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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism_and_lecturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Journalism and lecturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism_and_lecturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disputes and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductions,_forewords_and_other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions,_forewords_and_other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Introductions, forewords and other contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions,_forewords_and_other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_studies_and_reviews_of_Roberts'_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_studies_and_reviews_of_Roberts'_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Critical studies and reviews of Roberts' work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_studies_and_reviews_of_Roberts'_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE)" title="أندرو روبرتس (مؤرخ) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندرو روبرتس (مؤرخ)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roberts" title="Andrew Roberts – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andrew Roberts" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roberts" title="Andrew Roberts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Andrew Roberts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="اندرو روبرتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندرو روبرتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Робертс, Эндрю (историк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робертс, Эндрю (историк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts_(historian)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts (historian)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English historian and journalist (born 1963)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Roberts of Belgravia</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg/330px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg/440px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Roberts_of_Belgravia_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lord Roberts in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />1 November 2022<br /><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peerage</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1963-01-13</span>) </span>13 January 1963<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 61)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith" title="Hammersmith">Hammersmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Camilla Henderson<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1995; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2001)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Susan Gilchrist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Historian</li><li>journalist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a> (2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andrew-roberts.net">andrew-roberts<wbr />.net</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-Daily_Beast_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-Daily_Beast-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born 13 January 1963),<sup id="cite_ref-observer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an English <a href="/wiki/Popular_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular historian">popular historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">member of the House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the Roger and Martha Mertz Visiting Research Fellow in the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and a Lehrman Institute Distinguished Lecturer in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Historical Society">New York Historical Society</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> from 2013 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts' historical research has focused mostly on <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-speaking</a> nations, particularly those closely tied socially to the United Kingdom such as the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an author, Roberts is well-known internationally for his 2009 non-fiction work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_of_War" title="The Storm of War">The Storm of War</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-umt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uncommon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncommon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covers socio-political factors of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s rise to power and the administrative organisation of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The work received the British Army Military Book of the Year Award for 2010 as well. It achieved commercial success, reaching the No. 2 slot on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> best-seller list.<sup id="cite_ref-umt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Roberts' later work, including his 2014 and 2018 biographies of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, has been widely praised. Roberts' public commentary has additionally appeared in several UK-based publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>, with his support for <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticist views</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts was born in <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith" title="Hammersmith">Hammersmith</a>, London, the son of Kathleen (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Hillery-Collings</span>) and business executive Simon Roberts.<sup id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon Roberts, from <a href="/wiki/Cobham,_Surrey" title="Cobham, Surrey">Cobham, Surrey</a>, inherited the Job's Dairy milk business and also owned the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Fried Chicken">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a> <a href="/wiki/Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">outlets</a>. A prolific reader as a child, Andrew Roberts soon gained a passion for history, particularly for dramatic works relating to "battles, wars, assassinations and death".<sup id="cite_ref-observer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts attended <a href="/wiki/Cranleigh_School" title="Cranleigh School">Cranleigh School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> and read <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, where he was Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Conservative_Association" title="Cambridge University Conservative Association">Cambridge University Conservative Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-and-me_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-me-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated with a <a href="/wiki/First_class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First class honours">first class honours</a> <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> degree and took a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts began his career in corporate finance as an investment banker and private company director with the London merchant bank <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_%26_Co." title="Robert Fleming & Co.">Robert Fleming & Co.</a>, where he worked from 1985 to 1988. He published his first historical book in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_socio-political_viewpoints">Historical and socio-political viewpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical and socio-political viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">Wets and dries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Anderson_(British_politician)" title="Lee Anderson (British politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–68)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian morality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_on_history">Commentary on history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commentary on history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Roberts determines that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> <a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">obligations</a> imposed on the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> should have been significantly tougher. He has specifically proclaimed that the victorious powers of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente alliance</a> should have broken up Germany into component sub-national territories akin to the disorganised situation prior to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in the mid-1800s. <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a> was eventually "burned out of the German soul", in Roberts' opinion, at a truly devastating cost.<sup id="cite_ref-uncommon_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncommon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts' analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> has convinced him that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">Nazi German government</a> had significant advantages in military organisation and economic power early in the war. He has argued that, if someone other than the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had control of the nation's military strategy, the country would likely have forgone a costly direct invasion of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet territory</a>, which occurred through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, and instead would have swept through <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mediterranean_countries" title="List of Mediterranean countries">Mediterranean territories</a> before trying to seal off British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> areas. Roberts has concluded that the likely morale-building victories against the comparatively weak forces to the southeast could have allowed Hitler to essentially win the war. </p><p>According to Roberts, the other key strategic mistake was the <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="German declaration of war against the United States (1941)">German declaration of war against the United States</a>, which was announced only four days after the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Harbor attacks">Pearl Harbor attacks</a> despite the fact that the Nazi regime had no legal obligation to take such an action. Roberts has stated that, after the declaration, Germany could not keep the U.S. war-making economic machine at bay.