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You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/index.php?title=Torpedoes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>History</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="visualClear"></div><div id="bodyContent"><div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Header_4_New.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/8/8e/Header_4_New.jpg" decoding="async" width="1021" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Torpedoes_of_the_PigBoat_era"><big>Torpedoes of the PigBoat era</big></span></h3> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Torpedoes have always been the submarine's primary weapon. These were incredibly complex machines that took full advantage of the submarine's inherent stealth, and quite often the first indication of a submarine attack is when the torpedo detonates against your ship. The term "torpedo" itself at one time was an all-inclusive term for any underwater explosive device. It wasn't until the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th Century that the technology existed to build a "auto-mobile" torpedo, or one that swam through the water under its own power. After that point fixed or moored underwater explosive devices came to be known as "mines". <p>The mobile torpedo was actually an Austrian invention. The first torpedo was powered by a spring-driven clockwork device and steered by attached cables. In 1864 Robert Whitehead, an English industrialist and engineer employed by the Austrian government took the original design and greatly improved on it. His new weapon was powered by a two-cylinder reciprocating compressed-air engine, with the air compressed in an internal flask to 350 psi. Testing was quite successful and the Imperial Austro-Hungarian Navy was the first to put the Whitehead weapons into service. He was permitted to sell the designs to other governments and quite quickly many navies had adopted the torpedo. </p><p>The U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) was quick to recognize the potential of the new weapon and by 1869 had established the Naval Torpedo Station on Goat Island in Narragansett Bay off Newport, Rhode Island. The technicians and engineers there immediately set about developing a "fish" torpedo, similar in many respects to the Whitehead model. It was not overly successful in testing despite having operational characteristics similar to the Whitehead device. During this time the USN experimented with torpedo designs from several U.S. inventors, but none of them were successful enough to put into service. </p><p>The USN's first operational torpedo was the Howell Torpedo, put into service in 1889. It was driven by a 132 lb flywheel, spun up to 10,000 rpm prior to launching. It had two laterally mounted variable pitch propellers with a range of 200 yards at 24 knots. It had a warhead consisting of 100 lbs of wet-guncotton, a very stable but relatively low powered explosive. It was used on torpedo boats and battleships until about 1898. </p><p>The U.S. finally obtained manufacturing rights to the Whitehead designs in 1892 and the E.W. Bliss Company of Brooklyn, NY began turning out examples. The Whitehead weapons were much more capable than the Howell torpedo and they quickly supplanted them in the fleet. Research at NTS Newport and by engineers at Bliss quickly improved on the designs, and several versions joined the fleet. When John Holland's submarine the <a href="/index.php?title=Holland" title="Holland"><b>Holland VI</b></a> was being tested in 1898 and 1899 it carried two Whitehead Mk 2 torpedoes. Whitehead variations equipped submarines in the A through D-class, but rapid improvements in by the Navy and by Bliss quickly eclipsed those original designs. </p><p>In 1904 Frank M. Leavitt, one of Bliss's leading engineers and a brilliant technician, developed a whole new design. Rather than simple compressed air, Leavitt heated the air in an alcohol flame and used that to turn a high speed turbine. This greatly improved performance and operational effectiveness. Successive development lead to the Mk 4 version, the first to be specifically designed to be fired from a submarine. Bliss and Leavitt continued to innovate, and developed the wet-heater steam turbine for the Mk 7 torpedo in 1910. This shot a stream of water into the heated air, with the resulting steam being much more powerful than just the heated air. Bliss continued to be a leading force in torpedo manufacturing in the United States, until the post-war draw down of the Navy Department caused no further contracts to be awarded to Bliss after 1920. All torpedo research, development, and manufacturing would be centered at NTS Newport, with the production acumen at Bliss being lost. This was a decision that the Navy would later come to bitterly regret during WWII. </p><p>One of the unusual aspects of torpedoes is that unlike most other weapons they are actually used numerous times, for practice. Torpedoes were the high-tech drones of the day; extremely intricate and built to fine tolerances, thus very expensive. The forward warhead section could be easily removed and replaced with a practice head filled with water (later a calcium chloride solution) that simulated the weight of the warhead but was completely inert. For a practice shot the weapon was set to run under the target and not hit it. At the end of its run the remaining air in the central air flask would be used to blow the water out of the practice head, making the weapon float. It would then be retrieved by the submarine that fired it. The torpedo would then be refurbished with any needed maintenance, and have its air flask recharged and the alcohol fuel tank refilled. At the start of World War II in 1941, most of the torpedoes fired by the USN in those early days as warshots had already been shot dozens of times in exercises. </p><p>The table below outlines all of the torpedoes used by USN submarines during the Pigboat era. The Navy put into service many more types than listed here, but they were designed for surface ship or aircraft launching and we will not cover them. The column on the far right contains a link to a page with a section for each weapon. It will have photos and additional information. The data presented here and on the linked pages come from several sources, the three most prominent being in the links below:<br /><br /> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_Main.php"><b>Navweaps.com Torpedoes of the United States</b></a><br /> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maritime.org/doc/jolie/part1.php"><b>A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development Part 1</b></a><br /> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maritime.org/doc/jolie/part2.php"><b>A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development Part 2</b></a><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Red_bar_sub_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/8/81/Red_bar_sub_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="17" /></a></span> </p> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span style="font-size: 32px">USN Submarine Torpedoes 1898-1941</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Length (Ft-In)</th> <th>Diameter (In)</th> <th>Weight (lbs.)