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<li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagan_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagan_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pagan rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagan_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Christianisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercian_aggression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercian_aggression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mercian aggression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercian_aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_attacks_and_eventual_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_attacks_and_eventual_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Viking attacks and eventual settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_attacks_and_eventual_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption_into_the_Kingdom_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption_into_the_Kingdom_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Absorption into the Kingdom of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption_into_the_Kingdom_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_East_Anglian_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_East_Anglian_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Old East Anglian dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_East_Anglian_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of East Anglia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مملكة أنجليا الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة أنجليا الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Усходняя Англія (каралеўства) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходняя Англія (каралеўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Усходняя Англія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходняя Англія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Източна Англия (кралство) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източна Англия (кралство)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_East_Anglia" title="Rouantelezh East Anglia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh East Anglia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80nglia_de_l%27Est" title="Ànglia de l'Est – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ànglia de l'Est" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Anglie_(kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD)" title="Východní Anglie (království) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Anglie (království)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_East_Anglia" title="Kongeriget East Anglia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget East Anglia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_East_Anglia" title="Königreich East Anglia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich East Anglia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia_kuningriik" title="East Anglia kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="East Anglia kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Estanglia" title="Reino de Estanglia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Estanglia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="East Anglia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی آنگلیای شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی آنگلیای شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Est-Anglie" title="Royaume d'Est-Anglie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Est-Anglie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_East-Anglia" title="Keninkryk East-Anglia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk East-Anglia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Anglia_Oriental" title="Reino de Anglia Oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Anglia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9_%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B4" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌴 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌴" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%B5%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이스트앵글리아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스트앵글리아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Isto%C4%8Dna_Anglija" title="Kraljevstvo Istočna Anglija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevstvo Istočna Anglija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Anglia_Timur" title="Kerajaan Anglia Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Anglia Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_dell%27Anglia_orientale" title="Regno dell'Anglia orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno dell'Anglia orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת מזרח אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת מזרח אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="აღმოსავლეთ ინგლისის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთ ინგლისის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Orientalium_Anglorum" title="Regnum Orientalium Anglorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Orientalium Anglorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumanglija" title="Austrumanglija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumanglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelet-angliai_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Kelet-angliai Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelet-angliai Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Источна Англија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Источна Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_East_Anglia" title="Koninkrijk East Anglia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk East Anglia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="イースト・アングリア王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イースト・アングリア王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_East_Anglia" title="Kongedømmet East Anglia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet East Anglia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Anglii_Wschodniej" title="Królestwo Anglii Wschodniej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Anglii Wschodniej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_%C3%82nglia_Oriental" title="Reino da Ânglia Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Ânglia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia_de_Est" title="Anglia de Est – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anglia de Est" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Восточная Англия (королевство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Англия (королевство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A9_Anglicko_(kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo)" title="Východné Anglicko (kráľovstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východné Anglicko (kráľovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Источна Англија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Источна Англија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Isto%C4%8Dna_Anglija" title="Kraljevina Istočna Anglija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Istočna Anglija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Anglian_kuningaskunta" title="Itä-Anglian kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Anglian kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรอีสต์แองเกลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรอีสต์แองเกลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Anglia_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Doğu Anglia Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Anglia Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Королівство Східна Англія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Східна Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="东盎格利亚王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东盎格利亚王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&params=52_30_N_01_00_E_type:adm2nd_region:GB_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">01°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.500°N 1.