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袦械褌邪谢谢褘 - 肖懈蟹懈褔械褋泻邪褟 褝薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟
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/* femtocomua_in text block */ google_ad_slot = "6620929428"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </div> <!--/ Google Ads in text --> <div class="article"> <h1>屑械褌邪谢谢褘</h1> <P> <strong>袦袝孝袗袥袥蝎</strong> - 褌褉邪写懈褑懈芯薪薪芯 芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褌褋褟 泻邪泻 泻芯薪写械薪褋懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪 (褌胁褢褉写芯械 褌械谢芯, 卸懈写泻芯褋褌褜), 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪薪芯谐芯 懈蟹 邪褌芯屑芯胁 M. 胁 褏懈屑. 锌芯薪懈屑邪薪懈懈, 褌. 械. 谢械谐泻芯 芯褌写邪褞褖懈褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 胁 锌褉芯褑械褋褋械 褏懈屑. 褉械邪泻褑懈泄. 啸邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘械 锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻懈 M.: 胁褘褋芯泻懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯- 懈 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜, 锌褉懈褔褢屑 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯胁褘褕邪械褌褋褟 褋 锌芯薪懈卸械薪懈械屑 褌械屑薪-褉褘 <em>T</em>, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜.<BR> </P> <P> 袦械褌邪谢谢懈褔械褋泻芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械. 袨褋薪芯胁邪薪懈械屑 写谢褟 胁褘写械谢械薪懈褟 M. 胁 芯褌写. 泻谢邪褋褋 胁械褖械褋褌胁 褋谢褍卸懈褌 写械谢械薪懈械 胁褋械褏 胁械褖械褋褌胁 锌芯 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑 薪邪 锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻懈 懈 懈蟹芯谢褟褌芯褉褘 (锌芯谢褍锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻懈 懈 锌芯谢褍屑械褌邪谢谢褘 蟹邪薪懈屑邪褞褌 锌褉芯屑械卸褍褌芯褔薪芯械 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械). M.- 锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻懈. 袨写薪邪泻芯 薪械泻-褉褘械 褝谢械屑械薪褌褘 胁 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯褌 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘 屑芯谐褍褌 斜褘褌褜 锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻邪屑懈 (M.), 懈蟹芯谢褟褌芯褉邪屑懈 (<em>写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈泻邪屑懈), 锌芯谢褍锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻邪屑懈</em> 懈谢懈 <em><a href="articles/part_2/2973.html">锌芯谢褍屑械褌邪谢谢邪屑懈</a></em>. 袩褉懈屑械褉褘: Sn (斜械谢芯械 芯谢芯胁芯 - M., 褋械褉芯械 - 锌芯谢褍锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻); 小 (谐褉邪褎懈褌 - 锌芯谢褍屑械褌邪谢谢, 邪谢屑邪蟹 - 写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈泻, 褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/2953.html">袩芯谢懈屑芯褉褎懈蟹屑</a></em> ).袙 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 屑芯卸薪芯 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌褜 芯 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪, 锌芯薪懈屑邪褟 锌芯写 褝褌懈屑 褌邪泻芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械, 锌褉懈 泻-褉芯屑 胁 褌械谢械 械褋褌褜 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 斜芯谢褜褕芯械 泻芯谢-胁芯 泻芯谢谢械泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉芯胁. 锌芯写胁懈卸薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 (褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 懈谢懈 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁), 锌褉懈褔褢屑 懈褏 锌芯写胁懈卸薪芯褋褌褜 薪械 械褋褌褜 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌 褌械褉屑懈褔. 胁芯蟹斜褍卸写械薪懈褟; 械褋谢懈 褌械谢芯 胁 写邪薪薪芯屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍械褌 胁锌谢芯褌褜 写芯 <em>T</em> = 0 袣, 褌芯 懈 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 0 袣 胁 薪褢屑 械褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈. 袧邪谢懈褔懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 - 芯斜褟蟹邪褌. 锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘 M. 袩褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈械 芯 M. 泻邪泻 芯 胁械褖械褋褌胁械, 褋芯褋褌芯褟褖械屑 懈蟹 锌芯谢芯卸懈褌, 懈芯薪芯胁 懈 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁, 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 褌芯褔薪芯 芯褌褉邪卸邪械褌 褋褌褉芯械薪懈械 褉械邪谢褜薪褘褏 M. 协谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 泻芯屑锌械薪褋懈褉褍褞褌 褋懈谢褘 芯褌褌邪谢泻懈胁邪薪懈褟, 写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褖懈械 屑械卸写褍 锌芯谢芯卸懈褌械谢褜薪芯 蟹邪褉褟卸械薪薪褘屑懈 懈芯薪邪屑懈, 懈 褌械屑 褋邪屑褘屑 褋胁褟蟹褘胁邪褞褌 懈褏 胁 褌胁褢褉写芯械 褌械谢芯 懈谢懈 卸懈写泻芯褋褌褜. 协谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褌 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔., 屑邪谐薪., 芯锌褌懈褔. 懈 写褉. 褌懈锌懈褔薪芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪, 薪芯 懈 懈褏 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜, 邪 锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-pax - 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜. 袟薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪邪 褉芯谢褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁 褋卸懈屑邪械屑芯褋褌懈 M. 懈 写褉. 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪褏, 懈褏 薪邪谢懈褔懈械 写械谢邪械褌 M. 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪褘屑.<BR> </P> <P> 肖邪蟹芯胁褘械 锌械褉械褏芯写褘 胁 M. 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪褞褌褋褟 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械屑 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘. 袠薪芯谐写邪 锌褉懈褔懈薪芯泄 锌械褉械褏芯写邪 褋谢褍卸懈褌 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 褋锌械泻褌褉邪, 邪 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘 薪芯褋懈褌 胁褌芯褉懈褔薪褘泄 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉 [薪邪锌褉., 锌械褉械褏芯写 懈蟹 薪芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 M. 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械械 懈谢懈 懈蟹 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯谐芯 胁 褎械褉褉芯-懈谢懈 邪薪褌懈褎械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯械 (肖袦, 袗肖袦, 褌邪斜谢. 1)], 袙 褌胁褢褉写芯屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 M.- 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢褘 (胁 锌邪褉芯芯斜褉邪蟹薪芯屑 - 芯写薪芯邪褌芯屑薪褘械 谐邪蟹褘). 孝械屑锌-褉褘 锌谢邪胁谢械薪懈褟 <em>T</em><SUB>锌谢</SUB> 胁褋械褏 M. 胁褘褕械 300 袣 (泻褉芯屑械 Hg 褋<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-56.jpg" alt="3022-56.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 褌邪泻 褔褌芯 胁 芯斜褘褔薪褘褏 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏 M.- 褌胁褢褉写褘械 褌械谢邪. 袩褉懈 锌谢邪胁谢械薪懈懈 M. 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟械褌 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1172.html">袞懈写泻懈械 屑械褌邪谢谢褘</a></em> ).袠褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械薪薪芯 褋芯蟹写邪薪褘 邪屑芯褉褎薪褘械 褌胁褢褉写褘械 M. (褋屑. <em>袗屑芯褉褎薪褘械 屑械褌邪谢谢褘, 袦械褌邪谢谢懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋褌褢泻谢邪)</em>.<BR> </P> <P> 袙 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 屑芯谐褍褌 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褜褋褟 褋懈谢褜薪芯 谢械-谐懈褉芯胁. 锌芯谢褍锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻懈 (褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 胁 薪懈褏 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍褞褌 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 0 袣), 邪 褌邪泻卸械 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪, 褋芯褋褌芯褟褖懈械 懈蟹 薪械屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 邪褌芯屑芯胁, 薪邪锌褉, 锌芯谢懈屑械褉薪褘泄 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-57.jpg" alt="3022-57.jpg" align="absmiddle">袦械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑懈 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褌 薪械泻-褉褘械 褏懈屑. 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟, 薪邪锌褉, 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢褘 芯泻懈褋谢芯胁 褌懈锌邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-58.jpg" alt="3022-58.jpg" align="absmiddle"><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-59.jpg" alt="3022-59.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褏邪谢褜泻芯谐械薪懈写芯胁 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-60.jpg" alt="3022-60.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 懈 斜芯谢械械 褋谢芯卸薪褘褏 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈泄 (AuTe<SUB>2</SUB>, Br 懈 写褉., 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢褘, 褋芯写械褉卸邪褖懈械 芯褉谐邪薪懈褔. 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋褘, 褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/2658.html">袨褉谐邪薪懈褔械褋泻懈械 锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻懈</a>)</em>, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 屑薪芯谐芯泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌薪褘械 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢褘 褋芯 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉芯泄 褌懈锌邪 锌械褉芯胁褋泻懈褌邪 (薪邪锌褉., <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-61.jpg" alt="3022-61.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 懈谢懈 褋芯 褋谢芯懈褋褌芯泄 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉芯泄 (薪邪锌褉.,<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-62.jpg" alt="3022-62.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 褟胁谢褟褞褖懈械褋褟 胁褘褋芯泻芯褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉薪褘屑懈 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻邪屑懈 (薪邪锌褉., 褌械屑锌-褉邪 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械谐芯 锌械褉械褏芯写邪 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-63.jpg" alt="3022-63.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袣).<BR> </P> <P> 袣 M. 芯褌薪芯褋褟褌 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1388.html">懈薪褌械褉屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟</a></em> 褌懈锌邪 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-64.jpg" alt="3022-64.jpg" align="absmiddle"> , AgZn 懈 写褉., 泻-褉褘械 芯褌 芯斜褘褔薪褘褏 M. 芯褌谢懈褔邪褞褌褋褟 谢懈褕褜 斜芯谢械械 褋谢芯卸薪芯泄 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉芯泄.<BR> </P> <P> 袘芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 M. 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈蟹褍械褌褋褟 胁 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘, 芯褌胁械褔邪褞褖懈械 锌谢芯褌薪芯泄 褍锌邪泻芯胁泻械 邪褌芯屑芯胁 褋 谐褉邪薪械褑械薪褌褉懈褉芯胁. 泻褍斜懈褔械褋泻芯泄 (袚笑袣) 懈 谐械泻褋邪谐芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄 (谐械泻褋) 褉械褕褢褌泻邪屑懈 (芯斜械 懈屑械褞褌 屑邪泻褋, <em><a href="articles/part_1/1762.html">泻芯芯褉写懈薪邪褑懈芯薪薪芯械 褔懈褋谢芯</a></em> - 12). 袛褉. 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 M. 褌芯卸械 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 锌褉芯褋褌褘: 芯斜褗褢屑薪芯褑械薪褌褉懈-褉芯胁邪薪薪邪褟 泻褍斜懈褔械褋泻邪褟 (袨笑袣) 褍 褖械谢芯褔薪褘褏 M., 褌械褌褉邪谐芯薪邪谢褜薪邪褟 (褌械褌褉) 褋 1-2 邪褌芯屑邪屑懈 胁 褝谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪芯泄 褟褔械泄泻械. 袥懈褕褜 薪械斜芯谢褜褕芯械 褔懈褋谢芯 M. 懈屑械褞褌 斜芯谢械械 褋谢芯卸薪芯械 褋褌褉芯械薪懈械 (褋谢芯卸.), 薪邪锌褉. Mn, 胁 褝谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪芯泄 褟褔械泄泻械 泻-褉芯谐芯 58 邪褌芯屑芯胁 (褌邪斜谢. 1).<BR> </P> <P> 袟邪 懈褋泻谢褞褔械薪懈械屑 Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, 胁褋褌褉械褔邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 胁 褋邪屑芯褉芯写薪芯屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈, 芯褋褌邪谢褜薪褘械 M. 胁 锌褉懈褉芯写械 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍褞褌 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁械 褏懈屑. 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈泄 - 芯泻懈褋谢芯胁, 褋褍谢褜褎懈写芯胁 懈 写褉., 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褖懈褏 褉褍写褘. 袨褌薪芯褋懈褌, 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褢薪薪芯褋褌褜 薪械泻-褉褘褏 M. 胁 蟹械屑薪芯泄 泻芯褉械 锌褉懈胁械写械薪邪 胁 褌邪斜谢. 2.<BR> </P> <P> 孝邪斜谢. 2.<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-65.jpg" alt="3022-65.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袩褉芯屑褘褕谢. 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 M. 锌褉褟屑芯 薪械 褋胁褟蟹邪薪芯 褋 懈褏 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褢薪薪芯褋褌褜褞 胁 蟹械屑薪芯泄 泻芯褉械, 邪 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 褋锌芯褋芯斜芯胁 懈蟹胁谢械褔械薪懈褟 M. 懈蟹 褉褍写, 芯褔懈褋褌泻懈, 锌芯褌褉械斜薪芯褋褌械泄 褌械褏薪懈泻懈 懈 褌. 锌. 楔懈褉芯泻芯械 锌褉懈屑械薪械薪懈械 褋邪屑芯谐芯 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褢薪薪芯谐芯 薪邪 袟械屑谢械 M.- Al 薪邪褔邪谢芯褋褜 谢懈褕褜 胁 20 胁. 袩芯-胁懈写懈屑芯屑褍, 锌械褉胁褘泄 M., 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘泄 褔械谢芯胁械泻芯屑,- Cu.<BR> </P> <P> 袨斜褘褔薪芯 邪薪懈蟹芯褌褉芯锌懈褟 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁 M., 薪邪锌褉, 邪薪懈蟹芯褌褉芯锌懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-66.jpg" alt="3022-66.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 胁褘褉邪卸械薪邪 褋谢邪斜芯. 袨写薪邪泻芯 胁 褉褟写械 褋谢褍褔邪械胁 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌懈 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘, 薪邪锌褉, 褋谢芯懈褋褌芯械 褋褌褉芯械薪懈械 谐褉邪褎懈褌邪, 谐褉邪褎懈褌邪, 懈薪褌械褉泻邪谢懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯谐芯 锌褉懈屑械褋褟屑懈 (褋屑. <em>袠薪褌械褉泻邪谢懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘械 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟)</em>, 写懈褏邪谢褜泻芯谐械薪懈-写芯胁, 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌 泻 褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈褞 s 胁写芯谢褜 懈 锌芯锌械褉褢泻 褋谢芯械胁 薪邪 薪械褋泻. 锌芯褉褟写泻芯胁. 袙 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋薪褘褏 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟褏, 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褖懈褏 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑懈, 褌邪泻懈褏, 泻邪泻<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-67.jpg" alt="3022-67.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-68.jpg" alt="3022-68.jpg" align="absmiddle"> , 懈谢懈 胁 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟褏, 屑芯谢械泻褍谢褘 泻-褉褘褏 褋芯写械褉卸邪褌 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋 褌械褌褉邪褑懈邪薪芯褏懈薪芯写懈屑械褌邪薪邪 (<em>TCNQ)</em>, 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟械褌褋褟 锌芯 褑械锌芯褔泻邪屑 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 邪褌芯屑芯胁. 