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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_related_to_John_Lloyd_Stephens_at_Wikimedia_Commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_related_to_John_Lloyd_Stephens_at_Wikimedia_Commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media related to John Lloyd Stephens at Wikimedia Commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_related_to_John_Lloyd_Stephens_at_Wikimedia_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جون لويد ستيفنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون لويد ستيفنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джон Лойд Стэфенс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Лойд Стэфенс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джон Лойд Стивънс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Лойд Стивънс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90%EC%8A%A4" title="존 로이드 스티븐스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 로이드 스티븐스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A4_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Ջոն Լլոյդ Ստեֆենս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Լլոյդ Ստեֆենս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جون لويد ستيفنز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون لويد ستيفنز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ジョン・ロイド・スティーヴンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ロイド・スティーヴンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Стефенс, Джон Ллойд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стефенс, Джон Ллойд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Lloyd Stephens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Джон Ллойд Стефенс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Ллойд Стефенс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E6%96%AF" title="約翰·勞埃德·史蒂芬斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·勞埃德·史蒂芬斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56635#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Lloyd Stephens</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png/220px-Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png/330px-Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png/440px-Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1915" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stephens' portrait published in 1854</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1805-11-28</span>)</span>November 28, 1805<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_New_Jersey" title="Shrewsbury, New Jersey">Shrewsbury, New Jersey</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 13, 1852<span style="display:none">(1852-10-13)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Marble_Cemetery" title="New York City Marble Cemetery">New York City Marble Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School" title="Litchfield Law School">Litchfield Law School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Explorer</li><li>attorney</li><li>railroad executive</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Exploration of Mexico and Central America, including descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> sites</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Railroad_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railroad Company">Panama Railroad Company</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_John_Lloyd_Stephens_(1805%E2%80%931852).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Signature_of_John_Lloyd_Stephens_%281805%E2%80%931852%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Lloyd Stephens</b> (November 28, 1805 – October 13, 1852) was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat. He was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a> and in the planning of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama railway">Panama railroad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Lloyd Stephens was born November 28, 1805, in the township of <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_New_Jersey" title="Shrewsbury, New Jersey">Shrewsbury, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the second son of Benjamin Stephens, a successful New Jersey merchant, and Clemence Lloyd, daughter of an eminent local judge.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year the family moved to New York City. There Stephens received an education in the Classics at two privately tutored schools. At the age of 13, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College of Columbia University">Columbia College</a>, graduating at the top of his class four years later in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After studying law with an attorney for a year, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School" title="Litchfield Law School">Litchfield Law School</a>. He passed the bar exam after completing his course of study and practiced in New York City. </p><p>Stephens embarked on a journey through Europe in 1834 and went on to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, returning home in 1836. He later wrote several popular books about his travels and explorations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was recommended for the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the Netherlands">Minister to the Netherlands</a> in 1837, but President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Harmanus_Bleecker" title="Harmanus Bleecker">Harmanus Bleecker</a>, who served until 1842. In 1846 Stephens was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, where he was responsible for the introduction and adoption of a conciliation court (small claims court). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesoamerican_studies">Mesoamerican studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesoamerican studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephens read with interest early accounts of ruined cities of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> by such writers and explorers as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Galindo" title="Juan Galindo">Juan Galindo</a>. In 1839, President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> commissioned Stephens as Special <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_(diplomacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador (diplomacy)">Ambassador</a> to Central America. While there the government of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> fell apart in civil war. He later published an account of the events he witnessed in <i>Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatán</i>. </p><p>Stephens and his traveling companion, architect, and draftsman <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Frederick Catherwood</a> first came across Maya ruins at <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a>, having landed in <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>). They were astonished at their findings and spent two weeks mapping the site. Stephens surmised that it must have been built by some long-forgotten people, as he could not imagine it was the native Mayans. However, Catherwood noted the facial resemblance to modern Mayans. Stephens was able to buy the city of <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copan</a> for a sum of $50 and had dreams of floating it down the river and into museums in the United States. </p><p>They went on to <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quirigu%C3%A1" title="Quiriguá">Quiriguá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a>. They reached Palenque on May 11, 1840, and left in early June. While there, they documented the Temple of the Inscriptions, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Cross_Complex" title="Temple of the Cross Complex">Temple of the Cross</a>, the Temple of the Sun, and the Temple of the Foliated Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued investigating Maya ruins with a return trip to <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a> in October 1841. According to Stephens's book about the trip, they visited a total of 44 Mayan sites such as <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izamal" title="Izamal">Izamal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabah_(Maya_site)" title="Kabah (Maya site)">Kabah</a>, the gateway at <a href="/wiki/Labna" title="Labna">Labná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xtampak" title="Xtampak">Xtampak</a>. In Uxmal, they documented the Governor's House, the Nunnery Quadrangle, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician" title="Pyramid of the Magician">Pyramid of the Magician</a>. Catherwood also drew a famous view of the well at <a href="/wiki/Bolonch%C3%A9n,_Campeche" title="Bolonchén, Campeche">Bolonchén</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherwood's drawings and lithographs showed, without question, the Maya to have been the authors of some of the most artistic and intellectual works of pre-Columbian America. Besides large constructions, they produced works of artistic refinement such as stone and plaster sculptures, frescoes, painted pottery, and bas-reliefs in wood. As a result of their explorations, Stephens and Catherwood argued convincingly that the Mayans built the ancient Central American cities in contrast to the theory that ethnic groups from European or Asian civilizations had built them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephens's books served to inspire <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, who reviewed three of Stephens's books for the <i>New York Review</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Graham%27s_Magazine" title="Graham's Magazine">Graham's Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panama_Railroad_Company">Panama Railroad Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Panama Railroad Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad,_John_L._Stephens,_William_H._Aspinwall,_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad%2C_John_L._Stephens%2C_William_H._Aspinwall%2C_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg/220px-Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad%2C_John_L._Stephens%2C_William_H._Aspinwall%2C_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad%2C_John_L._Stephens%2C_William_H._Aspinwall%2C_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg/330px-Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad%2C_John_L._Stephens%2C_William_H._Aspinwall%2C_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad%2C_John_L._Stephens%2C_William_H._Aspinwall%2C_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg/440px-Founders_of_the_Panama_Railroad%2C_John_L._Stephens%2C_William_H._Aspinwall%2C_and_Henry_Chauncey_Panex3901e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Founders of the Panama Railroad, John L. Stephens, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Aspinwall" title="William Henry Aspinwall">William H. Aspinwall</a>, and Henry Chauncey, published in 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time England enjoyed a monopoly over the ocean navigation to and from the United States. Stephens obtained a charter from the state of New York and incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Steam_Navigation_Company" title="Ocean Steam Navigation Company">Ocean Steam Navigation Company</a>. The company acquired two steamships, the <i>Washington</i> and the <i>Hermann</i> which made journeys to Europe. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Railroad_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railroad Company">Panama Railroad Company</a> was founded in 1849, Stephens visited <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_New_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the New Granada">New Granada</a> to make arrangements for the laying of the railroad. On his way to <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, the capital of New Granada, he fell off his mule and sustained severe injuries from which he never fully recovered. He returned to the United States and was appointed the first president of the railroad. He remained company president and driving force of the project until his death in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197735_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197735-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1841, Stephens was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Panama, he was struck down by malaria in the spring of 1852. He recovered sufficiently to return to New York, only to have a recurrence of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died October 13, 1852. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Marble_Cemetery" title="New York City Marble Cemetery">New York City Marble Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephens is the subject of the following works: <i>Maya Explorer</i> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Wolfgang_von_Hagen" title="Victor Wolfgang von Hagen">Victor Wolfgang von Hagen</a>, first published in 1947, and <i>Jungle of Stone</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carlsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Carlsen (page does not exist)">William Carlsen</a> (2016). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land</i> (1837)</li> <li><i>Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland</i> (1838)</li> <li><i>Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán</i>, Vols. 1 & 2 (1841) (Reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01730-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01730-5">978-1-108-01730-5</a>)</li> <li><i>Incidents of Travel in Yucatán</i>, Vols. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/incidentsoftrave11step">1</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/incidentsoftrave12step#page/n11/mode/2up">2</a> (1843)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyslittree.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/DB.PersonDetail/PersonPK/550.cfm">Person Detail: John Lloyd Stephens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223024357/http://www.nyslittree.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/DB.PersonDetail/PersonPK/550.cfm">Archived</a> February 23, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York State Literary Tree. Accessed December 4, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawks,_Francis_L.1853" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_L._Hawks" title="Francis L. Hawks">Hawks, Francis L.</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?coll=moa&root=/moa/putn/putn0001/&tif=00070.TIF&view=50&frames=1">"The Late John L. Stephens"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(digitized online by Making of America project, Cornell University)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Putnam%27s_Magazine" title="Putnam's Magazine">Putnam's Monthly Magazine of American Literature, Science and Art</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1). New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Putnam & Co.">G. P. Putnam & Co.</a>: <span class="nowrap">64–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50092694">50092694</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Putnam%27s+Monthly+Magazine+of+American+Literature%2C+Science+and+Art&rft.atitle=The+Late+John+L.+Stephens&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1853&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50092694&rft.au=Hawks%2C+Francis+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fpageviewer%3Fcoll%3Dmoa%26root%3D%2Fmoa%2Fputn%2Fputn0001%2F%26tif%3D00070.TIF%26view%3D50%26frames%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Peter2006" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022072853/http://www.photoarts.com/harris/z.html">"Cities of Stone: Stephens & Catherwood in Yucatan, 1839-1842"</a>. <i>Co-Incidents of Travel in Yucatan</i>. Photoarts Journal (Summer 2006). pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photoarts.com/harris/z.html">the original</a> on October 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co-Incidents+of+Travel+in+Yucatan&rft.atitle=Cities+of+Stone%3A+Stephens+%26+Catherwood+in+Yucatan%2C+1839-1842&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Harris%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photoarts.com%2Fharris%2Fz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNally, Shelagh (n.d.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710195450/http://www.mayadiscovery.com/ing/archaeology/default.htm">The First Explorers". The Revelations of Palenque</a>. Mundo Maya online. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayadiscovery.com/ing/archaeology/default.htm">original</a> on June 17, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabio Bourbon, The Lost Cities of the Mayas, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Sprague_de_Camp2012" class="citation book cs1">L. Sprague de Camp (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTxGWKsiJ-8C&q=mayan+girls+chinese&pg=PA105"><i>Lost Continents</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486147925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486147925"><bdi>978-0486147925</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Continents&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0486147925&rft.au=L.+Sprague+de+Camp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTxGWKsiJ-8C%26q%3Dmayan%2Bgirls%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197735-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197735_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1841&year-max=1841&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1841%26year-max%3D1841%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Path Between the Seas, David McCullough, ©1977, pp 139-140</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cabañas, Miguel A. (2008). "Chapter One: Putting the World in Order: John Lloyd Stephens’s Narration of America." <i>The Cultural “Other” in Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives: How the United States and Latin America Described Each Other</i>. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.</li> <li>Carlsen, William (2016) Jungle of Stone: the true story of two men, their extraordinary journey, and the discovery of the lost civilization of the Maya</li> <li>Hay, John (2017). "The American Holy Land: John Lloyd Stephens's Mayan Excursions." <i>Postapocalyptic Fantasies in Antebellum American Literature</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. 154-165.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathbetweenseas00mccu"><i>The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-24409-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-24409-4"><bdi>0-671-24409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+Between+the+Seas%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Panama+Canal%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-671-24409-4&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathbetweenseas00mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_Luna,_Julio_Alfonso2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez Luna, Julio Alfonso (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229185727/http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/252/9.pdf">"John Lloyd Stephens. Los indígenas y la sociedad mexicana en su obra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Manuel Ferrer Muñoz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/252/9.pdf"><i>La imagen del México decimonónico de los visitantes extranjeros: ¿un estado-nación o un mosaico plurinacional?