</th> <th>Propulsion/Fuel</th> <th>Warhead</th> <th>Exploder</th> <th>Speed (Kts)</th> <th>Range (yards)</th> <th>Subs used on/Dates of service</th> <th>Link to photos & more info </th></tr> <tr> <td>Whitehead Mk 2 & Mk 3 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/1/18/Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg/250px-Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/1/18/Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg/375px-Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/1/18/Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg/500px-Whitehead_Mk_3_torpedo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>11-8</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>845</td> <td>3 cyl. radial/compressed air</td> <td>118 lbs wet gun-cotton</td> <td>War Nose Mk 1 contact</td> <td>26.5</td> <td>800</td> <td>Holland, A, B, C, D-class 1898-1922</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Whitehead_Mark_2_&_Mark_3"><b>WH Mk 2 & 3</b></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFFFF0"> <td>Bliss-Leavitt Mk 4 Mod 1 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/f/f4/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg/250px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/f/f4/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg/375px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/f/f4/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg/500px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>16-5</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>1500</td> <td>Vertical turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>199 lbs wet gun-cotton</td> <td>War Nose Mk 1 contact</td> <td>29</td> <td>3000</td> <td>C & D-class 1908-1922</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Bliss-Leavitt_Mark_4_Mod_1"><b>BL Mk 4 Mod 1</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bliss-Leavitt Mk 6 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/2/25/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg/250px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/2/25/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg/375px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/2/25/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg/500px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>17-0</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>1800</td> <td>Horizontal turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>200 lbs wet gun-cotton</td> <td>War Nose Mk 5 contact</td> <td>35</td> <td>2000</td> <td>E, F, G, H-class 1911-1922</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Bliss-Leavitt_Mark_6"><b>BL Mk 6</b></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFFFF0"> <td>Bliss-Leavitt Mk 7 <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="lef"><img alt="lef" src="/images/thumb/2/22/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg/250px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/2/22/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg/375px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/2/22/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg/500px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td> <td>17-0</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>1588</td> <td>Wet-heater steam turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>205 lbs TNT</td> <td>Mk 3 Mod 1 contact</td> <td>35</td> <td>4000</td> <td>K, L, M, N & O-class 1912-1945</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Bliss-Leavitt_Mark_7"><b>BL Mk 7</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bliss-Leavitt Mk 9 Mod 1B <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/0/02/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg/250px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/0/02/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg/375px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/0/02/Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg/500px-Bliss-Leavitt_Mk_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>16-4</td> <td>21</td> <td>2377</td> <td>Wet-heater steam turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>395 lbs TNT or Torpex</td> <td>MK 3 Mod 2 contact</td> <td>34.5</td> <td>5500</td> <td>R & S-class 1915-1945</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Bliss-Leavitt_Mark_9_Mod_1B"><b>BL Mk 9 Mod 1B</b></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFFFF0"> <td>Bliss-Leavitt/BuOrd Mk 10 Mod 3 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/d/d6/Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg/250px-Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/d/d6/Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg/375px-Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/d/d6/Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg/500px-Torpedo_Mk_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>16-4</td> <td>21</td> <td>2215</td> <td>Wet-heater steam turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>497 lbs TNT or 485 lbs Torpex</td> <td>Mk 3 contact</td> <td>36</td> <td>3500</td> <td>R & S-classes, some fleet boats 1915-1945</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Bliss-Leavitt/BuOrd_Mark_10_Mod_3"><b>BL Mk 10 Mod 3</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BuOrd Mk 14 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/f/fa/Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg/250px-Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/f/fa/Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg/375px-Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/f/fa/Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg/500px-Torpedo_Mk_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>20-6</td> <td>21</td> <td>3000</td> <td>Wet-heater steam turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>507 lbs TNT or 668 lbs Torpex</td> <td>Mk 6 influence/contact</td> <td>46 or 31</td> <td>4500 or 9000</td> <td>Fleet boats 1931-1978</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#BuOrd_Mark_14"><b>BuOrd Mk 14</b></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFFFF0"> <td>Westinghouse Mk 18 Mod 1 & Mod 2 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/9/93/Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg/250px-Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/9/93/Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg/375px-Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/9/93/Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg/500px-Torpedo_Mk_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>20-6</td> <td>21</td> <td>3061</td> <td>Electric</td> <td>595 lbs Torpex or HBX</td> <td>Mk 8 contact</td> <td>29</td> <td>4000</td> <td>Fleet boats 1943-1950</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#Westinghouse_Mark_18_Mod_1_&_Mod_2"><b>WH Mk 18 Mod 1 & Mod 2</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BuOrd Mk 23 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/thumb/0/0a/Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg/250px-Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/images/thumb/0/0a/Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg/375px-Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/0/0a/Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg/500px-Torpedo_Mk_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>20-6</td> <td>21</td> <td>3000</td> <td>Wet-heater steam turbine/ alcohol</td> <td>507 lbs TNT or 668 lbs Torpex</td> <td>Mk 6 influence/contact</td> <td>46</td> <td>4500</td> <td>Fleet boats 1943-1946</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigboats.com/index.php?title=Torpedo_photos_%26_information#BuOrd_Mark_23"><b>BuOrd Mk 23</b></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </center> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Red_bar_sub_new_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/7/74/Red_bar_sub_new_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="18" /></a></span> </p> <center> <p>Page created by:<br /> <span style="color:#00008B"> <small>Ric Hedman & David Johnston<br /> 1999 - 2023 - PigBoats.COM<sup>©</sup><br /> Mountlake Terrace, WA, Norfolk, VA<br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="mailto:webmaster@pigboats.com"><b>webmaster@pigboats.com</b></a></small> </span></p> </center> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Subs_bottom_line_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/8/81/Subs_bottom_line_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" 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