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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | name = Cape Fear shiner | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |year=2013 |title=''Notropis mekistocholas'' |page=e.T14888A19032702 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T14888A19032702.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = G1 | status2_system = TNC | status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104147/Notropis_mekistocholas|title=''Notropis mekistocholas''|author=NatureServe|publisher=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia|website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|access-date=7 February 2023|date=3 February 2023}}</ref> | image = Capefear1.jpg | taxon = Notropis mekistocholas | display_parents = 3 | authority = [[Franklin F. Snelson Jr.|Snelson]], 1971 | range_map = Capefearshinermap.gif | range_map_caption =Counties in [[North Carolina]] in which the Cape Fear Shiner is found; green indicates presence }} The '''Cape Fear shiner''' ('''''Notropis mekistocholas''''') is a North American species of freshwater fish in the family [[Cyprinidae]]. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to the central part of the state of [[North Carolina]] in the southeastern [[United States]], and is only found in the shallow streams of the [[Cape Fear River]] basin. The fish is small and yellow with black lips and a black stripe that runs down the middle of the fish's side. This shiner is normally found in mixed schools with other minnow species. It is unique amongst its [[genus]] because it has elongated intestines that are specifically adapted to a primarily herbivorous diet. It can breed twice a year and normally lives for only two or three years in the wild. The males and females are normally similar in appearance but become different colors in the spawning season. This species of shiner was not discovered until 1962.<ref name="Snelson">{{cite journal|last=Snelson Jr.|first=Franklin F.|title=''Notropis mekistocholas'', a New Herbivorous Cyprinid Fish Endemic to the Cape Fear River Basin, North Carolina|journal=Copeia|volume=1971|issue=3|pages=449–462|date=1971-09-03|url=http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/es/Snelson_Copeia_1971(3)449-462.pdf|doi=10.2307/1442441|access-date=2007-12-13|jstor=1442441}}</ref> As of 2013, the shiner is [[endangered]], according to the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], due to its small population size and [[habitat destruction|threats to its habitat]] from [[dam]] construction and pollution.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021"/> It was previously listed as critically endangered by the IUCN in 1996.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021"/> The species has since undergone a successful captive breeding program, and its status has been a significant factor in the destruction of [[Carbonton Dam|a dam]] that destroyed part of the shiner's habitat. However, the species is still limited to just five populations in the wild,<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021"/> and some experts{{who|date=February 2023}} believe that a single toxic chemical spill into the Cape Fear River could wipe out the entire wild population.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} == Taxonomy == The Cape Fear shiner was only discovered in 1962<ref name="Hewitt">{{cite journal| last =Hewitt| first =Amanda| author2 =W. Gregory Cope| author3 =Thomas J. Kwak| author4 =Tom Augspurger| author5 =Peter R. Lazaro| author6 =Damian Shea| title =Influence of water quality and associated contaminants on survival and growth of the endangered Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas)| journal =Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry| volume =25| issue =9| pages =2288–98| date =2006-03-16| url =http://www4.ncsu.edu/~tkwak/Hewitt_et_al_2006.pdf| access-date =2007-12-09| doi =10.1897/05-569R.1| pmid =16986782| citeseerx =10.1.1.630.6681| s2cid =16350895| archive-date =2007-08-24| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824073124/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~tkwak/Hewitt_et_al_2006.pdf| url-status =dead}}</ref> and described as a distinct species by Franklin F. Snelson Jr. in 1971.<ref name="Rabon"/> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''mēkistos''/μηκιστος - 'longest/tallest' or 'very long' (a superlative from ''mēkos''/μηκος - length) and...''cholas''/χολας 'intestines' or 'bile'.<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book | author = Liddell, Henry George | author-link = Henry George Liddell | author2 = Robert Scott | author2-link = Robert Scott (philologist) | name-list-style = amp | year = 1980 | title = A Greek-English Lexicon | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = United Kingdom | isbn = 978-0-19-910207-5| title-link = A Greek-English Lexicon | edition = Abridged }}</ref> This fish belongs to the carp and minnow family [[Cyprinidae]],<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> and within this family, it belongs to the genus ''[[Notropis]]'', which includes a large number of eastern North American minnows. The Cape Fear shiner is unusual in its genus because its intestines are elongated and more convoluted than those of other ''Notropis'' species, a trait shared only by the [[Ozark Minnow]].