<sup id="cite_ref-uncommon_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncommon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in his view, the mistakes, delusions, and exaggerated self-confidence complexes that the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist government</a> fostered proved its undoing.<sup id="cite_ref-korda_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts has additionally stated that he views <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> as having been disastrous to the allied efforts against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. He has commented that Stalin's obsessive tactics of killing his own men for <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> reasons cost him thousands upon thousands of troops. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> alone, Soviet forces killed the equivalent of two full <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> of their own <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">personnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uncommon_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncommon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of more recent history, Roberts has whole-heartedly embraced <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>. He has remained a staunch backer of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and her socio-political legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Roberts' opinion, Thatcher's insight to push the UK into a path in which it kept out of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro currency concept</a>, while still having strong ties to various European economies and otherwise engaging in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, has been validated by the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone crisis">Eurozone crisis</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. After the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> resigned, Roberts assessed him as an "exemplary war leader" with his "vigorous prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/War_against_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War against Terror">War against Terror</a>", which would leave him regarded as a "highly successful prime minister".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>, Roberts backed the "Leave" vote.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_the_Iraq_War_and_military_intervention">Support for the Iraq War and military intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Support for the Iraq War and military intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts supports a strong American military and has generally argued in favour of close relations between the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> nations. As an advocate for the general principle of democratic pluralism, he has argued that "[s]neered at for being 'simplistic' in his reaction to 9/11, Bush's visceral responses to the attacks of a fascistic, totalitarian death cult will be seen as having been substantially the right ones" in the long run. In many writings, he has come out in support of <a href="/wiki/Neo-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-conservative">neo-conservative</a> influenced socio-political viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the buildup to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, Roberts supported the proposed invasion, arguing that anything less would be tantamount to appeasement, comparing Tony Blair to Winston Churchill in his "astonishing leadership". He additionally argued that acting against <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was in line with the "Pax Americana realpolitik that has kept the Great Powers at peace since the Second World War, despite the collapse of Communism".<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-Guardian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-Guardian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Roberts wrote: "For Churchill, apotheosis came in 1940; for <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, it will come when Iraq is successfully invaded and hundreds of weapons of mass destruction are unearthed from where they have been hidden by Saddam's henchmen."<sup id="cite_ref-Seaton_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seaton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When such <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons were not found</a>, Roberts still defended the invasion for larger strategic reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while arguing that his past views were based on credible assessments from <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence service">intelligence services</a> as well as other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_opinions">Political opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts endorsed <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024 Conservative Party leadership election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_and_television_appearances">Authorship and television appearances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Authorship and television appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first of Roberts' books was the biography of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">the Earl of Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, entitled <i>The Holy Fox</i>, and published in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts provides a <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> account of Lord Halifax, a one-time <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> and the Foreign Secretary in Chamberlain's government. Halifax has been charged with <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>, along with Chamberlain, but Roberts argues that Halifax began to move his government away from that policy vis-à-vis <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> following the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Munich_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Crisis">Munich Crisis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This work was followed in 1994 by <i>Eminent Churchillians</i>, a collection of essays about friends and enemies of Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large part of the book is an attack on <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">the Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a>, and other prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">elite</a>. The title is an obvious allusion to the famous and similarly combative book of biographies <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Victorians" title="Eminent Victorians">Eminent Victorians</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1995, Roberts published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aachen_Memorandum" title="The Aachen Memorandum">The Aachen Memorandum</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> novel based on Britain and its relationship with a fictionalised <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1996, Roberts offered his "personal view" of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez crisis">Suez crisis</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Open_Media" title="Open Media">Open Media</a> production for BBC TV. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a></i> described the programme: "Forty years after <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Eden">Eden</a>'s decision to deploy troops against the Egyptians, Andrew Roberts argues that the former prime minister should be congratulated, not chastised, for fighting to protect British assets."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Roberts published <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury: Victorian Titan</a></i>, a biography of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">the Marquess of Salisbury</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Korda" title="Michael Korda">Michael Korda</a> praised the work as "a masterpiece about one of the greatest and most able Tory political figures of the Victorian age".<sup id="cite_ref-korda_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book additionally won the <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a> and the James Stern Silver Pen Award for Non-Fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2001, <i>Napoleon and Wellington</i>, an investigation into the relationship between the two generals, was published by <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_and_Nicolson" class="mw-redirect" title="Weidenfeld and Nicolson">Weidenfeld and Nicolson</a>, and was the subject of the lead review in all but one of Britain's national newspapers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>January 2003 saw the publication of <i>Hitler and Churchill: Secrets of Leadership</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, which addresses the leadership techniques of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, he delivered a rebuttal to many of the assertions made by <a href="/wiki/Clive_Ponting" title="Clive Ponting">Clive Ponting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> concerning Churchill.