袙写芯谢褜 褝褌懈褏 褑械锌芯褔械泻 芯薪邪 薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯褉褟写泻芯胁 胁褘褕械, 褔械屑 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜 胁 锌芯锌械褉械褔薪芯屑 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈懈 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1534.html">袣胁邪蟹懈芯写薪芯屑械褉薪褘械 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟</a>)</em>. 袛胁褍屑械褉薪褘械 M. 褋芯蟹写邪褞褌褋褟 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械薪薪芯, 薪邪锌褉, 胁 褌芯薪泻懈褏 锌谢褢薪泻邪褏 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1527.html">袣胁邪蟹懈写胁褍屑械褉薪褘械 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟</a></em>).<BR> </P> <P> 效懈褋谢芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 胁 1 褋屑<SUP>3</SUP> (懈谢懈 懈褏 褔懈褋谢芯 薪邪 褝谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪褍褞 褟褔械泄泻褍 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪 谢懈斜芯 薪邪 1 邪褌芯屑) <em>h</em> - 胁邪卸薪械泄褕邪褟 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟. 袣邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 懈蟹 胁褋械褏 邪褌芯屑邪褉薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 "芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写邪褞褌褋褟" (泻芯谢谢械泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉褍褞褌褋褟) 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁邪谢械薪褌薪褘械. 协褌芯 写邪褢褌 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯 褏懈屑. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑 邪褌芯屑芯胁, 懈蟹 泻-褉褘褏 褋芯褋褌芯懈褌 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢, 懈 锌芯 械谐芯 谐械芯屑. 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉械 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜 <em>h</em> 泻邪泻 <em><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-69.jpg" alt="3022-69.jpg" align="absmiddle"></em>, 谐写械 <em>Z</em> - 褔懈褋谢芯 胁邪谢械薪褌薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁 褝谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪芯泄 褟褔械泄泻械 芯斜褗褢屑邪 <em>v</em><SUB>0</SUB> (褌邪斜谢. 3).<BR> </p><p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-70.jpg" alt="3022-70.jpg" align="absmiddle"> </p><p> <strong>孝邪斜谢. 3. 袩谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 h 懈 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 肖械褉屑懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-71.jpg" alt="3022-71.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褉褟写邪 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁</strong><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-72.jpg" alt="3022-72.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈褉芯写邪 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟. MH. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 M. 屑芯卸薪芯 锌芯薪褟褌褜, 褋褔懈褌邪褟, 褔褌芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 - 懈写械邪谢褜薪褘泄 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪薪褘泄 谐邪蟹 <em>褎械褉屑懈芯薪芯械</em> ,邪 褉芯谢褜 懈芯薪芯胁 褋胁芯写懈褌褋褟 泻 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈褞 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢褜薪芯泄 褟屑褘, 胁 泻-褉芯泄 写胁懈卸褍褌褋褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 (屑芯写械谢褜 袛褉褍写械 - 袥芯褉械薪褑邪 - 袟芯屑屑械褉褎械谢褜写邪; 褋屑. <em>袛褉褍写械 褌械芯褉懈褟 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁, 袟芯屑-屑械褉褎械谢褜写邪 褌械芯褉懈褟 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁)</em>. 孝械屑锌-pa 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪懈褟 <em>Tp</em> 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪 胁 褝褌芯泄 屑芯写械谢懈 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌褋褟 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄 肖械褉屑懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-73.jpg" alt="3022-73.jpg" align="absmiddle"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-74.jpg" alt="3022-74.jpg" align="absmiddle">:<BR> </P> <P> (褌 - 屑邪褋褋邪 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪). 孝褋屑锌-褉邪 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-75.jpg" alt="3022-75.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袣.<BR> </P> <P> 袩芯褝褌芯屑褍 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 锌褉懈 谢褞斜芯泄 褌械屑锌-褉械 <em>T</em>, 锌褉懈 泻-褉芯泄 胁械褖械褋褌胁芯 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍械褌 胁 泻芯薪写械薪褋懈褉芯胁. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈, 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 谐邪蟹 胁 M. 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-76.jpg" alt="3022-76.jpg" align="absmiddle">(褋屑. <em>袙褘褉芯卸写械薪懈褟 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉邪, 袙褘褉芯卸写械薪薪褘泄 谐邪蟹)</em>.<BR> </P> <P> 袘芯谢械械 锌芯谢薪芯械 懈 褋褌褉芯谐芯械 芯斜褗褟褋薪械薪懈械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁 M. 写邪褢褌 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1256.html">蟹芯薪薪邪褟 褌械芯褉懈褟</a></em> 褌胁褢褉写芯谐芯 褌械谢邪. 袟芯薪薪邪褟 褌械芯褉懈褟 懈褋褏芯写懈褌 懈蟹 褉邪褋褋屑芯褌褉械薪懈褟 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 芯褌写. 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 胁 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 锌芯谢械 褋懈谢 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-77.jpg" alt="3022-77.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 褋芯蟹写邪胁邪械屑褘褏 懈芯薪邪屑懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 懈 芯褋褌邪谢褜薪褘屑懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 (芯写薪芯褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯械 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈械):<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-78.jpg" alt="3022-78.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 谐写械 <strong><em>r</em></strong> - 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁, 泻芯芯褉写懈薪邪褌邪 褌芯褔泻懈, a - 锌械褉懈芯写 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0343.html">袘谢芯褏芯胁褋泻懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘</a></em> ).啸芯褌褟 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 写褉褍谐 褋 写褉褍谐芯屑 薪械 屑械薪褜褕械, 褔械屑 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟 褋 懈芯薪邪屑懈, 芯写薪芯褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯械 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈械 懈屑械械褌 芯斜芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈械. 袙芯-锌械褉胁褘褏, <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-79.jpg" alt="3022-79.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 胁泻谢褞褔邪械褌 褋芯胁芯泻褍锌薪芯械 写械泄褋褌胁懈械 胁褋械褏 芯褋褌邪谢褜薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁, 泻褉芯屑械 褉邪褋褋屑邪褌褉懈胁邪械屑芯谐芯, 锌褉懈褔褢屑 写谢褟 泻邪褔械褋褌胁, 胁褘胁芯写芯胁 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢 <em>U(r</em>)屑芯卸薪芯 薪械 泻芯薪泻褉械褌懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪褌褜, 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍褟 褌芯谢褜泻芯 械谐芯 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 褋懈屑屑械褌褉懈懈 (锌褉械卸写械 胁褋械谐芯 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔薪芯褋褌褜). 袙芯-胁褌芯褉褘褏, 锌芯褋褌褉芯懈胁 芯写薪芯褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯械 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈械, 屑芯卸薪芯 芯斜芯斜褖懈褌褜 械谐芯, 褍褔褌褟 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈械 屑械卸写褍 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 (薪邪 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈懈 褌械芯褉懈懈 <em>褎械褉屑邪-卸懈写泻芯褋褌懈)</em>.<BR> </P> <P> 袩械褉懈芯写懈褔薪芯褋褌褜 <em>U(r</em>)锌芯蟹胁芯谢褟械褌 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈蟹芯胁邪褌褜 褋褌邪褑懈芯薪邪褉薪芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 <em>泻胁邪蟹懈懈屑锌褍谢褜褋芯屑<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-80.jpg" alt="3022-80.jpg" align="absmiddle">(<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-81.jpg" alt="3022-81.jpg" align="absmiddle"></em>- 泻胁邪蟹懈胁芯谢薪芯胁芯泄 胁械泻褌芯褉), 邪薪邪谢芯谐懈褔薪褘屑 懈屑锌褍谢褜褋褍 褔邪褋褌懈褑褘 胁 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯屑 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械. 袙芯谢薪芯胁邪褟 褎-褑懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 胁 褋褌邪褑懈芯薪邪褉薪芯屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 - 褉械褕械薪懈械 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4578.html">楔褉褢写懈薪谐械褉邪 褍褉邪胁薪械薪懈褟</a></em> 写谢褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪, 芯褌胁械褔邪褞褖邪褟 褋芯斜褋褌胁. 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褞 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-82.jpg" alt="3022-82.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 袠 胁芯谢薪芯胁邪褟 褎-褑懈褟 懈 褋芯斜褋褌胁. 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 (胁 芯褌谢懈褔懈械 芯褌 褋谢褍褔邪褟 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯谐芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪) - 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 褎-褑懈懈 泻胁邪蟹懈懈屑锌褍谢褜褋邪. 袩械褉懈芯写懈褔薪芯褋褌褜 胁 懈屑锌褍谢褜褋薪芯屑 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械 - 褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 锌芯谢薪芯泄 褎懈蟹. 褝泻胁懈胁邪谢械薪褌薪芯褋褌懈 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈泄 褋 泻胁邪蟹懈胁芯谢薪芯胁褘屑懈 胁械泻褌芯褉邪屑懈, 芯褌谢懈褔邪褞褖懈屑懈褋褟 薪邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-83.jpg" alt="3022-83.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 协褌芯 芯蟹薪邪褔邪械褌, 褔褌芯 写谢褟 锌芯谢薪芯谐芯 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈褟 胁褋械褏 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈泄 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-84.jpg" alt="3022-84.jpg" align="absmiddle">懈蟹 芯写薪芯泄 褟褔械泄泻懈 芯斜褉邪褌薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁邪. 袣邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 械褢 胁褘斜懈褉邪褞褌 胁 胁懈写械 锌械褉胁芯泄 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0378.html">袘褉懈谢谢褞褝薪邪 蟹芯薪褘</a></em>. 袠薪写械泻褋 s, 薪褍屑械褉褍褞褖懈泄 褉械褕械薪懈褟 褍褉-薪懈褟 楔褉褢写懈薪谐械褉邪, 薪邪蟹. 薪芯屑械褉芯屑 蟹芯薪褘, <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-85.jpg" alt="3022-85.jpg" align="absmiddle"> - 蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 懈谢懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘屑 褋锌械泻褌褉芯屑 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪, 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈屑 锌芯谢褞<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-86.jpg" alt="3022-86.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袙 泻邪卸写芯泄 褉邪蟹褉械褕褢薪薪芯泄 褝薪芯褉谐械褌懈褔. 蟹芯薪械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 蟹邪锌芯谢薪褟褞褌 锌芯谢芯褋褍 屑械卸写褍<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-87.jpg" alt="3022-87.jpg" align="absmiddle">懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-88.jpg" alt="3022-88.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 袟芯薪褘 屑芯谐褍褌 锌械褉械泻褉褘胁邪褌褜褋褟, 薪芯 懈褏 懈薪写懈胁懈写褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 锌褉懈 褝褌芯屑 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟械褌褋褟. 袩械褉械泻褉褘褌懈械 蟹芯薪, 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 薪械 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪懈械屑. 袙褘褉芯卸写械薪懈械 薪邪褋褌褍锌邪械褌 锌褉懈 褋芯胁锌邪写械薪懈懈 褝薪械褉谐懈泄 (懈蟹 褉邪蟹薪褘褏 蟹芯薪) 懈 泻胁邪蟹懈懈屑锌褍谢褜褋芯胁. 袙褘褉芯卸写械薪懈械 薪邪泻谢邪写褘胁邪械褌 芯谐褉邪薪懈褔械薪懈械 薪邪 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褍 懈蟹芯褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 胁斜谢懈蟹懈 褌芯褔泻懈 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪懈褟. 小 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 蟹邪泻芯薪芯胁 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 屑芯卸薪芯 褉邪褋褋褔懈褌邪褌褜 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘褏 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 胁 蟹芯薪械 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-89.jpg" alt="3022-89.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 小褏芯写褋褌胁芯 懈 褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈械 屑械卸写褍 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘屑懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 懈谢谢褞褋褌褉懈褉褍械褌褋褟 褌邪斜谢. 4.<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 孝邪斜谢. 4.<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-90.jpg" alt="3022-90.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-91.jpg" alt="3022-91.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袪懈褋. 1. 小褏械屑邪 蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟 蟹芯薪 写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈泻邪 懈谢懈 锌芯谢褍锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻邪 (邪), 屑械褌邪谢谢邪 (斜), 锌芯谢褍屑械褌邪谢谢邪 (胁). 袞懈褉薪褘械 谢懈薪懈懈 <em>/(P</em>)- 蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪薪褘械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟, 褌芯薪泻懈械 - 锌褍褋褌褘械; 锌褍薪泻褌懈褉 - 褍褉芯胁械薪褜 褏懈屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢邪, 褋芯胁锌邪写邪褞褖懈泄 胁 屑械褌邪谢谢邪褏 褋 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄 肖械褉屑懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-92.jpg" alt="3022-92.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-93.jpg" alt="3022-93.jpg" align="absmiddle"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3022-94.jpg" alt="3022-94.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 屑邪泻褋懈屑邪谢褜薪褘泄 泻胁邪蟹懈懈屑锌褍谢褜褋, 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈泄 谐褉邪薪懈褑械 蟹芯薪褘 袘褉懈谢谢褞褝薪邪.<BR> </P> <P>袟芯薪薪褘泄 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉 褋锌械泻褌褉邪 懈 袩邪褍谢懈 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌 锌芯蟹胁芯谢褟褞褌 褋褎芯褉屑褍谢懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌懈邪谢褜薪芯械 芯褌谢懈褔懈械 M. 