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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Egyptian limestone and potsherd ostraca</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Egyptian_limestone_and_potsherd_ostraca-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Egyptian limestone and potsherd ostraca subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_limestone_and_potsherd_ostraca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deir_el-Medina_Ostraca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deir_el-Medina_Ostraca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Deir el-Medina Ostraca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deir_el-Medina_Ostraca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saqqara_Dream_Ostraca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saqqara_Dream_Ostraca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Saqqara Dream Ostraca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saqqara_Dream_Ostraca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_period_ostraca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_period_ostraca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biblical period ostraca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_period_ostraca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ostracon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="شقفة مرسومة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شقفة مرسومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Астракан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астракан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92stracon" title="Òstracon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òstracon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF_(%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Όστρακο (αρχαιολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όστρακο (αρχαιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93straco" title="Óstraco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óstraco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrako" title="Ostrako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ostrako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraka" title="Ostraka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ostraka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86" title="استراکون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استراکون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ostracon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ostracon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BD%98" title="오스트라콘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트라콘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אוסטרקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטרקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakas" title="Ostrakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ostrakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osztrakon" title="Osztrakon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Osztrakon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="オストラコン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オストラコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوسٹریکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوسٹریکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93straco" title="Óstraco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óstraco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Остракон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остракон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrak%C3%B3n" title="Ostrakón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ostrakón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crepinje" title="Črepinje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črepinje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆஸ்ட்ராகான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்ட்ராகான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ostrakon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Остракон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Остракон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوسٹراکون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوسٹراکون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journals, see <a href="/wiki/Ostraka_(journal)" title="Ostraka (journal)">Ostraka (journal)</a>. For the similarly pronounced city on the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broken piece of pottery with inscription</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/260px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/390px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/520px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Ostrakon inscribed with "Kimon [son] of Miltiades", for <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> statesman.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_(487_BC)_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/260px-41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/390px-41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/520px-41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Ostrakon of <a href="/wiki/Megacles" title="Megacles">Megacles</a>, son of Hippocrates (inscription: ΜΕΓΑΚΛΕΣ ΗΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΟΣ), 487 BC. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoa of Attalus">Stoa of Attalus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg/220px-Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg/330px-Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg/440px-Athen_Stoa_Ostrakismos_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek ostraca voting for the <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> in 482 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ostracon</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄστρακον</span></span> <i>ostrakon</i>, plural <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄστρακα</span></span> <i>ostraka</i>) is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, usually broken off from a <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vase</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> vessel. In an <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphical</a> context, <i>ostraca</i> refer to <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a> or even small pieces of stone that have writing scratched into them. Usually these are considered to have been broken off before the writing was added; ancient people used the cheap, plentiful, and durable broken pieces of pottery around them as a convenient medium to write on for a wide variety of purposes, mostly very short inscriptions, but in some cases very long. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ostracism">Ostracism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ostracism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>, when the decision at hand was to banish or exile a certain member of society, citizen peers would cast their vote by writing the name of the person on the shard of pottery; the vote was counted and, if unfavorable, the person was <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> for a period of ten years from the city, thus giving rise to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broken pottery shards were also used for <a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">anal hygiene</a>. Scholars have suggested that shards from a vote may have been re-used for this purpose, to curse the exiled individual by soiling their name.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_limestone_and_potsherd_ostraca">Egyptian limestone and potsherd ostraca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egyptian limestone and potsherd ostraca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heratic_script_limestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heratic_script_limestone.jpg/220px-Heratic_script_limestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heratic_script_limestone.jpg/330px-Heratic_script_limestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heratic_script_limestone.jpg/440px-Heratic_script_limestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>One of four official letters to <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">vizier</a> Khay copied onto a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> ostracon, in Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg/251px-Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg/377px-Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg/502px-Egyptian_-_Ostracon_with_a_Royal_Head_-_Walters_321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> depicted on this limestone fragment bears the finesse of a master's hand. The two arms, however, are rendered more crudely. It is likely that a master used this ostracon to teach his student, and the work of both individuals can be seen on the piece. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anything with a smooth surface could be used as a writing surface. Generally discarded material, ostraca were cheap, readily available, and therefore frequently used for writings of an <a href="/wiki/Ephemerality" title="Ephemerality">ephemeral</a> nature such as messages, prescriptions, receipts, students' exercises, and notes. Pottery sherds, limestone flakes,<sup id="cite_ref-Donadoni_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donadoni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thin fragments of other stone types were used, but limestone sherds, being flaky and of a lighter colour, were most common. Ostraca were typically small, covered with just a few words or a small picture drawn in ink;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the tomb of the craftsman Sennedjem at Deir el Medina contained an enormous ostracon inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe" title="Story of Sinuhe">Story of Sinuhe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donadoni_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donadoni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of ostraca for <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> is immense. The combination of their physical nature and the Egyptian climate have preserved texts, from the medical to the mundane, which in other cultures were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can often serve as better witnesses of everyday life than literary treatises preserved in libraries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deir_el-Medina_Ostraca">Deir el-Medina Ostraca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deir el-Medina Ostraca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_Ostraca_of_Deir_el-Medina" title="Medical Ostraca of Deir el-Medina">Medical Ostraca of Deir el-Medina</a></div> <p>The 91 ostraca found at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> provide a deeply compelling view into the inner workings of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. These ostraca have shown medical, and documentary records, some of which provide information on how water was provided, and how economic transactions were carried out. The extreme variety of information on ostraca found presents information that would be lost if it weren't written down. </p><p>Like other Egyptian communities, the workmen and inhabitants of Deir el-Medina received care through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">medical treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">prayer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian magic">magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the records at Deir el-Medina indicate some level of division, as records from the village note both a “<a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>” who saw patients and prescribed treatments, and a “scorpion charmer” who specialized in magical cures for scorpion stings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ostraca from Deir el-Medina also differed in their circulation. Magical spells and remedies were widely distributed among the workmen; there are even several cases of spells being sent from one worker to another, with no “trained” intermediary.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> Written medical texts appear to have been much rarer, with only a handful of ostraca containing <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescriptions</a>, indicating that the trained physician mixed the more complicated remedies himself. There are also several documents that show the writer sending for medical ingredients, but it is unknown whether these were sent according to a physician's prescription, or to fulfill a <a href="/wiki/Home_remedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Home remedy">home remedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six people were assigned to Deir el-Medina as "water carriers" who were tasked to bring sacks of water to the village. Having a system in between a central <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> and door to door deliveries, the water carriers filled sacks and delivered them from the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> to a central location in the village where each household could receive a quarter to a half of a sack which would amount to ninety six to one hundred and fifteen liters of water per house.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdowell656_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdowell656-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical household would have six residents, each would get fifteen to twenty liters of water for drinking. One ostracon<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes how many of these deliveries were unfulfilled, where five people's rations were undelivered, totaling to four and three quarters sacks or three hundred and seventy five liters of water gone undelivered. On multiple occasions, the citizens of Deir el-Medina attempted to dig a well, presumably due to their displacement toward the water carriers, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdowell656_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdowell656-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attempt was during the fifteenth year of Ramesses III where a hole was dug twenty two meters into the ground, but with no luck. Before digging another, they established the water table sat at thirty one and a half meters, and in a desperate attempt they dug twenty meters past that, to fifty two meters, but again it was futile. With no water in the well, it was used as a dump where hundreds more ostraca were found. </p><p>Economics were unique in Deir el-Medina as <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transactions</a> between people were closer to trades than modern transactions. Actual money would rarely change hands, as it was more of a measure of worth for an object and when making a deal, trades between people would consider both the worth of each ends of the trade and whether the items presented were needed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conveniently, most ostraca found in Deir el-Medina were on economics and provide information on what these trades looked like. One such ostracon details a trade with one side offering an ox that was 120 <a href="/wiki/Deben_(unit)" title="Deben (unit)">Deben</a> and the other offering two jars of fat, five smooth cloth tunics, one thin cloth kilt, and one hide which when put altogether were 130 Deben.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saqqara_Dream_Ostraca">Saqqara Dream Ostraca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Saqqara Dream Ostraca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1964 to 1971, Bryan Emery excavated at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> in search of <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a>'s tomb; instead, the extensive catacombs of animal mummies were uncovered. Apparently it was a pilgrimage site, with as many as 1½ million <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a> birds interred (as well as cats, dogs, rams, and lions). This 2nd-century BC site contained extensive pottery debris from the site offerings of the pilgrims. </p><p>Emery's excavations uncovered the "Dream Ostraca", created by a scribe named <i>Hor of Sebennytos.</i> A devotee of the god <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, he lived adjacent to Thoth's sanctuary at the entrance to the North Catacomb and worked as a "proto-therapist", advising and comforting clients. He transferred his divinely-inspired dreams onto ostraca. The Dream Ostraca are 65 <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Demotic Egyptian">Demotic</a> texts written on pottery and limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_period_ostraca">Biblical period ostraca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical period ostraca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_significant_to_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts significant to the Bible">List of artifacts significant to the Bible</a></div> <p>Famous ostraca for <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a> have been found at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad, Israel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesad_Hashavyahu" title="Mesad Hashavyahu">Mesad Hashavyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostraca_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostraca House">Ostraca House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Elah Fortress">Elah Fortress</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, the lots drawn at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> are believed to have been ostraca, and some potsherds resembling the lots have been found. </p><p>In October 2008, Israeli archaeologist, <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, discovered what he says to be the earliest known Hebrew text. This text was written on an ostracon sherd; Garfinkel believes this sherd dates to the time of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> from the Old Testament, about 3,000 years ago. Carbon dating of the ostracon