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.500; 1.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southeast Britain</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of the East Angles</div><div class="ib-country-names"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ēastengla Rīċe</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regnum Orientalium Anglorum</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">6th century–918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamson_p16_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of East Anglia c. 650"><img alt="A map of East Anglia c. 650" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Williamson_p16_3.svg/250px-Williamson_p16_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Williamson_p16_3.svg/375px-Williamson_p16_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Williamson_p16_3.svg/500px-Williamson_p16_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="607" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">A map of East Anglia c. 650</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent (6th century–794; 796–c. 799; 825–869)<br /><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (794–796; c. 799–825)<br />Part of the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (869–918)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_Old_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercian Old English">Mercian Old English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (during Danish rule)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> <span class="nowrap">(before 7th century)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Christianity</a> <span class="nowrap">(after 7th century)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by England </div></th><td class="infobox-data">918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of the East Angles</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ēastengla Rīċe</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regnum Orientalium Anglorum</i>), informally known as the <b>Kingdom of East Anglia</b>, was a small independent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a> comprising what are now the English counties of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> and perhaps the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">the Fens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eb11_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the area still known as <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. </p><p>The kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> and was one of the kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a>. It was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Wuffingas" title="Wuffingas">Wuffingas</a> dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries, but the territory was taken by <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> in 794. <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> control lapsed briefly following the death of Offa but was reestablished. The Danish <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> landed in East Anglia in 865; after <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">taking York</a> it returned to East Anglia, killing <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">King Edmund ("the Martyr")</a> and making it Danish land in 869. After <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> forced a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">treaty with the Danes</a>, East Anglia was left as part of the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>. </p><p>It was taken back from Danish control by <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> in 918. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century, with <a href="/wiki/Wehha_of_East_Anglia" title="Wehha of East Anglia">Wehha</a> listed as the first king of the East Angles, followed by <a href="/wiki/Wuffa_of_East_Anglia" title="Wuffa of East Anglia">Wuffa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb11_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Anglo-Saxon genealogy</a> for East Angles gives Wehha as descended from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism#Deities" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Woden</a> via <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>. </p><p>Until 749 the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_East_Anglia" title="List of monarchs of East Anglia">kings of East Anglia</a> were Wuffingas, named after the semi-historical Wuffa. During the early 7th century under <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A6dwald_of_East_Anglia" title="Rædwald of East Anglia">Rædwald</a>, East Anglia was a powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Rædwald, the first East Anglian king to be baptised a Christian, is seen by many scholars to be the person buried within (or commemorated by) the ship burial at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge</a>. During the decades that followed his death in about 624, East Anglia became increasingly dominated by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. Several of Rædwald's successors were killed in battle, such as <a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Sigeberht of East Anglia">Sigeberht</a>, under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop, <a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Burgundy" title="Felix of Burgundy">Felix of Burgundy</a>, Christianity was firmly established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the death of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Æthelberht II</a> by the Mercians in 794 until 825, East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom, apart from a brief reassertion under <a href="/wiki/Eadwald_of_East_Anglia" title="Eadwald of East Anglia">Eadwald</a> in 796. It survived until 869, when the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a>, was killed. After 879, the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia. In 903 the exiled <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_%C3%A6theling" title="Æthelwold ætheling">Æthelwold <i>ætheling</i></a> induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a>. By 918, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the Kingdom of England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East Anglia was settled by the Anglo-Saxons earlier than many other regions, possibly at the start of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a></i>, with its centre at <i><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></i>, close to <a href="/wiki/Caistor_St_Edmund" title="Caistor St Edmund">Caistor St Edmund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the 4th century. Ken Dark writes that "in this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late 4th century, possibly including whole 'small towns' and villages. This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bede, the East Angles (and the Middle Angles, Mercians and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbrians</a>) were descended from natives of <a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Angeln</a> (now in modern Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704–713, in the Whitby <i>Life of St Gregory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large-scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self-identified as Angles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a>, a scheme used by <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> in the 12th century. Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pagan_rule">Pagan rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pagan rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_belt_buckle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The golden belt buckle from the Sutton Hoo ship-burial</figcaption></figure> <p>The East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan <a href="/wiki/Wuffingas" title="Wuffingas">Wuffingas dynasty</a>, apparently named after an early king Wuffa, although his name may be a back-creation from the name of the dynasty, which means "descendants of the wolf".<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede's <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing is known of the earliest kings, or how the kingdom was organised, although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship-burials at <a href="/wiki/Snape,_Suffolk" title="Snape, Suffolk">Snape</a> and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk. The "North Folk" and "South Folk" may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Rædwald, "son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa",<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>. For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies him as <a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a>. In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith" title="Æthelfrith">Æthelfrith</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Idle" title="Battle of the River Idle">Battle of the River Idle</a> and enthrone <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a> at Sutton Hoo.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested by Blair, on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at <a href="/wiki/Vendel" title="Vendel">Vendel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family. However, the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England, and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianisation">Christianisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg/250px-Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg/375px-Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg/500px-Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a>, according to Bartholomew's <i>A literary & historical atlas of Europe</i> (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Christianity">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a> became established in the 7th century. The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East Anglian settlement named after the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_deities" title="List of Anglo-Saxon deities">old gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 604, Rædwald became the first East Anglian king to be baptised. He maintained a Christian altar, but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Yorke-62_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yorke-62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 616, when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex, East Anglia until Rædwald's death was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom with a reigning baptised king. On his death in around 624, he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Eorpwald_of_East_Anglia" title="Eorpwald of East Anglia">Eorpwald</a>, who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin,<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan, <a href="/wiki/Ricberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Ricberht of East Anglia">Ricberht</a>. After three years of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc, probably <a href="/wiki/Dunwich" title="Dunwich">Dunwich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later abdicated in favour of his brother <a href="/wiki/Ecgric_of_East_Anglia" title="Ecgric of East Anglia">Ecgric</a> and retired to a monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three daughters of <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_East_Anglia" title="Anna of East Anglia">Anna of East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendreda" title="Wendreda">Wendreda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Ely" title="Seaxburh of Ely">Seaxburh of Ely</a>, are associated with the founding of abbeys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercian_aggression">Mercian aggression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mercian aggression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of <a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a> and successors. From the mid-7th to early 9th centuries Mercian power grew, until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber, including East Anglia and the south-east, came under Mercian hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 640s, Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht,<sup id="cite_ref-Yorke-62_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yorke-62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, having retired to religious life was later venerated as a saint.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecgric's successor <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_East_Anglia" title="Anna of East Anglia">Anna</a> and Anna's son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp, near <a href="/wiki/Blythburgh" title="Blythburgh">Blythburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freed from Anna's challenge, Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 655 <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhere_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelhere of East Anglia">Æthelhere of East Anglia</a> joined Penda in a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Oswiu" title="Oswiu">Oswiu</a> that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Winwaed" title="Battle of the Winwaed">Battle of the Winwaed</a>, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last Wuffingas king was <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_of_East_Anglia" title="Ælfwald of East Anglia">Ælfwald</a>, who died in 749.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until, in 794, <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> had the East Anglian king Æthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king, <a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelstan of East Anglia">Æthelstan</a> in 825. <a href="/wiki/Beornwulf_of_Mercia" title="Beornwulf of Mercia">Beornwulf of Mercia</a>'s attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Ludeca_of_Mercia" title="Ludeca of Mercia">Ludeca</a> met the same end in 827. The East Angles appealed to <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert of Wessex</a> for protection against the Mercians and Æthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord. Whilst Wessex took control of the south-eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century, East Anglia could retain its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_attacks_and_eventual_settlement">Viking attacks and eventual settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viking attacks and eventual settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_878.