芯褌 写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈泻邪. T. 泻. 胁 泻邪卸写褍褞 蟹芯薪褍 屑芯卸械褌 芦锌芯屑械褋褌懈褌褜褋褟禄 薪械 斜芯谢械械 2N 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 (N - 褔懈褋谢芯 褟褔械械泻 胁 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械), 褌芯 胁 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯褌 褔懈褋谢邪 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁, 锌褉懈褏芯写褟褖懈褏褋褟 薪邪 褟褔械泄泻褍, 懈 胁蟹邪懈屑薪芯谐芯 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟 蟹芯薪 屑芯谐褍褌 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟褌褜褋褟 2 褋谢褍褔邪褟: 谢懈斜芯 胁 芯褋薪. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 (锌褉懈 <em>T</em> = 0 K) 懈屑械褞褌褋褟 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褑械谢懈泻芯屑 蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪薪褘械 蟹芯薪褘 懈 锌褍褋褌褘械 (褉懈褋. 1, 邪), 谢懈斜芯 械褋褌褜 蟹芯薪褘, 褔邪褋褌懈褔薪芯 蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪薪褘械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 (褉懈褋. 1, <em>斜</em>, <em>胁)</em>. 袙 锌械褉胁芯屑 褋谢褍褔邪械 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢 - 写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈泻 (懈谢懈 锌芯谢褍锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻), 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯屑 - M. (褉懈褋. 1, 胁 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍械褌 锌芯谢褍屑械褌邪谢谢褍).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袩芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈. 袙 M. 谐褉邪薪懈褑邪 蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟 褍褉芯胁薪械泄 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 锌芯锌邪写邪械褌 胁 褉邪蟹褉械褕褢薪薪褍褞 蟹芯薪褍 懈 薪邪蟹. 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄 肖械褉屑懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-1.jpg" alt="3023-1.jpg" align="absmiddle">小芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖邪褟 械泄 懈蟹芯褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-2.jpg" alt="3023-2.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 薪邪蟹. 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜褞 肖械褉屑懈. 袩芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 芯褌写械谢褟械褌 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜 蟹邪薪褟褌褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈泄 胁 懈屑锌褍谢褜褋薪芯屑 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械 芯褌 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘褏.<BR> </P> <P> 袩芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 - 芯斜褟蟹邪褌. 邪褌褉懈斜褍褌 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁. 袝褋谢懈 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 锌械褉械褋械泻邪械褌 谐褉邪薪懈褑褘 蟹芯薪褘 袘褉懈谢谢褞褝薪邪 (薪邪锌褉., 褍 Cu), 褌芯 褍写芯斜薪芯 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 褉邪褋褕懈褉械薪薪芯械 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-3.jpg" alt="3023-3.jpg" align="absmiddle">-锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁芯. 袙 褝褌芯屑 褋谢褍褔邪械 芯褌褔褢褌谢懈胁芯 胁懈写薪邪 械谐芯 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔薪芯褋褌褜. 校 褖械谢芯褔薪褘褏 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁 (Li, Na, 袣, Pb, Cs) 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 - 锌芯褔褌懈 懈写械邪谢褜薪褘械 褋褎械褉褘. 协褌芯 薪械 芯蟹薪邪褔邪械褌, 褔褌芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 褝褌懈褏 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁 薪械 懈褋锌褘褌褘胁邪褞褌 胁谢懈褟薪懈褟 懈芯薪芯胁. 袠褏 褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪褘械 屑邪褋褋褘 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-4.jpg" alt="3023-4.jpg" align="absmiddle">芯褌谢懈褔邪褞褌褋褟 芯褌 屑邪褋褋褘 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯谐芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 <em>褌<SUB>0</SUB></em> (褌邪斜谢. 4), 薪邪锌褉, 褍<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-5.jpg" alt="3023-5.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-6.jpg" alt="3023-6.jpg" align="absmiddle"> . 校 胁褋械褏 M., 泻褉芯屑械 锌械褉械褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘褏, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褍 Au, Ag, Cu 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 褋芯褋褌芯褟褌 懈蟹 薪械褋泻. 锌芯谢芯褋褌械泄-谢懈褋褌芯胁 懈 懈屑械褞褌 褋谢芯卸薪褍褞 褎芯褉屑褍 (褉懈褋. 2).<BR> </P> <P> 袠蟹-蟹邪 褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈泄 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 褋 写械褎械泻褌邪屑懈 褉械褕褢褌泻懈, 写褉褍谐 褋 写褉褍谐芯屑, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褋 褎芯薪芯薪邪屑懈 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 懈屑械械褌 泻芯薪械褔薪芯械 胁褉械屑褟 卸懈蟹薪懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-7.jpg" alt="3023-7.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 协褌芯 芯蟹薪邪褔邪械褌, 褔褌芯 屑薪懈屑邪褟 褔邪褋褌褜 褎-褑懈懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-8.jpg" alt="3023-8.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 芯褌谢懈褔薪邪 芯褌 0: <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-9.jpg" alt="3023-9.jpg" align="absmiddle"> . 协褌芯 薪械 谢懈褕邪械褌 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜<BR> </P> <P align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-10.jpg" alt="3023-10.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> <strong><em>a</em></strong><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-11.jpg" alt="3023-11.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袪懈褋. 2. 袩芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 W (袨笑袣, a), Gd (谐械泻褋邪谐芯薪邪谢褜薪邪褟 褉械褕褢褌泻邪, 斜).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> 肖械褉屑懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-12.jpg" alt="3023-12.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褋褌褉芯谐芯 芯锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪芯谐芯 褋屑褘褋谢邪, 褌. 泻. <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-13.jpg" alt="3023-13.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 芯斜褟蟹邪薪薪邪褟 薪械褍锌褉褍谐懈屑 褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟屑 (褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 褋 褎芯薪芯薪邪屑懈 懈谢懈 写褉褍谐 芯 写褉褍谐芯屑), 写谢褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 薪邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 褉邪胁薪邪 袨. 校锌褉褍谐懈械 褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟 褋芯 褋褌邪褌懈褔. 写械褎械泻褌邪屑懈 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌 泻 "锌械褉械屑械褖械薪懈褞" 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌芯 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈. 袝褋谢懈 胁褉械屑褟 卸懈蟹薪懈 (褌) 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 屑邪谢芯 (屑薪芯谐芯 写械褎械泻褌芯胁, 胁褘褋芯泻邪褟 褌械屑锌-pa), 褌芯 褋褌褉芯谐芯械 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈械 械谐芯 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 褋 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 蟹邪泻芯薪邪 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 褌械褉褟械褌 褋屑褘褋谢. 袩褉懈 褝褌芯屑 谢懈褕邪械褌褋褟 褋屑褘褋谢邪 懈 褌. 薪. 褌芯薪泻邪褟 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 (芯褌泻谢芯薪械薪懈械 芯褌 褋褎械褉懈褔薪芯褋褌懈), 褏芯褌褟 锌芯写胁懈卸薪芯褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟械褌褋褟 - 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯褋褌邪褞褌褋褟 写械谢芯泻邪谢懈蟹芯胁邪薪-薪褘屑懈 (懈褏 写谢懈薪邪 锌褉芯斜械谐邪 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 锌褉械胁褘褕邪械褌 屑械卸邪褌芯屑薪芯械 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈械). 袩褉懈斜谢懈卸褢薪薪芯械 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁 褌邪泻懈褏 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯 谢懈褕褜 褋 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 屑芯写械谢懈 袛褉褍写械 - 袥芯褉械薪褑邪 - 袟芯屑屑械褉褎械谢褜写邪.<BR> </P> <P> 袧械泻-褉褘械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 M. (谐谢. 芯斜褉. 胁 褋懈谢褜薪芯屑 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械) 芯褔械薪褜 褔褍胁褋褌胁懈褌械谢褜薪褘 泻 褎芯褉屑械 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 (<em>写械 啸邪邪蟹邪</em> - <em>胁芯褌 袗谢褜褎械薪邪 褝褎褎械泻褌, 笑懈泻谢芯褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 褉械蟹芯薪邪薪褋</em>, 谐械芯屑. 褉械蟹芯薪邪薪褋 懈 写褉.). 袨薪懈 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈谢懈 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 写谢褟 胁褋械褏 屑芯薪芯邪褌芯屑薪褘褏 M. 懈 MH. 懈薪褌械褉屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈泄 (AuAl<SUB>2</SUB>, AuGa<SUB>2</SUB>, CuZn, AuTe<SUB>2</SUB>I 懈 写褉.). 邪 褌邪泻卸械 胁 斜芯谢褜褕芯屑 褔懈褋谢械 褋谢褍褔邪械胁 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌懈 褎械褉屑懈械胁褋泻懈褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 <em>Vp</em> (褖械谢芯褔薪褘械, 斜谢邪谐芯褉芯写薪褘械 M., Bi, Sb 懈 写褉.).<BR> </P> <P> 袦械褌芯写褘 蟹芯薪薪芯泄 褌械芯褉懈懈 (褋 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械屑 协袙袦) 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈谢懈 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜 蟹邪泻芯薪褘 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 褋 斜芯谢褜褕芯泄 褌芯褔薪芯褋褌褜褞. 袙褋械 胁褘褔懈褋谢懈褌, 屑械褌芯写褘 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪褘 薪邪 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈懈 锌芯褔褌懈 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 (屑芯写械谢褜 袚邪褉褉懈褋芯薪邪, 懈谢懈 屑械褌芯写 锌褋械胁写芯锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢邪) 懈 (懈谢懈) 薪邪 褌. 薪. 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈懈 褋懈谢褜薪芯泄 褋胁褟蟹懈. 袨薪懈 写邪褞褌 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 胁褘褟褋薪懈褌褜 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈械 芯褌写. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘褏 写械褌邪谢械泄 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 褋锌械泻褌褉邪 M.: 薪邪谢懈褔懈械 懈谢懈 芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械 褌械褏 懈谢懈 写褉. 谢懈褋褌芯胁 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈, 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褍 懈 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈泄 芯褌 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-14.jpg" alt="3023-14.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (褉懈褋. 3); 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褍 褝褎褎. 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢邪 (懈谢懈 锌褋械胁写芯锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢邪), 芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褖械谐芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 褋锌械泻褌褉 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪芯谐芯 M.<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-15.jpg" alt="3023-15.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 胁褋械泄 褋谢芯卸薪芯褋褌懈 蟹邪泻芯薪芯胁 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈械 芯斜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪褏 M. 泻邪泻 谢褢谐泻懈褏 (锌芯 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈褞 褋 懈芯薪邪屑懈) 蟹邪褉褟卸械薪薪褘褏 褔邪褋褌懈褑邪褏 泻邪褔械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯. 袨薪芯, 胁芯蟹胁褉邪褖邪褟 薪邪褋 泻 屑芯写械谢懈 袛褉褍写械 - 袥芯褉械薪褑邪 - 袟芯屑屑械褉-褎械谢褜写邪, 写邪褢褌 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 芯褑械薪懈胁邪褌褜 锌芯褉褟写芯泻 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褘 芯褋薪. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻 M.- 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褍褞 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜, 褝谢.- 懈 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜, 褌芯谢褖懈薪褍 褋泻懈薪-褋谢芯褟 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/3686.html">小泻懈薪-褝褎褎械泻褌</a></em>)懈 褌. 写. 袩褉邪胁写邪, 薪械泻-褉褘械 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟 (CeAl<SUB>3</SUB>, CeCu<SUB>6</SUB>, CeCu<SUB>2</SUB>Si<SUB>2</SUB>, UB<SUB>13</SUB> 懈 写褉.) 芯斜薪邪褉褍卸懈胁邪褞褌 薪械芯斜褘褔薪褘械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 (薪邪锌褉., 谐懈谐邪薪褌褋泻褍褞 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褍褞 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜), 蟹邪褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖懈械 褋写械谢邪褌褜 胁褘胁芯写, 褔褌芯 胁 薪懈褏 械褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘, 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褖懈械 邪薪芯屑邪谢褜薪芯 斜芯谢褜褕芯泄 褝褎褎. 屑邪褋褋芯泄 <em>褌</em><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-16.jpg" alt="3023-16.jpg" align="absmiddle">协褌懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈 薪邪蟹胁. <em><a href="articles/part_2/4179.html">褌褟卸褢谢褘褏 褎械褉屑懈芯薪芯胁</a></em>.<BR> </P> <p align="center"> 袩褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-17.jpg" alt="3023-17.jpg" align="absmiddle">胁褋械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟 薪邪 懈 胁薪褍褌褉懈 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈. 协谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪褘械 胁芯蟹斜褍卸写械薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑褘 M.- 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 褋 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-18.jpg" alt="3023-18.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 懈 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1148.html">写褘褉泻懈</a></em> - 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 褋 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-19.jpg" alt="3023-19.jpg" align="absmiddle">T. 泻. 芯斜褘褔薪芯<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-20.jpg" alt="3023-20.jpg" align="absmiddle">,褌芯 芯褋薪. 褉芯谢褜 胁 锌褉芯褑械褋褋邪褏 锌械褉械薪芯褋邪 懈谐褉邪褞褌 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 懈 写褘褉泻懈 褋 褝薪械褉谐懈褟屑懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-21.jpg" alt="3023-21.jpg" align="absmiddle">袠褏 蟹邪泻芯薪 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈懈 屑芯卸薪芯 褋褔懈褌邪褌褜 谢懈薪械泄薪褘屑:<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-22.jpg" alt="3023-22.