<ref name="Page">{{Cite book | last1 = Page | first1 = Lawrence M. |first2=Brooks M. |last2=Burr | title = Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | date=2011 |orig-year = 1991 | location = Boston | pages = 152–153| isbn = 978-0-395-91091-7 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=rFTqmdDqn-wC&pg=PA152}}</ref> This feature better adapts the shiner to a diet primarily of plant material.<ref name="Rabon">{{cite web| last = Rabon| first = David| title = Cape Fear Shiner (''Notropis mekistocholas'')| publisher = US Fish and Wildlife Service| date = 2006-09-25| url =http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/fish/cfshiner.html | access-date = 2007-12-09}}</ref> It is superficially different from similar members of its genus because of the angle and size of its mouth, head shape, eight anal fin rays,<ref name="Snelson"/> and black edge on its lower lip.<ref name="Pottern">{{Cite news|last=Pottern |first=Gerald |title=The Cape Fear Shiner-One of NC's Rarest Native Fish |newspaper=The Raleigh Aquarium Society |pages=2–3 |date=August 2007 |url=http://raleighaquariumsociety.org/newsletter/2007/aug2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724025922/http://raleighaquariumsociety.org/newsletter/2007/aug2007.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-24 }}</ref> It is also one of the few ''Notropis'' to have a black [[peritoneum]].<ref name="Page"/> Its closest relatives are the [[Swallowtail Shiner]] and the [[Sand Shiner]].<ref name="Snelson"/> It has no subspecies.{{cn|date=April 2023}} == Description == The Cape Fear shiner is a small but stocky minnow of about {{convert|5|cm|in|0}} long with a maximum length of {{convert|7.7|cm|0}}.<ref name="Fact1">{{cite web| last = Rabon| first = David| title = Cape Fear Shiner| publisher = US Fish and Wildlife Service|date=May 2004| url =http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/fish/CFS_Fact_Sheet1.pdf| access-date = 2007-12-09 }}</ref> It is mostly a silvery yellowish shade with a black stripe running down the middle of the fish's side to its [[caudal peduncle]] and a lighter stripe above this one.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web| title = Cape Fear Shiner (''Notropis mekistocholas'')| publisher = North Carolina Atlas of Freshwater Mussels and Endangered Freshwater Fish| url =http://www.wildlife.state.nc.us/pg07_WildlifeSpeciesCon/pg7b1b1_1.htm| access-date = 2007-12-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060925004444/http://www.wildlife.state.nc.us/pg07_WildlifeSpeciesCon/pg7b1b1_1.htm |archive-date = September 25, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The scales are outlined in black.<ref name="Page"/> The shiner's fins are clear to yellow and moderately pointed.<ref name="Page"/><ref name="VT">{{cite web|title=Species Shiner, Cape Fear |publisher=Virginia Tech |url=http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/lists/e254016.htm |access-date=2007-12-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228010751/http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/lists/e254016.htm |archive-date=December 28, 2005 }}</ref> The dorsal fin's origin is over or slightly before the pelvic fin's origin.<ref name="Page"/> During the spawning season, the males become more golden in color while the females become more silvery.<ref name="Fact1"/> The Cape Fear Shiner's snout is acute and rounded<ref name="Snelson"/> and has a black upper lip and a lower lip that has a thin black bar stretching across its margin.<ref name="Rabon"/> The upper lip always overhangs above the lower lip.<ref name="Snelson"/> The shiner only has pharyngeal teeth (teeth located on the back of the fish's throat on its [[gill arch]]es), similar to the teeth of other omnivorous shiners.<ref name="Zoo">{{cite web| last =Groves| first =John| title =Cape Fear Shiner Conservation & Research| publisher =North Carolina Zoo| url =http://www.nczoo.org/conservationresearch/instate_capefearshiner.cfm | access-date = 2007-12-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216045427/http://www.nczoo.org/conservationresearch/instate_capefearshiner.cfm |archive-date = December 16, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Cape Fear Shiner's eyes are moderately sized and on the side of the fish's head.<ref name="VT"/> It has eight anal fin rays.<ref name="Pottern"/> The shiner's distinctive long dark intestines are coiled and visible through the fish's belly wall<ref name="Page" /> and it also has a distinctive black [[peritoneum]].<ref name="Snelson"/> == Distribution and habitat == [[File:CFSRockyRiver1.