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/300px-England_878.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/450px-England_878.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/600px-England_878.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>England in 878, when East Anglia was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 865, East Anglia was invaded by the Danish <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a>, which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danes returned in 869 to winter at <a href="/wiki/Thetford" title="Thetford">Thetford</a>, before being attacked by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund of East Anglia</a>, who was defeated and killed at <i>Hægelisdun</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then buried at Beodericsworth. Following his death Edmund became known as 'the Martyr' and venerated as patron saint and the town of <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a> was established there. </p><p>From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom. Having defeated the East Angles, the Danes installed puppet-kings to govern on their behalf, while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 878 the last active portion of the Great Heathen Army was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> and withdrew from Wessex after making peace and agreeing that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Danes would treat the Christians equally</a>. The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum acknowledged the latter's landholdings in East Anglia. In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a>, who according to the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Pauline Stafford</a>, "swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings, including the minting of coins."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and parts of <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, Guthrum's kingdom probably included Essex, the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Scandinavian control, there are settlements in East Anglia which have names with <a href="/wiki/Toponymy_of_England#Scandinavian_languages" title="Toponymy of England">Old Norse elements</a>, e.g. '-thorp', '-by' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption_into_the_Kingdom_of_England">Absorption into the Kingdom of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Absorption into the Kingdom of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold%27s_Revolt" title="Æthelwold's Revolt">Æthelwold's Revolt</a></div> <p>In the early 10th century, the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward, King of Wessex. In 901, Edward's cousin <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_%C3%A6theling" title="Æthelwold ætheling">Æthelwold <i>ætheling</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne, arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria. He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward in Mercia and Wessex. This ended in disaster with the death of Æthelwold and of <a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> in battle in December 902.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 911 to 917, Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber, establishing in Essex and Mercia <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a>, often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 917, the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed. A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon, along with the rest of Essex: a Danish king, probably from East Anglia, was killed at <a href="/wiki/Tempsford" title="Tempsford">Tempsford</a>. Despite reinforcement from overseas, the Danish counter-attacks were crushed, and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward's army advanced, the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East Anglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of Englandin in 918. Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_East_Anglia" title="Earl of East Anglia">earldom of East Anglia</a> in 1017, when <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> was made earl by <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics (Elmham and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunwich_(ancient)" title="Bishop of Dunwich (ancient)">Dunwich</a>) replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich" title="Bishop of Norwich">single one at North Elmham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_East_Anglian_dialect">Old East Anglian dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old East Anglian dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The East Angles spoke <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. Their language is historically important, as they were among the first Germanic settlers to arrive in Britain during the 5th century: according to Kortmann and Schneider, East Anglia "can seriously claim to be the first place in the world where English was spoken."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence for <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> in Old English comes from the study of texts, place-names, personal names and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. H. Smith was the first to recognise the existence of a separate Old East Anglian dialect, in addition to the recognised dialects of <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a>, West Saxon and <a href="/wiki/Kentish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish dialect">Kentish</a>. He acknowledged that his proposal for such a dialect was tentative, acknowledging that "the linguistic boundaries of the original dialects could not have enjoyed prolonged stability."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As no East Anglian manuscripts, Old English inscriptions or literary records such as charters have survived, there is little evidence to support the existence of such a dialect. According to a study by Von Feilitzen in the 1930s, the recording of many place-names in <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i> was "ultimately based on the evidence of local juries" and so the spoken form of Anglo-Saxon places and people was partly preserved in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from <i>Domesday Book</i> and later sources suggests that a dialect boundary once existed, corresponding with a line that separates from their neighbours the English counties of <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> (including the once sparsely-inhabited Fens), <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Isles_Physical_map_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/British_Isles_Physical_map_East.jpg/220px-British_Isles_Physical_map_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/British_Isles_Physical_map_East.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>A physical map of Eastern England</figcaption></figure> <p>The kingdom of the East Angles bordered the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the north and the east, with the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">River Stour</a> historically dividing it from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">East Saxons</a> to the south. The North Sea provided a "thriving maritime link to Scandinavia and the northern reaches of Germany", according to the historian Richard Hoggett. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">port of Ipswich</a> (<i>Gipeswic</i>) was established in 7th century. </p><p>The kingdom's western boundary varied from the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">Ouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Lark" title="River Lark">Lark</a> and Kennett to further westwards, as far as the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">Cam</a> in what is now Cambridgeshire. At its greatest extent, the kingdom comprised the modern-day counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of eastern Cambridgeshire.<sup id="cite_ref-p1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> on the eastern border and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> on the north coast altered the East Anglian coastline in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> and Anglo-Saxon times (and continues to do so). In the latter, the sea flooded the low-lying Fens. As sea levels fell <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> was deposited near major river estuaries and the "Great Estuary" (which the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a> forts at <a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle" title="Burgh Castle">Burgh Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caister_Roman_Site" title="Caister Roman Site">Caister</a> had guarded) became closed off by a large <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spit</a> of land.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No East Anglian <a href="/wiki/Charters" class="mw-redirect" title="Charters">charters</a> (and few other documents) have survived, while the medieval <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> that refer to the East Angles are treated with great caution by scholars. So few records from the Kingdom of the East Angles have survived because of a complete destruction of the kingdom's monasteries and disappearance of the two East Anglian <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">sees</a> as a result of Viking raids and settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main documentary source for the early period is Bede's 8th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i>. East Anglia is first mentioned as a distinct political unit in the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Hidage" title="Tribal Hidage">Tribal Hidage</a>, thought to have been compiled somewhere in England during the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglo-Saxon sources that include information about the East Angles or events relating to the kingdom:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>,</i></li> <li>The Tribal Hidage, where the East Angles are assessed at 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a>, evidently superior in resources to lesser kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i></li> <li><i>Life of Foillan</i>, written in the 7th century</li></ul> <p>Post-Norman sources (of variable historical validity): </p> <ul><li>The 12th century <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Eliensis" title="Liber Eliensis">Liber Eliensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Worcester" title="Florence of Worcester">Florence of Worcester</a>'s <i>Chronicle</i>, written in the 12th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a>'s <i>Historia Anglorum</i>, written in the 12th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Wendover" title="Roger of Wendover">Roger of Wendover</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Flores_Historiarum" title="Flores Historiarum">Flores Historiarum</a></i>, written in the 13th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_monarchs">List of monarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_East_Anglia" title="List of monarchs of East Anglia">List of monarchs of East Anglia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_the_East_Angles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kingdom of the East Angles">Kingdom of the East Angles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Hoggett, 2010, pp. 24–27, for a detailed discussion of Bede's original sources and an account of the events in East Anglia that he refers to in the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">identified variously as <a href="/wiki/Bradfield_St_Clare" title="Bradfield St Clare">Bradfield St Clare</a> in 983, <a href="/wiki/Hellesdon" title="Hellesdon">Hellesdon</a> in Norfolk (documented as Hægelisdun c. 985) or <a href="/wiki/Hoxne" title="Hoxne">Hoxne</a> in Suffolk,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now with Maldon in Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86theling" title="Ætheling">Ætheling</a> was a title for a prince of the royal family who was eligible to become king</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eb11-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb11_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb11_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/East_Anglia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/East Anglia">East Anglia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Anglia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Hills, <i>The Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain: an archaeological perspective</i> (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell_154-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_154_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Higham, N. J. (1999). "East Anglia, Kingdom of". In M. Lapidge; et al. (eds.). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London: Blackwell. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Anglia%2C+Kingdom+of&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDark" class="citation web cs1">Dark, Ken R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark,_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian's_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf">"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the 4th to 6th centuries AD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large-scale+population+movements+into+and+from+Britain+south+of+Hadrian%27s+Wall+in+the+4th+to+6th+centuries+AD&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reading.ac.uk%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2FGCMS%2FRMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, 1996, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2017" class="citation cs2">Coates, Richard (1 May 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/">"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English"</a>, <i>Namenkundliche Informationen</i>, German Society for Name Research: 147–173, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58938%2Fni576">10.58938/ni576</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0943-0849">0943-0849</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Namenkundliche+Informationen&rft.atitle=Celtic+whispers%3A+revisiting+the+problems+of+the+relation+between+Brittonic+and+Old+English&rft.pages=147-173&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58938%2Fni576&rft.issn=0943-0849&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ful.qucosa.de%2Fapi%2Fqucosa%253A31804%2Fattachment%2FATT-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toby F. Martin, <i>The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills2015" class="citation cs2">Hills, Catherine (2015), "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in Baker, Brenda J.; Tsuda, Takeyuki (eds.), <i>Migrations and Disruptions</i>, University Press of Florida, pp. 45–48, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvx0703w">10.2307/j.ctvx0703w</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvx0703w">j.ctvx0703w</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Migration%3A+An+Archaeological+Case+Study+of+Disruption&rft.btitle=Migrations+and+Disruptions&rft.pages=45-48&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvx0703w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvx0703w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoggett, <i>East Anglian Conversion</i>, pp. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke, 2002, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke, 2002, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoops, <i>Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 24</i>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yorke-62-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yorke-62_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yorke-62_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke, 2002, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, 1996, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, 1996, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Farr, 2001, pp. 2 and 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaring-Gould1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould" title="Sabine Baring-Gould">Baring-Gould, Sabine</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheLivesOfTheSaintsV12/page/n398/mode/1up"><i>The Lives of the Saints</i></a>. Vol. 12. p. 712 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.pages=712&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Baring-Gould&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheLivesOfTheSaintsV12%2Fpage%2Fn398%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, <i>The Origins of Suffolk</i>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke, 2002, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoops, <i>Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 6</i>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Farr, 2001, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Farr, 2001, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Farr, 2001, pp. 222 and 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928025052/http://www.hiddenea.com/edmund5.htm">"Edmund of East Anglia Part 5 – The Last Mystery: Where Did Edmund Die?"</a>. <i>Hidden East Anglia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiddenea.com/edmund5.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hidden+East+Anglia&rft.atitle=Edmund+of+East+Anglia+Part+5+%E2%80%93+The+Last+Mystery%3A+Where+Did+Edmund+Die%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiddenea.com%2Fedmund5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2011" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Keith (2011). "Was <i>Hægelisdun</i> in Essex? A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund". <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History</i>. <b>XLII</b>: 277–291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Suffolk+Institute+of+Archaeology+and+History&rft.atitle=Was+H%C3%A6gelisdun+in+Essex%3F+A+new+site+for+the+martyrdom+of+Edmund&rft.volume=XLII&rft.pages=277-291&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). <i>Viking Empires</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82992-2"><bdi>978-0-521-82992-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Empires&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82992-2&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.au=Oram%2C+Richard+D.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, <i>A Companion to the early Middle Ages</i>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter_BlairKeynes2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Hunter Blair, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a> (2003). <i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29219-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29219-1&rft.aulast=Hunter+Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Keynes%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2010" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2010). <i>Alfred's wars: sources and interpretations of Anglo-Saxon warfare in the Viking Age</i>. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-569-1"><bdi>978-1-84383-569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred%27s+wars%3A+sources+and+interpretations+of+Anglo-Saxon+warfare+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-569-1&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Wilson" title="David M. Wilson">Wilson, David Mackenzie</a> (1976). <i>The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. 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Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anglo-Norman+World&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-341-3&rft.aulast=Harper-Bill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Van+Houts%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmannSchneider2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). <i>A Handbook of Varieties of English: a Multimedia Reference Tool</i>. Vol. 1 Phonology. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+a+Multimedia+Reference+Tool&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017532-5&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Edgar+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisiak, 2001, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisiak, 2001, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisiak, 2001, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisiak, 2001, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoggett, 2010, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoggett, 2010, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke, <i>Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</i>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carver, <i>The Age of Sutton Hoo</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carver, <i>Age of Sutton Hoo</i>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, 2000, p. 11.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_P._Brown" title="Michelle P. Brown">Brown, Michelle P.</a>; Farr, Carol Ann (2001). <i>Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe</i>. London, New York: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7765-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-7765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercia%3A+an+Anglo-Saxon+Kingdom+in+Europe&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7765-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michelle+P.&rft.au=Farr%2C+Carol+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Carver" title="Martin Carver">Carver, M. O. H.</a>, ed. (1992). <i>The Age of Sutton Hoo: the Seventh Century in North-Western Europe</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-361-2"><bdi>978-0-85115-361-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sutton+Hoo%3A+the+Seventh+Century+in+North-Western+Europe&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-361-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisiak2001" class="citation book cs1">Fisiak, Jacek (2001). "Old East Anglian: a problem in Old English dialectology". In Fisiak, Jacek; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). <i>East Anglian English</i>. Boydell and Brewer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781846150678">10.1017/9781846150678</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-067-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-067-8"><bdi>978-1-84615-067-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+East+Anglian%3A+a+problem+in+Old+English+dialectology&rft.btitle=East+Anglian+English&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781846150678&rft.isbn=978-1-84615-067-8&rft.aulast=Fisiak&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadley2009" class="citation book cs1">Hadley, Dawn (2009). "Viking Raids and Conquest". In <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500–c. 1100</i>. Chichester: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0628-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0628-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-0628-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viking+Raids+and+Conquest&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+Britain+and+Ireland%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93c.