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> (<em>up</em> - 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 薪邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈). 协薪械褉谐懈褞 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-23.jpg" alt="3023-23.jpg" align="absmiddle">懈 写褘褉泻懈 锌褉懈薪褟褌芯 芯褌褋褔懈褌褘胁邪褌褜 芯褌<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-24.jpg" alt="3023-24.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 写褘褉泻懈 -<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-25.jpg" alt="3023-25.jpg" align="absmiddle">). 小锌械泻褌褉 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 懈 写褘褉芯泻 写械屑芯薪褋褌褉懈褉褍械褌 薪邪谢懈褔懈械 褉邪蟹褉械褕褢薪薪褘褏 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈泄 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 薪邪写 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜褞 肖械褉屑懈 (褉懈褋. 4, 邪).<BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 褎邪蟹芯胁芯屑 锌械褉械褏芯写械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 褋锌械泻褌褉 M. (胁 褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈, 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈) 懈蟹屑械薪褟械褌褋褟. 袝褋谢懈 褝褌芯 锌械褉械褏芯写 1-谐芯 褉芯写邪, 褌芯 薪芯胁邪褟 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 薪械 褋胁褟蟹邪薪邪 褋芯 褋褌邪褉芯泄. 袝褋谢懈 卸械 褝褌芯 锌械褉械褏芯写 2-谐芯 褉芯写邪, 褌芯 芯斜械 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 胁 屑芯屑械薪褌 锌械褉械褏芯写邪 褋芯胁锌邪写邪褞褌 懈 屑芯卸薪芯 锌褉芯褋谢械写懈褌褜, 泻邪泻 褌褉邪薪褋褎芯褉屑懈褉褍械褌褋褟 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜. 袧邪 褉懈褋. 5 锌芯泻邪蟹邪薪芯 褋薪褟褌懈械 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪懈褟 锌芯 褋锌懈薪褍 懈 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 锌褉懈 锌械褉械褏芯写械 M. 懈蟹 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 胁 褎械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯械 (锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 - 褋褎械褉邪). 袩褉懈 锌械褉械褏芯写械 M. 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 胁 褋锌械泻褌褉械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪械褌 褖械谢褜<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-29.jpg" alt="3023-29.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜 蟹邪锌褉械褖褢薪薪褘褏 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈泄 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 (褉懈褋. 4, <em>斜)</em>, 泻-褉邪褟 芯斜械褋锌械褔懈胁邪械褌 薪械写懈褋褋懈锌邪褌懈胁薪褘泄 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械谐芯 褌芯泻邪 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/3527.html">小胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜</a></em> ).袙薪械褕. 胁芯蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈械 薪邪 M. (薪邪锌褉., 写邪胁谢械薪懈械) 屑芯卸械褌 锌褉懈胁械褋褌懈 泻 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈褞 褋胁褟蟹薪芯褋褌懈 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈: 谢懈斜芯 芯斜褉邪蟹褍械褌褋褟 薪芯胁褘泄 谢懈褋褌, 谢懈斜芯 褉胁褢褌褋褟 锌械褉械屑褘褔泻邪 屑械卸写褍 谢懈褋褌邪屑懈. 协褌芯 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟 邪薪芯屑邪谢懈褟屑懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘褏 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻. 袩褉懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-30.jpg" alt="3023-30.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褌邪泻芯泄 锌械褉械褏芯写 褋谢械写褍械褌 褋褔懈褌邪褌褜 褎邪蟹芯胁褘屑 锌械褉械褏芯写芯屑 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-31.jpg" alt="3023-31.jpg" align="absmiddle"> -谐芯 褉芯写邪 (褋屑. <em>袙邪薪 啸芯胁邪 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌懈)</em>. 袧械泻-褉褘械 褎邪蟹芯胁褘械 锌械褉械褏芯写褘 胁 M. 褋胁褟蟹邪薪褘 褋 屑械卸褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘屑懈 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟屑懈, 泻-褉褘械 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌 泻 胁芯蟹薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈褞 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0571.html">胁芯谢薪 蟹邪褉褟写芯胁芯泄 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈</a></em> 懈谢懈 胁芯谢薪 褋锌懈薪芯胁芯泄 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 泻 <em>胁懈谐薪械褉芯胁褋泻芯泄 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈</em>.</P> <P><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-26.jpg" alt="3023-26.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袪懈褋. 4. 小锌械泻褌褉 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘褏 胁芯蟹斜褍卸写械薪懈泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-27.jpg" alt="3023-27.jpg" align="absmiddle">a - 胁 薪芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯屑 屑械褌邪谢谢械; 斜 - 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻械.<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-28.jpg" alt="3023-28.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袪懈褋. 5. 袠蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 褋锌械泻褌褉邪 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 (邪) 懈 褌褉邪薪褋褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 (斜) 锌褉懈 锌械褉械褏芯写械 屑械褌邪谢谢邪 胁 褎械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械.<BR> <BR> </P> <P> 袠褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 褌胁褢褉写褘褏 褌械谢 锌褉懈胁械谢懈 泻 锌芯薪褟褌懈褞 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0929.html">写胁褍屑械褉薪芯谐芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪</a></em> - 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁, 写胁褍屑械褉薪芯谐芯 M., 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褖械谐芯 褉褟写芯屑 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌械泄; 薪邪锌褉., 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 写胁褍屑械褉薪芯谐芯 M.- 谢懈薪懈褟, 懈 胁褋械 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌懈, 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪薪褘械 械褢 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械屑 胁 写胁褍屑械褉薪芯屑 M., 胁褘褉邪卸械薪褘 芯褌褔褢褌谢懈胁械械, 褔械屑 胁 褌褉褢褏屑械褉薪芯屑.<BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 胁褘褋芯泻懈褏 写邪胁谢械薪懈褟褏, 泻芯谐写邪 芯斜褗褢屑, 锌褉懈褏芯写褟褖懈泄褋褟 薪邪 1 邪褌芯屑, 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟 屑械薪褜褕械 芯斜褘褔薪褘褏 邪褌芯屑薪褘褏 褉邪蟹屑械褉芯胁, 邪褌芯屑褘 褌械褉褟褞褌 褋胁芯褞 懈薪写懈胁懈写褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 懈 谢褞斜芯械 胁械褖械褋褌胁芯 锌褉械胁褉邪褖邪械褌褋褟 胁 褋懈谢褜薪芯 褋卸邪褌褍褞 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯-褟写械褉薪褍褞 锌谢邪蟹屑褍, 褌. 械. 胁 褋胁芯械芯斜褉邪蟹薪褘泄 M. 袦械褌邪谢谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟 谢褞斜芯谐芯 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 锌褉懈 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-32.jpg" alt="3023-32.jpg" align="absmiddle">谐写械 <em>Z</em> - 邪褌. 薪芯屑械褉 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪. 袩褉懈 褌邪泻懈褏 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褟褏 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌褋褟 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪薪褘屑 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘屑 谐邪蟹芯屑.<BR> </P> <P> 协谢械泻褌褉懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪. 啸邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪芯械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁芯 M. 泻邪泻 锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻芯胁 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 褌芯泻邪 胁 薪芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯屑 (薪械褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械屑) 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 - 谢懈薪械泄薪邪褟 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 屑械卸写褍 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜褞 褌芯泻邪 <em>j</em> 懈 薪邪锌褉褟卸褢薪薪芯褋褌褜褞 锌褉懈谢芯卸械薪薪芯谐芯 褝谢械-泻褌褉懈褔. 锌芯谢褟 <em>E (<a href="articles/part_2/2591.html">袨屑邪 蟹邪泻芯薪</a></em>):<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-33.jpg" alt="3023-33.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 孝械薪蟹芯褉 褍写. 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌懈 s<SUB>ik</SUB> (懈谢懈 褌械薪蟹芯褉 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 r<SUB>ik</SUB>) - 胁邪卸薪械泄褕邪褟 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪 M. 效懈褋谢芯 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑褘褏 泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌 褌械薪蟹芯褉邪 s<SUB>ik</SUB> (懈谢懈 r<SUB>ik</SUB>), 邪 蟹薪邪褔懈褌 懈 褌懈锌 邪薪懈蟹芯褌褉芯锌懈懈 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟, 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3634.html">褋懈屑屑械褌褉懈懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪</a></em>. 袛谢褟 泻褍斜懈褔. 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 懈 薪械褌械泻褋褌褍褉懈褉芯胁. 锌芯谢懈泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 褌械薪蟹芯褉 锌褉械胁褉邪褖邪械褌褋褟 胁 褋泻邪谢褟褉 (褌邪斜谢.2).<BR> </P> <P> 袧芯褋懈褌械谢懈 蟹邪褉褟写邪 胁 M.- 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 褋 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄, 斜谢懈蟹泻芯泄 泻<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-34.jpg" alt="3023-34.jpg" align="absmiddle">袩褉懈褔懈薪芯泄 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 褋谢褍卸懈褌 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 薪邪 谢褞斜褘褏 薪邪褉褍褕械薪懈褟褏 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褉械褕褢褌泻懈. 协褌芯 褌械锌谢芯胁褘械 泻芯谢械斜邪薪懈褟 懈芯薪芯胁 (褎芯薪芯薪褘), 褋邪屑懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/2212.html">袦械卸褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯械 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈械</a></em> ),邪 褌邪泻卸械 褉邪蟹谢. 写械褎械泻褌褘 - 锌褉懈屑械褋薪褘械 邪褌芯屑褘, 胁邪泻邪薪褋懈懈 (褋械褔械薪懈械 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈褟 10<SUP>-16</SUP>-10<SUP>-15</SUP> 褋屑<SUP>-2</SUP>), <em><a href="articles/part_1/1036.html">写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈懈</a></em>, (褋械褔械薪懈械 10<SUP>-8</SUP>-10<SUP>-7</SUP> 褋屑<SUP>-1</SUP>), 谐褉邪薪懈褑褘 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 懈 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/3316.html">袪邪褋褋械褟薪懈械 薪芯褋懈褌械谢械泄 蟹邪褉褟写邪</a></em>).<BR> </P> <P> 袦械褉芯泄 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 褋谢褍卸懈褌 写谢懈薪邪 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯斜械谐邪 (<em>l</em>) 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁: </P> <p align="center"><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-35.jpg" alt="3023-35.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> 谐写械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-36.jpg" alt="3023-36.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 锌谢芯褖邪写褜 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈. 袛谢褟 褋褎械褉懈褔. 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-37.jpg" alt="3023-37.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> (<em>v</em><SUB>F</SUB> - 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 褎械褉屑懈械胁褋泻懈褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁). 袩褉懈 <em>T</em> = <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-38.jpg" alt="3023-38.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褋屑, 褋 锌芯薪懈卸械薪懈械屑 <em>T</em> 锌褉芯斜械谐 <em>l</em> 褉邪褋褌褢褌, 写芯褋褌懈谐邪褟 (写谢褟 褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪芯 芯褔懈褖械薪薪褘褏 芯斜褉邪蟹褑芯胁) 0,1-1 褋屑. 小芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁械薪薪芯 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌邪械褌 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜. 袨褌薪芯褕械薪懈械 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 0K (s<SUB>0</SUB>) 泻 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 锌褉懈 300 袣 (s<SUB>300</SUB>) 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈蟹褍械褌 褋芯胁械褉褕械薪褋褌胁芯 懈 褏懈屑. 褔懈褋褌芯褌褍 M. 袛芯褋褌懈谐薪褍褌褘械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-39.jpg" alt="3023-39.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-40.jpg" alt="3023-40.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-41.jpg" alt="3023-41.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袨褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械 泻芯褉褉械谢褟褑懈懈 屑械卸写褍 褉邪蟹谢. 屑械褏邪薪懈蟹屑邪屑懈 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈褟 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸褢薪薪芯屑褍 褋芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褞 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-42.jpg" alt="3023-42.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 谐写械 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-43.jpg" alt="3023-43.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 写谢懈薪邪 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯斜械谐邪 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌械谢褜薪芯 芯锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪芯谐芯 屑械褏邪薪懈蟹屑邪 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈褟. 协褌懈屑 芯斜褗褟褋薪褟械褌褋褟 褝屑锌懈褉懈褔. <em><a href="articles/part_1/2187.html">袦邪褌褌懈褋褋械薪邪 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯</a></em> ,褋芯谐谢邪褋薪芯 泻-褉芯屑褍 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪 M. 械褋褌褜 褋褍屑屑邪 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯谐芯 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 褉<SUB>0</SUB>, 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪薪芯谐芯 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈械屑 薪邪 写械褎械泻褌邪褏 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 (褋芯胁锌邪写邪械褌 褋 r 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 0 K), 懈 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 懈写械邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪 袪袠袛, 芯斜褟蟹邪薪薪芯谐芯 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈褞 薪邪 褎芯薪芯薪邪褏 懈 写褉. 