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> online facsimile)</span>. Serie Doctrina Jurídica, no. 56 (in Spanish). México D.F.: Instituto de Investigaciones de Jurídica, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-36-9318-0" title="Special:BookSources/968-36-9318-0"><bdi>968-36-9318-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50761138">50761138</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/1/252/9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Lloyd+Stephens.+Los+ind%C3%ADgenas+y+la+sociedad+mexicana+en+su+obra&rft.btitle=La+imagen+del+M%C3%A9xico+decimon%C3%B3nico+de+los+visitantes+extranjeros%3A+%C2%BFun+estado-naci%C3%B3n+o+un+mosaico+plurinacional%3F&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico+D.F.&rft.series=Serie+Doctrina+Jur%C3%ADdica%2C+no.+56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Investigaciones+de+Jur%C3%ADdica%2C+Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50761138&rft.isbn=968-36-9318-0&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+Luna%2C+Julio+Alfonso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliojuridica.org%2Flibros%2F1%2F252%2F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens,_John_L.1841" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stephens, John L. (1841). <i>Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan</i>. Vol. in 2 vols. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Frederick Catherwood</a> (illus.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863468">863468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incidents+of+Travel+in+Central+America%2C+Chiapas%2C+and+Yucatan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863468&rft.au=Stephens%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lloyd+Stephens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Encyclopædia Britannica/Stephens, John Lloyd">Stephens, John Lloyd</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Incidents_of_Travel_in_Central_America,_Chiapas,_and_Yucatan" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan">Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/panama/stephens.html">John Lloyd Stephens</a>, a biography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7q2nb2xg/">Guide to the John Lloyd Stephens</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.reed.edu/uxmal/contents.html">Reed College website</a> including all the illustrations of Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná in Stephens's 1841 <i>Incidents of Travel in Central America</i> and Stephens and Catherwood's 1843 <i>Incidents of Travel in Yucatán.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39116">Works by John Lloyd Stephens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Stephens%2C%20John%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stephens%2C%20John%20L%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stephens%2C%20J%2E%20L%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Lloyd%20Stephens%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Lloyd%20Stephens%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Lloyd%20Stephens%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephens%2C%20John%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephens%2C%20John%20L%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephens%2C%20J%2E%20L%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stephens%2C%20J%2E%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Lloyd%20Stephens%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Lloyd%20Stephens%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20L%2E%20Stephens%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stephens%2C%20John%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stephens%2C%20John%20L%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221805-1852%22%20AND%20Stephens%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Lloyd Stephens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2975">Works by John Lloyd Stephens</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=%22John+Lloyd+Stephens%22&btnG=Search+Books&as_brr=1">Works by John Lloyd Stephens</a> at <a 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRF3qTjbT9Qcb4MTFFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118617850">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stephens, John L., 1805-1852"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50022432">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121999720">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121999720">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00457630">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35523115">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stephens, John L."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20191049203&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1161998">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068284470">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2021299">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=227947">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200902638">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr574tzc3hxk4xs">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810555686105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268687405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060735153806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14048583">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05123664?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500104293">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/264564">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/983569">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118617850.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118617850">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030620546">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s477bc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&oldid=1267783495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_Stephens&oldid=1267783495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1805_births" title="Category:1805 births">1805 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1852_deaths" title="Category:1852 deaths">1852 deaths</a></li><li><a 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