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Rocky River (North Carolina)|Rocky River]] shiner habitat]] The Cape Fear shiner is [[endemism|endemic]] to the Upper Basin of the [[Cape Fear River]] in [[North Carolina]]’s Piedmont.<ref name="Rabon"/> Only five wild populations of this fish are known to exist. These populations are found in the freshwater [[Deep River (North Carolina)|Deep]], [[Haw River|Haw]], and [[Rocky River (North Carolina)|Rocky]] rivers in [[Chatham County, North Carolina|Chatham]], [[Harnett County, North Carolina|Harnett]], [[Lee County, North Carolina|Lee]], [[Moore County, North Carolina|Moore]], and [[Randolph County, North Carolina|Randolph]] counties. The largest of these populations is found where the Deep and Rocky Rivers meet.<ref name="Fact1"/> During the winter, shiners may migrate from their shoals in main river channels to smaller tributary streams.<ref name="Atlas"/> This shiner has the smallest range of any ''Notropis''.<ref name="Page"/> This minnow typically lives in clean streams over gravel, cobble, and boulder substrates, especially where nearby [[Justicia americana|water willows]] and [[riverweed]] are available to provide protection from predators.<ref name="Rabon"/> The shiner rarely ventures into water deeper than {{convert|0.5|m|ft}}.<ref name=" Malindzak ">{{cite thesis|author=Edward George Malindzak |title=Behavior and habitat use of introduced flathead catfish in a North Carolina Piedmont river |date=2006-04-21 |url=http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06042006-143746/unrestricted/etd.pdf |degree=Master’s|access-date=2007-12-12 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has been observed in slow runs, riffles, and slow pools.{{cn|date=April 2023}} == Ecology and behavior == The Cape Fear shiner is often found swimming in mixed [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] with other minnow species; however, it is never the most numerous minnow in a mixed school.<ref name="Rabon"/> It has been known to survive for six years in captivity, but is believed to survive for only two or three years in the wild.<ref name="Fact1"/> The Cape Fear shiner's [[intestine]]s are adapted to help the fish digest plants and they were initially suggested to be primarily herbivorous because of this adaptation. However, recent studies have shown that the shiner eats a variety of both plant and animal matter.<ref name="Zoo"/> It is known to eat [[detritus]], [[bacteria]], [[phytoplankton]], [[diatom]]s, and [[algae]].<ref name="VT"/> The shiner is threatened by numerous predators, such as [[crappie]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], and the introduced [[flathead catfish]].<ref name="Rabon"/> However, the adult Flathead Catfish does not pose a significant threat because of the differences in habitats of the two species within the river; the juvenile catfish, which share the same habitat as the shiner, may pose a larger threat.<ref name=" Malindzak "/> This shiner [[Spawn (biology)|spawns]] around May 15 when the water temperature reaches {{cvt|19|°C}}.<ref name="Atlas"/> A second spawning may occur in the late summer.<ref name="Fact1"/> Both male and female change color while spawning, and the male develops a number of small [[Nuptial tubercles|tubercles]] along its upper body.<ref name="Atlas"/> The shiner generally moves to slower-flowing pools to lay its [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in rocky substrates. Eggs hatch after three days, although the young generally live off of their [[egg yolk]] for another five days.<ref name="Fact2">{{cite web| title = Cape Fear Shiner (''Notropis mekistocholas'')| publisher = US Fish and Wildlife Service|date=May 2005| url =http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/fish/CFS_Fact_Sheet2.pdf| access-date = 2007-12-09}}</ref> Juvenile shiners are often found in slow-moving water, particularly amongst large rocks in the middle of a stream or in flooded channels and pools. Juveniles sexually mature after their first year.<ref name="Rabon"/> == Conservation == [[File:Carbonton Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Carbonton Dam, which threatened the shiner's habitat until its destruction in 2005]] The Cape Fear shiner is only known from five different populations, two of which are extremely small and run a high risk of extinction. The other three populations are more stable, and are estimated to number between 1500 and 3000 individual fish that are reproductively viable.<ref name="Rabon"/> The Cape Fear shiner was recognized as "Endangered with Critical Habitat" on September 25, 1987, under the [[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973. Since 1987, the shiner has dwindled both in range and population.<ref name="Rabon"/> This fish is also protected from being captured and traded by the [[Lacey Act]].<ref name="VT"/> The shiner is not believed to have had historically large populations.