, tin, jasper and agate cherts, carnelian, azurite, lapis, fine shell, steatite, antimony, and ivory. Forays would have been made towards and beyond the civilization's peripheral areas to obtain these goods. At the minimum, then, there is an economic motive for inter-regional travel. Silvio Durante's study (1979) of marine shells from India and their appearance in the archaeological record in such distant sites as Tepe Yahya and Shahr-i-Sokhta in Iran, as well as in the Indus Valley, sheds light on the ancient trading routes of certain types of shells which are specifically and exclusively found along the Indian coastline proper. Durante primarily discusses the marine shell <i>Xancus pyrum</i> and the fact that it was traded whole and intact, then worked or reworked (into jewelry? <i>sic</i>) at its destination site, perhaps then moving on to other locations. The importance of this specific shell is that <i>Xancus pyrum</i> has a very limited geographic distribution and thus has almost the same significance in the field of shells as that of lapis lazuli in the context of mineral resources (as regards the determination of the possible routes along which a locally unavailable raw material is transported from a well-defined place of origin to the place where it is processed and, as also in the case of <i>Xancus pyrum</i>, consumed). Perhaps, as these shells crossed so many cultural hands, they were left unfinished in order for the final owner or consumer to work the raw material into a style and usage specific to their region. Durante offers four possible trade routes from their gathering zone along the west and northwest Indian coast to destinations west: sea route direct to the Iranian coastal area; sea route to Sutkagen-dor and Sotka-koh on the Makran coast, then overland westwards; overland through the Indus plain and then through the Makran interior to <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a>; overland through the Indus Valley and then through the Gomal Valley to Sistan." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indus_Valley_Civilization_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indus Valley Civilization sites">List of Indus Valley Civilization sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutkagan_Dor" title="Sutkagan Dor">Sutkagan Dor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TbQdhAC1dgC&q=%22Sokta+Koh%22"><i>Gazetteer of Pakistan: Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names</i></a>. Defense Mapping Agency. 1983. p. 639<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Pakistan%3A+Names+Approved+by+the+United+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.pages=639&rft.pub=Defense+Mapping+Agency&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TbQdhAC1dgC%26q%3D%2522Sokta%2BKoh%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASokhta+Koh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokhta_Koh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventurecorps.com/archaeo/centperiph.html">The Indus Valley Civilization: In Search of Those Elusive Centers and Peripheries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&journal=4&volume=50">Explorations on the Makran Coast, Pakistan: a Search for Paradise by Dales and Lipo, 1992 (Full text)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventurecorps.com/archaeo/collapse.html">The Demise of Utopia: Contexts of Civilizational Collapse in the Bronze Age Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harappa.com">Harrapa and Indus Valley Civilisation at harrapa.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worditude.com/ebooks/unescopdf/moenj_eng.pdf">Moenjo-Daro: A 5,000 Year Old Legacy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Indus_Valley_civilisation" title="Template:Indus Valley civilisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indus_Valley_civilisation" title="Template talk:Indus Valley civilisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indus_Valley_civilisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indus Valley civilisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indus_Valley_Civilisation203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Periodisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakra_Ware_culture" title="Hakra Ware culture">Hakra Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulli_culture" title="Kulli culture">Kulli culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amri_culture" title="Amri culture">Amri culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_culture" title="Bara culture">Bara culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Art and architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)"><i>Dancing Girl</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest-King_(sculpture)" title="Priest-King (sculpture)"><i>Priest-king</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_architecture" title="Harappan architecture">Harappan architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bath,_Mohenjo-daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro">Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_and_discoveries_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Language and script</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Indus Valley sites in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausharo" title="Nausharo">Nausharo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanhudaro" title="Chanhudaro">Chanhudaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganweriwal" title="Ganweriwal">Ganweriwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhueen-jo-daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhueen-jo-daro">Lakhueen-jo-daro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak">Pirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Bala" title="Kot Bala">Kot Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Diji" title="Kot Diji">Kot Diji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehman_Dheri" title="Rehman Dheri">Rehman Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amri_(Pre-Harappa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amri (Pre-Harappa)">Amri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutkagan_Dor" title="Sutkagan Dor">Sutkagan Dor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sokhta Koh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharro_Hills" title="Tharro Hills">Tharro Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Shah_Jurio" title="Pir Shah Jurio">Pir Shah Jurio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahdino" title="Allahdino">Allahdino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganeriwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeriwala">Ganeriwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindowari" title="Nindowari">Nindowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeir-jo-daro" title="Judeir-jo-daro">Judeir-jo-daro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabarkot" title="Dabarkot">Dabarkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Indus Valley sites in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gola_Dhoro" title="Gola Dhoro">Gola Dhoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagatrav" title="Bhagatrav">Bhagatrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Gujarat" title="Rangpur, Gujarat">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jognakhera" title="Jognakhera">Jognakhera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkotada" title="Surkotada">Surkotada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda,_Jammu" title="Manda, Jammu">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgirpur" title="Alamgirpur">Alamgirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwan" title="Malwan">Malwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunal,_Haryana" title="Kunal, Haryana">Kunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhigarhi" title="Rakhigarhi">Rakhigarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar" title="Rupnagar">Rupnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupar">Rupar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulas" title="Hulas">Hulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanmer" title="Kanmer">Kanmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriyo_timbo" title="Oriyo timbo">Oriyo timbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dher_Majra" title="Dher Majra">Dher Majra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohari_Ragho" title="Lohari Ragho">Lohari Ragho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuntasi" title="Kuntasi">Kuntasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loteshwar" title="Loteshwar">Loteshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Mandi, Uttar Pradesh">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmana" title="Farmana">Farmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganeshwar_Civilzation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeshwar Civilzation">Ganeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothi_(archaeology)" title="Sothi (archaeology)">Sothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siswal" title="Siswal">Siswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanauli">Sanauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghol" title="Sanghol">Sanghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabumath" title="Pabumath">Pabumath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagwada" title="Nagwada">Nagwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babar_Kot" title="Babar Kot">Babar Kot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu,_Haryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Balu, Haryana">Balu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara,_Punjab" title="Bara, Punjab">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargaon_(archaeological_site)" title="Bargaon (archaeological site)">Bargaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwanpura,_Haryana" title="Bhagwanpura, Haryana">Bhagwanpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banawali" title="Banawali">Banawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojdi" title="Rojdi">Rojdi</a></li> <li><a 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