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id="toc-Greek_Cypriot_official_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A_(1963)" title="عيد الميلاد الدموي (1963) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الميلاد الدموي (1963)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanl%C4%B1_Milad" title="Qanlı Milad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qanlı Milad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="قانلی کریسمس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قانلی کریسمس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutige_Weihnachten_(1963)" title="Blutige Weihnachten (1963) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blutige Weihnachten (1963)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1963-64" title="Διακοινοτικές ταραχές του 1963-64 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διακοινοτικές ταραχές του 1963-64" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidad_Sangrienta_en_Chipre_(1963)" title="Navidad Sangrienta en Chipre (1963) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Navidad Sangrienta en Chipre (1963)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کریسمس خونین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریسمس خونین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_sanglant_(1963)" title="Noël sanglant (1963) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noël sanglant (1963)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963-1964_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="1963-1964 թվականների միջհամայնքային խռովություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1963-1964 թվականների միջհամայնքային խռովություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natale_di_Sangue_di_Cipro" title="Natale di Sangue di Cipro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Natale di Sangue di Cipro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(1963)" title="სისხლიანი შობა (1963) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისხლიანი შობა (1963)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_Sangrento" title="Natal Sangrento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Natal Sangrento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1963)" title="Кровавое Рождество (1963) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кровавое Рождество (1963)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9B_(1963)" title="Крвави Божић (1963) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крвави Божић (1963)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanl%C4%B1_Noel" title="Kanlı Noel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanlı Noel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1963)" title="Криваве Різдво (1963) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Криваве Різдво (1963)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1661774#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Bloody Christmas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963-64" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus crisis of 1963-64">Cyprus crisis of 1963-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20–21 December 1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>364 Turkish Cypriots</li> <li>174 Greek Cypriots</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>25,000 Turkish Cypriots displaced into <a href="/wiki/Enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaves">enclaves</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1,200 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cypriots" title="Armenian Cypriots">Armenian Cypriots</a> and 500 Greek Cypriots were displaced</li> <li>Thousands of Turkish Cypriot Houses destroyed</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Bloody Christmas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kanlı Noel</i>) refers to the resumption of <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">intercommunal violence</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963%E2%80%9364" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus crisis of 1963–64">Cyprus crisis of 1963–64</a>, on the night of 20–21 December 1963 and the subsequent period of island-wide violence<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjipavlou20162017Hazou2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjipavlou20162017Hazou2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amounting to civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010120-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initial episode of violence lasted until 31 December and was somewhat subdued with the start of peace talks at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Conference_(1964)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Conference (1964) (page does not exist)">London Conference</a>, but outbursts of violence continued thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197647_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197647-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence precipitated the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. </p><p>The death toll for the entire conflict between December and August amounts to 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots, of whom <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 136 Turkish Cypriots and 30 Greek Cypriots were killed in the initial period between 21 December and 1 January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197648_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197648-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 104 villages, amounting to a quarter of the Turkish Cypriot population, fled their villages and were displaced into <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">enclaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20Risini2018117Smit201251United_Nations1964_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20Risini2018117Smit201251United_Nations1964-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15United_Nations1964_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15United_Nations1964-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cypriots" title="Armenian Cypriots">Armenian Cypriots</a> and 500 Greek Cypriots were also displaced. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of Cyprus was established as a bi-communal unitary state in 1960. Neither of the two communities were happy with this situation as Greek Cypriots thought it was their right to unite Cyprus with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">enosis</a>) while Turkish Cypriots were striving for partition (<a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">taksim</a>). </p><p>The first major crisis came in December 1961 when the Turks refused to vote for the budget as a reprisal for the Greek failure to fulfil certain obligations affecting Turkish interests in other spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978365_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978365-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two relatively peaceful years, in November 1963 tensions skyrocketed when President and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Makarios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Makarios III">Archbishop Makarios III</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/13_amendments_proposed_by_Makarios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="13 amendments proposed by Makarios III">13 constitutional changes</a> for his consideration which were met with fury by Turkish Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010106–115_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010106–115-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the suggestions were technical, a few had advantages for the Turks, others affected the perceived Turkish security. Nothing at this stage impinged upon the wider interests of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guarantee_(1960)" title="Treaty of Guarantee (1960)">Treaty of Guarantee</a> but the Turkish Government saw the attempt to change the basic articles as a dangerous precedent and rejected the proposals. The Archbishop had made his move at a time when intercommunal tension was high. Both sides had been stockpiling arms since the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements" title="London and Zürich Agreements">Zürich agreement</a> that led to Cyprus' independence and a clash was expected sooner or later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978367_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978367-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21_December:_Eruption">21 December: Eruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21 December: Eruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incident that sparked