<ref name="Zoo"/> This minnow has been endangered by [[dam]] construction on the Cape Fear River, which has led to the flooding and destruction of its shallow water habitat. The small number of geographically separated populations may also threaten the species’ genetic health, although a 2004 study concluded that genetic diversity was still relatively high.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saillant E, Patton JC, Ross KE, Gold JR |title=Conservation genetics and demographic history of the endangered Cape Fear shiner (''Notropis mekistocholas'') |journal=Mol. Ecol. |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=2947–2958 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15367111 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02303.x |s2cid=7890283 }}</ref> A deterioration of water quality due to [[pollution]] at some of the sites has also threatened the shiner.<ref name="Rabon"/> Experiments have shown that the shiner is highly sensitive to contaminating chemicals,<ref name="Hewitt"/> and experts believe that the wild population of this species can be wiped out by a single toxic chemical spill.<ref name="VT"/> The [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] has been working to protect this species. Some of the conservation methods used to protect this species include studying its biology in the wild and donating $16,000 in 1998 to help maintain a captive population at the [[North Carolina Zoo]].<ref name="Zoo"/> Since the first successful captive breeding in 1997, this species has bred easily in captivity. An experiment was carried out in 2001 in which 900 captive-bred shiners were released temporarily into the wild to judge water quality at potential reintroduction sites.<ref name="Hewitt"/> In the fall of 2005, work crews began removing the Carbonton Dam, which had destroyed part of the shiner's habitat. After the work that removed the dam finished in February 2006, the lake fell back to its historic creek levels, allowing the Cape Fear Shiner to expand its range back into several miles of river that was previously unsuitable for inhabitation because of the dam.<ref name="NCWRCa">{{cite web | title =Cape Fear Shiner | publisher = N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission | year =2013 | url =http://www.ncwildlife.org/Learning/Species/Fish/CapeFearShiner.aspx | access-date =2013-04-24 }}</ref> In 2009 Deep River's riverine and riparian habitat was surveyed to identify areas for protection or restoration.<ref name="NCWRCa"/> In 2018 the owner of the Deep River dam in [[High Falls, North Carolina|High Falls]] proposed removing the dam to improve the river ecosystem for the Cape Fear shiner.<ref>{{cite news| last = Baxley| first = Jaymie| title = High Falls Dilemma: Save the Fish or Save the Dam?| newspaper = The Pilot| date = September 4, 2018| url = https://www.thepilot.com/news/high-falls-dilemma-save-the-fish-or-save-the-dam/article_0f16dff0-b051-11e8-9a93-0b3375f4675d.html| access-date = February 25, 2020}}</ref> The plan was suspended indefinitely due to opposition from local residents.<ref>{{cite news| last = Baxley| first = Jaymie| title = Company Postpones Plan to Tear Down High Falls Dam| newspaper = The Pilot| date = October 18, 2018| url = https://www.thepilot.com/news/company-postpones-plan-to-tear-down-high-falls-dam/article_2ec1cbb2-d31a-11e8-b92c-c330bf56cdce.html| access-date = February 25, 2020}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071216045427/http://www.nczoo.org/conservationresearch/instate_capefearshiner.cfm North Carolina Zoo Captive Breeding Program] * [http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/fish/cfshiner.html US Fish and Wildlife Service species page with conservation strategies] * [http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/es/publications.html Links to numerous original papers written on the shiner] * [http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/060313.pdf US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988 Recovery Plan] {{Taxonbar|from=Q3317433}} {{Good article}} [[Category:Notropis|Cape Fear shiner]] [[Category:Endemic fauna of North Carolina|Cape Fear shiner]] [[Category:Endemic fish of the United States]] [[Category:Fish of the Eastern United States]] [[Category:Freshwater fish of the United States]] [[Category:Taxa named by Franklin F. Snelson Jr.]] [[Category:Fish described in 1971|Cape Fear shiner]] [[Category:Endangered fauna of the United States|Cape Fear shiner]] [[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] [[Category:ESA endangered species]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:;" title="Template:;">Template:;</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:;&action=edit" title="Template:;">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicise_rank" title="Template:Anglicise rank">Template:Anglicise rank</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Anglicise_rank&action=edit" title="Template:Anglicise rank">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a 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