泻胁邪蟹懈褔邪褋褌懈褑邪褏. 袚谢. 锌褉懈褔懈薪邪 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉薪芯泄 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 - 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 薪邪 褎芯薪芯薪邪褏. 袩褉懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-44.jpg" alt="3023-44.jpg" align="absmiddle"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-45.jpg" alt="3023-45.jpg" align="absmiddle">- <em>袛械胁邪褟 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉邪</em>)<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-46.jpg" alt="3023-46.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌褉懈褔褢屑 褌懈锌懈褔薪芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-47.jpg" alt="3023-47.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 300 袣 褉邪胁薪芯 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-48.jpg" alt="3023-48.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袩褉懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-49.jpg" alt="3023-49.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褎芯薪芯薪薪邪褟 褔邪褋褌褜 斜褘褋褌褉芯 褋褌褉械屑懈褌褋褟 泻 袨, 褔褌芯 锌芯蟹胁芯谢褟械褌 胁 褉褟写械 褋谢褍褔邪械胁 胁褘写械谢懈褌褜 胁 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 r<SUB>懈写</SUB>(<em>孝</em>)胁泻谢邪写 褉邪褋褋械褟薪懈褟 薪邪 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪褏, 泻-褉褘泄 锌褉芯锌芯褉褑, <em><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-50.jpg" alt="3023-50.jpg" align="absmiddle"></em>(褉懈褋. 6).<BR> </P> <P> 小芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 褋锌谢邪胁芯胁 懈 M. 褌懈锌邪 泻械褉邪屑懈泻 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯 胁褘褕械, 褔械屑 褍 褔懈褋褌褘褏 M. 袩褉懈褔懈薪邪 褝褌芯谐芯 胁 薪邪褉褍褕械薪懈懈 懈写械邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 (褉邪蟹谢. 邪褌芯屑褘 胁 褍蟹谢邪褏 褉械褕褢褌泻懈) 懈 胁 械褢 写械褎械泻褌薪芯褋褌懈. 袩褉械写械谢褜薪芯械 褍写. 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 M., 写芯褋褌懈谐邪械屑芯械 锌褉懈 袪懈褋. 胁. 袟邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 褍写械谢褜薪芯谐芯 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 r 芯褌 <em>T</em>. 孝芯褔泻懈 - 懈蟹屑械褉械薪薪褘械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟 蟹邪 胁褘褔械褌芯屑 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯谐芯 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 8,8*10<SUP>-10</SUP> 袨屑*褋屑; 褋锌谢芯褕薪邪褟 谢懈薪懈褟 - 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 胁懈写邪 <em>袗孝 <SUP>2</SUP></em> + <em>BT <SUP>5</SUP></em>, 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 褋褍屑屑褍 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪-褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪-褎芯薪芯薪薪芯谐芯 胁泻谢邪写芯胁.<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-51.jpg" alt="3023-51.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-52.jpg" alt="3023-52.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褉邪胁薪芯 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-53.jpg" alt="3023-53.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (胁 褌褉褢褏屑械褉薪芯屑 褋谢褍褔邪械) 懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-54.jpg" alt="3023-54.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (胁 写胁褍屑械褉薪芯屑). 袙 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪褏 褋 斜芯谢褜褕懈屑 r 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪械褌 谢芯泻邪谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘褏 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈泄 - 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜 懈褋褔械蟹邪械褌 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0135.html">袗薪写械褉褋芯薪芯胁褋泻邪褟 谢芯泻邪谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟</a></em> ).袩褉懈 褝褌芯屑 懈褋褔械蟹薪芯胁械薪懈械 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 薪械 蟹邪 褋褔褢褌 "褋胁褟蟹褘胁邪薪懈褟" 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 懈芯薪邪屑懈 - 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 芯褋褌邪褞褌褋褟 泻芯谢谢械泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘屑懈 (胁 褌芯屑 褋屑褘褋谢械, 褔褌芯 懈褏 胁芯谢薪芯胁邪褟 褎-褑懈褟 "褉邪蟹屑邪蟹邪薪邪" 薪邪 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈褟, 屑薪芯谐芯 斜芯谢褜褕懈械 邪褌芯屑薪褘褏).<BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 锌谢邪胁谢械薪懈懈 锌芯写胁懈卸薪褘械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 胁 M. 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟褞褌褋褟, 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟械褌褋褟 斜芯谢褜褕邪褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜, 褏芯褌褟 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈械 写邪谢褜薪械谐芯 锌芯褉褟写泻邪 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 褋泻邪褔泻芯芯斜褉邪蟹薪芯屑褍 褉芯褋褌褍 r (褌邪斜谢. 5; 褋屑. 褌邪泻卸械 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1172.html">袞懈写泻懈械 屑械褌邪谢谢褘</a>)</em>. 袠褋泻谢褞褔械薪懈械 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褌 Sb, Ga, Bi, 褍 泻-褉褘褏 锌褉懈 锌谢邪胁谢械薪懈懈 r 褍屑械薪褜褕邪械褌褋褟 (写谢褟 褝褌懈褏 M. 锌谢邪胁谢械薪懈械 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈械屑 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> <strong>孝邪斜谢. 5</strong>.- <strong>袨褌薪芯褕械薪懈械 褍写械谢褜薪褘褏 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈泄</strong> <strong>胁 褌胁褢褉写芯泄 (</strong><strong>r</strong><strong><SUB>褌</SUB>) 懈 卸懈写泻芯泄 (</strong><strong>r</strong><strong><SUB>卸</SUB>) 褎邪蟹邪褏 锌褉懈 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉械 锌谢邪胁谢械薪懈褟</strong><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-55.jpg" alt="3023-55.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袘芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 M. 锌褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-56.jpg" alt="3023-56.jpg" align="absmiddle">袣 褌械褉褟褞褌 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 - 锌械褉械褏芯写褟褌 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械. 袛谢褟 褌邪泻懈褏 M. 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 r(<em>孝</em>)锌褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-57.jpg" alt="3023-57.jpg" align="absmiddle">芯锌褉械写械谢褟褞褌, 褉邪蟹褉褍褕懈胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械屑 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-58.jpg" alt="3023-58.jpg" align="absmiddle">(褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/3527.html">小胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜</a></em>).<BR> </P> <P> 孝械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜. 小褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械 胁 M. 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪薪芯谐芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪 斜芯谢褜褕芯泄 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 谢懈薪械泄薪芯泄 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌懈 M. 芯褌 袚 锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻芯泄 褌械屑锌-褉械 (褉懈褋. 7). 袙泻谢邪写 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜 M.<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-59.jpg" alt="3023-59.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 谐写械 <em>g<SUB>F</SUB></em> - 褋褍屑屑邪褉薪邪褟 (锌芯 胁褋械屑 褔邪褋褌懈褔薪芯 蟹邪锌芯谢薪械薪薪褘屑 蟹芯薪邪屑) 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘褏 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈泄 锌褉懈 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-60.jpg" alt="3023-60.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袠蟹屑械褉械薪懈械 <em>C<SUB>褝</SUB></em> - 芯写懈薪 懈蟹 芯褋薪. 屑械褌芯写芯胁 芯锌褉械写械谢械薪懈褟 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-61.jpg" alt="3023-61.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (褌邪斜谢. 6).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袪懈褋. 7. 袧懈蟹泻芯褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉薪邪褟 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜 薪芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 (<em>小</em><SUB>薪</SUB>) 懈 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械谐芯 (<em>小</em><SUB>褋胁</SUB>) Al (锌褉懈 <em>T < T<SUB>c</SUB></em> 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟 <em>小</em><SUB>薪</SUB> 懈蟹屑械褉械薪褘 薪邪 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪褏, 胁 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜 斜褘谢邪 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪邪 屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘屑 锌芯谢械屑).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-62.jpg" alt="3023-62.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> <strong>孝邪斜谢. 6.</strong> - <strong>袟薪邪褔械薪懈褟 锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪芯泄 邪, 芯锌褉械写械谢褢薪薪褘械 锌芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌懈 C<SUB>3</SUB></strong><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-63.jpg" alt="3023-63.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 协谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 胁薪芯褋褟褌 谢懈薪械泄薪褘泄 锌芯 <em>T</em> 胁泻谢邪写 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁 褌械锌谢芯褢屑泻芯褋褌褜 M., 薪芯 懈 胁 械谐芯 泻芯褝褎. 褌械锌谢芯胁芯谐芯 褉邪褋褕懈褉械薪懈褟. 袠蟹-蟹邪 褝褌芯谐芯 胁 M. 薪邪褉褍褕邪械褌褋褟 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0888.html">袚褉褞薪邪泄蟹械薪邪 蟹邪泻芯薪</a>:</em> 锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-褉邪褏<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-64.jpg" alt="3023-64.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 泻芯薪褋褌邪薪褌邪 胁 蟹邪泻芯薪械 袚褉褞薪邪泄蟹械薪邪 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌褋褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑芯泄, 邪 锌褉懈 胁褘褋芯泻懈褏<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-65.jpg" alt="3023-65.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 褎芯薪芯薪薪芯泄 (泻芯谢械斜邪薪懈褟屑懈 褉械褕械褌泻懈).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 孝械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜, 褌械褉屑芯褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔械褋泻懈械 褟胁谢械薪懈褟. 协谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褞褌 褍褔邪褋褌懈械 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁 锌械褉械薪芯褋械 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 蟹邪褉褟写邪, 薪芯 懈 胁 锌械褉械薪芯褋械 褌械锌谢邪. 袙褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 斜芯谢褜褕芯泄 锌芯写胁懈卸薪芯褋褌懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜 M. 胁械谢懈泻邪. 袙械谢懈褔懈薪褘 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌懈 懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 褔邪褋褌懈 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌懈 M. l 褋胁褟蟹邪薪褘 褋芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械屑 (<em>袙懈写械屑邪薪邪</em> - <em>肖褉邪薪褑邪 蟹邪泻芯薪):</em><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-66.jpg" alt="3023-66.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袨薪芯 胁褘锌芯谢薪褟械褌褋褟 褌械屑 谢褍褔褕械, 褔械屑 褋褌褉芯卸械 褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 屑芯卸薪芯 褋褔懈褌邪褌褜 褍锌褉褍谐懈屑懈 (锌褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-67.jpg" alt="3023-67.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 邪 褌邪泻卸械 懈 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 0 K, 泻芯谐写邪 芯褋薪. 锌褉懈褔懈薪邪 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 - 褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟 褋 写械褎械泻褌邪屑懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪). 袩褉懈 薪邪谢懈褔懈懈 谐褉邪写懈械薪褌邪 褌械屑锌-褉褘<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-68.jpg" alt="3023-68.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 胁 M. 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪械褌 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 褌芯泻, 懈谢懈 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪邪褟 褋<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-69.jpg" alt="3023-69.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褉邪蟹薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢芯胁 (<em><a href="articles/part_2/4079.html">褌械褉屑芯褝写褋</a></em> ).袠蟹-蟹邪 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪 泻芯褝褎., 芯锌懈褋褘胁邪褞褖懈械 褌械褉屑芯褝写褋 懈 写褉. 褌械褉屑芯褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 褝褎褎械泻褌褘, 屑邪谢褘, 芯写薪邪泻芯 懈褏 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈械 锌芯蟹胁芯谢褟械褌 芯斜薪邪褉褍卸懈褌褜 褍胁谢械褔械薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 褌械锌谢芯胁褘屑懈 褎芯薪芯薪邪屑懈. 袙蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟 胁薪械褕. 胁芯蟹斜褍卸写褢薪薪褘褏 胁 M. 邪泻褍褋褌懈褔. 胁芯谢薪 褋 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌 泻 胁芯蟹薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈褞 褌芯泻邪 谢懈斜芯 褉邪蟹薪芯褋褌懈 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢芯胁, 锌褉芯锌芯褉褑. 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯褋褌懈 锌芯褌芯泻邪 褎芯薪芯薪芯胁 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0087.html">袗泻褍褋褌芯褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褝褎褎械泻褌</a></em> ).孝械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜 褋锌谢邪胁芯胁 薪懈卸械 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌懈 褔懈褋褌褘褏 M.<BR> </P> <P> 袛懈邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑 懈 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑 M. 协谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褌 泻邪泻 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘屑懈 (懈蟹-蟹邪 薪邪谢懈褔懈褟 褍 泻邪卸写芯谐芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 褋芯斜褋褌胁. 屑邪谐薪. 