the events of Bloody Christmas occurred during the early hours of 21 December 1963. Greek Cypriot police operating within the old Venetian walls of <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> demanded to see the identification papers of some Turkish Cypriots who were returning home in a taxi from an evening out. These Turkish Cypriots were being driven by taxi driver Zeki Halil and were around <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Street" title="Hermes Street">Hermes Street</a> en route to <a href="/wiki/Taht-el-kale,_Nicosia" title="Taht-el-kale, Nicosia">Taht-el Kale</a>. When the police officers attempted to search the women in the car, Halil objected and a discussion ensued. Soon a crowd gathered and shots were fired. </p><p>Cemaliye Emirali, the ex-lover of Zeki Halil, who was similarly returning from a night out, saw the incident and got involved. Police called for reinforcements from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paphos_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paphos Gate (page does not exist)">Paphos Gate</a>, and one of the reinforcements shot and killed Zeki Halil and Cemaliye Emirali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter201094_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter201094-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavadis2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavadis2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By dawn, two Turkish Cypriots had been killed and eight others, both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, had been wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer-Lindsay200924_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer-Lindsay200924-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harry Scott Gibbons, editor of the London Daily Express newspaper, describes the brutality in Ayvasıl village as follows: </p><p>"Gunshots were heard; locked doors were broken with rifle butts; people were dragged into the streets. A 70-year-old Turk woke up with the sound of his front door breaking. When he staggered out of his bedroom, he encountered a lot of armed young people. "Do you have children?" they asked in a confused manner. "Yes," he said, "send him out." His two sons, aged 19 and 17, and his 10-year-old grandson hurriedly dressed and went out after the armed men. They were killed by machine gun fire in another house. A 13-year-old boy was thrown to the ground with his hands tied behind his knees. The house was plundered and the plunderers kicked him, raped him, and then shot him in the back of the head with a gun. That night, a total of 12 Turks were gathered in Ayios Vasilios, pushed and beaten near the Turks there. They were taken to the Skylloura road for shelter and began to stagger in the cold in their nightgowns, pajamas and bare feet. The Greeks were shooting from behind in the dark. The attention of the armed men was directed to Turkish houses. They plundered and destroyed the houses, and when they got tired, they set them on fire. "In the same region, nine more Turks were killed in abandoned farmhouses."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21_to_23_December">21 to 23 December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21 to 23 December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the shooting, crowds of Turkish Cypriots gathered in the northern part of Nicosia, often led by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a> (TMT). On 22 December, the funerals of the two Turkish Cypriots killed were held without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, shooting broke out on the evening of 22 December. Cars full of armed Greek Cypriots roamed through the streets of Nicosia and fired indiscriminately, and Turkish Cypriots fired at patrolling police cars. Turkish Cypriot snipers fired from minarets and the roof of the Saray Hotel on <a href="/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square" title="Sarayönü Square">Sarayönü Square</a>. Some shooting spread to the suburbs and to <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010120-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek Cypriot administration cut off telephone and telegraph lines to Turkish Cypriot quarters of the city of Nicosia and the police took control of the <a href="/wiki/Nicosia_International_Airport" title="Nicosia International Airport">Nicosia International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek paramilitary groups led by <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Sampson" title="Nikos Sampson">Nikos Sampson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vassos_Lyssarides" title="Vassos Lyssarides">Vassos Lyssarides</a> were activated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010120-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 December, a ceasefire was agreed upon by Makarios III and Turkish Cypriot leadership. However, fighting continued and intensified in Nicosia and Larnaca. Machine guns were fired from mosques in Turkish-inhabited areas and later on 23 December, Greek Cypriot irregulars headed by Sampson came to assist in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omorphita" title="Battle of Omorphita">battle of Omorphita</a>, they attacked the suburb and eventually took it over with the Turkish Cypriot residents of the quarter later being expelled from their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2013264_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2013264-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57Richter2010121_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57Richter2010121-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_events">Later events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Turkish Cypriot mosques, shrines and other places of worship were desecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkett1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkett1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek Cypriot irregulars attacked Turkish Cypriots in the mixed villages of <a href="/wiki/Mathiatis" title="Mathiatis">Mathiatis</a> on 23 December and <a href="/wiki/Agios_Vasileios,_Cyprus" title="Agios Vasileios, Cyprus">Ayios Vasilios</a> on 24 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire Turkish Cypriot population of Mathiatis, 208 people, fled to nearby Turkish Cypriot villages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on later interviews, the reporter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Scott_Gibbons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Scott Gibbons (page does not exist)">Harry Scott Gibbons</a> described the murder of 21 Turkish Cypriot patients from the Nicosia General Hospital on Christmas Eve. This is taken as a fact in the Turkish Cypriot narrative, but is disputed in the Greek Cypriot narrative. An investigation of the incident by a Greek Cypriot source found that three Turkish Cypriots died, of which one died of a heart attack and the other two were shot by a "lone psychopath".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantPapadakis2012249_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantPapadakis2012249-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg/352px-Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="352" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg/528px-Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg/704px-Kuzey_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_-_Lefko%C5%9Fa_-_Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>The bathtub where Mürüvet İlhan and children, Murat, Kutsi, and Hakan were killed. The house is preserved today as the Museum of Barbarism.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 December 1963, 11 people were killed in the Kumsal district of Nicosia. Among them were four members of the family of Major <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihat_%C4%B0lhan" class="extiw" title="tr:Nihat İlhan">Nihat İlhan</a>, who had retired from the Turkish Army as a Medical Brigadier General and was serving with the 650-strong Turkish Cypriot Forces Regiment stationed in Cyprus under the 1960 agreements. His wife, Mürüvet İlhan, and their children, Murat, Kutsi, and Hakan, were found dead in the bathtub of İlhan's home.