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An accompanying <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</a> based around Roberts' <i>Hitler and Churchill</i> ran on <a href="/wiki/BBC2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC2">BBC2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its first episode being broadcast on 7 March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Seaton_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seaton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts remarked that he felt grateful for the BBC's support of his work and their unwillingness to cut corners when it came to exploring history in detail, quipping as well about the group's wardrobe policy, "Courtesy of this programme, I now have two Armani suits upstairs."<sup id="cite_ref-and-me_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and-me-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2003, Roberts became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts">Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, he edited <i>What Might Have Been</i>, a collection of twelve "<a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">What If?</a>" essays written by historians and journalists, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cowley" title="Robert Cowley">Robert Cowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Foreman_(biographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanda Foreman (biographer)">Amanda Foreman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black,_Baron_Black_of_Crossharbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour">Conrad Black</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Somerset_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Somerset (historian)">Anne Somerset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Roberts published <i>Waterloo: Napoleon's Last Gamble</i>, which was published in America as <i>Waterloo: The Battle for Modern Europe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900</i>, a sequel to the <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples">four-volume work</a> of Churchill's biography, was published in September 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won the Intercollegiate Studies Institute Book Award.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Masters and Commanders</i> describes how four figures shaped the strategy of the West during the Second World War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was published in November 2008 and won the <a href="/wiki/International_Churchill_Society" title="International Churchill Society">International Churchill Society Book Award</a> and was shortlisted for two other military history book prizes.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Art of War</i> is a two-volume chronological survey of the greatest military commanders in history. It was compiled by a team of historians, including <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Felipe Fernández-Armesto</a>, working under the general editorship of Roberts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_of_the_Second_World_War">Overview of the Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overview of the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_of_War:_A_New_History_of_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War">The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War</a></i> came out in August 2009. A detailed look at the history of events behind the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and various key elements within it such as the nature of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s rule, the book received large popular success<sup id="cite_ref-uncommon_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncommon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached number two in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> bestseller list. The book additionally earned the British Army Military Book of the Year Award for 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-umt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of critical response, <i>The Storm of War</i> has also received a wide variety of praise in publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>, where historian Michael Korda lauded it as written "superbly well" and stated that Roberts' "scholarship is superb",<sup id="cite_ref-korda_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, where historian Jonathan W. Jordan said that Roberts "splendidly weaves a human tragedy into a story".<sup id="cite_ref-jordan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support also came from figures such as American political commentator <a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(speechwriter)" title="Peter Robinson (speechwriter)">Peter Robinson</a> and fellow English historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>. In the book, the author aims to paint a concise yet highly detailed picture of the conflict in which he argues that dictators <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> both took terrible actions due to their repressive <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, throwing thousands and thousands of lives away in the process, yet the eventual defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> constituted a moral triumph of democratic pluralism over <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> that led the way to a better future.<sup id="cite_ref-uncommon_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncommon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography_of_Napoleon">Biography of Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biography of Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, Roberts wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon:_A_Life" title="Napoleon: A Life">Napoleon the Great</a></i> (the American edition is titled <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>), which was awarded the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize" title="Los Angeles Times Book Prize">Los Angeles Times Book Prize</a> for best biography. In this biography, Roberts seeks to evoke Napoleon's tremendous energy, both physical and intellectual, and the attractiveness of his personality, even to his enemies. The book argues against many long-held historical opinions, including the myth of a great romance with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a>. She took a lover immediately after their marriage, as Roberts shows, and Napoleon in fact had three times as many mistresses as he acknowledged. Roberts goes through fifty-three of Napoleon's sixty battlefields, and he additionally evaluates a gigantic new French edition of Napoleon's letters, aiming to create a complete re-evaluation of the man.<sup id="cite_ref-stand_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stand-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <i>The Storm of War</i>, Roberts's life of Napoleon received critical praise from a wide range of publications. In October 2014, journalist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jennings" title="Jeremy Jennings">Jeremy Jennings</a> wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_(magazine)" title="Standpoint (magazine)">Standpoint</a></i> that "Napoleon could have had few biographers more dedicated to their subject." Jennings additionally labelled the book a "richly detailed and sure-footed reappraisal of the man, his achievements—and failures—and the extraordinary times in which he lived".<sup id="cite_ref-stand_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stand-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book earned the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Napoleon" title="Prix Napoleon">Prix du Jury des Grands Prix de la Fondation Napoléon</a> for 2014, an award given by the historical organisation <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Fondation Napoléon">Fondation Napoléon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Praise additionally came from fellow historian <a href="/wiki/Jay_Winik" title="Jay Winik">Jay Winik</a>: "With his customary flair and keen historical eye, Andrew Roberts has delivered the goods again. This could well be the best single volume biography of Napoleon in English for the last four decades. A <i>tour de force</i> that belongs on every history-lover's bookshelf!"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as from <a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Donald Adamson</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author of historical fiction <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a> has described the book as "[s]imply dynamite. ... [Napoleon was] a mass of contradictions and Roberts's book encompasses all the evidence to give a brilliant portrait of the man. The book, as it needs to be, is massive, yet the pace is brisk and it's never overwhelmed by the scholarly research, which was plainly immense ... Roberts suggests looking at Europe for the Emperor's monument, but this magnificent biography is not a bad place to start."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In announcing in 2013 that it would present a three-part television series based on Roberts's analysis of Napoleon's life and legacy, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> declared in its press release that "Roberts sets out to shed new light on the emperor... an extraordinary, gifted military commander and a mesmeric leader whose private life was littered with disappointments and betrayals."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series has had mixed reviews. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> declared it "unconvincing", saying that "there was no getting away from Roberts's regular lapses into hero-worship", and "Roberts's remarks on the refreshing qualities of dictatorship made me wonder if he had taken leave of his senses".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churchill_biography">Churchill biography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Churchill biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, Roberts produced a biography of Churchill entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Churchill:_Walking_with_Destiny" title="Churchill: Walking with Destiny">Churchill: Walking with Destiny</a></i>. Dovetailing with Roberts' previous work on the Second World War and its related major figures, the book received praise from a number of publications. For the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, Toni Barber wrote: "Anecdotes sparkle like gems throughout Roberts’s book, an exhaustive but fluent text that draws on a wider range of sources than the typical Churchill biography."