and analysis of the pottery have dated the inscription to be about 1,000 years older than the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. The inscription has yet to be deciphered, however, some words, such as king, slave, and judge have been translated. The sherd was found about 20 miles southwest of Jerusalem at the Elah Fortress in <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>, the earliest known fortified city of the biblical period of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostraca_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostraca House">Ostraca House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracon_of_Senemut_and_Djehuty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracon of Senemut and Djehuty">Ostracon of Senemut and Djehuty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">Potsherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satirical_ostraca" title="Satirical ostraca">Satirical ostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKagan1961" class="citation journal cs1">Kagan, Donald (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147043">"The Origin and Purposes of Ostracism"</a>. <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 393–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F147043">10.2307/147043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-098X">0018-098X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+School+of+Classical+Studies+at+Athens&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Purposes+of+Ostracism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-401&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F147043&rft.issn=0018-098X&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F147043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2020" class="citation web cs1">Silver, Carly (2020-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/this-is-how-they-wiped-themselves-in-ancient-rome/">"This Is How They Wiped Themselves in Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>JSTOR 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=This+Is+How+They+Wiped+Themselves+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Carly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fthis-is-how-they-wiped-themselves-in-ancient-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donadoni-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donadoni_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donadoni_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonadoni1997" class="citation cs2">Donadoni, Sergio, ed. (1997), <i>The Egyptians</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 78, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-15555-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-15555-2"><bdi>0-226-15555-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptians&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-226-15555-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlauck2006" class="citation cs2">Klauck, Hans-Josef (2006), <i>Ancient Letters And the New Testament: A Guide to Context and Exegesis</i>, Baylor University Press, p. 45, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932792-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-932792-40-6"><bdi>1-932792-40-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Letters+And+the+New+Testament%3A+A+Guide+to+Context+and+Exegesis&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-932792-40-6&rft.aulast=Klauck&rft.aufirst=Hans-Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauveau2000" class="citation cs2">Chauveau, Michel (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801435973/page/7"><i>Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies</i></a>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801435973/page/7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8576-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8576-2"><bdi>0-8014-8576-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+the+Age+of+Cleopatra%3A+History+and+Society+Under+the+Ptolemies&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8014-8576-2&rft.aulast=Chauveau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780801435973%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowell2002">McDowell 2002</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen1980" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, Jac. J. (1980). "Absence from Work by the Necropolis Workmen of Thebes". <i>Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur</i>. <b>8</b>: 127–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=Absence+from+Work+by+the+Necropolis+Workmen+of+Thebes&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=127-152&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Jac.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesko, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowell2002">McDowell 2002</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowell2002">McDowell 2002</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcdowell656-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcdowell656_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdowell656_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell 2002, 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell 2002, 62-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell 2002, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell 2002, p.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/30/israel.ancient.text/">"Archeologist finds 3,000-year old Hebrew text"</a>, <i>CNN</i>, October 30, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Archeologist+finds+3%2C000-year+old+Hebrew+text&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F10%2F30%2Fisrael.ancient.text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Christian_Ostraka" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Christian Ostraka">Christian Ostraka</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Ostraka&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinsonDiffieFischerSimpson1999" class="citation cs2">Parkinson, Richard; Diffie, W.; Fischer, M.; Simpson, R.S. (1999), <i>Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone, and Decipherment</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22306-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22306-3"><bdi>0-520-22306-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracking+Codes%3A+The+Rosetta+Stone%2C+and+Decipherment&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-22306-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Diffie%2C+W.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+M.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2000" class="citation cs2">Reeves, Nicholas (2000), <i>Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries: A Year-by-Year Chronicle</i>, London: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05105-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05105-4"><bdi>0-500-05105-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+The+Great+Discoveries%3A+A+Year-by-Year+Chronicle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-500-05105-4&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>. (Specifically, "1964–71: The Sacred Animal Necropolis, Saqqara"; and "1964–65: A Statue Finds Its Face".)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2002" class="citation cs2">McDowell, A.G. (2002), <i>Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Life+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Laundry+Lists+and+Love+Songs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsdyke2005" class="citation cs2">Forsdyke, Sara (2005), <i>Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile%2C+Ostracism%2C+and+Democracy%3A+The+Politics+of+Expulsion+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Forsdyke&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitinas2008" class="citation cs2">Litinas, Nikos (2008), <i>Greek Ostraca from Chersonesos, Crete: Ostraca Cretica Chersonesi (O.Cret.Chers.)</i>, Vienna: Holzhausen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Ostraca+from+Chersonesos%2C+Crete%3A+Ostraca+Cretica+Chersonesi+%28O.Cret.Chers.%29&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Holzhausen&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Litinas&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstracon" class="Z3988"></span> (Tyche. Supplementband; 6).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostracon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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ostraca in the Petrie Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/20467374/the-ostracon-egyptian-study-society"><i>The Ostracon</i></a>, the research publication of the Egyptian Study Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/30/israel.ancient.text/index.html">Archeologist discovers 3000-year old ostracon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9">Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription</a> Biblical Archaeology Review</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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