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house where the raid occurred was later opened to visitors as the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarl%C4%B1k_M%C3%BCzesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Barbarlık Müzesi">Museum of Barbarism</a>. </p><p>A joint call for calm was issued on 24 December by the governments of Turkey, Greece and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120Goktepe2013130_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010120Goktepe2013130-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further clashes took place in the pass linking Nicosia to <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Mountains" title="Kyrenia Mountains">Kyrenia Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pass had fallen under Turkish Cypriot control and came under intense attack on 26 December from the north, with the Greek Cypriot forces being commanded by a Greek officer from the mainland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Turkish Cypriot forces, mostly from the village of <a href="/wiki/Agirda" title="Agirda">Agirda</a>, managed to retain control of the pass, and one Turkish Cypriot was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650–51_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650–51-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Cyprus was falling into chaos, Greece, Turkey and Britain, with Makarios's approval, created a Joint Truce Force under the command of General Peter Young, whose goal was to maintain, or rather re-establish, law, order and peace in Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010121–122_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010121–122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conference held in London in January among the protagonists of the events, failed because of the maximalist positions of the leadership of Greek and Turkish Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010122_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010122-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_grave_of_Ayios_Vasilios">Mass grave of Ayios Vasilios</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mass grave of Ayios Vasilios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek Cypriot forces attacked the Turkish Cypriot village of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Vasileios,_Cyprus" title="Agios Vasileios, Cyprus">Ayios Vasilios</a> on 24 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mass grave was exhumed there on 12 January 1964 in the presence of foreign reporters, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officers and officials from the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>. The bodies of 21 Turkish Cypriots were found in this grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of the victims in the mass grave showed signs of torture, and observers noted that they appeared to have been shot with their hands and feet tied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various rationales have been put forward as motivators for this Greek Cypriot attack. The Greek Cypriot leadership at the time was particularly wary of the villagers of Ayios Vasilios and nearby <a href="/wiki/Skylloura" title="Skylloura">Skylloura</a> blocking the road from Nicosia to <a href="/wiki/Myrtou" title="Myrtou">Myrtou</a>, which would have represented a strategic disadvantage should the Turkish army have invaded at the time from the northern coast. There may also have been an element of revenge in response to <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6nyeli_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gönyeli massacre (page does not exist)">previous killings of Greek Cypriots</a> in the local area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An investigating committee led by independent British investigators then linked the incident to an ostensible disappearance of Turkish Cypriot patients in the Nicosia General Hospital, but it was not determined until decades later that many of the bodies had been murdered elsewhere, stored in the hospital for a while and then buried in Ayios Vasilios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several of the village's residents were also amongst those killed by Greek Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhumed bodies were interred by the Turkish Cypriot authorities to the yard of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Tekke_Museum" title="Mevlevi Tekke Museum">Mevlevi Tekke</a> in Nicosia. The bodies were exhumed in the 2010s by the Missing Persons Committee, the eight villagers of Ayios Vasilios identified and buried individually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayrak2018_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayrak2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of Cyprus states that between 21 December 1963 and 10 August 1964, 191 Turkish Cypriots were killed and 173 went missing, presumed killed, while Greek Cypriots suffered 133 killed and 41 missing, presumed killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulioti1996275–281,_350_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulioti1996275–281,_350-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed in the 1963–64 conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 104 different villages abandoned their homes. These consisted of 72 mixed and 24 Turkish Cypriot villages that were completely evacuated and 8 mixed villages that were partially evacuated. The displacement amounted to a quarter of the Turkish Cypriot population. Approximately 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cypriots" title="Armenian Cypriots">Armenian Cypriots</a> and 500 Greek Cypriots were also displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events of the Bloody Christmas abruptly brought about the end of the power-sharing arrangement in the government of Cyprus, leaving the police and civil service to become <i>de facto</i> Greek Cypriot organisations. This was mainly because Turkish Cypriots felt too unsafe to leave their local areas and go to work in Greek Cypriot-majority places, particularly because of revenge murders caused by the anti-Turkish Cypriot broadcasts on Greek-language radio. This also prompted Greek Cypriot employers to lay off their Turkish Cypriot employees, while some Turkish Cypriots resigned their positions of their own volition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the property abandoned by Turkish Cypriots was ransacked, damaged, burned or destroyed by Greek Cypriots. A 1964 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> report that used aerial photographs determined that at least 977 Turkish Cypriot homes had been destroyed and that 2,000 Turkish Cypriot homes had suffered severe damage and ransacking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report by the UN Secretary General on 10 September 1964 gives the number of destroyed houses as 527 and the number of looted houses as 2,000. This included 50 totally destroyed and 240 partially destroyed houses in Omorfita and the surrounding suburbs, and 38 totally and 122 partially destroyed houses and shops in the town of <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations1964_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations1964-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography_and_commemoration">Historiography and commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historiography and commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally accepted on both sides of the island that the event is clearly not an occasion for celebration, less importantly by association with the issue of inter-communal violence and what that led to, and more so by its own string of tragic events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also often considered to contribute to reflections that the island of Cyprus is still divided more than 50 years later, which is a constant reminder to both sides that there has hardly been any joint communal achievement since, and is therefore seen by many as a time for reflection and trying to find a solution for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazou2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazou2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish Cypriots annually, and officially, commemorate 1963 as 'Kanlı Noel' (Bloody Christmas) on 21 December, as a collective tragedy, for which Greek Cypriots have no official commemoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anniversary is commemorated by Turkish Cypriots as the 'week of remembrance' and the 'martyrs' struggle of 1963–1974', and follows the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">TRNC</a>'s Independence Day, which is on 15 November and is marked by protests in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are those on both sides that view these commemorations or lack thereof as issues for contention during Cyprus peace talks. It is often the case that the few public gestures made by Turkish and Greek Cypriot officials that signal possible reunification are often contradicted by these elements which have the effect of reinforcing the conflict mentality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYakinthou2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakinthou2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Cypriot_official_view">Greek