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rawnsley" title="Andrew Rawnsley">Andrew Rawnsley</a> included the book among the 'Books of the Year' and said that "Roberts triumphed over my scepticism with his riveting account of the extraordinary life of the most remarkable individual to have lived at No 10."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldous" title="Richard Aldous">Richard Aldous</a> commented: "All told, it must surely be the best single-volume biography of Churchill yet written."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>National Book Review</i> said that the book was "widely praised as the best single-volume biography of Winston Churchill ever written", and added that Roberts "draws on previously unavailable journals and notes for the robust, engrossing, and nuanced history of the great British leader."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism_and_lecturing">Journalism and lecturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Journalism and lecturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts has created short works on a variety of subjects, his published columns appearing in popular periodicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-umt_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2014 he has featured in several short lecture videos published by the conservative advocacy group <a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1990, Roberts has addressed hundreds of institutional and academic audiences in many countries, including a lecture to former US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>, Roberts described <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a> upon his death as "undoubtedly... one of the reasons that the overwhelming majority of Britons today feel blessed that their country is a monarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has appeared on US television during royal funerals and weddings. He first came to prominence in the United States for his expert commentary on the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Princess Diana</a> in 1997, and he was later in a similar role during the <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> broadcast of the death of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> and on the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camilla,_Duchess_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall">Camilla Parker Bowles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Octavian_Report_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Octavian_Report-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, he presented <i>The Secrets of Leadership</i>, a four-part history series on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> about the secrets of leadership which looked at the different leadership styles of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Roberts is a Director of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Frank_Guggenheim_Foundation" title="Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation">Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation</a> in New York City, a founder member of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Aznar" class="mw-redirect" title="José Maria Aznar">José Maria Aznar</a>'s Friends of Israel Initiative, and chaired the Hessell-Tiltman Award for Non-Fiction in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Octavian_Report_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Octavian_Report-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts is a judge on the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford_Historical_Biography_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Longford Historical Biography Prize">Elizabeth Longford Historical Biography Prize</a>. Elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature</a> in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he chaired the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory Panel</a> on the Teaching of History in Schools in 2005. He has also been elected a Fellow of the Napoleonic Institute and an Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Churchill_Society" title="International Churchill Society">International Churchill Society</a>. He is a Trustee of the Margaret Thatcher Archive Trust and of the Roberts Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Octavian_Report_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Octavian_Report-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the autumn of 2013, Roberts served as the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Ingram_Merrill_Foundation" title="Ingram Merrill Foundation">Merrill Family</a> <a href="/wiki/Visiting_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting Professor">Visiting Professor</a> in history at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. He taught a course entitled "Great European Leaders of the 19th and 20th Centuries and their Influence on History."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has additionally spoken in many other American universities such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana" title="University of Montana">University of Montana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-umt_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Roberts was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">Fellow of the Royal Historical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_and_criticism">Disputes and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disputes and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Roberts's 2006 work <i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900</i> won critical acclaim from some sections of the media,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> drew attention to some historical, geographical, and typographical errors, as well as presenting a generally scathing review of the book. The newspaper referred to the work as "a giant political pamphlet larded with its author's prejudices".<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, <a href="/wiki/Reba_Soffer" title="Reba Soffer">Reba Soffer</a> described him in 2009 as "devoted ... to public, polemical conservatism as well as to historical revisionism".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One claim made by Roberts in <i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900</i> was that <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a> had committed "blood-libels" in her <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning book <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning" title="Imperial Reckoning">Imperial Reckoning</a></i> on British actions during the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Emergency">Kenya Emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_aHotESPs1900_278_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_aHotESPs1900_278-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elkins was subsequently vindicated when files released by the UK's <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a> showed that abuses were described as "distressingly reminiscent of conditions in Nazi Germany or Communist Russia" by the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">Solicitor General</a> of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> subsequently announced compensation for the first round of victims with statements that the British government "recognises that Kenyans were subjected to torture and other forms of ill-treatment" and "sincerely regrets that these abuses took place" during the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Emergency">Kenya Emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hari" title="Johann Hari">Johann Hari</a> has stated that Roberts' writings defended acts such as the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">Second Boer War concentration camps</a> for <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, and mass <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a>). Hari also wrote that Roberts made a speech at the expatriate South African <a href="/wiki/Springbok_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Springbok Club">Springbok Club</a>, which flies the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa_(1928%E2%80%931994)" title="Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)">apartheid-era flag of South Africa</a> and calls for "the re-establishment of civilised rule throughout the African continent". Roberts claims that he did not realise the Springbok Club was <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> when he took on the speaking engagement, despite the apartheid era flag, and the fact that the event was a commemoration of the 36th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts is divorced from his first wife, Camilla Henderson, with whom he had two children.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts is married to businesswoman Susan Gilchrist,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEO of the corporate communications firm Brunswick Group LLP and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bank Centre">South Bank Centre</a>. Lord and Lady Roberts live in London.