屑芯屑械薪褌邪), 褌邪泻 懈 写懈邪屑邪褌, 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑懈, 芯斜褟蟹邪薪薪褘屑懈 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁邪薪懈褞 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈, 锌械褉锌械薪写懈泻褍谢褟褉薪芯泄 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢褞 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1002.html">袛懈邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑</a></em> ).袙 褌械芯褉懈懈 袛褉褍写械 - 袥芯褉械薪褑邪 - 袟芯屑屑械褉褎械谢褜写邪 (褋 褝褎褎. 屑邪褋褋芯泄 <em>褌</em> 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 胁屑械褋褌芯 <em>褌<SUB>0</SUB>) 屑邪谐薪懈褌薪邪褟 胁芯褋锌褉懈懈屑褔懈胁芯褋褌褜</em> 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪 褉邪胁薪邪:<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-70.jpg" alt="3023-70.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> (<em>m<SUB>袘</SUB></em> - <em><a href="articles/part_1/2027.html">屑邪谐薪械褌芯薪</a></em> 袘芯褉邪). 袠蟹 褎-谢褘 (3) 胁懈写薪芯, 褔褌芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 谐邪蟹 胁 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯褌 褋芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟 屑械卸写褍 <em>褌</em> 懈 <em>褌<SUB>邪</SUB></em> 屑芯卸械褌 斜褘褌褜 泻邪泻 写懈邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘屑, 褌邪泻 懈 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘屑. 袘芯谢械械 褋褌褉芯谐芯械 褉邪褋褋屑芯褌褉械薪懈械 薪械 懈蟹屑械薪褟械褌 褝褌芯谐芯 胁褘胁芯写邪 懈 芯褑械薪泻懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-71.jpg" alt="3023-71.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌芯 锌芯褉褟写泻褍 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褘, 褌邪斜谢. 7.<BR> </P> <P> <strong>孝邪斜谢. 7.- 袦邪谐薪懈褌薪邪褟 胁芯褋锌褉懈懈屑褔懈胁芯褋褌褜 c 锌芯谢懈泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔械褋泻懈褏 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 300 袣</strong><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-72.jpg" alt="3023-72.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袙 屑邪谐薪. 胁芯褋锌褉懈懈屑褔懈胁芯褋褌褜 M. 胁薪芯褋褟褌 胁泻谢邪写 懈 懈芯薪褘: 褍 薪械锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘褏 M. 懈芯薪褘 写懈邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘, 邪 褍 锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘褏, 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/2023.html">袦邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑</a></em> ).袠蟹-蟹邪 胁褘褉芯卸写械薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-73.jpg" alt="3023-73.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪. 胁芯褋锌褉懈懈屑褔懈胁芯褋褌褜 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪 褋谢邪斜芯 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌 <em>T</em> (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/2769.html">袩邪褍谢懈 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑</a></em> ).袙 褋懈谢褜薪芯屑 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-74.jpg" alt="3023-74.jpg" align="absmiddle"><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-75.jpg" alt="3023-75.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 屑芯薪芯泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 芯褋褑懈谢谢懈褉褍械褌 泻邪泻 褎-褑懈褟 1/<em>H</em> 褋 褔邪褋褌芯褌邪屑懈, 锌褉芯锌芯褉褑. 锌谢芯褖邪写褟屑 褝泻褋褌褉械屑邪谢褜薪褘褏 褋械褔械薪懈泄 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 肖械褉屑懈 (褝褎褎械泻褌 写械 啸邪邪蟹邪 - 胁邪薪 袗谢褜褎械薪邪, 褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/1569.html">袣胁邪薪褌芯胁褘械 芯褋褑懈谢谢褟褑懈懈</a></em> 胁 屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯屑 锌芯谢械).<BR> </P> <P> 袧械泻-褉褘械 M. 锌褉懈 锌芯薪懈卸械薪懈懈 <em>T</em> 锌械褉械褏芯写褟褌 胁 屑邪谐薪懈褌芯-褍锌芯褉褟写芯褔械薪薪芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械: 胁 褎械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯械 (薪邪锌褉., Fe, 小芯, Ni), 胁 邪薪褌懈褎械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯械 (Ce, Mn) 懈谢懈 胁 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 褋 谐械谢懈泻芯懈写邪谢褜薪芯泄 <em><a href="articles/part_1/2037.html">屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯泄 邪褌芯屑薪芯泄 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉芯泄</a></em> (薪邪锌褉., Cr, 褌邪斜谢. 1). 袩褉懈 褝褌芯屑 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 懈谐褉邪褞褌 褋褍褖械褋褌胁, 褉芯谢褜 胁 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈懈 屑邪谐薪. 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉 (褋屑. <em>肖械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑, 袗薪褌懈褎械褉褉芯屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑)</em>. 校锌芯褉褟写芯褔械薪懈械 屑邪谐薪. 屑芯屑械薪褌芯胁 锌褉懈 锌芯薪懈卸械薪懈懈 褌械屑锌-褉褘 - 薪械芯斜褟蟹邪褌. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁芯 芯褋薪. 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 M.; 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 薪械锌械褉械褏芯写薪褘褏 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁 芯褋褌邪褞褌褋褟 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈泻邪屑懈 懈谢懈 写懈邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈泻邪屑懈 胁锌谢芯褌褜 写芯 <em>T =</em> 0 K.<BR> </P> <P> 袩械褉械褏芯写 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. M. 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械屑 械谐芯 屑邪谐薪. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁: 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写褟褖械屑 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 M. 胁 褋谢邪斜褘褏 薪芯谢褟褏 锌褉芯褟胁谢褟械褌 褋械斜褟 泻邪泻 写懈邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈泻. 袠蟹-蟹邪 <em><a href="articles/part_1/2219.html">袦械泄褋薪械褉邪 褝褎褎械泻褌邪</a></em> 褋褉. 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢褟 胁 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻械 褉邪胁薪芯 0. 袙 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻邪褏 1-谐芯 褉芯写邪 (Sn, Pb, In 懈 写褉.) 褝褌芯 胁褘锌芯谢薪褟械褌褋褟 胁锌谢芯褌褜 写芯 锌芯谢械泄, 褉邪蟹褉褍褕邪褞褖懈褏 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜. 袙 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写薪懈泻邪褏 2-谐芯 褉芯写邪 (Nb<SUB>3</SUB>Sn, NbTi 懈 写褉.) 胁 褕懈褉芯泻芯屑 写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪械 <em>H</em> 锌芯谢械, 薪械 褉邪蟹褉褍褕邪褟 褋胁械褉褏锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈, 锌褉芯薪懈泻邪械褌 胁 芯斜褗褢屑 胁 胁懈写械 胁懈褏褉械泄, 褔褌芯 褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪芯 芯褋谢邪斜谢褟械褌 写懈邪屑邪谐薪械褌懈蟹屑.<BR> </P> <P> 协屑懈褋褋懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁. 袩褉懈 薪邪谐褉械胁邪薪懈懈 M. 写芯 胁褘褋芯泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-褉 薪邪斜谢褞写邪械褌褋褟 "懈褋锌邪褉械薪懈械" 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 褋 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 M. (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/4084.html">孝械褉屑芯褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪邪褟 褝屑懈褋褋懈褟</a></em> ).效懈褋谢芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁, 胁褘谢械褌邪褞褖懈褏 懈蟹 M. 胁 械写懈薪懈褑褍 胁褉械屑械薪懈, 锌褉芯锌芯褉褑. 械褏褉 (-<em>W/kT)</em>, 谐写械 <em>W - <a href="articles/part_2/3207.html">褉邪斜芯褌邪 胁褘褏芯写邪</a></em> 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 懈蟹 M. 袙械谢懈褔懈薪邪 <em>W</em> (2-5 褝袙) 褍 褉邪蟹谢. M. (懈 写邪卸械 薪邪 褉邪蟹薪褘褏 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢懈褔. 谐褉邪薪褟褏 芯写薪芯谐芯 M.) 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪; <em>W</em> 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈. 袩褉懈谢芯卸懈胁 泻 M. 褋懈谢褜薪芯械 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 锌芯谢械 (~10<SUP>7</SUP> 袙/褋屑), 屑芯卸薪芯 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 褍胁械谢懈褔懈褌褜 褝屑懈褋褋懈褞 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 蟹邪 褋褔褢褌 褌芯谐芯, 褔褌芯 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌芯泻懈写邪褞褌 M. 胁 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 褌褍薪薪械谢褜薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯褏芯卸写械薪懈褟 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0034.html">袗胁褌芯褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪邪褟 褝屑懈褋褋懈褟</a></em> ).袪邪蟹谢懈褔懈褟 胁 <em>W</em> 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢懈胁邪褞褌 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1734.html">泻芯薪褌邪泻褌薪褍褞 褉邪蟹薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢芯胁</a></em> 屑械卸写褍 褉邪蟹薪褘屑懈 M.<BR> </P> <P> 袚邪谢褜胁邪薪芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘械 懈 褌械褉屑芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘械 褟胁谢械薪懈褟. 袦邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-76.jpg" alt="3023-76.jpg" align="absmiddle">懈褋泻褉懈胁谢褟褟 褌褉邪械泻褌芯褉懈褞 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 胁 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈, 锌械褉锌械薪写懈泻褍谢褟褉薪芯泄 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-77.jpg" alt="3023-77.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 胁谢懈褟械褌 薪邪 胁褋械 泻懈薪械褌懈褔. 泻芯褝褎. (褝谢.- 懈 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌械泄, 褌械褉屑芯褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔械褋泻懈械 懈 写褉.) 懈 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 褉褟写褍 薪芯胁褘褏 褟胁谢械薪懈泄: 泻 <em>啸芯谢谢邪 褝褎褎械泻褌褍, 屑邪谐-薪械褌芯褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褞</em> 懈 写褉. 袪邪蟹谢懈褔邪褞褌 泻谢邪褋褋懈褔. 懈 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘械 (芯褋褑懈谢谢褟褑懈芯薪薪褘械) 谐邪谢褜胁邪薪芯褌械褉屑芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘械 褟胁谢械薪懈褟. 袩褉懈 褉邪褋褋屑芯褌褉械薪懈懈 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褏 薪邪写芯 褍褔懈褌褘胁邪褌褜 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁邪薪懈械 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 胁 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈, 锌械褉锌械薪写懈泻褍谢褟褉薪芯泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-78.jpg" alt="3023-78.jpg" align="absmiddle">袛谢褟 芯褑械薪泻懈 泻谢邪褋褋懈褔. 褝褎褎械泻褌芯胁 薪邪写芯 褋褉邪胁薪懈胁邪褌褜 褋褉. 褉邪写懈褍褋 芯褉斜懈褌褘 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪 胁 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-79.jpg" alt="3023-79.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褋 写谢懈薪芯泄 锌褉芯斜械谐邪 <em>l</em>, 邪 写谢褟 芯褑械薪泻懈 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁褘褏 - 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈械 屑械卸写褍 褍褉芯胁薪褟屑懈 褝薪械褉谐懈懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-80.jpg" alt="3023-80.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褋 <em>kT</em> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-81.jpg" alt="3023-81.jpg" align="absmiddle">- <em>褑懈泻谢芯褌褉芯薪薪邪褟 褔邪褋褌芯褌邪, 褌</em> - 褝褎褎. 屑邪褋褋邪 胁 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械; 褌邪斜谢. 4). 袧邪 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 泻懈薪械褌懈褔. 泻芯褝褎. 芯褌 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-82.jpg" alt="3023-82.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 胁谢懈褟褞褌 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔. 褋锌械泻褌褉邪 M., 胁 褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈 褌芯, 泻邪泻芯泄 褎芯褉屑芯泄 (褌芯锌芯谢芯谐懈械泄) 芯斜谢邪写邪械褌 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈 (褋屑. <em>袚邪谢褗胁邪薪芯.褔邪谐薪懈褌薪褘械 褟胁谢械薪懈褟, 孝械褉屑芯谐邪谢褗胁邪薪芯屑邪谐-薪懈褌薪褘械 褟胁谢械薪懈褟)</em>. 袛邪卸械 薪械 褋谢懈褕泻芯屑 斜芯谢褜褕芯械 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械 锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-pax (~1 袣) 屑芯卸械褌 懈蟹屑械薪懈褌褜 泻懈薪械褌懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 M., 薪邪锌褉, 胁 写械褋褟褌泻懈 褌褘褋褟褔 褉邪蟹 褍胁械谢懈褔懈褌褜 锌芯锌械褉械褔薪芯械 (芯褌薪芯褋懈褌械谢褜薪芯 <em>H</em>)褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 (Bi) 懈谢懈 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 锌芯谢薪芯褋褌褜褞 "胁褘泻谢褞褔懈褌褜" 锌芯锌械褉械褔薪褍褞 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褍褞 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌褜 M. (褌邪泻懈屑 锌褍褌褢屑 "胁褘写械谢褟褞褌" 褉械褕褢褌芯褔薪褍褞- 褎芯薪芯薪薪褍褞 褔邪褋褌褜 褌械锌谢芯锌褉芯胁芯写薪芯褋褌懈 M.).<BR> </P> <P> M. 胁 锌械褉械屑械薪薪芯屑 褝谢械泻褌褉芯屑邪谐薪懈褌薪芯屑 锌芯谢械. 袩褉懈 锌褉芯褏芯卸写械薪懈懈 锌械褉械屑械薪薪芯谐芯 褌芯泻邪 褔邪褋褌芯褌褘 w 胁 M. 薪邪斜谢褞写邪械褌褋褟 薪械芯写薪芯褉芯写薪芯械 褉邪褋锌褉械写械谢械薪懈械 褌芯泻邪 锌芯 芯斜褉邪蟹褑褍: 褌芯泻 褋芯褋褉械写芯褌芯褔械薪 胁斜谢懈蟹懈 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪 薪邪 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 锌芯褉褟写泻邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-83.jpg" alt="3023-83.jpg" align="absmiddle">(褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/3686.html">小泻懈薪-褝褎褎械泻褌</a></em> ).袛谢褟 Cu 谐谢褍-<BR> </P> <P> 斜懈薪邪 褋泻懈薪-褋谢芯褟<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-84.jpg" alt="3023-84.jpg" align="absmiddle">褋屑 锌褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-85.jpg" alt="3023-85.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-86.jpg" alt="3023-86.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0633.html">袙褘褋芯泻芯褔邪褋褌芯褌薪邪褟 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜</a></em>).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 锌邪写械薪懈懈 褝谢--屑邪谐薪. 胁芯谢薪褘 薪邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 M. 褋泻懈薪-褝褎褎械泻褌 锌褉芯褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 泻邪泻 胁 褌芯屑, 褔褌芯 褝谢--屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械 蟹邪褌褍褏邪械褌 薪邪 谐谢褍斜懈薪械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-87.jpg" alt="3023-87.jpg" align="absmiddle">褌邪泻 懈 胁 褌芯屑, 褔褌芯 芯薪芯 锌芯褔褌懈 锌芯谢薪芯褋褌褜褞 芯褌褉邪卸邪械褌褋褟 芯褌 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 M.: 泻芯褝褎. 芯褌褉邪卸械薪懈褟<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-88.jpg" alt="3023-88.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈胁械写褢薪薪褘械 芯褑械薪泻懈 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褘 胁 褋谢褍褔邪械 薪芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褋泻懈薪-褝褎褎械泻褌邪, 泻芯谐写邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-89.jpg" alt="3023-89.jpg" align="absmiddle">袩褉懈 <em>T =</em> 300 袣 褝褌懈 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟 胁褘锌芯谢薪褟褞褌褋褟 胁锌谢芯褌褜 写芯 芯锌褌懈褔. 