Cypriot official view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Greek Cypriot official view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the crisis, the official Greek Cypriot and Greek historiography contended that the resumption of violence was a result of a "Turkish mutiny" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Τουρκανταρσία</span>, <i>Tourkantarsia</i>) against the lawful government of the Republic of Cyprus. Official Greek Cypriot propaganda works at the time highlighted what they claimed to be "barbaric" Turkish Cypriot actions and the "heroic" actions of the Greek Cypriots against them. This approach is exemplified in the first meeting of the now solely Greek Cypriot House of Representatives after the conflict, on 9 March 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETzermias200160–62_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETzermias200160–62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflict, enmity amongst the Greek Cypriot populace was also stoked by radio broadcasts that depicted the conflict as a Turkish Cypriot revolt with the intention of provoking a Turkish invasion of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line contrasts with the popular name of the events amongst Greek Cypriots, "the Troubles" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">φασαρίες</span></span>, <i>fasaries</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIoannou202040_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIoannou202040-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Niyazi_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ly%C3%BCrek" title="Niyazi Kızılyürek">Niyazi Kızılyürek</a> highlights the "borderline racist" language of these propaganda works and states that a fabricated narrative became the common perception amongst the entirety of the Greek Cypriot elite of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist Olga Demetriou has described the Greek Cypriot official discourse regarding the events of Bloody Christmas as one that "in a sense, parallels denialist strategies that, for example and albeit in cruder form, draw on the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">battle of Van in 1915</a> to present Armenians as aggressors against Turks and deny the genocide."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Demetriou, this is still reflected in the Greek Cypriot history textbooks today, and has the effect of presenting the Greek Cypriots as the victims of Turkish Cypriot aggression, although the majority of the victims were Turkish Cypriot. According to Yannis Papadakis, Greek Cypriot schoolbooks describe the 1960s as "a period of aggression by the 'Turks' (Turkey and Turkish Cypriots) against the 'Greeks'", though the Turkish Cypriots suffered heavier losses in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapadakis2008133–134_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapadakis2008133–134-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been used by the Republic of Cyprus to legitimise human rights violations against Turkish Cypriots, the suspension of their political rights, and, until 2003, the exclusion of Turkish Cypriots from the framing of the missing people by the Republic of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovras201451Demetriou2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovras201451Demetriou2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Greek Cypriot President <a href="/wiki/Tassos_Papadopoulos" title="Tassos Papadopoulos">Tassos Papadopoulos</a> said in an interview that no Turkish Cypriots were killed between 1963 and 1974. Reaction to this claim appeared in the Greek and Turkish Cypriot media,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrinides2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrinides2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some Greek Cypriot media calling Papadopoulos's claim a blatant lie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalambous2004Stavrinides2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalambous2004Stavrinides2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demetriou contends that the use of the term "Turkish mutiny" (<i>Tourkantarsia</i>) to describe the events of 1963–64 contributes to the Greek Cypriot narrative that the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a> started in 1974, under which the Greek Cypriot and Armenian Cypriot people displaced in 1963–64 are not classified as "refugees" but as "those struck by the Turks" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τουρκόπληκτοι</span></span>, <i>Tourkopliktoi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2014Kovras201451Papadakis2005149_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2014Kovras201451Papadakis2005149-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cypriot intercommunal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Cyprus" title="List of massacres in Cyprus">List of massacres in Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Turkish_people" title="List of massacres of Turkish people">List of massacres of Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritas_plan" title="Akritas plan">Akritas plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjipavlou20162017Hazou2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjipavlou20162017Hazou2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadjipavlou2016">Hadjipavlou 2016</a>, p. 2017; <a href="#CITEREFHazou2013">Hazou 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010120-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197647-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197647_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1976">Patrick 1976</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberling1982120_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOberling1982">Oberling 1982</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197648-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197648_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1976">Patrick 1976</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20Risini2018117Smit201251United_Nations1964-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20Risini2018117Smit201251United_Nations1964_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2012">Bryant 2012</a>, p. 5–15; <a href="#CITEREFHoffmeister2006">Hoffmeister 2006</a>, p. 17–20; <a href="#CITEREFRisini2018">Risini 2018</a>, p. 117; <a href="#CITEREFSmit2012">Smit 2012</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations1964">United Nations 1964</a>: "<i>The trade of the Turkish community had considerably declined during the period, due to the existing situation, and unemployment reached a very high level as approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots had beccme refugees</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15United_Nations1964-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15United_Nations1964_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2012">Bryant 2012</a>, p. 5–15; <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations1964">United Nations 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978365-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978365_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawshaw1978">Crawshaw 1978</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010106–115-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010106–115_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, pp. 106–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978367-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawshaw1978367_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawshaw1978">Crawshaw 1978</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter201094-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter201094_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavadis2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavadis2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHavadis2014">Havadis 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer-Lindsay200924-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer-Lindsay200924_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKer-Lindsay2009">Ker-Lindsay 2009</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Scott Gibbons, Peace without Honour, Ankara, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorowiec2000">Borowiec 2000</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2013264-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2013264_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2013">Lieberman 2013</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57Richter2010121-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowiec200056–57Richter2010121_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorowiec2000">Borowiec 2000</a>, pp. 56–57; <a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infognomonpolitics.gr/">"Η ιστορική μάχη και η απελευθέρωση της Ομορφίτας το Δεκέμβριο του 1963"</a>. <i>Infognomon Politics</i> (in Greek)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infognomon+Politics&rft.atitle=%CE%97+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfognomonpolitics.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkett1999-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkett1999_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirkett1999">Birkett 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1976">Patrick 1976</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net/default.asp?id=331">"Mathiatis"</a>. PRIO Cyprus Displacement Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathiatis&rft.pub=PRIO+Cyprus+Displacement+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prio-cyprus-displacement.net%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantPapadakis2012249-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantPapadakis2012249_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryantPapadakis2012">Bryant & Papadakis 2012</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kktcb.org/en/president-ersin-tatar-inaugurates-renovated-museum-of-barbarism-where-three-10123">"Presidency of TRNC - President Ersin Tatar inaugurates renovated Museum of Barbarism where three young Turkish children and their mother were massacred in 1963"</a>. <i>kktcb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kktcb.org&rft.atitle=Presidency+of+TRNC+-+President+Ersin+Tatar+inaugurates+renovated+Museum+of+Barbarism+where+three+young+Turkish+children+and+their+mother+were+massacred+in+1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkktcb.org%2Fen%2Fpresident-ersin-tatar-inaugurates-renovated-museum-of-barbarism-where-three-10123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010120Goktepe2013130-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010120Goktepe2013130_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFGoktepe2013">Goktepe 2013</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΒασιλείου2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Βασιλείου, Στάθης (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flight.com.gr/1963-bloody-december-2/">"ΣΑΝ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ – 21 Δεκεμβρίου 1963: Ο ματωμένος Δεκέμβριος του '63 στην Κύπρο"</a>. <i>Πτήση</i> (in Greek)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B7&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%9D+%CE%A3%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%91+%E2%80%93+21+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+1963%3A+%CE%9F+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%2763+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft.aulast=%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.aufirst=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflight.com.gr%2F1963-bloody-december-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650–51-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197650–51_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1976">Patrick 1976</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010121–122-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010121–122_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2010122-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2010122_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2010">Richter 2010</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'MalleyCraig199993_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'MalleyCraig1999">O'Malley & Craig 1999</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The incident at Ayios Vasilios is described in the Special News Bulletin, issues 6, 19, 20, 21, 25 and 38. Secondary sources include H.S. Gibbons, 1969, pp. 114–117, 137–140; and K.D. Purcell, 1969, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net/default.asp?id=263">"AGIOS VASILEIOS"</a>. PRIO Displacement Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGIOS+VASILEIOS&rft.pub=PRIO+Displacement+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prio-cyprus-displacement.net%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayrak2018-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayrak2018_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayrak2018">Bayrak 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulioti1996275–281,_350-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulioti1996275–281,_350_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoulioti1996">Soulioti 1996</a>, pp. 275–281, 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15Hoffmeister200617–20_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2012">Bryant 2012</a>, pp. 5–15; <a href="#CITEREFHoffmeister2006">Hoffmeister 2006</a>, pp. 17–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick197649_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1976">Patrick 1976</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20125–15_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2012">Bryant 2012</a>, pp. 5–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations1964-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations1964_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations1964">United Nations 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeser2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeser2013_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeser2013">Keser 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazou2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazou2013_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHazou2013">Hazou 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2006-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2006_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemetriou2006">Demetriou 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gr.euronews.com/2023/11/14/eortasmoi-gia-ta-40-xronia-apo-tin-anakirixi-tou-psevdokratous">"Εορτασμοί για τα 40 χρόνια από την ανακήρυξη του ψευδοκράτους"</a>. <i>euronews</i> (in Greek). 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=%CE%95%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B1+40+%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgr.euronews.com%2F2023%2F11%2F14%2Feortasmoi-gia-ta-40-xronia-apo-tin-anakirixi-tou-psevdokratous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simerini.sigmalive.com/article/2023/11/16/antikatokhike-poreia-gia-ten-anakeruxe-tou-pseudokratous/">"Φωτογραφίες από την αντικατοχική πορεία για την ανακήρυξη του ψευδοκράτους"</a> [Photos from the anti-occupation march for the declaration of the pseudo-state]. <i>Φωτογραφίες από την αντικατοχική πορεία για την ανακήρυξη του ψευδοκράτους</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimerini.sigmalive.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F11%2F16%2Fantikatokhike-poreia-gia-ten-anakeruxe-tou-pseudokratous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakinthou2009-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYakinthou2009_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYakinthou2009">Yakinthou 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKızılyürek2016357–358_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKızılyürek2016">Kızılyürek 2016</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETzermias200160–62-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETzermias200160–62_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTzermias2001">Tzermias 2001</a>, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIoannou202040-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIoannou202040_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIoannou2020">Ioannou 2020</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemetriou2014">Demetriou 2014</a>:<i>This, in a sense, parallels denialist strategies that, for example and albeit in cruder form, draw on the battle of Van in 1915 to present Armenians as aggressors against Turks and deny the genocide.