+1100&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0628-3&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoggett2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoggett, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUufOm0KTcgC"><i>The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion</i></a>. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-595-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-595-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+East+Anglian+Conversion&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-595-0&rft.aulast=Hoggett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUufOm0KTcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoops1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hoops" title="Johannes Hoops">Hoops, Johannes</a> (1986) [1911–1919]. <i><a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</a></i> [<i>Encyclopedia of Germanic Antiquity</i>] (in German). Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010468-4"><bdi>978-3-11-010468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-11-010468-4&rft.aulast=Hoops&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Peter_Kirby" title="David Peter Kirby">Kirby, D. P.</a> (2000). <i>The Earliest English Kings</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24211-0"><bdi>978-0-415-24211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24211-0&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Sir Frank</a> (1988) [1943]. <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821716-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821716-9"><bdi>978-0-19-821716-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821716-9&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2002). <i>Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16639-3"><bdi>978-0-415-16639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16639-3&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1996" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Peter (1996). <i>The Origins of Suffolk</i>. Origins of the Shire. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3817-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-3817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Suffolk&rft.place=Manchester&rft.series=Origins+of+the+Shire&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3817-4&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gareth (2001). "Mercian Coinage and Authority". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.). <i>Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe</i>. Leicester: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7765-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-7765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercian+Coinage+and+Authority&rft.btitle=Mercia%3A+an+Anglo-Saxon+kingdom+in+Europe&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7765-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grossi, Joseph (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ys4EAAAQBAJ"><i>Angles on a Kingdom: East Anglian Identities from Bede to Ælfric</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14875-0-573-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-14875-0-573-8"><bdi>978-14875-0-573-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angles+on+a+Kingdom%3A+East+Anglian+Identities+from+Bede+to+%C3%86lfric&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-14875-0-573-8&rft.aulast=Grossi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ys4EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Metcalf, D. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2000_BNJ_70_3.pdf">"Determining the mint-attribution of East Anglian Sceattas through regression analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Numismatic Journal</i>. <b>70</b>: 1–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Numismatic+Journal&rft.atitle=Determining+the+mint-attribution+of+East+Anglian+Sceattas+through+regression+analysis&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britnumsoc.org%2Fpublications%2FDigital%2520BNJ%2Fpdfs%2F2000_BNJ_70_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Whitelock" title="Dorothy Whitelock">Whitelock, Dorothy</a> (1972). "The pre-Viking age church in East Anglia". <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. <b>1</b>. Cambridge University Press: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263675100000053">10.1017/S0263675100000053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44510584">44510584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161209303">161209303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.atitle=The+pre-Viking+age+church+in+East+Anglia&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161209303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44510584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263675100000053&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+East+Anglia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heptarchy" title="Template talk:Heptarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heptarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heptarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_heptarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">heptarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hwicce" title="Hwicce">Hwicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Saxons" title="Middle Saxons"> Middel Seaxe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclingas" title="Iclingas">Iclingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwald_of_Bernicia" title="Frithuwald of Bernicia">Frithuwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiglaf_of_Mercia" title="Wiglaf of Mercia">Wiglaf of Mercia</a></li> <li>Lists of monarchs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_East_Anglia" title="List of monarchs of East Anglia">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent" title="List of monarchs of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mercia" title="List of monarchs of Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Northumbria" title="List of monarchs of Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sussex" title="List of monarchs of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regiones" title="Regiones">Regiones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>East Anglia:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely"> Elge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Gywre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Herstingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icklingham" title="Icklingham">Ikelgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens"> Spalda (Spalding)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens"> Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Essex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahhingas" title="Brahhingas">Brahhingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire#History" title="Bedfordshire"> Beda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengie" title="Dengie">Daenningas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island"> Caningaege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingatestone" title="Ingatestone">Gegingas</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Surrey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Gillingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_Saxon_tribes_and_the_sub-kingdom" title="Surrey">Godhelmingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havering-atte-Bower" title="Havering-atte-Bower">Haueringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rodings" title="The