褔邪褋褌芯褌<BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-90.jpg" alt="3023-90.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褋屑 锌褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-91.jpg" alt="3023-91.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 薪懈蟹泻懈褏 褌械屑锌-pax 懈 写谢褟 褔懈褋褌褘褏 芯斜褉邪蟹褑芯胁 M. 褍褋谢芯胁懈械 <em>l <<</em> d 褔邪褋褌芯 薪械 胁褘锌芯谢薪褟械褌褋褟 (写邪卸械 械褋谢懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-92.jpg" alt="3023-92.jpg" align="absmiddle">). 袩褉懈 褝褌芯屑 懈屑械械褌 屑械褋褌芯 邪薪芯屑邪谢褜薪褘泄 褋泻懈薪-褝褎褎械泻褌, 锌褉懈 泻-褉芯屑 d 懈 <em>R</em> 薪械 蟹邪胁懈褋褟褌 芯褌 <em>l</em>, 懈 褌械屑 褋邪屑褘屑 芯褌 <em>T</em>.<BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 薪懈蟹泻芯泄 褌械屑锌-褉械 M., 锌芯屑械褖褢薪薪褘泄 胁 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 褋懈谢褜薪芯械 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-93.jpg" alt="3023-93.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 芯斜谢邪写邪械褌 MH. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪屑懈, 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘屑懈 写谢褟 锌谢邪蟹屑褘: 胁 薪褢屑 屑芯谐褍褌 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟褌褜褋褟 褉邪蟹薪芯芯斜褉邪蟹薪褘械 褋谢邪斜芯蟹邪褌褍褏邪褞褖懈械 胁芯谢薪褘 (谐械谢懈泻芯薪褘, 屑邪谐薪懈褌芯锌谢邪蟹屑械薪薪褘械 胁芯谢薪褘, 写芯锌锌谢械褉芯薪褘 懈 写褉.). 袣芯褝褎. <em>R</em> "芯褖褍褖邪械褌" <em><a href="articles/part_2/4527.html">褑懈泻谢芯褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 褉械蟹芯薪邪薪褋</a></em> (锌褉懈 褉邪胁械薪褋褌胁械 褔邪褋褌芯褌褘 锌芯谢褟<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-94.jpg" alt="3023-94.jpg" align="absmiddle">褑械谢芯屑褍 泻褉邪褌薪芯屑褍 褑懈泻谢芯褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 褔邪褋褌芯褌褘 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-95.jpg" alt="3023-95.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/2844.html">袩谢邪蟹屑邪 褌胁褢褉写褘褏 褌械谢</a>)</em>. 袙 薪械泻-褉褘褏 M. (薪邪锌褉., 胁 褖械谢芯褔薪褘褏) 褍写邪褢褌褋褟 薪邪斜谢褞写邪褌褜 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4708.html">褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪褘泄 锌邪褉邪屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘泄 褉械蟹芯薪邪薪褋</a></em> 薪邪 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪褏 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 懈 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3821.html">褋锌懈薪芯胁褘械 胁芯谢薪褘</a></em>.<BR> </P> <P> 袨锌褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪. 袛谢褟 褝谢--屑邪谐薪. 胁芯谢薪 芯锌褌懈褔. 写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪邪 M., 泻邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 薪械锌褉芯蟹褉邪褔薪褘. 啸邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘泄 斜谢械褋泻 - 褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 锌芯谢薪芯谐芯 芯褌褉邪卸械薪懈褟 褋胁械褌邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜褞 M., 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪薪芯谐芯 褌械屑, 褔褌芯 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1099.html">写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌褉芯薪懈褑邪械屑芯褋褌褜</a></em> 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯谐芯 谐邪蟹邪 e 锌褉懈 芯锌褌懈褔. 褔邪褋褌芯褌邪褏 芯褌褉懈褑邪褌械谢褜薪邪. 袛懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 锌褉芯薪懈褑邪械屑芯褋褌褜 M. <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-96.jpg" alt="3023-96.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 谐写械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-97.jpg" alt="3023-97.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔. 锌褉芯薪懈褑邪械屑芯褋褌褜 懈芯薪薪芯谐芯 芯褋褌芯胁邪,<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-98.jpg" alt="3023-98.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 锌谢邪蟹屑械薪薪邪褟 (谢械薪谐屑褞褉芯胁褋泻邪褟) 褔邪褋褌芯褌邪 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁. 袩谢邪蟹屑械薪薪褘械 褔邪褋褌芯褌褘 屑芯谐褍褌 斜褘褌褜 褝泻褋锌械褉懈屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯 芯锌褉械写械谢械薪褘 锌芯 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈褔. 锌芯褌械褉褟屑 褝薪械褉谐懈懈 斜褘褋褌褉褘褏 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 (褋 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-99.jpg" alt="3023-99.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌褉懈 锌褉芯褏芯卸写械薪懈懈 褔械褉械蟹 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 锌谢褢薪泻褍. 袨薪懈 褌械褉褟褞褌 褝薪械褉谐懈褞 薪邪 胁芯蟹斜褍卸写械薪懈械 锌谢邪蟹屑芯薪芯胁 - 泻胁邪薪褌芯胁 泻芯谢械斜邪薪懈泄 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪芯泄 卸懈写泻芯褋褌懈 褋 褔邪褋褌芯褌芯泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-100.jpg" alt="3023-100.jpg" align="absmiddle">(褌邪斜谢. 8).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 孝邪斜谢. 8.- <strong>协薪械褉谐懈褟 锌谢邪蟹屑芯薪邪</strong><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-101.jpg" alt="3023-101.jpg" align="absmiddle"><strong>写谢褟 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁</strong><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-102.jpg" alt="3023-102.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袧邪谢懈褔懈械屑 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪芯 褌邪泻卸械 褝泻褉邪薪懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 胁 M. 蟹邪褉褟写芯胁 (薪邪锌褉., 蟹邪褉褟卸械薪薪褘褏 锌褉懈屑械褋械泄) 薪邪 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪芯屑 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-103.jpg" alt="3023-103.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (袛械斜邪褟 - 啸褞泻泻械谢褟 褉邪写懈褍褋), 懈屑械褞褖械屑 邪褌芯屑薪褘泄 屑邪褋褕褌邪斜. 袩褉懈 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈懈 褋胁械褌邪 褋 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪邪屑懈 M. 胁邪卸薪褍褞 褉芯谢褜 懈谐褉邪械褌 褌. 薪. 胁薪褍褌褉. 褎芯褌芯褝褎褎械泻褌, 褌. 械. 胁褘薪褍卸写械薪薪褘械 (蟹邪 褋褔褢褌 锌芯谐谢芯褖械薪懈褟 褎芯褌芯薪芯胁) 锌械褉械褏芯写褘 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪芯胁 懈蟹 蟹芯薪褘 胁 蟹芯薪褍. 袣邪泻 锌褉邪胁懈谢芯, 懈屑械薪薪芯 胁薪褍褌褉. 褎芯褌芯褝褎褎械泻褌 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌 泻芯褝褎. 锌芯谐谢芯褖械薪懈褟 懈蟹谢褍褔械薪懈褟 胁懈写懈屑芯谐芯 懈 校肖-写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪芯胁 懈 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈 M. 锌芯写 胁芯蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈械屑 褋胁械褌邪 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/4375.html">肖芯褌芯锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜</a>)</em>. 效械屑 胁褘褕械<em><IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-104.jpg" alt="3023-104.jpg" align="absmiddle"></em>褌械屑 屑械薪褜褕褍褞 褉芯谢褜 胁芯 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈懈 褋胁械褌邪 褋 M. 懈谐褉邪褞褌 褝谢械泻褌褉芯薪褘 锌褉芯胁芯写懈屑芯褋褌懈: 写谢褟 校肖- 懈 褉械薪褌谐. 写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪芯胁 M. 屑邪谢芯 芯褌谢懈褔邪械褌褋褟 芯褌 写懈褝谢械泻褌褉懈泻邪. 袨褌褉邪卸械薪懈械 锌谢芯褋泻芯锌芯谢褟褉懈蟹芯胁. 褋胁械褌邪 芯褌 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌懈 M. 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟 锌芯胁芯褉芯褌芯屑 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 锌芯谢褟褉懈蟹邪褑懈懈 懈 锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈械屑 褝谢谢懈锌褌懈褔. 锌芯谢褟褉懈蟹邪褑懈懈. 协褌芯 褟胁谢械薪懈械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械褌褋褟 写谢褟 褌械褏薪. 褑械谢械泄 懈 写谢褟 芯锌褉械写械谢械薪懈褟 芯锌褌懈褔. 泻芯薪褋褌邪薪褌 M. (褋屑. <em>袦械褌邪谢谢芯芯锌褌懈泻邪, 袨褌褉邪卸械薪懈械 褋胁械褌邪, 袩芯谢褟褉懈蟹邪褑懈褟 褋胁械褌邪)</em>.<BR> </P> <P> <em>袥懈褌.:</em> 袣褉褝泻薪械谢谢 袗.,袣胁械泄 效芯薪谐 校芯薪谐, 袩芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌褜 肖械褉屑懈, 锌械褉. 褋 邪薪谐谢., M., 1978; 袗斜褉懈泻芯褋芯胁 袗. 袗., 袨褋薪芯胁褘 褌械芯褉懈懈 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁, M., 1987.<BR> </P> <P> <em>M. 袠. 袣邪谐邪薪芯胁, 袙. 小. 协写械谢褜屑邪薪</em>.<BR> </P> <P> 袦械褏邪薪懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪. 袦薪芯谐懈械 M. 懈 褋锌谢邪胁褘 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褌 芯写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 胁褘褋芯泻芯泄 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 锌褉芯褔薪芯褋褌褜褞 懈 胁褘褋芯泻芯泄 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜褞, 褔褌芯 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢懈胁邪械褌 懈褏 褕懈褉芯泻芯械 锌褉懈屑械薪械薪懈械 胁 泻邪褔械褋褌胁械 泻芯薪褋褌褉褍泻褑. 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢芯胁. 袠蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 谢懈薪械泄薪褘褏 褉邪蟹屑械褉芯胁 M. 胁 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> 300 袣 写芯褋褌懈谐邪械褌 写械褋褟褌泻芯胁, 邪 懈薪芯谐写邪 褋芯褌械薪 % (褋胁械褉褏锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜).<BR> </P> <P> 袦械褏邪薪懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 懈褋褋谢械写褍褞褌, 懈蟹屑械褉褟褟 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈械 - 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 (褉懈褋. 8). 袠蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 褎芯褉屑褘 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪 胁 锌褉芯褑械褋褋械 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 锌芯泻邪蟹邪薪芯 写谢褟 褌褉褢褏 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘褏 褍褔邪褋褌泻芯胁 写懈邪谐褉邪屑屑褘. 校褔邪褋褌芯泻 <em>OA</em> 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍械褌 锌褉褟屑芯泄 锌褉芯锌芯褉褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 屑械卸写褍 薪邪谐褉褍蟹泻芯泄 懈 褍写谢懈薪械薪懈械屑 懈 芯斜褉邪褌懈屑芯褋褌懈 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 (褍锌褉褍谐邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜; 褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0889.html">袚褍泻邪 蟹邪泻芯薪</a></em> ).袧邪 薪械谢懈薪械泄薪芯屑 褍褔邪褋褌泻械 <em>AB</em> 薪邪谐褉褍蟹泻邪 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪械褌 褍胁械谢懈褔懈胁邪褌褜褋褟 褋 屑械薪褜褕械泄 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜褞, 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 薪械芯斜褉邪褌懈屑邪, 薪芯 褉邪褋锌褉械写械谢械薪邪 褉邪胁薪芯屑械褉薪芯 锌芯 写谢懈薪械 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪. 袧邪 褍褔邪褋褌泻械 <em>BC</em> 薪邪谐褉褍蟹泻邪 褍屑械薪褜褕邪械褌褋褟 胁褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 谢芯泻邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褍屑械薪褜褕械薪懈褟 锌芯锌械褉械褔薪芯谐芯 褋械褔械薪懈褟 芯斜褉邪蟹褑邪 胁 械谐芯 褑械薪褌褉, 褔邪褋褌懈. 袨斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 "褕械泄泻懈" 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪芯 写谢褟 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪褘褏 M. 袙 泻芯薪褑械 褝褌芯谐芯 褍褔邪褋褌泻邪 薪邪褋褌褍锌邪械褌 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈械 (褌芯褔泻邪 <em>小)</em>.<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-105.jpg" alt="3023-105.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 小芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 M. 胁芯蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈褞 胁薪械褕. 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 褋懈谢 芯锌懈褋褘胁邪械褌褋褟 屑芯写褍谢褟屑懈 褍锌褉褍谐芯褋褌懈. 啸邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘泄 锌芯褉褟写芯泻 懈褏 胁械谢懈褔懈薪褘 写谢褟 M.<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-106.jpg" alt="3023-106.jpg" align="absmiddle">(10<SUP>11</SUP> 袧/屑<SUP>2</SUP>), 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘械 泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌褘 褌械薪蟹芯褉邪 屑芯写褍谢械泄 褍锌褉褍谐芯褋褌懈 芯写薪芯谐芯 M. 芯褌谢懈褔邪褞褌褋褟 胁 薪械褋泻. 褉邪蟹, 邪 褍 褉邪蟹薪褘褏 M. 屑芯谐褍褌 芯褌谢懈褔邪褌褜褋褟 胁 写械褋褟褌泻懈 褉邪蟹. 袩芯谢懈泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢褘 锌褉懈 芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈懈 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3991.html">褌械泻褋褌褍褉褘</a></em> 胁 褍锌褉褍谐芯屑 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈懈 懈蟹芯褌褉芯锌薪褘, 懈 写谢褟 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈褟 懈褏 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 写胁褍褏 屑芯写褍谢械泄, 薪邪锌褉, 屑芯写褍谢褟 挟薪谐邪 <em>E</em> 懈 屑芯写褍谢褟 褋写胁懈谐邪 <em>G</em> (褌邪斜谢. 9).<BR> </P> <P> <strong>孝邪斜谢. 9.- 袦芯写褍谢懈 褍锌褉褍谐芯褋褌懈 <em>E</em> 懈 屑芯写褍谢懈 褋写胁懈谐邪 G (胁 袧/屑<SUP>2</SUP>) 写谢褟 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔械褋泻懈褏 屑芯薪芯泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 懈 锌芯谢懈泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁</strong><BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-107.jpg" alt="3023-107.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 袙械谢懈褔懈薪邪 褍锌褉褍谐懈褏 屑芯写褍谢械泄 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌褋褟 屑械卸邪褌芯屑薪褘屑懈 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟屑懈 懈 锌芯褌芯屑褍 泻芯褉褉械谢懈褉褍械褌 褋 褝薪械褉谐懈械泄 褋胁褟蟹懈 <em>U</em>, 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯泄 写谢褟 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪懈褟 褌胁褢褉写芯谐芯 褌械谢邪 薪邪 芯褌写. 薪械泄褌褉邪谢褜薪褘械 邪褌芯屑褘 锌褉懈 <em>T =</em> OK. 孝邪泻, 褍 VV 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 褋胁褟蟹懈 薪邪 1 邪褌芯屑 褉邪胁薪邪<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-108.jpg" alt="3023-108.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> 褍 Cs 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 褋胁褟蟹懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-109.jpg" alt="3023-109.jpg" align="absmiddle">(褍 Cs - 薪邪懈屑械薪褜褕懈泄 褋褉械写懈 M. 屑芯写褍谢褜 褋写胁懈谐邪). 袩褉懈 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈懈 褌械屑锌-褉褘 <em>T</em> 屑芯写褍谢懈 褍锌褉褍谐芯褋褌懈 屑芯薪芯褌芯薪薪芯 褍斜褘胁邪褞褌, 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈械 屑芯写褍谢褟 胁 懈薪褌械褉胁邪谢械 芯褌 0 袣 写芯 <em>孝</em><SUB>锌谢</SUB> 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 芯泻. 50% 懈褋褏芯写薪芯谐芯 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟. 袙 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈 褍锌褉褍谐芯谐芯 锌芯胁械写械薪懈褟 胁 M. 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯 锌褉芯褟胁谢械薪懈械 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0522.html">胁薪褍褌褉械薪薪械谐芯 褌褉械薪懈褟</a></em>. M. 褋 薪懈蟹泻懈屑 褍褉芯胁薪械屑 胁薪褍褌褉. 褌褉械薪懈褟, 褋谢邪斜芯 褉邪褋褋械懈胁邪褞褖懈械 褝薪械褉谐懈褞 泻芯谢械斜邪薪懈泄, 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍褞褌褋褟 锌褉懈 懈蟹谐芯褌芯胁谢械薪懈懈 邪泻褍褋褌懈褔. 褉械蟹芯薪邪褌芯褉芯胁 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪褘褏 懈薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌芯胁.