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts has worked with <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Cohesion" title="Centre for Social Cohesion">Centre for Social Cohesion</a>. He has additionally maintained personal friendships with several British political and social figures such as <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Letwin" title="Oliver Letwin">Oliver Letwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2016, he was appointed President of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Conservative_Association" title="Cambridge University Conservative Association">Cambridge University Conservative Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was announced on 14 October 2022 in Boris Johnson's <a href="/wiki/2022_Political_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Political Honours">2022 Political Honours</a> that Roberts would be raised to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerage</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">life baron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 2022, he was created <i><b>Baron Roberts of Belgravia</b></i>, <i>of Belgravia in the City of Westminster</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="List of alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">List of alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wolfson_History_Prize_winners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wolfson History Prize winners">List of Wolfson History Prize winners</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Holy Fox: A Biography of Lord Halifax</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>, 1991, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81133-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81133-9">0-297-81133-9</a>; Head of Zeus, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-781-85697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-781-85697-0">978-1-781-85697-0</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eminentchurchill00robe_0">Eminent Churchillians</a></i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81247-0">978-0-297-81247-0</a>; New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76940-6">978-0-671-76940-6</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aachen_Memorandum" title="The Aachen Memorandum">The Aachen Memorandum</a></i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81619-5">978-0-297-81619-5</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/salisburyvictori0000robe">Salisbury: Victorian Titan</a></i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81713-0">978-0-297-81713-0</a>.</li> <li><i>The House of Windsor (A Royal History of England)</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35406-1">978-0-304-35406-1</a>; Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22803-0">978-0-520-22803-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Napoleon and Wellington</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64607-5">978-0-297-64607-5</a>; <i>Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders Who Fought It</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743228329" title="Special:BookSources/9780743228329">9780743228329</a>.</li> <li><i>Hitler and Churchill: Secrets of Leadership</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84330-6">978-0-297-84330-6</a>.</li> <li><i>What Might Have Been: Leading Historians on Twelve 'What Ifs' of History</i> (editor), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84877-6">978-0-297-84877-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Waterloo: Napoleon's Last Gamble</i>, London: HarperCollins, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007-19075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007-19075-1">978-0-007-19075-1</a>; <i>Waterloo: June 18, 1815. The Battle for Modern Europe</i>, New York: Harper, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008866-8">978-0-06-008866-8</a>.</li> <li><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85076-2">978-0-297-85076-2</a>; New York: Harper, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-060-87598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-060-87598-5">978-0-060-87598-5</a>.</li> <li><i>Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West</i>, London: Allen Lane, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9969-3">978-0-7139-9969-3</a>; <i>Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945</i>, New York: Harper, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122857-5">978-0-06-122857-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterscommander00andr">online</a></li> <li><i>The Art of War: Great Commanders of the Ancient and Medieval Worlds 1600 BC-AD 1600</i> (editor), London: <a href="/wiki/Quercus_(publisher)" title="Quercus (publisher)">Quercus</a>, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-24259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847-24259-4">978-1-847-24259-4</a>; New York: Quercus, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-515-1">978-1-84724-515-1</a>.</li> <li><i>The Art of War: Great Commanders of the Modern World Since 1600</i> (editor), London: Quercus, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-24260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847-24260-0">978-1-847-24260-0</a>; New York: Quercus, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-24516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847-24516-8">978-1-847-24516-8</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_of_War:_A_New_History_of_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War">The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War</a></i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71399-970-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71399-970-9">978-0-71399-970-9</a>; New York: Harper, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-061-22859-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-061-22859-9">978-0-061-22859-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormofwarnewhis00robe">online</a></li> <li><i>Love, Tommy: Letters Home, from the Great War to the Present Day</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-849-08791-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-849-08791-9">978-1-849-08791-9</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleongreat0000robe">Napoleon the Great</a></i>, London: Allen Lane, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14027-3">978-1-846-14027-3</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon:_A_Life" title="Napoleon: A Life">Napoleon: A Life</a></i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02532-9">978-0-670-02532-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Elegy: The First Day on the Somme</i>, London: Head of Zeus, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-784-08001-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-784-08001-3">978-1-784-08001-3</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Churchill:_Walking_with_Destiny" title="Churchill: Walking with Destiny">Churchill: Walking with Destiny</a></i>, London: Allen Lane, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241205631" title="Special:BookSources/9780241205631">9780241205631</a>; New York: Viking, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101980996" title="Special:BookSources/9781101980996">9781101980996</a>.</li> <li><i>Leadership in War: Lessons from Those Who Made History</i>, London: Allen Lane, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-33599-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-33599-4">978-0-241-33599-4</a>; <i>Leadership in War: Essential Lessons from Those Who Made History</i>, New York: Viking, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-52238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-52238-6">978-0-525-52238-6</a>.</li> <li><i>George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch</i>, Allen Lane, 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-41333-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-41333-3">978-0-241-41333-3</a>; <i>The Last King of America: The Misunderstood Reign of George III</i>, New York: Viking, 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-984-87926-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-984-87926-4">978-1-984-87926-4</a>). BBC Radio 4 <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Week" title="Book of the Week">Book of the Week</a></i>, 4–8 October 2021, read by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Miller" title="Ben Miller">Ben Miller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Chief: The Life of Lord Northcliffe Britain's Greatest Press Baron</i>, London: Simon and Schuster, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-398-50869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-398-50869-9">978-1-398-50869-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Conflict: The Evolution of Warfare from 1945 to Ukraine</i> (with <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>), London: William Collins, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-008-56797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-008-56797-2">978-0-008-56797-2</a>; New York: Harper, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-063-29313-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-063-29313-7">978-0-063-29313-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductions,_forewords_and_other_contributions"><span id="Introductions.2C_forewords_and_other_contributions"></span>Introductions, forewords and other contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Introductions, forewords and other contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i>Virtual History</i> (1997), One Essay</li> <li><i>What If?</i> (1999), One Essay</li> <li><i>The Kings and Queens of England</i> (2000), One Chapter</li> <li><i>The Railway King: A Biography of George Hudson</i> (2001), Introduction</li> <li><i>Historian’s Holiday</i> (2001), Introduction</li> <li><i>What If? Volume 2</i> (2001), One Essay</li> <li><i>Protestant Island</i> (2001), Introduction</li> <li><i>Spirit of England</i> (2001), Introduction</li> <li><i>The Secret History of P.W.E.</i> (2002), Introduction</li> <li><i>Rich Dust</i> (2002), Introduction</li> <li><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</i> (2002), Introduction</li> <li><i>Spirit of England</i> (2002), Preface</li> <li><i>Historian's Holiday</i> (2002), Preface</li> <li><i>What Ifs of American History?