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapadakis2008133–134-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapadakis2008133–134_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPapadakis2008">Papadakis 2008</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovras201451Demetriou2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovras201451Demetriou2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovras2014">Kovras 2014</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFDemetriou2014">Demetriou 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrinides2009-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrinides2009_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStavrinides2009">Stavrinides 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalambous2004Stavrinides2009-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalambous2004Stavrinides2009_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharalambous2004">Charalambous 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStavrinides2009">Stavrinides 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2014Kovras201451Papadakis2005149-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemetriou2014Kovras201451Papadakis2005149_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemetriou2014">Demetriou 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKovras2014">Kovras 2014</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFPapadakis2005">Papadakis 2005</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Christmas_(1963)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayrak2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bayrak" title="Bayrak">Bayrak</a> (22 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brtk.net/?english_posts=final-farewell-to-martyrs">"Final farewell to martyrs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+farewell+to+martyrs&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.au=Bayrak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brtk.net%2F%3Fenglish_posts%3Dfinal-farewell-to-martyrs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkett1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dea_Birkett" title="Dea Birkett">Birkett, Dea</a> (17 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/jul/17/weekend7.weekend">"Split for infinity?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Split+for+infinity%3F&rft.date=1999-07-17&rft.aulast=Birkett&rft.aufirst=Dea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1999%2Fjul%2F17%2Fweekend7.weekend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowiec2000" class="citation book cs1">Borowiec, Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA56"><i>Cyprus: A Troubled Island</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275965334" title="Special:BookSources/9780275965334"><bdi>9780275965334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyprus%3A+A+Troubled+Island&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780275965334&rft.aulast=Borowiec&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzEDg6-d80MC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2012" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Rebecca (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net/images/users/1/Report%202-%20R.BRYANT%20ENG-WEB.pdf"><i>Displacement in Cyprus Consequences of Civil and Military Strife Report 2 Life Stories: Turkish Cypriot Community</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displacement+in+Cyprus+Consequences+of+Civil+and+Military+Strife+Report+2+Life+Stories%3A+Turkish+Cypriot+Community&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=PRIO+Cyprus+Centre&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prio-cyprus-displacement.net%2Fimages%2Fusers%2F1%2FReport%25202-%2520R.BRYANT%2520ENG-WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantPapadakis2012" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Rebecca; Papadakis, Yiannis, eds. (2012). <i>Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780761077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780761077"><bdi>978-1780761077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyprus+and+the+Politics+of+Memory%3A+History%2C+Community+and+Conflict&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780761077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharalambous2004" class="citation journal cs1">Charalambous, Loucas (12 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205184237/http://archives.cyprus-mail.com/search/month/200409/keyword/president+memory+problems/type/post/">"Does the President have memory problems?"</a>. <i>Cyprus Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cyprus-mail.com/search/month/200409/keyword/president+memory+problems/type/post/">the original</a> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyprus+Mail&rft.atitle=Does+the+President+have+memory+problems%3F&rft.date=2004-09-12&rft.aulast=Charalambous&rft.aufirst=Loucas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cyprus-mail.com%2Fsearch%2Fmonth%2F200409%2Fkeyword%2Fpresident%2Bmemory%2Bproblems%2Ftype%2Fpost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawshaw1978" class="citation book cs1">Crawshaw, Nancy (1978). "An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece". <i>The Cyprus Revolt</i> (Hard cover ed.). London, England: Routledge UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">365–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032163352" title="Special:BookSources/9781032163352"><bdi>9781032163352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+the+Struggle+for+Union+with+Greece&rft.btitle=The+Cyprus+Revolt&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.edition=Hard+cover&rft.pub=Routledge+UK&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9781032163352&rft.aulast=Crawshaw&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetriou2006" class="citation web cs1">Demetriou, Olga (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/polsis/research/2006/eu-border-conflict/wp18-perceptions-of-the-border-and-europe-in-the-cyprus-conflict.pdf">"EU and the Cyprus Conflict: Perceptions of the border and Europe in the Cyprus conflict"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+and+the+Cyprus+Conflict%3A+Perceptions+of+the+border+and+Europe+in+the+Cyprus+conflict&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Demetriou&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2Fcollege-social-sciences%2Fgovernment-society%2Fpolsis%2Fresearch%2F2006%2Feu-border-conflict%2Fwp18-perceptions-of-the-border-and-europe-in-the-cyprus-conflict.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetriou2014" class="citation journal cs1">Demetriou, Olga (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.905369">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Struck by the Turks': reflections on Armenian refugeehood in Cyprus"</a>. <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.905369">10.1080/0031322X.2014.905369</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=%27Struck+by+the+Turks%27%3A+reflections+on+Armenian+refugeehood+in+Cyprus&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.905369&rft.aulast=Demetriou&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2014.905369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoktepe2013" class="citation book cs1">Goktepe, Cihat (2013). <i>British Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, 1959-1965</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135294144" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135294144"><bdi>978-1135294144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+Towards+Turkey%2C+1959-1965&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135294144&rft.aulast=Goktepe&rft.aufirst=Cihat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadjipavlou2016" class="citation book cs1">Hadjipavlou, Maria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbSPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>The Walls between Conflict and Peace</i></a>. BRILL. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004272859" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004272859"><bdi>978-9004272859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walls+between+Conflict+and+Peace&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9004272859&rft.aulast=Hadjipavlou&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbSPDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavadis2014" class="citation web cs1">Havadis (21 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havadiskibris.com/her-sey-buradan-basladi/">"Her şey buradan başladı [Everything started here]"</a>. Havadis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Her+%C5%9Fey+buradan+ba%C5%9Flad%C4%B1+%5BEverything+started+here%5D&rft.pub=Havadis&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft.au=Havadis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.havadiskibris.com%2Fher-sey-buradan-basladi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span> The paper summarises a book by Tzambazis, who investigated this precise event using police records and eyewitness accounts.