Rodings">Hroðingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney,_London#Place_name_origin" title="Hackney, London"> Haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Saxons" title="Middle Saxons">Middle Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harringay" title="Harringay"> Haering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_formation_of_Surrey" title="Surrey">Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_formation_of_Surrey" title="Surrey">Tetingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewingas" title="Tewingas">Tewingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waeclingas" title="Waeclingas">Waeclingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooting" title="Tooting">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#The_Saxon_tribes_and_the_sub-kingdom" title="Surrey">Woccingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddington" title="Paddington"> Pæding-tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey#Identified_sub-kings_of_Surrey" title="Surrey"> Frithuwald's Sūþrīge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Dæningas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengie" title="Dengie">Deningei</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Kent:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newenden" title="Newenden">Andredsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newenden" title="Newenden"> Andredes Leag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Boroware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Cantware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent"> Ceasterware </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Eastorege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limenwara" title="Limenwara">Lympne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limenwara" title="Limenwara">Limenwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottingham" title="Mottingham"> Modingahema</a></li> <li><b>Mercia:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvingham" title="Alvingham">Ælfingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbingas" title="Æbbingas">Æbbingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aros%C3%A6te" title="Arosæte">Arosæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Banbury" title="History of Banbury">Banesbyrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beormingas" title="Beormingas">Beormingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bils%C3%A6te" title="Bilsæte">Bilsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilterns%C3%A6te" title="Cilternsæte">Cilternsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddeston" title="Duddeston">Duddensæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaini" title="Gaini">Gaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrwas" title="Gyrwas">Gyrwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury"> Glestinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husmerae" title="Husmerae">Husmerae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfaras" title="Lindisfaras">Lindisfaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magons%C3%A6te" title="Magonsæte">Magonsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Angles" title="Middle Angles">Middle Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">North Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District"> Pecset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecsaetan" title="Pecsaetan">Pecsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencers%C3%A6te" title="Pencersæte">Pencersæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repton" title="Repton">Reagesate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley" title="Thames Valley"> South Engele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotingas" title="Snotingas">Snotingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southumbrians" title="Southumbrians">Southumbrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaldingas" title="Spaldingas">Spaldingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoppingas" title="Stoppingas">Stoppingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweordora" title="Sweordora">Sweordora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsaete" title="Tomsaete">Tomsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Undaium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weogoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weogoran (page does not exist)">Weogoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerne" title="Westerne">Westerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreocens%C3%A6te" title="Wreocensæte">Wreocensæte</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Northumbria:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmetsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Beodarsæte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds"> Loidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sussex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haestingas" title="Haestingas">Haestingas</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Wessex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlingham" title="Arlingham">Eorlingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basingas" title="Basingas">Basingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Brycgstowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dornsaete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewisse" title="Gewisse">Gewisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastening" title="Glastening">Glastening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meonwara" title="Meonwara">Meonwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readingas" title="Readingas">Rēadingas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumorsaete" title="Sumorsaete">Sumorsaete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset"> Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunningas" title="Sunningas">Sunningas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltsaete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtwara" title="Wihtwara">Wihtwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest#History" title="New Forest">Ytenes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage" title="Burghal Hidage">Burghal Hidage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_Supremacy" title="Mercian Supremacy">Mercian Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Hidage" title="Tribal Hidage">Tribal Hidage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/16px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/24px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/32px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837998#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146208165">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028581105">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&params=52_30_N_01_00_E_type:adm2nd_region:GB_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">01°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.500°N 1.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.500; 1.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&oldid=1256873971">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&oldid=1256873971</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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