</i> (2003), One Essay</li> <li><i>The Multicultural Experiment</i> (2003), One Chapter</li> <li><i>British Military Greats</i> (2004), One Chapter</li> <li><i>Lives for Sale</i> (2004), One Chapter</li> <li><i>Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB</i> (2005), Foreword</li> <li><i>Liberty and Livelihood</i> (2005), One Chapter</li> <li><i>The Eagle’s Last Triumph</i> (2006), Introduction</li> <li><i>The Eagle's Last Triumph : Napoleon's Victory at Ligny, June 1815</i> (2006), Foreword</li> <li><i>Postcards from the Russian Revolution</i> (2008), Introduction</li> <li><i>Postcards of Political Icons</i> (2008), Introduction</li> <li><i>Postcards from Checkpoint Charlie</i> (2008), Introduction</li> <li><i>A Week at Waterloo</i> (2008), Introduction</li> <li><i>The Future of National Identity</i> (2008), One Chapter</li> <li><i>Postcards from the Trenches</i> (2008), Introduction</li> <li><i>Postcards from Utopia: The Art of Political Propaganda</i> (2009), Introduction</li> <li><i>Postcards of Lost Royals</i> (2009), Introduction</li> <li><i>Napoleon Bonaparte</i> by Georges Lefevre (2010), Introduction</li> <li><i>Letters from Vicky: The Letters of Queen Victoria to Vicky, Empress of Germany 1858–1901</i> (2011), Introduction and Selection</li> <li><i>A History of the World in 100 Weapons</i> (2011), Introduction</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_studies_and_reviews_of_Roberts'_work"><span id="Critical_studies_and_reviews_of_Roberts.27_work"></span>Critical studies and reviews of Roberts' work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Critical studies and reviews of Roberts' work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><i>Napoleon the Great</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdonis,_Andrew2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adonis,_Baron_Adonis" title="Andrew Adonis, Baron Adonis">Adonis, Andrew</a> (21 November 2014). "Boney's bungles". <i>New Statesman</i>. <b>143</b> (5237): 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Boney%27s+bungles&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=5237&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.au=Adonis%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Who's_Who-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Roberts, Andrew, (born 13 Jan. 1963), writer". <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U32682">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U32682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.atitle=Roberts%2C+Andrew%2C+%28born+13+Jan.+1963%29%2C+writer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U32682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-Daily_Beast-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts-Daily_Beast_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Andrew (13 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2009/05/13/how-torture-helped-win-wwii.html">"How Torture Helped Win WWII"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=How+Torture+Helped+Win+WWII&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F05%2F13%2Fhow-torture-helped-win-wwii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-observer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarre2009" class="citation news cs1">Marre, Oliver (26 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/jul/26/andrew-roberts-storm-of-war">"Andrew Roberts: The history man who loves to party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Andrew+Roberts%3A+The+history+man+who+loves+to+party&rft.date=2009-07-26&rft.aulast=Marre&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2009%2Fjul%2F26%2Fandrew-roberts-storm-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.parliament.uk/member/4961/contact">"Contact information for Lord Roberts of Belgravia - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+information+for+Lord+Roberts+of+Belgravia+-+MPs+and+Lords+-+UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.parliament.uk%2Fmember%2F4961%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/andrew-roberts-appointed-as-a-trustee-of-the-national-portrait-gallery">"Andrew Roberts appointed as a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery"</a>. Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and National Portrait Gallery. 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=At+stake+in+the+Iraq+war%3A+survival+of+a+way+of+life&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0712%2Fp09s01-coop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Roberts2024" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Roberts</a> [@aroberts_andrew] (3 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/aroberts_andrew/status/1830910262875918490">"I was delighted to speak in this Telegraph podcast supporting Kemi Badenoch's candidacy for the leadership of the Tory Party, which was launched yesterday She gave an excellent & genuinely inspiring speech at the launch #KemiForPM #KemiBadenoch #Kemi"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+was+delighted+to+speak+in+this+Telegraph+podcast+supporting+Kemi+Badenoch%27s+candidacy+for+the+leadership+of+the+Tory+Party%2C+which+was+launched+yesterday+She+gave+an+excellent+%26+genuinely+inspiring+speech+at+the+launch+%23KemiForPM+%23KemiBadenoch+%23Kemi&rft.date=2024-09-03&rft.au=Andrew+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Faroberts_andrew%2Fstatus%2F1830910262875918490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/service_bbc_two_england/1996-10-23">"Schedule - BBC Programme Index"</a>. <i>genome.ch.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genome.ch.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Schedule+-+BBC+Programme+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Fschedules%2Fservice_bbc_two_england%2F1996-10-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isi.org/blog/conservative-book-of-the-year-award-about/">"Conservative Book of the Year Award"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservative+Book+of+the+Year+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisi.org%2Fblog%2Fconservative-book-of-the-year-award-about%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jordan_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2011" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Jonathan W. (2 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304070104576399862101639604">"Hell's Ethos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Hell%27s+Ethos&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304070104576399862101639604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stand-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stand_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stand_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2014" class="citation news cs1">Jennings, Jeremy (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005005528/http://standpointmag.co.uk/books-october-14-enlightenment-on-horseback-andrew-roberts-napoleon?page=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0">"The Enlightenment on Horseback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standpoint_(magazine)" title="Standpoint (magazine)">Standpoint</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standpointmag.co.uk/books-october-14-enlightenment-on-horseback-andrew-roberts-napoleon?page=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0">the original</a> on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment+on+Horseback&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fbooks-october-14-enlightenment-on-horseback-andrew-roberts-napoleon%3Fpage%3D0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0%252C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203134841/http://www.napoleon.org/fr/fondation/prix/index.asp">"Les Grands Prix de la Fondation Napoléon"</a>. La Fondation Napoléon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon.org/Fr/fondation/prix/index.asp">the original</a> on 3 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Grands+Prix+de+la+Fondation+Napol%C3%A9on&rft.pub=La+Fondation+Napol%C3%A9on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2FFr%2Ffondation%2Fprix%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/307215/napoleon-by-andrew-roberts/">"Napoleon by Andrew Roberts: 9780143127857"</a>. <i>Penguin Random House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin+Random+House&rft.atitle=Napoleon+by+Andrew+Roberts%3A+9780143127857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F307215%2Fnapoleon-by-andrew-roberts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theroselandinstitute.co.uk/html/cornish_banner_publications_17.html">"The Cornish Banner"</a>. November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cornish+Banner&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroselandinstitute.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fcornish_banner_publications_17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Donald Adamson</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2014). <i>Napoleon the Great</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846140273" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846140273"><bdi>978-1846140273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+the+Great&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1846140273&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/history-release">"BBC Two announces new collection of history commissions"</a> (Press release). BBC Media Centre. 27 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Two+announces+new+collection+of+history+commissions&rft.pub=BBC+Media+Centre&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmediacentre%2Flatestnews%2F2013%2Fhistory-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_O'Donovan2015" class="citation web cs1">Gerard O'Donovan (17 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11681648/Napoleon-episode-2-review.html">"Napoleon, episode 2, review: 'unconvincing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Napoleon%2C+episode+2%2C+review%3A+%27unconvincing%27&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft.au=Gerard+O%27Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2Ftv-and-radio-reviews%2F11681648%2FNapoleon-episode-2-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2018" class="citation web cs1">Barber, Toni (30 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/13c8f2c2-e1d4-11e8-a6e5-792428919cee">"Churchill: Walking With Destiny/The Kremlin Letters – correspondents' ball"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Best+books+of+2018&rft.date=2018-12-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Empire%2C+Kitty&rft.au=Rawnsley%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Cumming%2C+Laura&rft.au=Kellaway%2C+Kate&rft.au=Preston%2C+Alex&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Rayner%2C+Jay&rft.au=Naughton%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fng-interactive%2F2018%2Fdec%2F09%2Fbest-books-of-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldous2018" class="citation news cs1">Aldous, Richard (13 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/books/review/andrew-roberts-churchill-winston-biography.html">"Is This the Best One-Volume Biography of Churchill Yet Written?