<BR> </P> <P> 袩谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 M. 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟械褌褋褟 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌, 褋写胁懈谐芯屑 (褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈械屑) 锌邪褉邪谢谢械谢褜薪褘褏 邪褌芯屑薪褘褏 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌械泄 懈 写胁芯泄薪懈泻芯胁邪薪懈械屑 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_2/2874.html">袩谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜</a></em> ).袩褉械写械谢 褌械泻褍褔械褋褌懈 胁 屑芯薪芯泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪褏 邪薪懈蟹芯褌褉芯锌械薪 懈 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 懈 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟, 胁写芯谢褜 泻-褉褘褏 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈械. 小芯胁芯泻褍锌薪芯褋褌褜 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 懈 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟 芯斜褉邪蟹褍械褌 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟. 袙 泻邪卸写芯屑 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍械褌 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟, 胁 泻-褉芯泄 泻褉懈褌懈褔. 胁械谢懈褔懈薪邪 胁薪械褕. 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈褟 写谢褟 薪邪褔邪谢邪 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟 屑懈薪懈屑邪谢褜薪邪 (薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈械 谢褢谐泻芯谐芯 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-110.jpg" alt="3023-110.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 褌邪斜谢. 10).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> <strong>孝邪斜谢. 10.- 袧邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈械 谢褢谐泻芯谐芯 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟 锌褉懈 300 袣</strong><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <p align="center"> <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-111.jpg" alt="3023-111.jpg" align="absmiddle"><BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袙 褋谢褍褔邪械 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0917.html">写胁芯泄薪懈泻芯胁邪薪懈褟</a></em> 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 褋写胁懈谐 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪 胁 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械, 蟹械褉泻邪谢褜薪芯械 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌械谢褜薪芯 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈, 薪械 懈褋锌褘褌邪胁褕械泄 褋写胁懈谐. 袦械褏邪薪懈褔. 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈械, 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯械 写谢褟 胁芯蟹薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟 写胁芯泄薪懈泻邪, 斜芯谢褜褕械, 褔械屑 写谢褟 芯斜褘褔薪芯谐芯 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟. 袙褉械屑褟 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 写胁芯泄薪懈泻邪 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 薪械褋泻. 屑泻褋.<BR> </P> <P> 孝械芯褉械褌懈褔械褋泻懈 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 M. 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 懈 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈褞 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-112.jpg" alt="3023-112.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 协泻褋锌械褉懈屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 懈 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈械 薪邪斜谢褞写邪褞褌褋褟 锌褉懈 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈褟褏<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-113.jpg" alt="3023-113.jpg" align="absmiddle">协褌芯 褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈械 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪芯 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械屑 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1036.html">写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄</a></em>. 袛胁懈卸械薪懈械 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 胁写芯谢褜 芯锌褉械写械谢. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌械泄 胁 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢械 芯斜械褋锌械褔懈胁邪械褌 褋写胁懈谐 芯写薪芯泄 褔邪褋褌懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌械谢褜薪芯 写褉褍谐芯泄. 小芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 褉械褕褢褌泻懈 写胁懈卸械薪懈褞 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 (褋懈谢邪 袩邪泄械褉谢褋邪 - 袧邪斜邪褉褉芯) 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-114.jpg" alt="3023-114.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 小懈谢褘 袩邪泄械褉谢褋邪 - 袧邪斜邪褉褉芯 胁 M. 褋 褔懈褋褌芯 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 褋胁褟蟹褜褞 屑邪谢褘, 褌. 泻. 褝褌邪 褋胁褟蟹褜 薪械 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪芯泄 懈 褋谢邪斜芯 屑械薪褟械褌褋褟 锌褉懈 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈懈 邪褌芯屑薪芯泄 泻芯薪褎懈谐褍褉邪褑懈懈 胁斜谢懈蟹懈 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈懈. 袙 M. 褋 泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌芯泄 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1653.html">泻芯胁邪谢械薪褌薪芯泄 褋胁褟蟹懈</a></em>, 懈屑械褞褖懈褏 芯斜褗褢屑薪芯褑械薪褌褉懈褉芯胁. 褉械褕褢褌泻褍, 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褞 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 斜芯谢褜褕械, 芯写薪邪泻芯 胁褋褢 卸械 屑邪谢芯 锌芯 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈褞 褋 褔懈褋褌芯 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1654.html">泻芯胁邪谢械薪褌薪褘屑懈 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪屑懈</a></em> (芯褌褋褞写邪 胁褘褋芯泻邪褟 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜).<BR> </P> <P> <BR> </P> <P> 袩褉芯褔薪芯褋褌褜 懈 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜 M. 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪褘 褌邪泻卸械 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈械屑 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 屑械卸写褍 褋芯斜芯泄 懈 褋 写褉. 写械褎械泻褌邪屑懈, 锌褉懈屑械褋褟屑懈 懈 懈褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈褟屑懈, 谐褉邪薪懈褑邪屑懈 褉邪蟹写械谢邪 褎邪蟹, 胁泻谢褞褔械薪懈褟屑懈 写褉. 褎邪蟹. 袙械谢懈褔懈薪邪 褝褌懈褏 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈泄 锌褉芯锌芯褉褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪邪 <em>G</em>. 袙 锌褉芯褑械褋褋械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 "褉邪蟹屑薪芯卸械薪懈械" 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈懈, 泻-褉芯械 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 蟹邪褌褉褍写薪械薪懈褞 懈褏 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟, 褌. 械. 泻 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褞 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟 屑械褌邪谢谢邪 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 (写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈芯薪薪芯械 褍锌褉芯褔薪械薪懈械, 懈谢懈 薪邪泻谢褢锌). 小芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 M. 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌邪械褌 褋 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈械屑 褋褌械锌械薪懈 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 泻邪泻 <IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-115.jpg" alt="3023-115.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 谐写械<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-116.jpg" alt="3023-116.jpg" align="absmiddle">- 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄. 袙 芯褌芯卸卸褢薪薪褘褏 (薪械写械褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘褏) 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢邪褏 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-117.jpg" alt="3023-117.jpg" align="absmiddle">, 褋懈谢褜薪邪褟 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 械褢 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褞 写芯 10<SUP>11</SUP>-10<SUP>12</SUP> 褋屑<SUP>-2</SUP>.<BR> </P> <p align="center"> 袩褉懈<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-118.jpg" alt="3023-118.jpg" align="absmiddle">胁 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 薪邪褔懈薪邪褞褌 懈谐褉邪褌褜 褋褍褖械褋褌胁, 褉芯谢褜 褌芯褔械褔薪褘械 写械褎械泻褌褘, 胁 锌械褉胁褍褞 芯褔械褉械写褜 胁邪泻邪薪褋懈懈, 泻-褉褘械, 芯褋械写邪褟 薪邪 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈褟褏, 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褌 泻 懈褏 胁褘褏芯写褍 懈蟹 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌械泄 褋泻芯谢褜卸械薪懈褟. 袝褋谢懈 褝褌芯褌 锌褉芯褑械褋褋 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁械薪, 褌芯 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 薪械 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪械褌褋褟 褍锌褉芯褔薪械薪懈械屑: M. "褌械褔褢褌" 褋 锌芯褋褌, 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜褞 锌褉懈 薪械懈蟹屑械薪薪芯泄 薪邪谐褉褍蟹泻械 (锌芯谢蟹褍褔械褋褌褜). 袪械谢邪泻褋邪褑懈褟 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈泄 懈 褉邪蟹褉褟写泻邪 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑. 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘 芯斜械褋锌械褔懈胁邪褞褌 胁褘褋芯泻褍褞 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褜 M. 锌褉懈 懈褏 谐芯褉褟褔械泄 芯斜褉邪斜芯褌泻械. 袨褌卸懈谐 褋懈谢褜薪芯 写械褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁. 屑械褌邪谢谢懈褔. 屑芯薪芯泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 薪械褉械写泻芯 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褞 锌芯谢懈泻褉懈褋褌邪谢谢芯胁 褋 屑邪谢芯泄 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜褞 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 胁薪褍褌褉懈 蟹褢褉械薪.<BR> </P> <P> 袩褉懈 褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈懈 锌谢芯褌薪芯褋褌懈 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌褋褟 懈褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈褟, 褟胁谢褟褞褖懈械褋褟 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉邪褌芯褉邪屑懈 胁薪褍褌褉. 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈泄. 袙褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 褝褌芯谐芯 胁 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈褟 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 屑芯谐褍褌 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 屑懈泻褉芯褌褉械褖懈薪褘, 褉芯褋褌 泻-褉褘褏 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈褞. 袙 芯褌谢懈褔懈械 芯褌 写褉. 褌胁褢褉写褘褏 褌械谢 胁 M. 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪褘械 写谢褟 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 褌褉械褖懈薪 胁薪褍褌褉. 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈褟 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褞褌褋褟 锌褉懈 斜芯谢褜褕懈褏 褋褌械锌械薪褟褏 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈. 袙 M. 写芯 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈褟 胁 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁械 褋谢褍褔邪械胁 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 蟹邪屑械褌薪芯械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 锌谢邪褋褌懈褔. 写械褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈, 锌褉懈胁芯写褟褖械械 泻 芯褋谢邪斜谢械薪懈褞 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉邪褑懈懈 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈泄 懈 褌芯褉屑芯卸械薪懈褞 褉芯褋褌邪 褌褉械褖懈薪褘 (胁褟蟹泻芯械 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈械). 袝褋谢懈 写胁懈卸械薪懈械 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄 胁斜谢懈蟹懈 胁械褉褕懈薪褘 褌褉械褖懈薪褘 蟹邪褌褉褍写薪械薪芯, 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉邪褑懈褟 薪邪锌褉褟卸械薪懈泄 芯褋谢邪斜谢褟械褌褋褟 薪械蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯, 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 褏褉褍锌泻芯械 褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪懈械.<BR> </P> <P> 袦械褏邪薪懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻懈 M. 屑芯卸薪芯 懈蟹屑械薪褟褌褜 胁 褕懈褉芯泻懈褏 锌褉械写械谢邪褏 褌械褉屑懈褔. 懈 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 芯斜褉邪斜芯褌泻芯泄, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 胁胁械写械薪懈械屑 锌褉懈屑械褋械泄 (谢械谐懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械屑). 校谢褍褔褕械薪懈械 屑械褏邪薪懈褔. 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁 M. 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪芯 薪邪 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈懈 褍褋谢芯胁懈泄 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟, 褉邪蟹屑薪芯卸械薪懈褟 懈 褌芯褉屑芯卸械薪懈褟 写懈褋谢芯泻邪褑懈泄. 袙 泻邪褔械褋褌胁械 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢芯胁 写谢褟 懈蟹谐芯褌芯胁谢械薪懈褟 泻芯薪褋褌褉褍泻褑懈泄 褔懈褋褌褘械 M. 薪械锌褉懈谐芯写薪褘 懈蟹-蟹邪 懈褏 屑邪谢芯泄 锌褉芯褔薪芯褋褌懈. 袧邪锌褉., 锌褉械写械谢 锌褉芯褔薪芯褋褌懈 Fe (褌械褏薪. 褔懈褋褌芯褌褘)<IMG src="articles/part_1/p2/3023-119.jpg" alt="3023-119.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 0,35 袚袩邪, 褌芯谐写邪 泻邪泻 胁褘褋芯泻芯锌褉芯褔薪褘械 谢械谐懈褉芯胁. 褋褌邪谢懈 (褋锌谢邪胁褘 Fe 褋 小 懈 写褉. M.) 懈屑械褞褌 锌褉械写械谢 锌褉芯褔薪芯褋褌懈 芯褌 1,5 写芯 4,5 袚袩邪 (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/2261.html">袦械褏邪薪懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪</a></em> 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢芯胁).<BR> </P> <P> <em>袥懈褌.:</em> 袘械褉薪褕褌械泄薪 M. 袥., 袟邪泄屑芯胁褋泻懈泄 袙. 袗., 袦械褏邪薪懈褔械褋泻懈械 褋胁芯泄褋褌胁邪 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁, 2 懈蟹写., M., 1979; 肖懈蟹懈褔械褋泻芯械 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁械写械薪懈械, 锌芯写 褉械写. P. 袣邪薪邪, 袩. 啸邪邪蟹械薪邪, 锌械褉. 褋 邪薪谐谢., 3 懈蟹写., 褌. 3, M., 1987. <em>袙. 小. 袣褉邪锌芯褕懈薪</em>.<BR> </p><div class="blue_border"><!-- --></div> <p class="next-prev"><a rel="prev" href="articles/part_1/2240.html">   <<   </a>  <a rel="index" href="index1.html"> 袩褉械写屑械褌薪褘泄 褍泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褜 </a>  <a rel="next" href="articles/part_1/2242.html">   >>   </a></p> </div> </div> <!--/htracer_context_links--> <div class="both"></div> <div class="blue_border"><!-- --></div> <div class="footer_separator"></div> <div class="footer"> <div class="copyright">漏 femto.com.ua <br> <img src="files/images/mailabs.gif" align="absmiddle" border="0"> webmaster@femto.com.ua</div> </div> </div> </body> </html>