CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913512f16944f934',cH: 'k.jccLE9KqahPfo.0TAoM9CeI2u8aSfsr.w.Xdiu1Q8-1739787932-1.2.1.1-gtj6Yh6OX2_GGdYH5at7Sc52j1iTMG.wQPqurgqm9_F8jVv3Uj.o1Hp_XoJeR3v6',cUPMDTk: "\/10008721\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=kyepvRak6bzp7ZHuHUcJsgJZrusUcVN5Jn6zRGt5R9w-1739787932-1.0.1.1-sL1Fovz5whf9bv1Q7rroFGaq50nWFa2pVj1L9zB_wEo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787932',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10008721\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=kyepvRak6bzp7ZHuHUcJsgJZrusUcVN5Jn6zRGt5R9w-1739787932-1.0.1.1-sL1Fovz5whf9bv1Q7rroFGaq50nWFa2pVj1L9zB_wEo",md: "BvqDR7AB3daWuhGmSa04YMh.K6EPiqWa8Q1bByTuj4Q-1739787932-1.2.1.1-KuGCB1rUPNFAkkcTHt0qMGHUZAA8G_aPy10Ekzvt8xvxlA_V.WYg6U5ckt68oJuSFaYk.wdubzIwHRV_N13dfuwZnsnWsFyBGugEB3mdQZCwvhkkui.4a6YHC3XX4UqJZoYVwExmxDgJzTg9JoFy5JqG2p1zD_gMIjtVXGvar2AWZDitGVn3uyTl__8g8NwY6.UXMbEV3vCwzVKDUqkx_6WqzdzLl0Cij2f2WzMlONEl48UBeJmMM_0oazKEAtF7N6JG2sae77Gdmu_1BlLI_2JD0GGzqv.Xt_885LilWul1kyUX7iFem0eGVUnP6WTfjrKonu96A929zkTYcT3stHuCZyatIsglvxaA_DFLuf3wh0FPE1pqOIa8vmC3hG7OFJHPKp1bwTKDfySA_4ETBa9zZ9TtYMxTfpgzzk1Ffkc13z148rxgmMkggf5wGKtKagdIWR9lwM_nNTLqaIxguOWoOPET9sy8c01pmNYLZo4vEhMbbx2XnoITLFA.hs_7p6LMuNaBZ6J.fokEJsHOxMzaQIx.qxpyVkiNsRvxixXvnObXxuk6ifu3MPMGuanB7Z98gfKtvqf4d6V9I5Nn8bsPGtVN1ohvVOZW2e98tiH8arOGRlv8HNEiHYKUNQNAjlnMfp1pbR54gwphkj5qMj5MuhrnAqUqBTPwK05naVu8w6Jp7eUvBK80iSBfiviXgYV8etLGQevos56GELw2.ICEMzJ3rcojA3tlMdddXNIjVauDmmFxwn0vFfS3ffXLbhBC9iOwu5PVfNMhsxcDn2k_1mcgkBXA4C2xPWRDIpP8R7zqg8BBahiC9.olCH6FLL2ls7GWdhQVp3bWW20jeTdfbsS6M9nPKdpvm.g_3qra_hk.kwnMl67p4rHsXbUWWXJvq.rAS.2wUObC2IbTy9r5rAwhpFCurOWyxqVqqHE8E2PNvhGX.aQDEQ3fWXXuwQ3yJpqz1F2W3W_ciTJcc_Pd1fWiZXq3tAjcpFWifS9tKBwl3Nz2Ieg7f05lkrxJBCrrAULpaFR5CQvfNbDx7himkycP1qNgPQcb4ZfXQO9aNGrQDSNLHTtj8rGLuOCW0UTCMhfvcHZilwAzuIcU8XmEa3XfB5H8t9S.uCAJWx1zoWrdW8JcwJFCtMYwmzyPCPrFnPW1.28IIleCTGdr2IXrFKhrvo1iaUFEKS6Q_BIpUv6y4lxQ9NcZECfG4ZTyjUUno28LA_ovMEHTSKOe5Qv3DnVVck4SEbKz.0NVlZFGZqFGFMZZewOtnF.jUtRwQPieyNb2vUi6xu1n_yUtXTAZ_JTcrak75QrEoTDlrLJwaiM3CAgwFk.gD9sRH4tH9AGNu.UX6hAFCnK4Rzl2JWa99A_dRJQTKKV2lCKYI.W2T6Vc5sYFqzpuJKuJcj1afESopLAyymXtp4SxzjL7ENoD2sn4pWqIIdk8KFhSiirX5ENCNjmMvDU83gJPSggJ95LiQCO9dhySEDrF2sZKPCwaEXydfNzRuCHJ4LYYbI0nWUepv5fLHJCISKko3mv5xWWDblDf10zJvt_dtiNq73mOyTYtUYcRiYCZHUtJlyHf_xhyhzY1sb8vH_s9ig.h7Xt5rTe1IjBZ6L5SY4ZMnn7iTuYUkWExiQ8.dzblefVGpRVFt9BWx0GT6kftkGaszxU47xcbsk1hKTMxrDJYWggnO.OiMX8eTGSVY3HHpkhZFA_YBrs__vLYi6.6FS226H60KxC7UAOLc31NaKH5CMsS.9bQgG8doh1eJB_66uWdlMfkILnu6W5myN3MfWCEHFXOu6LhfbXFAejOn8vD.1Vf3E1UEncisJ3wJkbAg_A81apd9msMT9zrGsdnsLqvDix6.kcjjnjEhZFSjZeQHWyYiakb2QsR6fkCLf1hRdw",mdrd: "SLHyhcIkFl9wKOMzDNauke0WCiHFuLcpJrV3mEJ6QZo-1739787932-1.2.1.1-_WoZLyiyPV_4jx_.F7HEGWG4Mw4Mx2MkahzNao_0zV8TxSPvNVVjYG0n8n21yBRBQJcIn5iOUJj3ivg3ttkKpq1x6I.P4Ehgw9zX44nk.ZcwfjAvE_7.bshq9YmNTDfClJGPjZo7V8GVTCnhwDUluX1aNAt_32tr740QCi1uFPAg2djwUlgALGYXIhOR3AHoU_4kRtOLOaOX_Vx8hEzv20IfZjmyh_Ha9fKNWx83ZK5TGwfnr6tG90z4Q.5KTD7FZLcKA80XV6f1uSfkcOkFU7DZQ_4QqBmcoBiKegj51VDCBUrSyf.cQv1jzNUk9zMIZreG6sma0kQ.A5.1J8Z5.FozAVShCsnJQe9hNZumbKOzJAmsXeKNNQ2U__X4H6AkCHYmq2Iddguh4n098AyTeezvAwGv7cYNyimHKyvGrs3KHItpEwq71vAdtnc3zSYQXQz3jbGWQIkIgrhooW29j3mZtCpycdRPR97hSrSQrY2zasgom2kWdj1kz_viC3wqmiRlyYiK9_04fF6.U5M52YlNRtgBGCwMMBh53HD0Dko.LvQSFM70UaN0dfAMvM7jsmT4wfpydHwu8D5VxWAWn.yCSkF3TgInV3JbVptRXlsnW_3BCaSvm70gxCzgLAeCcwPraNC8p3ILFadHPNdFSRvFCd8LWjMY2hcAt4ZB.pttXhxR9TkWhvJZpjwhgwMYeBlSd9OwffRBZXPR7ddr6FLVyi52UaO7Cod1SK5kx7u4AVVio.eWTcGU_dJrWNvPEtIULpJYEMfdzIik2yr.vMb16Xop3JXk6PVELwMl4F5VLWY6K2svofra4VKUzhV4ngkDtw4fcAs8mrfDOWT5R6qqlevITxi9V0lkw4v9EyWH9OmM.6bZC6UUBvIWLdnHHSKpmUprK5.cX8akAJh8i0wDR5jOX6rghUevwQ_XvreClFa.XLNCt4PP79J70OmgTWTadTm1brq_ZjPWJhXL2NMv6QxX01FOtIqq92OFiQseFPXaaq4o3fVpL4qe6qHeBTwx4FeUTPQ.AOqpoc.0.xefGfqeZifH.OO_PtKzRMqdf0Khl9Y6IrnkLPB2ibFTulOiiHl3aNH19_9j8NFGKV9PlEmqXE5ZwB95lckllPw8xbRBzz.YVEVma5R3C9gBx70l7RuBtFIdJVDn.qhF5GhQ7d_vsBjhlMxqxQm_mHXonSqq2WDvWOHPCtOhmSPFneJtkYyrqcfDE2NNWUuNmVgvFF5JoKW.IEr2Ih3O1BFL8FH9LHHR773nxj8v5TjV9ZPwbalfae903D13RJC6K89OHxuZRdVMzJ3HRdEFSFqRuyTa2G2AkP8YRPqoQhtLfzAYDff2AVJG72MCKogGd7snKkjexgqh_uDJGuB0lz9lXDroT8w_.IwiRwgbW7H5YK8EvonZfKHJ2Auo.8gysQgV3mhcq41bHhZjP00Ze0hypPhGPPWEaGn8I1xW.OgD9BZZQeBkJdgkeTRUQDTve_D4meXwwS6NyUP1vkP1ZXNhwj6ERyFP9PWqpvOgcuBF7upYsQxNSD.hBUOd4.rzDSP1I7POlLzGJCnrRn582qVPg5ZETS9Or6.kqMw90trcSMQCXNVCQ3OAn3AaXCmMV7ng8NiR8hi1PBPT1H2_Vm7.VNiS0hK.lHOQ_CzY853uJ0yR1vXtwXZI4dd57ZWW2JyYzSniaWTwMHNZ48k41GYGlEEQKUWpYW9WAhlsSoAK4I55rgD37fwX8XifwAMtrnBuVf_oYvxU3y4xXRf23Uy.Tlr3G.xw4n4e3ieufYcPGnqYkANRSE2RciBE0PoMSAPd_nexU253cof8V60743rETzgKWyKtZl5GM9IdHLsY2tuqpzgZ9LdgBJDazeKW0NI3yl.Nnob1tPkXldEkomQPdlXQMWjyIoLsu6SNwyn2anDJblPku2YeTT8mjZCgSPG9m0QJ6JDDCY64uTzrutRLznDzKXpJYfTJ9yPs82hr"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913512f16944f934';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10008721\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=kyepvRak6bzp7ZHuHUcJsgJZrusUcVN5Jn6zRGt5R9w-1739787932-1.0.1.1-sL1Fovz5whf9bv1Q7rroFGaq50nWFa2pVj1L9zB_wEo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>