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Book+Review&rft.atitle=5+Hot+Books%3A+A+Timely+Look+at+How+to+Get+Rid+of+a+President%2C+Churchill%2C+and+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalbookreview.com%2Ffeatures%2F2018%2F11%2F18%2F5-hot-books-a-timely-look-at-how-to-get-rid-of-a-president-churchill-and-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prageru.com/presenters/andrew-roberts">"Andrew Roberts | PragerU"</a>. <i>www.prageru.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prageru.com&rft.atitle=Andrew+Roberts+%7C+PragerU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prageru.com%2Fpresenters%2Fandrew-roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2021" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Andrew (17 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/17/duke-one-reasons-britons-feel-blessed-have-monarchy/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Duke is one of the reasons Britons feel blessed to have a monarchy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27The+Duke+is+one+of+the+reasons+Britons+feel+blessed+to+have+a+monarchy%27&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Froyal-family%2F2021%2F04%2F17%2Fduke-one-reasons-britons-feel-blessed-have-monarchy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Octavian_Report-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Octavian_Report_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Octavian_Report_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Octavian_Report_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531233008/https://octavianreport.com/contributor/andrew-roberts/">"Andrew Roberts"</a>. <i>The Octavian Report</i>. Richard Hurowitz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octavianreport.com/contributor/andrew-roberts/">the original</a> on 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Octavian+Report&rft.atitle=Andrew+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foctavianreport.com%2Fcontributor%2Fandrew-roberts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsliterature.org/fellows/andrew-roberts/">"Roberts, Andrew"</a>. <i>Royal Society of Literature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Literature&rft.atitle=Roberts%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsliterature.org%2Ffellows%2Fandrew-roberts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Andrew (26 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.arts.cornell.edu/HIST%201502%20FA13%20Syllabus.pdf">"HIST 1502 Great European Leaders of the 19th and 20th Centuries and their Influence on History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIST+1502+Great+European+Leaders+of+the+19th+and+20th+Centuries+and+their+Influence+on+History&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.arts.cornell.edu%2FHIST%25201502%2520FA13%2520Syllabus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.royalhistsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/17124108/New-Format-Updated-List-of-Fellows-Aug-23-Final.pdf">"www.royalhistsoc.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.royalhistsoc.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.royalhistsoc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F08%2F17124108%2FNew-Format-Updated-List-of-Fellows-Aug-23-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2006" class="citation news cs1">Daniels, Anthony (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2006/11/the-case-for-the-defence-3/">"The case for the defence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+case+for+the+defence&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2006%2F11%2Fthe-case-for-the-defence-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Massie" title="Allan Massie">Massie, Allan</a> (22 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656058/Happy-is-he-who-speaks-English.html">"Happy is he who speaks English"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Happy+is+he+who+speaks+English&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F3656058%2FHappy-is-he-who-speaks-English.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoffer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reba_Soffer" title="Reba Soffer">Soffer, Reba N.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9UTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA301"><i>History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19920-811-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19920-811-1"><bdi>978-0-19920-811-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Historians%2C+and+Conservatism+in+Britain+and+America%3A+From+the+Great+War+to+Thatcher+and+Reagan&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19920-811-1&rft.aulast=Soffer&rft.aufirst=Reba+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9UTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_aHotESPs1900_278-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_aHotESPs1900_278_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (16 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQTgHvsUhyMC&pg=PT278"><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900</i></a>. Orion. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86524-7"><bdi>978-0-297-86524-7</bdi></a>. <q>One way that the Left in the West has attempted to undermine its legacy is to try to argue that was a 'moral equivalence' between Soviet communism and English-speaking capitalism. Thus in 2004 the University of California Press published a book by Mark Dow entitled <i>American Gulag</i> and subtitled <i>Inside US Immigration Prisons</i>, and in 2005 a book entitled <i>Britain's Gulag</i> was published about British detention camps in Kenya, written by a Harvard historian named Caroline Elkins, whose blood-libels against Britain won her the Pulitzer Prize.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples+since+1900&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86524-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQTgHvsUhyMC%26pg%3DPT278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9713465/British-colonial-cover-up-in-Mau-Mau-camp-revealed-in-new-secret-document-release.html">"British colonial 'cover up' in Mau Mau camp revealed in new secret document release"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 30 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>Serious concerns about the clampdown were raised as far back as 1953, the second year of the uprising, when Solicitor General described reported abuses as <i>distressingly reminiscent of conditions in Nazi Germany or Communist Russia</i>, according to one of the secret documents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=British+colonial+%27cover+up%27+in+Mau+Mau+camp+revealed+in+new+secret+document+release&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F9713465%2FBritish-colonial-cover-up-in-Mau-Mau-camp-revealed-in-new-secret-document-release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22790037">"Mau Mau torture victims to receive compensation – Hague"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau+torture+victims+to+receive+compensation+%E2%80%93+Hague&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-22790037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/uk-compensate-kenya-mau-mau-torture">"UK to compensate Kenya's Mau Mau torture victims"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Association">Press Association</a>. 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+to+compensate+Kenya%27s+Mau+Mau+torture+victims&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F06%2Fuk-compensate-kenya-mau-mau-torture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-the-dark-side-of-andrew-roberts-1765229.html">"Johann Hari: The dark side of Andrew Roberts"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 30 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Johann+Hari%3A+The+dark+side+of+Andrew+Roberts&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcommentators%2Fjohann-hari%2Fjohann-hari-the-dark-side-of-andrew-roberts-1765229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatler.com/gallery/andrew-roberts-and-camilla-henderson">"Andrew Roberts and Camilla Henderson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tatler" title="Tatler">Tatler</a></i>. 8 December 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tatler&rft.atitle=Andrew+Roberts+and+Camilla+Henderson&rft.date=1995-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatler.com%2Fgallery%2Fandrew-roberts-and-camilla-henderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burkespeerage.com/">"Burke's Peerage"</a>. <i>burkespeerage.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=burkespeerage.com&rft.atitle=Burke%E2%80%99s+Peerage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburkespeerage.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/political-peerages-2022">"Political Peerages 2022"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Political+Peerages+2022&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fpolitical-peerages-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.parliament.uk/member/4961/career">"Lord Roberts of Belgravia"</a>. <i>MPs and Lords</i>. UK Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPs+and+Lords&rft.atitle=Lord+Roberts+of+Belgravia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.parliament.uk%2Fmember%2F4961%2Fcareer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00106c9">"BBC Radio 4 – George III by Andrew Roberts"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+George+III+by+Andrew+Roberts&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm00106c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Roberts%2C+Baron+Roberts+of+Belgravia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_churchill_01.shtml">"Secrets of Leadership: Hitler and Churchill"</a>, History, BBC, 17 February 2011.