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazou2013" class="citation web cs1">Hazou, Elias (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyprus-mail.com/2013/12/22/1963-is-still-a-historical-minefield/">"1963 is still a historical minefield"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Mail" title="Cyprus Mail">Cyprus Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cyprus+Mail&rft.atitle=1963+is+still+a+historical+minefield&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hazou&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyprus-mail.com%2F2013%2F12%2F22%2F1963-is-still-a-historical-minefield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeister2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC"><i>Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession</i></a>. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15223-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+aspects+of+the+Cyprus+problem%3A+Annan+Plan+and+EU+accession&rft.pub=EMartinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15223-6&rft.aulast=Hoffmeister&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZXbg3ZwvGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannou2020" class="citation book cs1">Ioannou, Gregoris (2020). <i>The normalisation of Cyprus' partition among Greek Cypriots : political economy and political culture in a divided society</i>. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030508166" title="Special:BookSources/9783030508166"><bdi>9783030508166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+normalisation+of+Cyprus%27+partition+among+Greek+Cypriots+%3A+political+economy+and+political+culture+in+a+divided+society&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030508166&rft.aulast=Ioannou&rft.aufirst=Gregoris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer-Lindsay2009" class="citation book cs1">Ker-Lindsay, James (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CF1tgAACAAJ"><i>Britain and the Cyprus Crisis 1963-1964</i></a>. Bibliopolis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05973-2"><bdi>978-3-447-05973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Cyprus+Crisis+1963-1964&rft.pub=Bibliopolis&rft.date=2009-04&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05973-2&rft.aulast=Ker-Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CF1tgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeser2013" class="citation journal cs1">Keser, Ulvi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108173057/http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/235745">"Bloody Christmas of 1963 in Cyprus in the Light of American Documents"</a>. <i>Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies</i>. <b>XIII</b> (26): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>271. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/235745">the original</a> on 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Turkish+History+Studies&rft.atitle=Bloody+Christmas+of+1963+in+Cyprus+in+the+Light+of+American+Documents&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Keser&rft.aufirst=Ulvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.gov.tr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F235745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKızılyürek2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kızılyürek, Niyazi (2016). <i>Bir Hınç ve Şiddet Tarihi: Kıbrıs'ta Statü Kavgası ve Etnik Çatışma</i> (in Turkish). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-399-404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-399-404-6"><bdi>978-605-399-404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bir+H%C4%B1n%C3%A7+ve+%C5%9Eiddet+Tarihi%3A+K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s%27ta+Stat%C3%BC+Kavgas%C4%B1+ve+Etnik+%C3%87at%C4%B1%C5%9Fma&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Istanbul+Bilgi+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-605-399-404-6&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ly%C3%BCrek&rft.aufirst=Niyazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovras2014" class="citation book cs1">Kovras, Iosif (2014). <i>Truth Recovery and Transitional Justice: Deferring Human Rights Issues</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136186851" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136186851"><bdi>978-1136186851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+Recovery+and+Transitional+Justice%3A+Deferring+Human+Rights+Issues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1136186851&rft.aulast=Kovras&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264"><i>Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442230385" title="Special:BookSources/9781442230385"><bdi>9781442230385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Fate%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781442230385&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXlfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberling1982" class="citation book cs1">Oberling, Pierre (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jakLAAAAIAAJ"><i>The road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus</i></a>. Social Science Monographs. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880330008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880330008"><bdi>978-0880330008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Bellapais%3A+The+Turkish+Cypriot+exodus+to+northern+Cyprus&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0880330008&rft.aulast=Oberling&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjakLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'MalleyCraig1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, Brendan; Craig, Ian (1999). <i>The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion</i>. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyprus+Conspiracy%3A+America%2C+Espionage+and+the+Turkish+Invasion&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=Craig%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadakis2005" class="citation book cs1">Papadakis, Yiannis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_UZ-5pSVXUC&pg=PA149"><i>Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850434283" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850434283"><bdi>978-1850434283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+from+the+Dead+Zone%3A+Across+the+Cyprus+Divide&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1850434283&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_UZ-5pSVXUC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadakis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Papadakis, Yiannis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/246800">"Narrative, Memory and History Education in Divided Cyprus: A Comparison of Schoolbooks on the "History of Cyprus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>History & Memory</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fhis.2008.20.2.128">10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159912409">159912409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Memory&rft.atitle=Narrative%2C+Memory+and+History+Education+in+Divided+Cyprus%3A+A+Comparison+of+Schoolbooks+on+the+%22History+of+Cyprus%22&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fhis.2008.20.2.128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159912409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F246800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick1976" class="citation book cs1">Patrick, Richard Arthur (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wmm6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Political geography and the Cyprus conflict, 1963–1971</i></a>. Dept. of Geography, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780921083054" title="Special:BookSources/9780921083054"><bdi>9780921083054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+geography+and+the+Cyprus+conflict%2C+1963%E2%80%931971&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Geography%2C+Faculty+of+Environmental+Studies%2C+University+of+Waterloo&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780921083054&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Richard+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmm6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_A._Richter" title="Heinz A. Richter">Richter, Heinz</a> (2010). <i>A Concise History of Modern Cyprus, 1878–2009</i>. Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938646-53-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938646-53-3"><bdi>978-3-938646-53-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+Cyprus%2C+1878%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Verlag+Franz+Philipp+Rutzen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-938646-53-3&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisini2018" class="citation book cs1">Risini, Isabella (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>The Inter-State Application under the European Convention on Human Rights: Between Collective Enforcement of Human Rights and International Dispute Settlement</i></a>. BRILL. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004357266" title="Special:BookSources/9789004357266"><bdi>9789004357266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inter-State+Application+under+the+European+Convention+on+Human+Rights%3A+Between+Collective+Enforcement+of+Human+Rights+and+International+Dispute+Settlement&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004357266&rft.aulast=Risini&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGhjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulioti1996" class="citation book cs1">Soulioti, Stella (1996). <i>Fettered Independence</i>. Minneapolis, United States: Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fettered+Independence&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Minnesota+Mediterranean+and+East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Soulioti&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmit2012" class="citation book cs1">Smit, Anneke (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NT1lTrxDR14C&pg=PA51"><i>The Property Rights of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: Beyond Restitution</i></a>. Routledge. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136331435" title="Special:BookSources/9781136331435"><bdi>9781136331435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Property+Rights+of+Refugees+and+Internally+Displaced+Persons%3A+Beyond+Restitution&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136331435&rft.aulast=Smit&rft.aufirst=Anneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNT1lTrxDR14C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrinides2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stavrinides, Zenon (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/download/224/186/">"Dementia Cypria: On the Social Psychological Environment of the Intercommunal Negotiations"</a>. <i>The Cyprus Review</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cyprus+Review&rft.atitle=Dementia+Cypria%3A+On+the+Social+Psychological+Environment+of+the+Intercommunal+Negotiations&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stavrinides&rft.aufirst=Zenon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyprusreview.org%2Findex.php%2Fcr%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F224%2F186%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzermias2001" class="citation book cs1">Tzermias, Pavlos N. Tzermias (2001). <i>Ιστορία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας (History of the Republic of Cyprus)</i>. Vol. 2. Libro Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%28History+of+the+Republic+of+Cyprus%29&rft.pub=Libro+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Tzermias&rft.aufirst=Pavlos+N.+Tzermias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations1964" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (10 September 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/wp-content/uploads/Cyprus%20S%205950.pdf">"REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+BY+THE+SECRETARY-GENERAL+ON+THE+UNITED+NATIONS+OPERATION+IN+CYPRUS&rft.date=1964-09-10&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.securitycouncilreport.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FCyprus%2520S%25205950.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakinthou2009" class="citation book cs1">Yakinthou, Christalla (15 August 2009). <i>Political Settlements in Divided Societies: Consociationalism and Cyprus</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230223752" title="Special:BookSources/9780230223752"><bdi>9780230223752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Settlements+in+Divided+Societies%3A+Consociationalism+and+Cyprus&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009-08-15&rft.isbn=9780230223752&rft.aulast=Yakinthou&rft.aufirst=Christalla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloody+Christmas+%281963%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/London_and_Zurich_Agreements#Treaty_of_Guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="London and Zurich Agreements">Guarantor powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Cyprus,_Greece_and_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg/159px-Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg/239px-Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg/318px-Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cypriot intercommunal violence</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bloody Christmas (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_and_displacements_during_the_Cyprus_conflict" title="Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">1974 Cypriot coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Turkish_invasion_(1974)54" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion (1974)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reported_military_losses_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Reported military losses during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Military losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Air combat during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Air combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pentemili_beachhead" title="Battle of Pentemili beachhead">Battle of Pentemili beachhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Niki" title="Operation Niki">Operation Niki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_S-300_crisis" title="Cypriot S-300 crisis">S-300 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">Maritime-zone dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Cyprus_gas_dispute" title="2018 Cyprus gas dispute">2018 Cyprus gas dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis#The_Cypriot_Enosis_movement" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_enosis_referendum,_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot enosis referendum, 1950">Enosis referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritas_plan" title="Akritas plan">Akritas plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">List of UNSC resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Demographic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Cyprus" title="History of nationality in Cyprus">History of nationality in Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved_Greek_Cypriots" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved Greek Cypriots">Enclaved Greek Cypriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_against_Northern_Cyprus" title="Embargo against Northern Cyprus">Embargo against Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOKA" title="EOKA">EOKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOKA-B" class="mw-redirect" title="EOKA-B">EOKA-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEKA" title="PEKA">PEKA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Resistance_Legion_for_the_Movement_Legion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion (page does not exist)">Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawsuits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolides_v_Orams" title="Apostolides v Orams">Apostolides v Orams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_v._Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus v. Turkey">Cyprus v. Turkey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loizidou_v._Turkey" title="Loizidou v. Turkey">Loizidou v. Turkey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toumazou_et_al._v._Republic_of_Turkey_et_al." class="mw-redirect" title="Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al.">Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_peace_process" title="Cyprus peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_plan_(Cyprus)" title="ABC plan (Cyprus)">ABC plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_Plan_for_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Annan Plan for Cyprus">Annan reunification Plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Annan_Plan_referendums,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004">2004 referendums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution_(Cyprus)" title="Two-state solution (Cyprus)">Two-state solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_Cyprus_talks" title="2008–2012 Cyprus talks">2008–2012 talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Cyprus_talks" title="2014 Cyprus talks">2014 talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932017_Cyprus_talks" title="2015–2017 Cyprus talks">2015–2017 talks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661774#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035189">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538478005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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