</li> <li>Sebastian Shakespeare, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809131751/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23728595-details/Andrew+Roberts+is+the+social+historian/article.do">"Andrew Roberts is the social historian"</a>, <i>Evening Standard</i>, 5 August 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?51244">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom">Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Leong,_Baron_Leong" title="Sonny Leong, Baron Leong">The Lord Leong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom">Gentlemen</a></b><br /><b>Baron Roberts of Belgravia</b> <b> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Followed by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Swire" title="Hugo Swire">The Lord Swire</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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aria-labelledby="Winners_of_the_Wolfson_History_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolfson_History_Prize_Winners" title="Template:Wolfson History Prize Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolfson_History_Prize_Winners" title="Template talk:Wolfson History Prize Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfson_History_Prize_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfson History Prize Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Wolfson_History_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)" title="Michael Howard (historian)">Michael Howard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._L._Warren" title="W. L. Warren">W. L. Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Zeldin" title="Theodore Zeldin">Theodore Zeldin</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Donaldson" title="Frances Donaldson">Frances Donaldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olwen_Hufton" title="Olwen Hufton">Olwen Hufton</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobb" title="Richard Cobb">Richard Cobb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._J._W._Evans" title="R. J. W. Evans">R. J. W. Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">F. S. L. Lyons</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Burrow" title="J. W. Burrow">J. W. Burrow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">John McManners</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rose" title="Kenneth Rose">Kenneth Rose</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Maurice Keen</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davenport-Hines" title="Richard Davenport-Hines">Richard Davenport-Hines</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">John Grigg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">J. H. Elliott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rees_Davies" title="Rees Davies">Rees Davies</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pemble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pemble (page does not exist)">John Pemble</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize#Notes" title="Wolfson History Prize"><i>no award</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Fletcher" title="Richard A. Fletcher">Richard A. Fletcher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_Watt" title="Donald Cameron Watt">Donald Cameron Watt</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Platt (page does not exist)">Colin Platt</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bossy" title="John Bossy">John Bossy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Alan Bullock</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Linda Colley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Robert Bartlett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harvey" title="Barbara Harvey">Barbara Harvey</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy" title="Fiona MacCarthy">Fiona MacCarthy</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">John C. G. Röhl</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">H. C. G. Matthew</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brewer_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Brewer (historian) (page does not exist)">John Brewer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hollis,_Baroness_Hollis_of_Heigham" title="Patricia Hollis, Baroness Hollis of Heigham">Patricia Hollis</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vickery" title="Amanda Vickery">Amanda Vickery</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bourke" title="Joanna Bourke">Joanna Bourke</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Roberts</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(historian)" title="Jerry White (historian)">Jerry White</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">William Dalrymple</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gildea" title="Robert Gildea">Robert Gildea</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harris" title="Frances Harris">Frances Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jackson_(historian)" title="Julian Jackson (historian)">Julian Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Reynolds_(historian)" title="David Reynolds (historian)">David Reynolds</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Welch" title="Evelyn Welch">Evelyn Welch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wickham" title="Chris Wickham">Chris Wickham</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Christopher Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vic_Gatrell" title="Vic Gatrell">Vic Gatrell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Darwin_(historian)" title="John Darwin (historian)">John Darwin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hill" title="Rosemary Hill">Rosemary Hill</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._McGowan" title="Margaret M. McGowan">Margaret M. McGowan</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Dominic Lieven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harris_(historian)" title="Ruth Harris (historian)">Ruth Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Thomas_(anthropologist)" title="Nicholas Thomas (anthropologist)">Nicholas Thomas</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Harries" title="Susie Harries">Susie Harries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Walsham" title="Alexandra Walsham">Alexandra Walsham</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brigden" title="Susan Brigden">Susan Brigden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan" title="Christopher Duggan">Christopher Duggan</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Broodbank" title="Cyprian Broodbank">Cyprian Broodbank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Merridale" title="Catherine Merridale">Catherine Merridale</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vinen" title="Richard Vinen">Richard Vinen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Watson_(historian)" title="Alexander Watson (historian)">Alexander Watson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Nikolaus Wachsmann</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Hamel" title="Christopher de Hamel">Christopher de Hamel</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(historian)" title="Peter Marshall (historian)">Peter Marshall</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Mary Fulbrook</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">David Abulafia</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Hazareesingh" title="Sudhir Hazareesingh">Sudhir Hazareesingh</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clare_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clare Jackson (page does not exist)">Clare Jackson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halik_Kochanski" title="Halik Kochanski">Halik Kochanski</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4758403#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4758403#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4758403#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121364872">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/271281260">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120440547">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb99022463">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93052437">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12232105w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12232105w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01091701">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roberts, Andrew <1963- >"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV024403">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36023921">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0028900&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/230681">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p087114534">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/61595">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000046976&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=193266">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200310043">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810553146205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267272805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616542306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14275581">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13249500?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-6681">ORCID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9f30193f-bf53-45b1-bb2f-27e547442a82">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iuwKdmmj">UK Parliament</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120440547">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/111656281">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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